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Definitions of Community: Areas of Agreement
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... In other words, urban areas are perceived as places where 'serious' activities, such as administration and trading, take place while small communities are marginalized (Ashworth & Page, 2011;Bellini & Pasquinelli, 2017). Specifically, the urban communities are large-scale social units that demonstrate more complex characteristics than their rural counterparts, such as the presence of secondary groups and greater heterogeneity or diversity of people (Beeton, 2006;Edwards et al., 2008;Hillery, 1955). Due to urbanization and industrialization, social relations are greatly dispersed and the urban communities are weakened (Hofferth & Iceland, 1998). ...
... Besides the geographically bounded rural-urban continuum of communities, the community can be grounded on a socio-anthropological paradigm and seen as a group of people who share either tangible (e.g., language, dress, cuisine, festivities, settlement types and lifestyle) or intangible (e.g., beliefs, ethics and attitudes) commonalities . While traditionally seen as an important element of the community, geographical area and its social ties are not necessary for defining boundary of the community (Hillery, 1955). Particularly, the community involves a group of people with social or professional commonalities or even a philosophical or psychological commitment to certain lifestyles or special interests, such as scientist community, artistic community, academic community, Jewish community, LGBTQ+ community and online community (Bradshaw, 2008;Lyon & Driskell, 2012). ...
... Besides the potentials for alleviating poverty and conserving cultural and environmental resources, CBT can tackle unique contextual issues experienced by different types of communities. For instance, the urban communities are distinctively featured with highly complex nature in terms of natural environments, social groups and relationships, power structures, physical mobility, individualism, segmentations of life, access to services and education (Ashworth & Page, 2011;Beeton, 2006;Edwards et al., 2008;Hillery, 1955;Hofferth & Iceland, 1998;Mahjabeen et al., 2009). As a consequence, the urban communities employ a CBT approach to address more specific problems, such as fading traditional jobs, deteriorating cultural identity and heritage, limited public space, expropriation and gentrification, and profit-driven policies. ...
Whilst community-based tourism (CBT) has been frequently used as an effective tool for developing rural destinations, this chapter shows extensive potentials of CBT concept that are applicable to other types of communities. Tracing back to the original definition of community, its meanings are varied by heterogeneity in types, scales and functions based on geographical and socio-anthropological perspectives. However, the terms community and CBT have been deeply biased with the rigid conception of community as a small and secluded village. Therefore, CBT is often limited to homestay tourism, village tourism or indigenous tourism as the alternative tourism products in the rural areas. By taking broader perspectives towards communities into account, CBT can be positioned as the universal approach to tourism planning and development in which either rural, urban or other socially constructed communities play an active role and enjoy larger and more balanced benefits in response to their needs.
... Social capital has emerged as a crucial concept to explain the challenges as communities evolve towards globalised, urbanised, and highly interconnected societies (Lyon & Driskell, 2012). Noting that urban communities have larger populations, more heterogeneous groups, complex relationship structures, and rich opportunities (Baycan & Öner, 2023;Hillery, 1955), it can be difficult to implement a community-based tourism approach in the context of fragmented and dispersed social ties which result in greater individualism, anonymity, and segmentation of life (Edwards et al., 2008;Hinch, 1996;Hofferth & Iceland, 1998). A lack of social capital may hold back a full understanding of collective outcomes and inhibit progress towards developing inclusiveness and partnerships with stakeholders (Hensel et al., 2013). ...
... It is home to the world-renowned nightlife attraction-Khao San Road-alongside historic Muslim mosques and Buddhist temples. Noting the heterogeneity and unique socio-cultural characteristics, including a mix of dwellers (Baycan & Öner, 2023;Hillery, 1955), valuable lessons can be drawn for others seeking to develop urban community-based tourism. ...
... With holistic intention, the model portrays the scenario where different dwelling groups pursue collective actions in community-based tourism by deploying social capital both within and outside the urban community. The inner layer of the model highlights interactions amongst heterogeneous groups within the urban community (Hillery, 1955;Hooghe & Botterman, 2012;Nunkoo, 2017;Tavakoli et al., 2017), emphasising the varying roles of bonding social capital. The outer layer portrays an abundance of resources, such as financial, human, and political capital, within the large and highly networked opportunity structure in urban environments (Aldrich & Meyer, 2015;Gittell & Vidal, 1998). ...
The rapid and uncontrolled tourism growth has impacted local livelihoods in many cities through commodification, gentrification, and expropriation. Though community-based tourism offers a prospective development alternative, the phenomenon has been underexplored in urban contexts which are more complex than their rural counterparts. The urban dwellers who are seeking to engage in collective actions need social capital. This study deploys a qualitative ethnographic approach using an in-depth interviewing technique undertaken in three historic Bangkok communities to investigate the dual nature of social capital in promoting and impeding cooperation and collaboration. The study presents six analytical themes and the networked social capital model to explain the roles of positive and negative social capital in urban community-based tourism development.
... In recent years however, there has been a convergence of opinion as to the significance of participation in rural development and there now exists a widely collective set of participatory approaches and methods. Participatory approaches have been widely incorporated into policies of organizations from multilateral agencies like the World Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF), bilateral agencies, to the smallest people's organizations (Hillery, 1955). Indeed, some observers have argued that, in terms of thinking and practice about rural development, people are currently in the 'age of participation' and it is the 'paradigm of people' (Chambers, 1984, Hart, 1997. ...
