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... This study employs qualitative textual analysis to analyze viewers' online comments. Pauly (1991) holds that "the topic of all qualitative research is the making of meaning" (11). Scholars engaging in qualitative textual analysis shall examine at least two things: meaning, as well as the production or construction of the meaning (Tonkiss 1998). ...
... Scholars engaging in qualitative textual analysis shall examine at least two things: meaning, as well as the production or construction of the meaning (Tonkiss 1998). Viewers posting comments on the show's streaming site can be seen as a symbolic practice, through which the viewers try to articulate certain meaning (McKee 2003;Pauly 1991). The process of conducting a qualitative textual analysis is a process of interpreting the meaning (i.e., ideas, values, connections, representations, etc.) expressed through the text (Brennen 2013). ...
This study explores how Chinese viewers articulate the meaning of the Netflix series “House of Cards” through analyzing viewer comments posted on Sohu Video, which streamed the show in China. A qualitative textual analysis of the comments reveals that the Sohu viewers turned the commenting of the show into articulations of democracy and China’s political conditions. In their articulation, some endorsed American democracy as a superb political system, while others resented it as being dark and corrupt, similar to the one in China. Still other viewers made a connection between “Cards” with China’s lack of freedom of speech. These connections were made under certain social conditions, including China’s internet providing a space for political discourse, tensions among different social forces and conflicting meaning systems existing in today’s China, and Chinese people’s increasing consumption of foreign media content and assumptions. Analyzing a particular case of transnational communication, this study demonstrates how the audience can make meaning of a foreign media product by connecting with their own social context, and how such articulations can be plural and multifaceted.
... newspapers. An inductive approach was chosen because environmental problems, such as the issue of algal proliferation in Florida's springs addressed in this study, are inherently complex; an inductive approach thus allowed all possible themes to emerge through an open reading of the articles (Pauly 1991). A deductive approach that verifies the presence or absence of a preconceived set of frames or keywords may miss other themes and ideas presented in the articles (Semetko andValkenburg 2000, de Vreese 2005). ...
... Barnett investigates different water ethics around the world and finds a "more holistic way" of thinking about water ethics: "beyond using less on our lawns and in our fountains, toward a shared respect for water, ecosystems, and people" (Barnett 2011, p. 146). Importantly, she notes that a water ethic is a fluid set of goals and guidelines, not a prescription and, like Aldo Leopold's land ethic, should "evolve in the minds of the thinking community" (Barnett 2011, p. 228 In terms of study limitations, because the present study is qualitative, both the articles included in the sample and the researcher's interpretations of the articles influence the results (Pauly 1991). Both of these limitations are common in this type of research, but in this study, a qualitative and open analysis of the articles revealed the dominant government frame, which may have been missed using a strictly quantitative content analysis searching for specific terms or a preconceived set of frames. ...
https://ufdc.ufl.edu/UFE0052115/00001
Freshwater aquifers are a vital source of water for a growing human population, yet the hidden nature of these freshwater sources often causes their importance to be overlooked. In Florida, groundwater supplies water to more than 90% of the population and to more than 1,000 freshwater springs. These springs can serve as lenses, giving the public insights into the groundwater beneath their feet. Many spring ecosystems have recently transitioned from a plant-dominated state to one dominated by algae, but the reasons behind this unfavorable transition are complex, and communication regarding the causal mechanisms and solutions has been difficult and often controversial.
Accordingly, the focus of this research was on science, communications, and environmental education (EE). I employed an interdisciplinary approach to review the current state of the science as it relates to the problem of algal proliferation in Florida’s springs. Next, I investigated how the print media communicated this issue to the public. Finally, I designed, implemented and evaluated an innovative EE program that immerses fifth-grade students in a spring with a goal to affect both an increase in knowledge and change in attitudes regarding freshwater.
The framing analysis revealed an overwhelming portrayal of water issues and spring degradation as government problems, which distances citizens from both the causes of and solutions to these problems. The EE program sought to help mend this disconnect between citizens and their freshwater. A mixed-methods pre-posttest showed significant increases in subject knowledge, but no significant changes in specific attitudes after program participation. Although student ability group influenced mean gain in knowledge, the efficacy of the immersive program was greatest for students in lower ability groups. No gender-based differences in knowledge or attitudes were documented. Qualitative findings suggested photography is a powerful educational tool that helped many students see the springs as diverse ecosystems and dispel previous misconceptions about these ecosystems.
In combination, these findings suggest interdisciplinary approaches are key to appropriately frame and ultimately solve water issues. Through creative avenues and collaboration, we can help address complex environmental issues such as protection of and access to freshwater for a growing human population.
... Common limitations within qualitative research are the researcher's interpretation of the data and the sample size that is available to be evaluated (Pauly, 1991). At the time of this study, only two editions of the Captain Citrus comic book series had been released, containing approximately 20 pages each. ...
