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Studies of preliminary phytochemical and anti-arthritic activity of heart wood of Cedrus deodar (Roxb.)
Abstract
The aim of the research was to validate the use of cedrus deodar in external applications in the ayurvedic system of medicine.and conduct a preliminary phytochemical study of the same to help deduce the possible active ingredients.The petroleum ether, chloroform, alcoholic extracts of the heart wood of Cedrus deodar were prepared by Soxhlet extractor and examined for its external anti arthritic activity in rats using the freunds adjuvant method. The results of the phytochemical study revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, phenolic compounds, saponins and proteins. Application of all the three extracts exhibited significant inhibition of CFA (Complete Freund's Adjuvant) induced rat paw edema when compared with the arthritic control group. These findings seem to justify the use of the plant in traditional Indian medicine in the treatment of inflammation, including arthritic conditions.
... The references " Baba et al. 2016;Benjapak et al 2008;Bilen et al. 2016;Chakrabarti et al. 2014;Chandur et al. 2011;Chang et al. 2012;Chi et al. 2016;Das et al. 2015;Gabriel et al. 2015aGabriel et al. , 2015bGalina et al. 2009;Genci et al. 2003;Gobi et al. 2016;Hasan-Uj-Jaman et al. 2016;Kaleeswaran et al. 2011;Kanjana et al. 2011;Michael 2000, 2001;Martin et al. 2016;Mo et al. 2016;Nabavi et al. 2016;Nahak et al. 2011;Ngugi et al. 2017;Austin 2009a, 2009b;Ojha et al. 2014;Pavei et al. 2010;Punitha et al. 2008;Qin et al. 2013;Rao and Chakrabarti 2005;Rombout et al. 2014;Sakai et al. 2001;Seyfried et al. 2010;Sharma et al. 2010;Talpur 2014;Tan et al. 2018;Wang et al. 2015;Wu et al. 2013;Yin et al. 2006;Yunis-Aguinaga et al. 2015" are listed in the references list but are not cited in the text. Please either cite the reference or remove it from the references list. ...
Among immunostimulants used in aquaculture, herbal is promising due to their propensities to improve growth performance, fish immunity, and their antimicrobial properties, as they are good alternatives to chemical treatments and antibiotics. Since medicinal herbs are eco-friendly, cost effective, have minimal side effects, and they have gained attention in prevention and treatment of fish diseases. Plant-derived compounds are reported to stimulate fish immunity due to the presence of many bioactive secondary metabolites, and studies comprising gene expression, proteomics, and metabolomics have improved the understanding of the effects that herbal compounds can have on fish immune status. The current review summarizes findings pertaining to the role of plant-derived compounds with immunostimulant properties in fish.
... LOUD, according to Susruta controls vata and kapha balance and is reported to be anti arthritic. 28 Sunthi (Ginger) (Zingiber officinale) which is one of the household medicines used against common cold, cough and indigestion. The medicinal values of Ginger are well documented. ...
This is the report of antiarthritic role of Sahacharadi kashayam.
... Pharmacological studies have revealed its role as antibacterial, mast cell stabilizing activity, immune-modulating, anti inflammatory, anti-arthritic, anticancer, analgesic, anti-diabetic, anti-hyperlipidemic, antioxidant, anxiolytic, anticonvulsant and antiulcer. [21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30] ...
Aim: Sahachardi Kashayam is an ayurvedic preparation used for the treatment of nerve related diseases like paraplegia, hemiplegia, epilepsy, backache, palsy etc. This is prepared by three plants namely, Sahachara (Barleria prionitis/ Strobilanthes heynianus), Suradaru (Devadaru) (Cedrus deodara) and Sunthi (Zingiber offcinale). The present study is aimed at understanding the type of biomolecuels present in this kashayam by GC MS analayis. Method: The GC MS analysis of Sahacaharadi kashayam was performed after following required protocols. Results: The presence of biomoelcuels like Heptanediamide, N,N'-di-benzoyloxy-Benzoic acid, Phenol, 2-methoxy-4-(1-propenyl), Eugenol, Tetradecanoic acid, 3-Decanone, 1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-(Gingerol), Abietic acid, 3-(6-Hydroxy-3,7-dimethyl-octa-2,7-dienyl)-4-methoxyphenol, 5H-Cyclopropa[3,4]benz[1,2-e]azulen-5-one, 1,1a,1b,4,4a,7a,7b,8,9,9a-decahydro-7b,9,9a-, Naphtho[2,3-c]furan-1(3H)-one, 3a,4,9,9a-tetrahydro-6-hydroxy-4-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-7-methoxy-, [3aR-(3aà,4à,9aá)]-and Lupeol has indicated the medicines efficacy of Sahacharadi Kashayam. Conclusions: The medicine Sahacharadi kashayam contains some very important bio-molcuesles which could give it the medicinal potential. Further work to confirm the molecular mechanism is in process.