... While many development agencies give equal weight to both, some emphasize on one or the other. Hillery (1955) for example, observes that until recently the notion of 'participation as means' dominated rural development practice. Although he concedes that some economic rural development was achieved as a result of this strategy, he also argues that, only a few rural development projects achieved meaningful community participation and benefits by this means. ...
... Some aspects of what Hillery (1955) calls 'functional participation' can also be seen at this stage especially where project implementation has involved formation of small interest groups such as women income generation groups. Women respondents explained that programmes have helped to mobilize them to form small self-run groups of 5 -10 members and through these groups they have been trained on various issues. ...
Community participation in rural development is widely recognized as a basic operational principle of rural development, although debates about this concept are fervent. Beneficiaries of community projects have been seen as consumers of services, and their role in rural development has been accorded less importance. Community participation has been limited to consultation, thereby stifling the creative capabilities and potential of community members at all levels of the society. A descriptive case study design was used to collect primary data in addition to secondary data. Questionnaires were administered to participants selected through proportionate sampling to ensure representation and stratification at all levels. Two hundred respondents were interviewed. The data collected was analyzed numerically and descriptively and is presented in the sum of text and tables. The study revealed that there is relatively low degree of community influence or control over organizations in which community members participate, especially given that the services are usually controlled by people who are not poor or recipients of services. Community members are usually going through an empty ritual of participation; hence they have no real power needed to affect the outcome of rural development process. The study noted that participatory rural development has no predetermined outcomes; it can lead to transformation and change in the social patterns and sometimes it perpetuates and trigger the antithesis of 'community liberation,' devolution and distribution of power among various stakeholders. Thus, the form of participation in rural development initiatives in Buhera has transformed and modified the relations of power that objectify and subjugate people, leaving them without a voice. The study recommended that community participation should be centered on the role of the community as primary actors who should be allowed and enabled to influence and share the responsibility (and possibly costs) of rural development process.
... Although academic literature has explored belonging as an influential variable in human behavior from the perspectives of psychology and sociology (Bachrach & Zautra, 1985;Doolittle & MacDonald, 1978;Hillery, 1955;Kasarda & Janowitz, 1974;McMillan & Chavis, 1986:9), has rarely been approached from an economic perspective. The connection between the sense of belonging and repeat purchase, evidenced by brands that generate loyalty through a pride of belonging, has been scarcely explored in economic terms. ...
... In Hillery (1955) the first definitions of community and group cohesion appeared. From 1955 to the second decade of the twenty-first century, the idea of community has changed a lot. ...
This article investigates the potential of belonging as a marketing argument, focusing on customer behaviors driven by this sense of connection with brands. This variable is explored using six robust indicators to define the sense of belonging and its relationship with customer behavior. The research was carried out in the context of Higher Education, highlighting the transformation of this area to offer continuous training and innovative skills. The article highlights the importance of incorporating belonging into marketing strategies, especially for educational institutions seeking to optimize student engagement, especially in those institutions that are the result of ventures and that have given rise to new institutions. This study reveals the sense of belonging of graduates to their institutions and highlights its importance in various sectors. Companies must strive to cultivate a sense of belonging among their customers, using marketing strategies and policies to build lasting relationships and consolidate their ventures. This latent variable has the potential to influence customer behavior and therefore deserves further study.
... Community is a core concept in social anthropology (Durkheim, 1997;Tönnies, 1955), and it is also a term frequently utilized by tourism practitioners and the academic community (Fan et al., 2023). Although the term "community" is frequently used, there is currently no unified view regarding the definition of community (Dunham, Freeman & Liedtk, 2006;Hillery, 1955). ...
with enhanced ethical attributes, is dedicated to facilitating the sustainable development of both the community and tourism. This research zeroes in on the key consensus of CBT within the context of sustainable development. By conducting a comprehensive review and analysis of relevant CBT literature and leveraging the analysis of community development, this paper endeavors to establish a CBT conceptual framework oriented towards the goal of sustainable tourism. This framework aims to thoroughly investigate the key dimensions of CBT and its multifarious impacts on sustainable tourism. Theoretically, the framework contributes to integrating and extending the contents associated with community participation and sustainable development within existing theories. Practically, it offers guidance to communities and tourism developers in project planning, benefit balancing, damage prevention, sustainable development achievement, as well as the formulation of rational community participation strategies and mechanisms. Consequently, it promotes the harmonious coexistence of tourism and the community. Future research can further examine the applicability of this framework in the sustainability of community development and rural tourism development.
... Accordingly, when hearing the word 'community', most people possibly understand that it refers to a concept incorporating a territorial dimension (i.e., the built and natural environment, but not limited to that), a social dimension (i.e., the people who live, work or are active in this setting), as well as the ongoing interactions between these two (i.e., the links, flows, and networks that develop) and the processes of collective actions (Farmer et al., 2016;Wilkinson, 1991). In fact, according to most definitions, three basic assumptions must apply to refer to a human community: first of all, it requires a group of people who are involved in interactive activities; second, these activities are expected to take place within the framework of a geographic territory; and third, often enough the involved people share some common values, beliefs or behaviours (Hillery, 1955). Even though the notion of community can be variously interpreted and understood, especially as we currently live in a globalized and virtually interrelated world that could situate the territorial element under dispute, it is our strong belief that the territorial dimension is present in every kind of human communities, even if not perceived in a traditional fashion. ...