... After the primary theme formation, the co-researchers confirmed the final themes for accuracy and trustworthiness (Erlandson et al., 1993). These findings are limited to the questions asked and how the discussions were interpreted, which are common limitations in qualitative research (Pauly, 1991). ...
... Findings from this study are limited to the experiences of each pre-service teacher and how these experiences were interpreted. These are common limitations in qualitative research (Pauly, 1991). Since this is a case study, results are not generalizable to the entire population of preservice teachers. ...
The three-circle model of agricultural education focuses on the importance of in-class instruction, supervised agricultural experiences, and FFA involvement. The agricultural communications career pathway is available to students through agricultural communications supervised agricultural experiences (SAE) programs and career development events within FFA. However, specific curriculum that teaches agricultural communications in the classroom is not readily available. The purpose of this qualitative case study was to examine the interdisciplinary lesson planning and integration process of pre-service teachers with focus on opportunities and limitations to teaching communication in the agriculture, food, and natural resources (AFNR) curriculum. In this case study, four pre-service teachers worked with agricultural communications faculty to develop communication curricula and lesson plans to be incorporated into high school AFNR classrooms. These pre-service teachers developed interdisciplinary lessons prior to student teaching and, when appropriate, used these lessons in their classrooms. While current research regarding teaching science in the AFNR curriculum is ongoing, the literature is silent regarding teaching social sciences such as communication in the AFNR curriculum. These pre-service teachers want more opportunities to develop interdisciplinary lessons. They believe teaching communication skills while tying them to the content area can improve student knowledge, retention, and engagement in the learning process while exposing them to the agricultural communications career pathway.
... This qualitative study follows the tradition of phenomenology (Creswell, 2013). Pauly (1991) argues that the goal of qualitative research is "to become wise in the ways of others" (p. 23). ...
When 49 people were gunned down in an Orlando nightclub in 2016, journalists from all over Central Florida went toward the nightclub, not away from it. This study explores the lived experience of 18 journalists who covered the Pulse nightclub shooting. Participants came from a variety of news outlets—print, television, and radio—and from a variety of positions—reporters, photographers, and editors. Participants described the chaotic environment and the ethical issues they faced. This paper sheds light on how journalists handle situations like the Pulse shooting and the need to monitor the mental health of those who were on the frontlines covering it.
... This method is based on a thorough understanding of the analysed units and examines the common signifying process. Researchers using this method believe that texts reveal general discourse patterns (Pauly 1991) through the appearance of motifs, labels, definitions, logos, symbols, visuals, slogans and generalizations presented in the ads as exclusively characterizing a specific place or destination (van Dijk 1988). The qualitative content, which can be analysed by both language and visuals, is a popularly used method in studies of place marketing, advertising and branding (De Jager 2010; O'Barr 1994; Brito/Pratas 2015; Avraham/Ketter 2016). ...
The purpose of this paper is to propose a theoretical framework that explores how advertisers attempt to establish affinity between destinations and British and American audiences. The proposed framework consists of four spheres, five techniques, two message strategies and four means. This framework will be presented through a qualitative content analysis of 103 cases, selected from almost 2500 print advertisements and YouTube videos. The print advertisements were published in four major tourism magazines between 2007 and 2019. Besides the theoretical contribution, a study of audience affinity that analyses many cases might be helpful for marketers and policy makers, giving them ideas of how to reach and touch specific audiences.
... Qualitative research gives the opportunity to study meanings, interpretations, symbols, and processes in an effort to understand views on a focused topic, like cultured meat. This allowed the researchers to interpret the data and provide meaning to the text (Pauly, 1991). Semi-structured interviews encourage two-way communication and allows for open-ended responses from participants to gain more in-depth information. ...
Background
Cultured meat – animal meat produced with the help of tissue engineering techniques – is proposed as a solution to the adverse effects of the meat producing industry and its environmental impact. Only limited research has briefly touched upon safety and regulatory aspects of cultured meat. Scientific evidence demonstrating that a food does not pose a safety risk to human health is essential according to European legislation. Therefore, the present study aims to establish what the barriers and drivers are of a safe market introduction of cultured meat.
Scope and approach
A qualitative, exploratory approach is used with semi-structured in-depth interviews in three groups of stakeholders: regulatory experts, scientific experts and industrial representatives (total N = 15).
Key findings and conclusions: Certain areas of cultured meat research require more attention from researchers to ensure the highest level of safety. Overall, the lack of in-depth research related to hazard and risk characterisation of cultured meat is considered the biggest barrier in introducing a safe product to the market. We call for changing the research emphasis towards a safety-oriented approach to ensure the highest level of safety possible.
... This is relevant for this study because politicians are constantly constructing reality and projecting their interoperations of the society to the masses (Pauly, 1991). Such a method will therefore help to understand how political actors are painting reality, projecting images, shaping perceptions, producing meanings and expressing standpoints or propositions. ...