... The effect of Echinacea extract was further evaluated in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and shown to positively impact upon body gain, SGR, monocytes, neutrophil adherence, and survival rate against A. hydrophila [115]. Dihydroquercetin obtained from deodar (Cedrus deodara, family Pinaceae), a traditional plant used in Hindu medicine native to the Indian subcontinent with a broad spectrum of action [116], was evaluated in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata). These studies detected an increase in cellular (phagocytosis and respiratory burst activities) and humoral (seric complement activity, antiprotease, total protein, peroxidase, bactericidal activity and IgM level) activities with the highest parameter increases related to the lowest Table 2Effect of different plant and algal extracts used as immunostimulant diets in the immune response different fish species challenged with a pathogen. ...
... Manocha et al. reported that methanolic extract of Ficus bengalensis has anti rheumatic activity [67]. Cedrus deodara is a native plant of western Himalayas and showed its anti-arthritic activity effectively in polyarthritis phase of adjuvant induced arthritis [68]. Bartogenic acid isolated from Barringtonia racemosa Linn showed to protect arthritic symptoms in case of adjuvant induced arthritis. ...
Arthritis is one of the oldest diseases of the universe and a major bone-joint related syndrome among the aged people. Arthritic patients are found all over the world and there are hundred types of arthritic conditions which can be classified under three major categories: Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA), Osteoarthritis (OA) and gouty arthritis. The management and treatment of arthritis and conditions affecting the articular cartilage represent one of the most challenging problems. The main aim for the treatment of this disease is to reduce pain and to minimise the damages occur during the process. Physiotherapy, physical exercise and analgesics are often prescribed by the rheumatologists. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are the first line of defence against arthritis. But the NSAIDS and disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) have certain side effects like GI tract irritation, inhibits PGI biosynthesis, defective platelet aggregation, etc. Since the available therapeutics has their own limitations, a worldwide demand for the alternative therapy against arthritis is warranted. Use of traditional medicine is expanding to a new dimension and herbs are still remaining a novel source of compounds from which new innovative drugs could be discovered. From the traditional and folk medicine, it is well known that different herbs and herbal extracts have been used for the treatment of arthritis but enough scientific evidence are lacking. In recent times, several herbal compounds have shown their effectiveness in experimental arthritis. The present review is an effort to establish the use of herbs and herbal constituents in the treatment of arthritis
... C. Deodar forests are common from Kashmir, especially krishnaganga, kishtwar and Jhelum, to Garhwal. 17 The wood of C. deodara has been used since ancient days in Ayurvedic medical practice for the treatment of inflammations and rheumatoid arthritis. ...
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease of unknown etiology and is mainly characterized by the progressive erosion of cartilage leading to chronic polyarthritis and joint distortion. Although the exact pathogenesis of the disease has yet not been elucidated, however, studies suggest that cellular proliferation of synoviocytes result in pannus formation which damages the cartilage and bone. Recent reports also support the role of free radicals in its pathogenesis. Apart from the conventional treatment strategies using nonsteroidal anti inflammatory drugs, disease modifying antirheumatic drugs and glucocorticoids, newer and safer drugs are continuously being searched, as long term usage of these drugs have resulted in adverse effects. Alternative medicine provides another approach for treatment of RA and currently a number of medicinal plants are under scientific evaluation to develop a novel drug. There is a dire need to investigate the complete therapeutic potential and adverse effects, if any, of these herbals for providing newer and safer treatment options with minimum side effects. In this paper we have tried to explore various Indian ancient Ayurvedic, Unani and Tibet, as also some Chinese and Korean, herbals for their potential to treat RA.