This paper explores the relationships between place and subjective well-being. Despite the substantial growth in studies on this topic across multiple disciplines, there is still a long road ahead for urban planning theory. This work introduces a novel conceptual framework that illustrates in a structured manner the interrelations between place and subjective well-being, uncovering the mediating role of sense of place and highlighting the transformative potential of micro- and small-sized businesses in shaping urban neighbourhoods’ sense of place. The study emphasizes the significance of understanding subjective well-being at the neighbourhood scale for informed urban planning and policy making, contributing to the theoretical discourse on people-place relations.
... Furthermore, clarifying the dimensions of community helps us to Problems Community fulfill the prerequisite of science -specificity, which can be achieved by clarifying the dimensions of a concept (Freilich, 1963). Classic literature on the community has specified several dimensions, for example, geographical location or area or place, interaction, identity, and shared goal (Bradshaw, 2008;Hillery, 1955). To explain the local community, Wilkinson explains three dimensions -locality, local ecology, and the process of locality-oriented collective actions (Wilkinson, 2023). ...
In this study, we consider Meaningful Stakeholder Engagement as an organization’s purposeful interaction with stakeholders to address their concerns and commit to value co-creation. Past research is riddled with overlapping labels and conceptual ambiguities. Thus, it is unclear how an organization meaningfully engages with marginalized stakeholders such as the community. We address this question by explaining different mechanisms through which an organization engages with a particular community for value creation. We contribute to the literature in two ways. First, we illustrate four building blocks of the community in relationship to Stakeholder Theory: people, feelings, relationships, and problems. Second, we propose that there is no single strategy to engage with marginalized stakeholders; rather, strategies vary given the stakeholder and context. For example, collective entrepreneurship is useful in addressing the concerns of the community of place, while collaborative engagement with stakeholders is an appropriate way to engage and create value for the ignored community of practice. We stress the importance of understanding that Stakeholder Theory is about relationships with stakeholders including marginalized communities. Marginalized is defined as undervalued or ignored; any stakeholder or community can be marginalized who is undervalued or ignored. Consequently, it falls upon managers and leaders to actively engage with stakeholders and oversee these relationships, aiming to foster value creation for all instead of prospering at the expense of marginalized communities.
... A defining feature of life-environmentalism is its focus on the community, which in this context, refers to "a territorially defined, relatively small group of people who engage in face-to-face interactions in everyday settings" (Yamamoto 2023b, 30), closely aligning with the classic interpretation of term in Hillery (1955). Life-environmentalism typically limits its scope to "small" communities such as neighborhood groups, hamlets, villages, and towns and rarely considers entire metropolitan areas or virtual communities. ...
This paper examines the concept of life-environmentalism ( seikatsu kankyō shugi), which emerged in the 1980s as a shared research framework among Japanese social scientists studying the adverse effects of modern industrialization of everyday life in rural communities. Despite its recognition in Japan, the life-environmentalist approach remains largely unknown to Anglophone literature. While the recently published book, Everyday Life-Environmentalism, provides an introductory English-language text, it lacks thorough theoretical articulation of the approach in relation to contemporary Anglophone approaches. This paper centers on actor-network theory, a widely circulated approach within post-human and more-than-human geographies, as a comparative frame of reference to elucidate key characteristics of life-environmentalism. Through a comparative examination of the applications of these approaches to a local case study, we suggest that life-environmentalism offers valuable insights when analyzing socioenvironmental controversies and community-level responses, particularly in contexts where a long-standing social community is central to the analysis.
... Historically, scholars mainly emphasized the importance of the space criterion: in the definitions of Parsons (1959), Sutton and Kolaj (1960), and Sjoberg (1965: 115), inhabiting a small, common space was a key element in constructing community action. The need to distinguish this category was also pointed out by Gregory Hillery (1955), who defined and typologized communities. ...
This article analyzes the community of patrons of the Internet radio station Radio 357, based on 13 in-depth interviews with the station’s listeners and a former station employee. Material from the online forum of the studied community is also analyzed. The text aims to present the members of a radio community who became involved in financing a new Internet radio station through online fundraising. An attempt is made to explain the listeners’ motivations for their unique scale of involvement in this new media initiative. The research questions relate to the characteristics of the Radio 357 audience community and the role that radio plays for them. The foundations built by many years of participation around the former station and the sense of injustice intensified by its symbolic collapse became the driving forces to fight for the continuation of their previously cultivated radio practices and traditions, already incorporated within the new station.
... There is no room in conventional community development literature for the possibility of constantly shifting identity positions or of external social relations that might structure the presentation of certain identity positions while subordinating others. The internal dynamics of group or community formation somehow gets lost in the positivity of community in the traditional literature (see Hillery, 1955). ...