This study offers a critical comparative examination of the presidential
exploration announcement video of Elizabeth Warren (United States) and
John Mahama’s (Ghana) declaration of intent video during the presidential
primaries of two leading democracies in Africa and North America in
2018. Ghana has often been touted as an exemplar of democracy in Africa
while the United States is viewed as a paragon of western and global
democratic practice. The present comparative analysis makes important
contributions to national and international democratic studies by analysing
the campaign communication of two major candidates in the presidential
primaries of their respective parties in both countries. This international
comparative framework expands the field of campaign communication
research, presents potential lessons, while testing the scope of theoretical
and practical applications. The research is grounded within the widely
applied concept of communication framing and the functional theory of
political communication. Textual analysis was used as the major
methodological approach. Three major frames were identified in former
President Mahama’s video announcement: (a) “One Ghana agenda &
infrastructural continuity, (b) “righting wrongs and ending suffering” and
(c) “shared prosperity”. The study also revealed four frames from
Elizabeth Warren’s video: (a) “Inspiration, American values and
heritage”, (b) “life story”, (c) “economic justice”, (d) “Fighter and Wall
Street Sherriff”.
... This is relevant for this study because politicians are constantly constructing reality and projecting their interoperations of the society to the masses (Pauly, 1991). Such a method will therefore help to understand how political actors are painting reality, projecting images, shaping perceptions, producing meanings and expressing standpoints or propositions. ...
Sustainable socio-economic development cannot be possible without
effective implementation of public policies. Public policy implementation
in Africa has been largely ineffective as a consequence of multifactorial
factors. This theoretical paper undertook a quick overview of some policy
implementation works. The paper identified a complex web of actors
involved in the policy making environment and implementation process,
and draws significant insight from the theoretical perspective from studies
on the saints, wizards, demons and systems. A model of Saints, Wizards
and Demons is proposed to analyse the contribution of policy
implementation actors (i.e. saints, wizards and demons) in the policy
implementation process. This paper suggests that policy implementation
could be improved if the key actors involved in the policy implementation
process are identified within their appropriate ‘implementation functional’
groups. This model is a simplified one which seeks to throw more light on
the saints, wizards and demons as the key implementation actors who
determine the rate of success or failure of policy implementation.
... This is relevant for this study because politicians are constantly constructing reality and projecting their interoperations of the society to the masses (Pauly, 1991). Such a method will therefore help to understand how political actors are painting reality, projecting images, shaping perceptions, producing meanings and expressing standpoints or propositions. ...
Child marriage is one of the major social problems that have attracted attention in recent times. The practice denies children the opportunity to develop their human capital potentials to participate fully in society, and also constitutes a violation of the rights of children to freely and fully consent to the choice of a spouse. Consequently, many institutions and organizations have rolled out several initiatives and interventions to help fight against the practice. This study aimed at mapping out institutions responding to the menace of child marriage in Ghana and examining the effectiveness and challenges of their initiatives and interventions. The researchers used purposive and snowballing sampling techniques to select eleven institutions working in the area of child marriage and engaged them in in-depth interviews to gather relevant information for the study. The findings show that, many institutions are variously, directly and indirectly, responding to the practice of child marriage in the country. These institutions offer variety of initiatives which can technically be classified as preventive, protective, promotive and transformative interventions. One major weakness identified from the various initiatives is the lack of a specific national policy direction to support and coordinate the initiatives and interventions.
... Hoerisch (2002) showed that environmental issues related to political agenda get more coverage. Pauly (1991) summarized that proximity, timeliness, nearness these common news values are suppressed in environmental news coverage so that environmental news coverage are ignored most of the time by print news media. Sometimes editorial policy of avoiding panic element in covering news was another responsible reason for ignoring environmental issues. ...
This research attempts to explore the news coverage of environmental issues in two local newspapers of Chattogram, Bangladesh; The Daily Azadi and The Daily Purbokone. In order to carry out the objectives of the research, qualitative and quantitative methodology were employed. The researcher tries to find the answers to the problem of whether local newspapers of Chattogram cover sufficiently environmental issues and what extent of news they cover comparatively. It also finds the types of environmental issues they covered centering world environment day. Primary data was collected through content analysis of these two newspapers. The agenda-setting approach was the theoretical framework for the study. The research concluded that local newspapers of Chattogram do cover environmental issues, though the subject matter did not receive much analysis. Although environmental issues are not covered sufficiently in these two newspapers, it is concluded that The Daily Azadi covered the highest environmental news comparatively The Daily Purbokone around World Environment Day (WED). The ways of prominence given for environmental issues in these two newspapers were different considerably. In terms of the extent of coverage, types of environmental issues, level of prominence (nature of the story, item, placement, space, and treatment), it is evident that The Daily Azadi newspaper has given the significant representation or considerable coverage for environmental related issues than The Daily Purbokone. But, in The Daily Azadi and The Daily Pubokone, environmental issues were not only ignored but also (if covered) they were given very small portions of the newspaper and marginalized in relation to their presentation. However, Policy makers, academicians, environmentalists and students of environment studies will be the most beneficiaries of this study. Findings can be used as academic purpose as well as in policy making level. It is mentionable, as we studied only two local dailies of Chattogram, to some consideration, it does not represent the grand coverage tendency of Chattogram’s local dailies. So, a further mass scale study can explore the overall propensity of Chattogram’s local dailies regarding environment issues. Keywords: environmental issues, news coverage, World Environment Day (WED), local dailies, Chattogram.