... Uma et al., 2011 [46] Chlorophytum borivilianum ...
... belonging to the family Pinaceae, is one of the most important medicinal plant which has been used since ancient days in Ayurvedic medical. For example, oil and extracts of this plant are used in treatment of patients from inflammations, dyspepsia, insomnia, cough, fever, urinary discharges, bronchitis, itching, elephantiasis, tuberculous glands, leucoderma, ophthalmia, plies, disorders of the mind, diseases of the skin and of the blood, among others [14,15]. Additionally, different parts of the plant have also particular uses: wood extract has been used to treat flatulence, rheumatism, piles, kidney stone, pulmonary and urinary disorder; bark extract is used as astringent and also useful for treating fever, diarrhoea and dysentery [16]. ...
... The studies reveal that the petroleum ether is better than that of chloroform and alcoholic extracts of C. deodara heart wood in respect to their antiarthritic activity 15 . 16 . ...
Arthritis is a chronic, inflammatory, systemic autoimmune disease characterized by pain, swelling and stiffness. Allopathic medications have been prescribed to alleviate symptoms of this disease which results into associated side effects like heart attack, stroke, stomach ulcers, bleeding from the digestive tract, and kidney damage etc. Hence the use of herbal medicine is becoming popular due to toxicity and side effects of allopathic medicines. The plant, as one of the important sources, still maintains its original place in the treatment of various diseases, including arthritis, with minimum side effects. Considerable studies have been carried out on ethno medicinal plants; however, only few medicinal plants have attracted the interest of scientists, to investigate them as a remedy for arthritis. In this review an attempt has been done to highlight the work on indigenous medicinal plants having Anti-arthritic potential. INTRODUCTION: Arthritis is inflammation of one or more joints. Arthritis involves the breakdown of cartilage. Cartilage normally protects a joint, allowing it to move smoothly. Cartilage also absorbs shock when pressure is placed on the joint, such as when you walk. Without the normal amount of cartilage, the bones rub together, causing pain, swelling (inflammation), and stiffness. The individuals of any age can be affected with Arthritis; the usual age of onset is between 25 and 50 with a peak in the 40s and 50s 1 .
Cancer being a life treating ailment is the second reason of death universally. The growing threats of medicationresistant
cancers indicates an crucial need for the improvement of more effective anticancer agents. Herbal medication
offers very reasonable alternate to modern medicine against cancer. The investigation of natural products
is a valued method for the detection and expansion of newer biologically dynamic compounds having exclusive
assemblies and pathways. This work reviews certain medicinal plant with active phytochemicals, methodology
of researches and their pharmacological characteristics. This work is created after careful literature review directed
through relevant exploration of keywords in Clarivate Analytical, Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar,
Science Direct, PubMed, MDPI, and Google Academic. This study was planned to accumulate the record of plants
having anticancer activity and the evidences supporting their usage in cancer treatment. Fifty plants were selected
based on their potenty as anticancer compounds. The thorough research studies exposed that plants and
its phytochemicals can play a crucial role against oral, breast, lung, cervical, colon, stomach, hepatic cancers.
The in vitro researches displayed that the plant secondary metabolites in extracts causes inhibition of cancer cell
through DNA mutilation as well as stimulation of apoptosis-tempting enzymes in different models.
Ethnopharmacological relevance
Cedrus deodara (Roxb. ex D.Don) G.Don (Family: Pinaceae) is a medicinal tree traditionally important and well mentioned in traditional system of medicine of India, Pakistan, China, Korea etc. for its use in in the management of skin diseases, microbial infections, joint disorders, asthma, kidney stones, ulcer, brain disorders and immunological disorders.
Aim and objectives
This review provides an insight into the information available regarding traditional uses, ethnobotany, phytochemistry and, pharmacological profiling of C. deodara crude extract, its isolated compounds and, fractions, to explore its potential for the development of novel therapeutic agents.
Material and methods
Various databases including Scopus, Google Scholar, Science Direct, ACS, Wiley, Web of Science, Springer Link and, PubMed were used to collect all the appropriate information available in previously published literature related to this plant. Besides, other official electronic sources viz. Encyclopedia Britannica and Northern Regional Center, Botanical Survey of India, theplantlist.org. and relevant book chapters and books were also explored.