This article addresses two issues in adult education theory and practice in community development. The first is a growing recognition of male, eurocentric, western biases in adult education theory and the second, a glaring lack of the voices, issues and experiences of women, particularly racialized women, in the literature of North American adult education. Based on my organizing experiences with racialized immigrant women, this article deconstructs traditional literature about community development in adult education to reveal an underlying foundational system of beliefs that has privileged the experiences of white, western males. The exclusion of other realities has had serious consequences for what is taken to constitute knowledge and truth in adult education's understanding of community development. The issues and experiences of minority groups, especially racialized women, have not found their way into the knowledge base. Consequently, adult education has been unable to provide really "useful" knowledge to these groups. The article suggests that existing theories of community development in adult education remains limited, selective and partial and in need of revision. It offers some new directions and argues that racialized women's intellectual contributions are urgently needed. Adult education cannot respond to changes and demands arising from global economic restructuring without reformulating its explanatory frameworks. Résumé Le présent article concerne deux problèmes de la théorie et de la pratique de la formation des adultes dans le cadre du développement des communautés. Le premier est la réalisation croissante de la présence de parti pris pour les hommes d'origine européenne et de culture occidental, et le second, un manque frappant, dans la littérature nord-américaine traitant de la formation des adultes, des opinions, questions et expériences féminines, en particulier de celles des femmes radalisées. En se fondant sur man expérience dans des organisations de femmes immigrantes racialisées, cet article défait pièce par pièce la littérature traditionnelle sur le développement des communautés par la formation des adultes, pour révéler la présence d'un système fondamental de convictions qui a privilégié l'expérience d'hommes blancs occidentaux. L'exclusion des autres réalités a eu des conséquences sérieuses sur ce qui est considéré comme constituant la base de connaissance et la vérité dans la compréhension du développement des communautés qu'a la formation des adultes. Les questions et l'expérience des groupes minoritaires, en particulier des femmes racialisées, ne font pas partie de la base de connaissance de ce domaine. En conséquence, la formation des adultes n'a pas été en mesure de fournir une connaissance vraiment "utile" à ces groupes. L'artide suggère que les théories actuelles sur le développement des communautés en formation des adultes restent limitées, sélectives et partielles, et qu'elles devraient être révisées. L'article présente de nouvelles directions d'action et propose que la contribution intellectuelle des femmes racialisées est nécessaire de manière urgente. La formation des adultes ne peut pas s'adapter aux changements et aux demandes issues de la restructuration économique globale sans révision de ses structures explicatives.
... Community is grounded in a specific locale, centered on a geographical area and the individuals residing there in proximity (Tönnies and Harris 2001). Hillery (1955) pinpointed three fundamental aspects of community: social interactions, connections to a geographical area, and bonds among people. The community is a geographical space, a social network, and a type of relationship (Day 2006). ...
This study examines the role of local media in fostering a sense of community belonging among readers in the Ecuadorian context, focusing on how geographical coverage, news sources, and covered themes reinforce community identity. Through content analysis of 17 local media outlets and 6356 news pieces, we investigate how these elements cohesively contribute to the construction of an interconnected community. The findings indicate that predominantly local and regional coverage, along with reliance on primary sources within the community and the prevalence of topics related to politics, sports, and culture, play pivotal roles in creating a shared community fabric. By contextualizing the importance of "glocalization" in journalism, the study demonstrates how local media act as a mirror to community realities and aspirations, promoting a sense of intersubjectivity, adaptability, and civic engagement. This work underscores the critical importance of local media in representing the diversity of reality, facilitating civic participation, and strengthening the social fabric within the local context.
... Так, еще в 1955 г. американский социолог Дж. Гиллери, предложив сравнительный анализ существующих определений местных сообществ («коммьюнити»), выделил три составляющие, которые присутствуют в большинстве определений: общность территории, социальное взаимодействие, общие связи [Hillery, 1955]. Подобный подход оправдан, так как часто во многом формальная общность в проживании -далеко не единственный фактор формирования местных сообществ 7 , хотя часто он является определяющим. ...
The strategic goal of spatial development of the Russian Federation is to ensure its stability and balance. The study of domestic and international experience shows that the most important component that ensures this stability is the institution of local self-government. Recently, the Russian Federation has adopted a lot of regulatory and legislative acts that allow us to talk about the ongoing reform of local self-government as one of the components of the spatial development of the country. At the same time, the fundamental issue of local communities as subjects of local self-government has not yet been clearly resolved. The article substantiates the incorrectness of the provision that a local community is just a population living in the relevant territory. It is concluded that local communities are a historical category; local communities arise at a certain stage of development of socio–territorial communities and represent a fundamental category for understanding the very essence of local self-government.
... These mobile digital solutions take the form of C2C (consumer to consumer) community platforms and constitute a space for communication with user communities, in the sense of Tönnies et Harris (2001). As Chaboud et al. (2018) have shown, these platforms possess the three constitutive elements of a community (Hillery, 1955): a shared concern (in this case wine), a common space (the platform in question, or any other virtual or even real space that makes exchanges possible) and a tendency to interact within this dedicated space. The resulting artifact allows for the nourishment and development of a common social capital (Adler et Kwon, 2002;Kwon et Adler, 2014) shared through the platform. ...
In this conceptual article, we propose to investigate the intrinsic motivations of wine appreciation platform user communities, such as Vivino. By helping to reduce the stress linked to the complexity of the purchasing and tasting experience, which we call wine stress, these technologies increase the pleasure of participating in the community and gamify the sharing of knowledge via the platform. At the same time, exposing the user both to social exposure within the community of wine enthusiasts, and thus to peer judgment, but also to cognitive dissonance in the tasting experience.