... Following Entman (1993) and others, this study assumes that news frames represent the most important meaning-making and organizing formula for news texts. A qualitative analysis was selected because such an approach facilitates in-depth exploration of the meaning of texts (Pauly, 1991). The study's methodological approach, qualitative framing analysis, "involves repeated and extensive engagement with a text and looks holistically at the material to identify frames" (Connolly-Ahern & Broadway, 2008, p. 369). ...
This study examines The Washington Post's framing of five terrorist attacks taking place in four countries-Turkey, France, Nigeria and Belgium-during a five-month period in 2015 and 2016. Attacks in Turkey and Nigeria were perpetrated against mostly Muslim victims, while France and Belgium attacks were carried out against mostly non-Muslims. Results suggest meaningful differences between the way The Post framed attacks against Western European targets, on the one hand, and attacks against Muslim-majority communities, on the other. In covering attacks on France and Belgium, The Post used "terrorism frames" to structure coverage while consistently humanizing victims and drawing links between European societies and the Western world more generally. Attacks against Turkey and Nigeria were covered less prominently and were primarily framed as internal conflicts.
... Findings from this study are limited to the questions asked in the focus groups and the manner in which the discussions were interpreted. These are common limitations in qualitative research (Pauly, 1991). ...
... Although this study contributes to theory building and adds to extant research on the visual presentation of first ladies, it suffers from the limitation of subjectivity (Pauly, 1991). Our results are based on the literature we cited in the article and our interpretation of the sample of tweets we selected to analyze. ...
While American first ladies have long used media to craft their image, Michelle Obama is the first contemporary first lady to use social media to promote her public persona. We use the lens of symbolic convergence theory to explore the fantasy themes incumbent in images shared through Michelle Obama's Twitter account. Since first ladies have long been perceived as representing the American "everywoman," understanding the fantasies built into the social media image of the first lady extends knowledge about the perception of American women more broadly. Our findings indicate that Michelle Obama's Twitter images are strategic in that they reflect the visual themes that the media traditionally use in their coverage of first ladies. Specifically, Michelle Obama's social media messaging portrays her as an activist mother-who espouses noncontroversial causes such as education and children's health-and a nonpartisan figure with deep familial ties.
... This is relevant for this study because politicians are constantly constructing reality and projecting their interoperations of the society to the masses (Pauly, 1991). Such a method will therefore help to understand how political actors are painting reality, projecting images, shaping perceptions, producing meanings and expressing standpoints or propositions. ...
A Model of Saints, Wizards and Demons: Examining the Dynamics of Public Policy Implementation
Abstract
Sustainable socio-economic development cannot be possible without effective implementation of public policies. Public policy implementation in Africa has been largely ineffective as a consequence of multifactorial factors. This theoretical paper undertook a quick overview of some policy implementation works. The paper identified a complex web of actors involved in the policy making environment and implementation process, and draws significant insight from the theoretical perspective from studies on the saints, wizards, demons and systems. A new model (The Model of Saints, Wizards and Demons) is proposed to analyse the contribution of policy implementation actors (i.e. saints, wizards and demons) in the policy implementation process. This paper seeks to suggest that policy implementation could be improved for sustainable socio-economic development if the key actors involved in the policy implementation process are identified within their appropriate ‘implementation functional’ groups. This new model adds to the stock of policy implementation models and tools. This model is however, a simplified one which seeks to throw more light on the saints, wizards and demons as the key implementation actors who determine the rate of success or failure of policy implementation.
Key words: saint, wizard, demon, public policy, policy implementation model
... Focus group methodology provided emergent findings and utilized introspection to assess the curriculum. All data collection, transcription and analyses methodologies were consistent with recommendations made by Pauly (1991), Morgan (1988), andStrauss andCorbin (1990). ...
... Although this study contributes to theory building and adds to extant research on the visual presentation of first ladies, it suffers from the limitation of subjectivity (Pauly, 1991). Our results are based on the literature we cited in the article and our interpretation of the sample of tweets we selected to analyze. ...