Results
C. deodara is a popular medicinally active tree, traditionally used in the form of decoction, syrup, oil, powder, and extract alone or in combination with other herbs for the management of different ailments viz. asthma, ulcers, bone fractures, sprains rheumatism, boils, leprosy, etc. Phytochemical studies reported 105 chemical constituents from different parts of the plant, most of them belong to a class of terpenoids and flavonoids. Crude extracts, essential oils, fractions, and isolated compounds of C. deodara exhibited some important pharmacological activities including anticancer, antimicrobial, antifungal, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, antidiabetic, antiurolithiatic, antiarthritic and, antiasthmatic.
Conclusion
Present article delivers in-depth information on botany, ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology. C. deodara has been in practice among indigenous people of India, Pakistan, Nepal, Korea, China, Nigeria and Russia and 28 different ethnicities for the management of approximately 40 diseases. Bioactive compounds particularly cedrin, himachalol, himachalene and atlantone are recognized as key constituents for observed pharmacological activities of C. deodara. However, further in-depth studies involving bio-guided fractionation, isolation, identification using advanced techniques to afford some new therapeutically active phytoconstituents in the management of different diseases. Preliminary pharmacological investigations on different extracts and fractions of C. deodara partially validated its traditional claims in different ailments such as skin diseases, asthma, neurological disorders, arthritis, microbial infections, gastric disturbances, and inflammation. However, immediate attempts are required to establish its mechanism of action, efficacy, dosage range, and safety in combating different pathological states.
Arthritis is an inflammatory, chronic, autoimmune disorder identified by swelling, stiffness, and pain. It covers 0.5% of population of the world and leads to disability in joint. Synthetic drugs are used to treat these abnormal conditions but are associated with side effects like osteoporosis and gastric bleeding. Herbal drugs are becoming popular due to their less toxicity in comparison to synthetic drugs. Many therapeutic agents are developed from herbal drugs. Scientific reports explored the beneficial effects of herbal medicines in the treatment of arthritis by various basic mechanisms like downregulation of inflammatory cytokines such as NF-jB, IL-6, TNF-a, and oxidative stress suppression; cartilage degradation inhibition; and increase of antioxidant potential. Medicinal plants contain various bioactive compounds like alkaloids, flavonols, dihydroflavonols, coumarins, glycosylflavons, terpenes, phytoestrogens, anthraquinones, sesquiterpene lactones, thymoquinones, and lignans which play a significant role in ameliorating the effects of arthritis. In this chapter, we summarize updated information on RA including epidemiology, etiology, role of phytoconstituents in the treatment of arthritis, available treatments, and side effects of synthetic medicine in comparison to herbal medicine and individual herbal drugs.
An immunostimulant (IS) is a natural or chemical substance that stimulates the immune system by specific (vaccines or antigens) or non-specific (irrespective of antigenic specificity) routes. This chapter provides some insight into the target tissue of many IS diets; the fish mucosa. The use of IS-containing diets in aquaculture is widespread and encompasses a wide diversity of products that range from large feed producers using yeast extracts to more local custom production often using traditional remedies and extracts. Oral vaccines have huge potential that needs to be exploited as the method of delivering protection is highly desirable within aquaculture production systems. The development of new methods for the production and encapsulation of antigen that improve delivery, therefore creating a long-term response, is essential. Underlying these efforts are the continuing research that will provide a better understanding of the immune response following oral vaccination and therefore be able to drive and direct formulation strategies.
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic systemic inflammatory disease of unknown cause. The characteristic feature of this condition is persistent polyarthritis that affects hands and feet, although any joint lined by a synovial membrane may be involved. Many of the conventional disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARD) therapies are immunosuppressive in nature, but lead to serious side effects. In this chapter, we have explored possible immune molecular targets of disease-modifying antirheumatic herbal agents and their place in arthritic management. Considerable past research findings have demonstrated that herbal drug molecules can modulate the major inflammatory cytokine expression in synovial cells. Further studies have clearly demonstrated that certain herbal drugs can significantly inhibit the expression of iNOS and are involved in the regulation of the inflammatory immune process, as a potent PGE2 and COX-2 expression inhibitors. Herbal drug molecules potently induce the apoptosis of synoviocytes through upregulating the caspase cascade and downregulating the NF-kB expression. This chapter concludes that the herbal drugs can be developed as new clinical pharmaceutical agents, which can be used in cost-effective manner to treat arthritic conditions with minimal side effects.