... Traditionally the term "community" refers to a group of people who live and act on the same geographical area sharing common aims and values and is differentiated from any other group formation based on 1) core characteristics such as people, common ties and purpose, social interactions, and activity in time/space (Hillery, 1995;Poplin, 1979;Stuckey, 2007), 2) hallmarks such as agency, belonging, cohesion and diversity (Watkins, 2005) and 3) processes within the community such as acting together, dialoguing, collaborating, and bridging (Mendes et al., 2008). ...
eTwinning seminars provide in-service teachers with opportunities to develop skills and competences, through teamwork and interaction in an online environment, supporting them to enrich their teaching practices in the classroom and strengthen their self-efficacy. In this article, we present results from the evaluation of eTwinning seminars in Greece, with the aim to investigate how participation obstacles were managed by the trainees, what type of interaction was developed among the trainees, and the extent to which trainees acquired skills which they could apply in their classroom. The study followed a quantitative design, using an online survey with a sample of 753 participants (in-service K-12 teachers). Results indicated that most of the participants have met their expectations and acknowledged the adequacy of the educational material and the professional development opportunities. Moreover, results showed that demographic characteristics had a statistically significant effect on respondents’ perceptions and practices.
... The concept of community consists of the fundamental issues that concern sociology and social sciences. It is a sociological vague term, conceptually and differently defined and is generally used in everyday parlance (Gillette, 1926;Hillery, 1938;Watson, 1980). Many studies mention that one of the sociological tools to investigate and highlight the features and differences of the industrial capitalist society is to parallel it with feudal society and traditional social organization. ...
The history of Greek overseas migration takes place between the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century. The USA became a pole of attraction for Greek labourers aiming at starting a new life across the Atlantic, considering “America” as a place of opportunity and prosperity. This article examines the concept of community in diaspora and the role of Greek immigrant associations in the United States since 1900. The first organizations created by generally low-educated and unskilled immigrants until the beginning of the 20th century were expatriates from the same region in Greece (hometown associations). Among the main reasons that push immigrants to create ethnic community associations were the adaptation to the foreign environment and protection of their rights and the preservation of the national identity of language and traditions.
... The underlying conceptualization of neighborhood has, therefore, been underpinned by the disciplinary background of the researcher, but also more crucially the question the researcher seeks to address. However, Hillery (1955) long suggested there is a general recognition of three salient dimensions of neighborhood including area, social interactions, and common ties. Blowers (1973) would later add that neighborhood is a continuum, which has more than a commonly agreed name to community members, and consists of close-knit groups, and individuals with a strong pattern of social interactions. ...
Uncertainties around exposures in non-residential contexts complicate the understanding of neighborhood environments and health outcomes in low-and middle-income countries (LMICs) partly due to limited research on where people spend their day and how those spaces impact their health. The goal of this study, therefore, was to examine the relationship between time spent in/outside residential neighborhoods, length of stay in neighborhood and non-communicable diseases (NCDs) status and whether the relationship differs by gender. We used cross-sectional data from three Ghanaian cities and applied multilevel analysis. At the general level, we did not observe any significant difference between where people spend their day and NCDs status. After aggregating the data by gender, however, we found that men who spent some time outside their residential neighborhood in a typical week were about 2 times likely to be diagnosed with NCDs compared to those who spend the entire week in their residential neighborhoods. This relationship, however, was not statistically significant for women. On the other hand, longer stay in current neighborhood was associated with women's likelihood of being diagnosed with NCDs. These findings contribute to a nuanced understanding of neighborhood environments and NCD outcomes and offer directions for public health and environmental policy.
... This means that places can 'give rise to a sense of community' among the members of the group and, as these members experience themselves as 'being part of a larger group' (Orum & Chen, 2003, pp. 11-12) and that the places in question can constitute significant loci of sentiment and meaning for them (Cuba & Hummon, 1993;Gerson et al., 1977;Hillery, 1955;Kasarda & Janowitz, 1974;Mazumdar et al., 2000;Mazumdar & Mazumdar, 1999;Molotch et al., 2000;Park, 1936;Rivlin, 1982Rivlin, , 1987Sampson, 1988). ...
... For decades, however, scholars have questioned its nature and scholarly role amid the continual evolution of complex societies (e.g. Hillery, 1955, Cope et al., 2016, Wellman, 1979, Wilkinson, 1991, Wirth, 1938. ...
... Tese aspects include rural spaces having small populations and lower density in population per land square mileage, not having many buildings, and being located far from urban areas (NCES, 2006;Ratclife et al., 2016). Additionally, the authors noted that rural communities tend to have close and tight-knit social networks (Hillery, 1955;Nelson, 2016;Wilkinson, 1991). ...
Hundreds of community colleges exist in rural contexts across the United States, yet we know little about the work and career development of the thousands of faculty employed at such institutions. Through a review of current literature, this article demonstrates how faculty at rural community colleges encounter specific factors in their professorial development because of these rural contexts in which their home institutions reside. From that literature, one can determine that factors playing a role in rural community college faculty development include (a) isolation and institution size, (b) multiple and multifaceted roles, (c) joy of working and engaging with students, (d) recruitment and retention of women faculty and faculty of color, and (d) recruitment and retention of academically qualified individuals. From those literature review findings, policy and practice recommendations around rural community college faculty are provided, such as creating and enhancing professional development opportunities and increasing recruitment and retention efforts for women faculty and faculty of color. In order to contribute more knowledge to supporting the development of rural community college-based faculty members, this article ends with future research ideas.