While American first ladies have long used media to craft their image, Michelle Obama is the first contemporary first lady to use social media to promote her public persona. We use the lens of Symbolic Convergence Theory (SCT) to explore the fantasy themes incumbent in images shared through Michelle Obama’s Twitter account. Since first ladies have long been perceived as representing the American “everywoman,” understanding the fantasies built into the social media image of the current first lady extends knowledge about the perception of American women more broadly. Our findings indicate that Michelle Obama’s Twitter images are strategic in that they reflect the visual themes that the media traditionally use in their coverage of first ladies. Specifically, Michelle Obama’s social media messaging portrays her as an activist mother—who espouses non-controversial causes such as education and children’s health—and a non-partisan figure with deep familial ties.
... The findings of this research are limited to the questions asked by the researchers, and how the researchers interpret participant discussion, both of which are common limitations in qualitative research (Pauly, 1991). ...
The agricultural and natural resources industries are no stranger to crises, particularly, large-scale crises such as the Deepwater Horizon (DWH) oil spill in 2010. Crises have an impact on how consumers view a product, and ultimately, can impact their decisions to buy or not buy products from an industry that has experienced a crisis. This qualitative study sought to evaluate consumer perceptions of Gulf seafood after the DWH oil spill, and explored the influence of schema and cognitive dissonance on consumers’ intent to consume or purchase Gulf seafood after the DWH oil spill. Focus group discussion with seafood consumers revealed participants had a pre-existing schema associated with local seafood, seafood origin, health benefits of seafood, and the safety of seafood. Dissonance was observed when participants balanced their pre-existing schemas with knowledge of the DWH oil spill as the participants discussed buying seafood, not buying seafood, and buying seafood with fear. From the findings of this study, researchers and communicators may have a better understanding of the decision-making process associated with buying a product after a crisis. Recommendations were made for agricultural communicators to develop personal messages and stories to help consumers overcome any remaining fear or dissonance associated with Gulf seafood.
... The findings of this research are limited to the questions asked by the researchers, and how the researchers interpret participant discussion, both of which are common limitations in qualitative research (Pauly, 1991). ...
... Common limitations within qualitative research are the researcher's interpretation of the data and the sample size that is available to be evaluated (Pauly, 1991). At the time of this study, only two editions of the Captain Citrus comic book series had been released, containing approximately 20 pages each. ...
The communication campaign starring Captain Citrus, first released in 2011, was aimed at elementary school students with the goals of encouraging health and agricultural literacy, as well as promoting the consumption of Florida orange juice. This study was designed as a qualitative, inductive framing analysis of the Captain Citrus comic book series featured in the campaign. The goal was to identify the prominent frames along with evidence of agricultural perspective and promotion throughout the series. The first two editions of the series, totaling 38 pages, were evaluated for the study. The results indicated the presence of four predominate frames: " Amazing Inside, " health, responsibility, and empowerment. A majority of the agricultural perspective and promotion was found in the form of images, followed by textual mentions , and symbolic references. It was determined that the " Amazing Inside " and health frames contributed to meeting the campaign objective to boost health literacy. The second objective, to promote agricultural literacy, was somewhat endorsed through the agricultural references, however there is an opportunity for this to be strengthened. The presence of all four frames aided in the achievement of the final goal, to promote Florida citrus through the sale of orange juice. It is recommended that further research be conducted to measure the effects of framing on the attitudes and behaviors of elementary school students before and after they are exposed to the campaign materials.
... These limitations are both common with qualitative research. 56 It is also important to point out that our study is descriptive in nature and focused mostly on describing ''how'' the newspapers and company presented the issue of DTC genetic tests. What is largely missing is a theory-based explanation of ''why'' the media should present the issue in one way or another. ...
Drawing upon framing theory, this exploratory study suggested that conservative newspaper (the Wall Street Journal) regarded direct-to-consumer advertising of genetic tests as a regulation issue whereas liberal newspaper (the New York Times) as a science issue. The company, 23andMe, communicated the topic with the purpose of reputation building. This research informs genetic testing scientists and professionals about how media and company may influence consumers’ perceptions, and allow them to strategize how to shape future communication.
... One very common research tool among marketing researchers is qualitative content analysis, used as an effective method for analyzing the content of promotional information such as advertisements, press releases, news, and marketing initiatives. The researchers who use this method believe that the texts can show general discourse patterns (Pauly, 1991) through the appearance of motifs, labels, definitions, logos, symbols, visuals, slogans, and generalizations in the promotional material and the news items. The belief is that these patterns characterize a specific factor, body, or destination and inform us about the ways in which they interpret the world and their specific point of view (van Dijk, 1988). ...