The present study deals with the clinical efficacy of Kodasuri veeravaippu, a sidha preparation, in the cure of Keelavayu or Arthritis. Both inpatients and out patients were treated with Kodasuri veeravaippu with a dose of 130 mg b. d with honey after food. The cure rate was observed for 15 days to a maximum of 40 days. The results were quite encouraging with 80 percent of patients giving promising positive cure with this drug. The results indicated the anti-inflammatory and analgesic efficacy of Kodasuri veeravaippu.
Nanomedicine is the medical application of nanotechnology. Nanomedicine is defined as the monitoring, repair, construction and control of human biological systems at the molecular level, using engineered nanodevices and nanostructures. Nanomedicine ranges from the medical applications of nanomaterials to nanoelectronic biosensors and even possible future applications of molecular nanotechnology. The aim of nanomedicine is the improvement of healthcare for the benefit of the patient. Nanomedicine is an important and rapidly growing field, which is emerging from the on of these application of nanotechnology to healthcare. The generally recognized categories include diagnostics, imaging, medical devices, drug discovery, drug delivery and regenerative medicine. Nanomedicine can offer impressive resolutions for various life threatening diseases. Disease areas which can be expected to benefit most from nanotechnology within the next few years are cancer, diseases of the cardiovascular system, the lungs, blood, neurological (especially neurodegenerative) diseases, diabetes, inflammatory/infectious diseases, Parkinson's or Alzheimer's disease and orthopaedic problem.
Rheumatoid arthritis is chronic, progressive, disabling autoimmune disease characterized by systemic inflammation of joints, damaging cartilage and bone around the joints. It is a systemic disease which means that it can affect the whole body and internal organs such as lungs, heart and eyes. Although numbers of synthetic drugs are being used as standard treatment for rheumatoid arthritis but they have adverse effect that can compromise the therapeutic treatment. Unfortunately, there is still no effective known medicinal treatment that cures rheumatoid arthritis as the modern medicine can only treat the symptoms of this disease that means to relieve pain and inflammation of joints. It is possible to use the herbs and plants in various forms in order to relieve the pain and inflammation in the joints. There are so many medicinal plants that have shown anti rheumatoid arthritis properties. So the plants and plant product with significant advantages are used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. The present review is focused on the medicinal plants having anti rheumatoid arthritis activity.
Himachalol has been identified as the major antispasmodic constituent in the wood of Cedrus deodara. The pharmacological studies of himachalol on various isolated smooth muscles (guinea pig ileum, rabbit jejunum, rat uterus, and guinea pig seminal vesicle) and against different agonists (acetylcholine, histamine, serotonin, nicotine, and barium chloride) indicated spasmolytic activity similar to that of papaverine. It was a more potent antagonist of barium chloride-induced spasm of guinea pig ileum than papaverine but less effective in reverting a similar spasm of rabbit jejunum and had no relaxing effect alone. In the conscious immobilized cat, intragastric administration of himachalol or papaverine (100 mg/kg) produced equal inhibition of carbachol-induced spasm of the intestine, lasting about 2 hr, but himachalol had a faster onset of action. Himachalol was devoid of spasmolytic effect on the bronchial musculature of guinea pig but was 3.3 times more potent than papaverine in antagonizing epinephrine-induced contraction of the guinea pig seminal vesicle. Intravenous injection of himachalol (3-10 mg/kg) in the cat produced a dose-dependent fall in blood pressure and an increased femoral blood flow.
The contribution of plants to western medicine is briefly considered using alkaloids as examples of one class of pharmacologically active natural product. Plants and plant products are present in 14 of the 15 therapeutic categories of pharmaceutical preparations which are currently recommended to medical practitioners in the U.K. and they form an important part of our health-care system in the western world. There is considerable scope for new drug discovery from traditional medicines which are used throughout the world and some recent developments are commented upon and conclusions are made.