... Most rural spaces have small populations, spread across large swaths of land, isolated from densely populated locales (National Center for Education Statistics [NCES], 2006). Rural areas also tend to have tight-knit social groups (Hillery, 1955;Nelson, 2016;Wilkinson, 1991). ...
... La literatura ha señalado cómo el concepto de comunidad incluye dos significados diferentes a la hora de definir qué es y quién forma parte de ella. Por un lado, las comunidades de lugar, y, por otro lado, las comunidades de interés (Hillery, 1955). Las políticas que toman el enfoque de las ABI se centran en las comunidades de lugar, asumiendo que los habitantes que las componen comparten un mismo interés. ...
More studies are warning of the increase in social inequalities and their impact in an eminently urban world. The United Nations estimates that by the year 2050, 70% of the population will live in cities, increasing urban and social segregation that has an impact on the proliferation of so-called disadvantaged urban areas, where more than one billion people already live. Globally, there is a concern to address this situation through the formulation of policies aimed at combating poverty and social exclusion. Thus, efforts such as the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development represent a commitment to move towards a world that leaves no one behind, inspiring, from a comprehensive and participatory approach, the configuration of policies for social transformation. However, the localisation of the Agenda in local policies, especially those aimed at the most vulnerable populations, continues to be a challenge to guarantee the design of effective policies for the achievement of inclusive and sustainable development. This thesis aims to deepen our understanding of how local policies aimed at promoting social inclusion in disadvantaged urban areas adopt the precepts of the Agenda, and how they are adapted to specific contexts in order to resolve, from a multidimensional and multi-stakeholder governance approach, the challenges presented by these territories.
https://repositorio.uloyola.es/handle/20.500.12412/4034
... Yhteisöllisyyden tavoin yhteisön käsite on epämääräinen ja monitulkintainen, joten sitä tarkastellessaan tutkijan on tehtävä valintoja ja asetettava reunaehtoja omalle tulkinnalleen ja ymmärrykselleen. Tutkimuksessa on teorian tasolla lähdetty liikkeelle siitä, että poronhoitoyhteisö on perinteisen sosiologisen yhteisömäärittelyn tavoin mahdollista mieltää alueellisesti rajattavissa olevana yksikkönä, sosiaalisten vuorovaikutuksien yksikkönä sekä yhteenkuuluvuuden tunteiden ja muiden symbolista yhteisyyttä osoittavien ilmiöiden yksikkönä (Hillery 1955;Bell & Newby 1978, 27-53;Lehtonen 1990, 17;Nivala 2008, 50-51.) Poronhoitoyhteisö käsittää mainitut yhteisöllisyyden ulottuvuudet, mutta se ei yleisen yhteisöllisyyskäsitteen määrittelyn tavoin tyhjene vielä tähän. ...
Artikkelissa tarkastellaan poronhoidon sopeutumista ympäröivän yhteiskunnan muutoksiin poronhoitoon kiinteästi kytkeytyvän yhteisöllisyyden näkökulmasta. Tarkastelussa keskeistä on yhteisöllisyys muutoksen voimavarana ja siten poronhoidon resilienssin ydintekijänä. Artikkelin aineisto kerättiin haastattelemalla poronhoitoa harjoittavia perheitä sekä yksittäisiä poronhoitajia kahdeksasta eri paliskunnasta. Haastateltavia oli yhteensä 43, joista naisia oli 20 ja miehiä 23. Haastattelut olivat kehykseltään väljiä, ja haastateltavat saivat vapaasti kertoa näkemyksiään ja kokemuksiaan poronhoidon parissa toimimisestaan. Keskeisinä keskustelunaiheina olivat poroelinkeinon nykyinen tilanne sekä poronhoidon yhteisöllinen luonne. Haastattelujen mukaan poronhoito ja poronhoidon työkäytännöt kiinnittävät poronhoitotyön tekijät ja heidän perheensä usein ylisukupolvisesti vahvan yhteisöllisen toiminnan, elämäntavan ja kulttuurin varaan. Nämä kiinnittymät rakentavat vahvan perustan myös poronhoidon resilienssille ja kyvylle sopeutua ympäristön muutosvaatimuksiin sekä selviytyä muutosten aiheuttamista haasteista.
... In many instances the term community has been treated as self-evident, however, the meaning of the term has been increasing interrogated since its re-emergence in academic debates of the 1980s. Scholars referred back to the work of Hillery (1955) who identified 94 different definitions of 'community' in the literature, arguing that generally they refer to 'persons in social interaction within a geographic area and having one or more additional common ties' (Hillery 1955, p. 111). More generally, the literature identifies two meanings: communities of place and communities of interest. ...