The goal of this study is to analyze which strategies Asian officials and marketers have adopted in order to combat stereotypes, negative perceptions, and crises in order to repair destination images and bring back visitors. The study includes qualitative content analyses of news reports, press interviews, and campaigns in order to uncover media policy, strategies, events, and marketing initiatives used since 2008. The conceptual framework used was the “multi-step model for altering place image”, which offers three types of strategies to use in order to repair a destination’s negative image during and after a crisis: source, message, and audience.
... Qualitative content analysis is a very popular method among advertising researchers and has been advocated as an effective method for analyzing the content of promotional information such as advertisements, press releases, news and marketing initiatives. The researchers who use this method believe that the texts can show general discourse patterns (Pauly, 1991) through the appearance of motifs, labels, definitions, logos, symbols, visuals, slogans, and generalizations in the promotional material and the news items. The belief is that these patterns exclusively characterize a specific factor, body or destination and inform us about ways they interpret the world and their specific point of view (van Dijk, 1988). ...
Egypt – a “must see” destination for generations of visitors – is considered to be one of the strongest tourism brands in the Middle East and tourism remains its dominant industry, accounting for 20% of its annual GDP. Over the past decades the country has suffered many crises such as wars, terrorist attacks, internal political tensions and violent changes in government. As can be expected, all of these were reported in the international media and had a negative effect on the flow of tourism into the country. By adopting the “multi-step model for altering place image,” this study includes qualitative content analysis of news reports, press interviews and relevant elements of advertising campaigns in order to uncover media policy, strategies, events and marketing initiatives used by Egyptian marketers and officials in order to restore a positive image of their country and bring back tourists after crises. The analysis shows that three types of strategies were used by Egyptian marketers to repair the country's image: source, message and audience; and a variety of other steps were also adopted.
... To explore news for its ideological qualities and meanings, we turn to qualitative thematic analysis (Lindlof and Taylor, 2010) -an approach frequently applied within journalism studies (Berkowitz and Eko, 2007;Jackson et al., 2007;Pauly, 1991). Textual analysis allows the researcher to identify specific cultural themes and meanings associated with a particular set of texts and in a particular space and time (Barnett, 2013). ...
This article extends previous research on the application of mythical news narratives in times of great community loss, death, or destruction by taking into account the role of perceived dominant news audiences. This article analyzes 6 months of coverage surrounding the 2012 rape of a 16-year-old girl by two teenage boys in Steubenville, Ohio. The article argues audience proximity to news events contributes to the mythical archetypes used to explain everyday life.
... Several advantages are offered for understanding users' online experiences through a discursive approach. Drawing on the insights of Pauly (1991), Jones (1999a) suggests that in order to understand how people go about producing cultural forms of meaning-making, it is useful to conceptualise computer-mediated communication as a social practice. DA offers a useful insight in this regard because it focuses on how language functions as a social practice. ...
This paper presents another approach for researchers to access users' understandings of their online experience. The merits of discursive research -a particular kind of qualitative data gathering philosophy and technique, are considered. An empirical example of discursive research is given, which analyses users with disabilities' (UWD) interview data about their online experiences. Research findings demonstrate the benefits of engaging in text-based environments for UWD because of users' ability to control the textual construction of their identity. Considerations are suggested for multi-media design of online environments, where audio and visual enhancements are encouraged. Analysis offers a way into users' conceptualisation of their online interaction, allowing users' ideas to influence the research sphere. Beyond a functional capacity, the online medium is embedded within social practices, which enable users to operate beyond the constraints of a visible category of identity.
This article explores the nuanced relationship between translation and media, placing a special emphasis on the significance of language, particularly translation, in molding media discourse. This article adopts a theoretical and analytical approach, focusing on the exploration of diverse approaches and strategies applied in the translation of media discourse. The aim is to provide a comprehensive overview of the theoretical frameworks and practical methodologies that underpin the translation of media discourse. In addition to the theoretical and analytical framework, this study is based on a diverse corpus of written media discourses from the websites of Al Jazeera and BBC Arabic. These media texts include headlines, articles, and news content, among other forms of communication. By examining real-world media discourses, the research investigates the various translation approaches and strategies across different media contexts. The findings show that the process of translating media discourse on the two websites entails modifying language and references to resonate with the cultural background and expectations of their specific audiences. The study, thus, contributes to the existing body of knowledge on translation studies, shedding light on the approaches and strategies inherent in the translation of media discourse.
Individuals interpret agricultural images differently according to the direct or cultural meanings they associate with the image, as well as the perspective through which they view the image. In addition, perceptions of agricultural images are commonly influenced by stereotypes. As agricultural communicators, it is important to understand the perceptions consumers have about agricultural images. Understanding these perceptions can allow communicators to use images in their communication that will promote favorable perceptions of the industry. To better understand consumers’ perceptions of agricultural images, this study asked consumers about their perceptions using focus group methodology. Four focus groups were completed with a total of 36 participants. The results indicated that elements of semiotics and perception theory were evident in the participants’ discussion. Thus, these theories combined with the results provide valuable information in regard to selecting images for communication that will create favorable responses among consumers.