Стаття присвячена дослідженню територіальних громад як суб’єктів міжнародних відносин, зокрема аналізу їхнього розвитку, правового статусу та участі в транскордонному співробітництві. Автор розглядає етапи становлення територіальних громад в Україні, починаючи з перших законодавчих актів про місцеве самоврядування і до сучасного визначення їхніх повноважень у Конституції та Законі України «Про місцеве самоврядування». Визначено основні характеристики територіальних громад, такі як чітко визначена територія, соціальна єдність, органи самоврядування та право на місцеві вибори. У статті також акцентується увага на тому, що транскордонне співробітництво є одним із основних напрямків міжнародних відносин громад, яке сприяє вирішенню спільних проблем, таких як екологічні питання, розвиток інфраструктури та управління ресурсами. Автор робить висновок, що територіальні громади, незважаючи на їхню місцеву спрямованість, відіграють важливу роль у міжнародному контексті.
The most serious challenge that Twelver Shi’is face in Italy is the absence of their conventional places of worship. The present study through empirical methods demonstrates how Shi’is create prayer halls by inclusion and exclusion of certain elements and how confer a sort of sacredness to these locals. Although sacredness of the Islamic places of worship is subject to controversy, in this essay we will see how sacredness of such places emerges as a social construction liable to constant evolution, rather than a God-given and extraordinary phenomenon.
This study aims to create a conceptual framework, provide variables that make up a creative city, and propose a model that illustrates the idea. This study discovered three primary variables in constructing a creative city: culture, creativity, and creative economy. The article’s novelty derives from the fact that this study looked at both viewpoints of a creative city, firstly, as a place of culture and secondly, as a place of economy and commerce. The article concludes with a set of proposed activities for further operationalization.
This qualitative research examines how sapphic people (i.e., umbrella term inclusive of lesbian, bisexual, and pansexual trans femmes, mascs, nonbinary people, and ciswomen) in South Carolina navigate informational barriers within healthcare systems. An information practices lens that examines how sapphic people create, seek, use, and share information to achieve desired healthcare outcomes describes such navigation. The research focuses on how intersectional identities, with a particular emphasis on age and considerations of race/ethnicity, geography, and gender, mediate these practices and their outcomes. The research uses participant data from semi-structured interviews and focus groups with 34 sapphic people about their health information practices. Participants varied in age and generational representation from 18 through 64. Data analysis utilized qualitative coding to compare how participants experience and circumnavigate health information barriers across age and generation. Data analysis highlighted age-related and generational barriers and facilitators in health information practices within SC sapphic communities. These barriers, shaped by cultural and community dynamics, affected how participants sought and shared health information. Older participants faced barriers rooted in historical experiences, leading to mistrust of healthcare systems, while younger ones encountered challenges imposed by adults. Despite differences, both groups sought sources aligned with their identities and shared frustrations with changing LGBTQIA + language. Across generations, there was a consistent effort to support younger members through protective and defensive health information practices. Implications of these findings identify strategies for healthcare providers and information professionals to dismantle health and healthcare information barriers experienced by those under the LGBTQIA + umbrella who experience less visibility than white gay men from urban areas-additional implications center on strategies for sapphic communities to engender communal care spanning generations.
Communities or neighborhoods are specific places in the research field of place identity that links between environment and psychology to address the sense of belonging as one of crucial human needs. This article explores the community identity in Chinese urban communities to investigate differences between sense of communities, and community satisfaction. Since 1980s, gated communities (Xiaoqu) are the dominant form of residential development in urban China and sometimes have the same boundary as the community (Shequ). Thus, this article sheds light on different understanding of gated communities in and outside of China. It is approached via deductive research to assess four specific hypotheses based on the concepts of communities, neighborhoods and gated communities. Four gated communities from Suzhou Industrial Park in China are used as study sites, where primary data was collected and then analyzed via multiple linear regression model and logistic regression model. Interestingly, the finding shows that having an active homeowners’ committee, which is considered as a socio-political force, is negatively associated with a sense of community. In addition, representation is positively associated with community identity in general. The findings imply that property management fees play an important role in residents’ community identity. In addition, the finding also supports that sense of community is a social rather than a physical construction.
Women IT workers form a critical section of the IT workforce of India. The kind of work that women do, both as workers and as individual citizens, makes them a highly exploited section of the IT workforce. The distinctive nature of women workers in the IT sector stems from the reproductive labour that women perform. Reproductive labour usually has three components, household labour, care work, and the labour of people-making. This chapter begins from problematising the processes through which each and every aspect of one’s everyday life becomes a potential source of profit accumulation and oppression. The chapter then looks at the phenomenon of social practices and their routinisation under contemporary capitalism and the relationship that it shares with the dynamics of reproductive labour. Taking such aspects into cognisance, the chapter argues about the necessity of structures of social solidarity.
The chapter conceptualizes community policy and goes on to examine how, if properly institutionalized and structured, the advent of community policing can help mitigate the rising waves of insecurities threatening the Nigeria state among other issues raised and discussed.
The chapter provides an overview of the classical debates on community question. It discusses various approaches to community, comprehended as a neighbourhood, a network or a sense of belonging. In the introduction to the chapter, an overview of the concept of community as opposed to city is presented and the nature of the community question is explained. The introduction is followed by the presentation of the concepts supporting the “community saved” hypothesis and provides the details on the classical approach to the urban community as a neighbourhood as well as discusses contemporary approaches to community comprehended as a place-based social ties. Next, the chapter provides details on the “community liberated” hypothesis and discusses a variety of concepts of community comprehended as a network and a sense of belonging. The chapter concludes with the statement that there is a conceptual gap in the community studies that reflects the “agency vs structure” division. It presents some attempts to overcome them, paying particular attention to Talia Blokland’s concept of community as urban practice, and points to the need for the development of a new approach that would overcome the shortcomings of the current approaches to community and would allow for exploration of the phenomena that have remained so far out of view of community studies.