World leaders, especially those of developing countries, tend to be concerned with their country's media image during conflicts and disasters. These leaders often believe that a negative media image can lead to a tourism crisis and loss of international standing. Using qualitative content analysis, press interviews with officials, and examinations of media policy, this study aims to uncover the strategies used to handle the international media and to affect nations' media representations during and following tourism crises. The “multistep model for altering place image” is the central theoretical framework. The study's analysis illustrates the use of seven strategies by the governments of developing countries: buying news space, developing media relations, raising general and specific complaints about the media, applying economic and physical threats, blocking media access, and using testimonies and the Internet.
Several studies in destination marketing literature have shown that use of the “engaging celebrities” or “associating a place with a celebrity” strategy can be successful to market a place. Yet despite the proven effectiveness of this association strategy, there is not enough research into the idea of associating a destination with other kinds of familiar and admired symbols—such as famous brands, heritage, and narratives. The aim of the current study is to expand the theoretical discussion around the association strategy beyond celebrities and to analyze which techniques marketers have used in order to associate their destinations with a state narrative; this includes examining some of the narrative components such as local brands, symbols, values, events, and sites. This topic has not yet been addressed in either tourism marketing academic or professional literature. Because the state of Texas has one of the most familiar narratives, it makes for a good case study in which to examine how marketers use the state narrative to market their destinations. As a methodology, we used quantitative and mainly qualitative content analysis of 666 tourism ads for Texan cities and towns, published in Texas Travel Guides (2008–2018). The findings show seven techniques that marketers used in order to associate their destinations with the narrative. Using the state of Texas as an example may provide a test case for exploring how marketers associate their place with other US state narratives in promotional tourism.
Researchers to date have presented strategies and theoretical models built mainly on the efforts of destinations in the developing world to recover from tourism crises following terror attacks. As terrorism has expanded to Europe after 2014, it is interesting to analyze the strategies used by European officials to repair their destinations’ images. To date, only several studies have been written about the subject, and those were primarily analyzes of specific case studies. Therefore, a multi-case study is needed. Using a qualitative content analysis of advertisements, websites, media reports, digital marketing and ‘the multi-step model for altering place image,’ the study examines strategies used to bring back tourists after 89 terror attacks by European destinations between the years 2014-2019. The analysis reveals a major use of message strategies (‘business as usual’, crisis mitigation, initiating events and new attractions, image expansion, and encouragement of film production). The study also reveals a minor use of source strategies (physical threats of news people or media blockage) and audience strategies as well (new audience expansion, emphasis of similar values).
The purpose of this study was to determine whether Cooperative Extension Service agents and United States Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) personnel used a dialogic model of communication in their interactions with cattle producers in the Southwest and Mountain West regarding the topic of climate change. Findings indicated that dialogic communication is being used, with a focus on discussing best management practices, avoiding the term “climate change,” and focusing on local data and weather events. The study suggests that Extension agents and NRCS personnel recognize the need to adapt their communication strategy and tactics to suit the cognitive needs and beliefs of the cattle producers with whom they converse. Additionally, findings suggest that climate change should be described in terms that are observable to cattle producers, such as weather events (drought or flooding), possibly minimizing the need to name such events as climate change.
South Korea had a Watergate moment in 2016, when a corruption scandal led to an impeachment of the president. Two media outlets in particular, the progressive newspaper Hankyoreh and JTBC, a TV station with roots in Samsung, first broke and then sensationalized the scandal that motivated the candlelight protests. Using textual analysis and oral history interviews, this article critically examines news institutions and journalistic culture to derive three main findings. First, the democracy movement of the 1980s provided institutional and cultural foundations. Second, commercial desires facilitated higher-quality journalism, rather than undermining it. The economic liberalization and the precarity of the economy as a whole influenced both the media industry at large and the specific business strategies that motivated JTBC. Third, there is an Americanization of journalistic norms and culture. While the two outlets were outnumbered by better-funded pro-government outlets, the duo ultimately prevailed with an irreverent culture of truth-seeking.
This research endeavors to understand how pediatricians and parents discuss - or do not discuss - firearm risks for children during well-child visits. Through individual semi-structured interviews with 16 pediatric providers and 20 parents, the research explores discursive barriers to open conversation, perspectives on anticipatory guidance, and new ideas for culturally competent messaging. The research focuses particularly on how parents' and providers' perspectives on firearm risk communication are tied to cultural norms and expectations. One salient theme that emerged is that the American Academy of Pediatrics recommendation that pediatricians ask parents about ownership status is deemed undesirable by pediatricians and parents because of the delicate intercultural setting. Born out of pediatric and parent experiences, and mindful of culturally salient barriers, this study offers alternative strategies for discussing firearm risk in well-child exams.