This article offers a rationale for research and engagement on conceptions of ‘community’ in the twenty-first century in the context of changing conceptions of relationality through the impact of secularisation, social media, and online gaming. It highlights the growing concerns and healthcare outcomes of isolation in the context of shifting perceptions of ‘community’ as the basis for a re-examination of the value of ‘covenant’ as ‘communities of purpose’ in our interdependent world. In so doing, it proposes that covenant communities offer a route through which fundamental relationalities which engender belonging, security, and personal value can be restored at local, national or even trans-national levels.
Hardware start-up companies (HWSUs) often face “ambiguous problems” before and after their establishment. In this study, we examine such ambiguous problems, as well as their solution behavior and support by analyzing single case data. In this case study, the HWSU had many ambiguous problems in two areas: functional design and technological design. However, it is difficult for a HWSU that does not have sufficient resources and expertise to address these issues alone. To discuss this problem, we focus on DMM.make Akiba, a HWSU support organization. This organization contributes to growth of HWSUs through two support mechanisms: tech staff help to identify inherent problems with technological design by suggesting the importance of specific development goals and roadmaps, and community managers contribute to recognition of key problems with functional design by activating members and partners as one community.
Komunitas WESSA (West Sumatera Sound Aesthetic) merupakan komunitas indepeden yang bergerak dibidang seni dan budaya. Nama komunitas West Sumatera Sound Aesthetic diambil dari bahasa inggris yang berarti “Estetika Bunyi Sumatera Barat”. Data yang diperoleh antara lain rekaman wawancara, foto, video pertunjukan dan dokumen pribadi Komunitas West Sumatera Sound Aesthetic. Analisis data yang digunakan melalui 3 cara yaitu: (1) pengumpulan data, (2) reduksi data, (3) dan pemeriksaan keabsahan data menggunakan metode triangulasi. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dan pembahasan diatas, disimpulkan bahwa eksistensi komunitas WESSA (West Sumatera Sound Aesthetic) dapat terbentuk dan masih terjaga sampai sekarang dikarenakan proses kreativitas dan inovasi yang dihadirkan komunitas WESSA untuk melestarikan dan mengembangakan musik di Sumatera Barat. Komunitas ini mampu memberikan social value (nilai sosial) dengan menciptakan wadah bagi seniman serta pertunjukannya dapat dinikmati oleh masyarakat.Kata Kunci : Eksistensi; Kreatifitas; Musik ABSTRACT WESSA Community (West Sumatra Sound Aesthetic) is an indepedent community engaged with art and culture. The name of the West Sumatera Sound Aesthetic community it means the aesthetic of West Sumatera Sounds. The data obtained include recordings of interviews, photos, performances videos and personal documents of the West Sumatra Sound Aesthetic Community. Data analysis is used in 3 ways, namely: (1) data collection, (2) data reduction, (3) and validation of data using the triangulation method. Based on results of this research, it concluded that the existence of the WESSA (West Sumatra Sound Aesthetic) community can be formed and it’s still maintained until today due to the process of creativity and innovation presented by the WESSA community to preserve and develop music in West Sumatera. This community is able to provide social value by creating a space for artists and the performances that can be served and enjoyed by the publics.Keywords : Existence; Creativity; Music
Lack of specificity around stakeholder identity remains a serious obstacle to the further development of stakeholder theory and its adoption in actual practice by business managers. Nowhere is this shortcoming more evident than in stakeholder theory’s treatment of the constituency known as “community.”
In this paper we attempt to set forth what we call “the Problem of Community” as indicative of the definitional problems of stakeholder theory. We then begin the process of gaining greater specificity around our notions of community and the role of community in stakeholder theory and management. In doing so, we identify the emergence of two fairly new forms of community that we believe are particularly relevant to the stakeholder theorist and practicing manager. These two new variants of community—the virtual advocacy group and the community of practice—extend the notion of community in new directions, which have strikingly different implications for stakeholder theory and practice.
Given the breadth of the scholarship in the various disciplines implicated in this study, this chapter addresses (a) the multimodality of disaster communication and how access to information becomes a privilege and (b) the various conceptualisations of community and engagement that I believe can be considered the information access point of marginalised sectors of society.
From the earliest days of sociology, family and community have been central concerns of the discipline. The dense interpenetration of these two dimensions of life was associated in particular with simple societies. This is especially evident in the work of early social thinkers such as the German Ferdinand Tönnies and the Frenchman Frederick Le Play.
From the earliest days of sociology, family and community have been central concerns of the discipline. This entry traces the relationship between these aspects of society in simple and in modern societies at both a theoretical and an empirical level. It finds that the dense interpenetration of family and community associated with earlier societies is no longer an indispensable feature of community. Geographical and social mobility, the growth of individualism and the expansion of choice offered by the internet have impacted on the nature of engagement in family and community. Changing orientations in research into family and community are identified. Both family and community remain central values in western cultures, albeit with changing conceptualizations of each.