Public relations is failing to distinguish among publics, audiences, and stakeholders in today’s social media era, even though the business and marketing literature has begun discussing “brand publics.” This article clarifies the terms and explains the practical value in the definitions and distinctions. It also introduces a new term, “unanticipated publics” and provides a way to conceptualize those publics’ impact from the social network perspective.
Introduction ISSUE ADDRESSED This study details how health messages are portrayed through one specialised aspect of the mass media: women's magazines for teenage girls. METHODS A content analysis of a sample of the only two Australian teenage women's magazines determined their priority areas and the industries providing their advertising revenue. A rhetorical analysis explored how health messages were conveyed. This was done by examining the topics covered, actions recommended, reasons for undertaking these actions and key 'voices' involved in the dialogue. RESULTS While teenage magazines are primarily concerned with celebrities, beauty and the promotion of fashion, they still address a wide range of health issues. The most frequently mentioned reasons given for undertaking health-related activities were for pleasure, to be fashionable, to be like celebrities and to enhance physical attractiveness. Health, fashion and beauty information was blurred. Emphasis was on actions the individual could undertake to improve their own health. The participants in the magazines' dialogue on health were journalists, advertisers, health experts and readers. CONCLUSIONS Teenage magazines are suitable vehicles for health promotion. However, to be used effectively, the style of the magazine, its priorities and the manner in which it presents such information must be considered. SO WHAT? Understanding how teenage magazines portray health issues is a first step toward their effective utilisation by health promotion professionals. The results of this study can assist health professionals present issues in a way that will appeal to the magazines' editorial staff and their readers. This will assist in the effective dissemination of health messages to adolescent girls.
World leaders, especially those of developing countries, tend to be concerned with their country's media image during conflicts and disasters. These leaders often believe that a negative media image can lead to a tourism crisis and loss of international standing. Using qualitative content analysis, press interviews with officials, and examinations of media policy, this study aims to uncover the strategies used to handle the international media and to affect nations' media representations during and following tourism crises. The “multistep model for altering place image” is the central theoretical framework. The study's analysis illustrates the use of seven strategies by the governments of developing countries: buying news space, developing media relations, raising general and specific complaints about the media, applying economic and physical threats, blocking media access, and using testimonies and the Internet.
The Tohoku Region in northern Japan was devastated by the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami. Although much of the physical infrastructure has since been restored, annual tourism numbers have yet to restore to pre-disaster levels. In some areas, tourism recovery remains stagnant. The objective of this research is to examine how local decision-makers utilize media strategies to deal with image-related crises and reverse negative images to combat stereotypes and deliver successful campaign messages. The study has found that each of the prefectures affected by the disasters has since utilized different campaign strategies with some, such as Fukushima, focusing on the future, while others, such as Aomori, utilized a mixture disassociating itself from the troubled area and associating itself with its more prestigious neighbor. Much of these negative images stem from persisting images of region-wide safety fears over natural hazards and radiation concerns. This study suggests that further research needs to be done to identify the different risk perceptions of foreign tourists by country, as some groups such as Koreans are more risk averse leading to a sharp decline in visits, while others such as Taiwanese who are accustomed to natural hazards are leading in visitor numbers and tourism recovery.
This chapter reflects on the challenges of developing a translocal approach to audience research. After providing a short critical review of the literature outlining the benefits of such an approach from a theoretical point of view, this essay goes on to discuss the difficulties arising from the attempt to develop an understanding of audiences' experiences in different environments informed by a truly comparative lens. An approach, in other words, that considers how the experiences of audiences in different parts of the world relate to one another. Informed by the author's experience as a white European US-educated scholar employed by a US university – a scholar whose work has extensively focused on Japan, but who is also significantly influenced by her French citizenship and familiarity with francophone academic literature – the chapter considers the practical implications of conducting fieldwork in multiple cultural contexts, as well as the consequences of approaching research with a keen awareness of our (and our informants') complex identities.
There are many fields where discourse can be studied, and there are many methods that can be used to study discourse. One such field is political communication, which includes US presidential campaign communication. Research on presidential campaign discourse tends to focus on the candidates' speeches, debates, and political advertising. However, while there are many studies that have examined the discourse found in presidential campaigns, only a few studies have done so using a mixed methods approach (Parmelee, Perkins, & Sayre, 2007). This article offers an example of how discourse can be studied in a more meaningful way using a mixed methods approach than by using any one method. One political ad—the first that Barack Obama's campaign released during his presidential run—is examined with a quantitative method (manifest content analysis), and a qualitative method (frame analysis), to demonstrate the value of mixed methods for studying campaign discourse.
Keywords:
discourse analysis;
government, politics, and law;
methods
American football and postmodernist theory are both objects of popular and scholarly interest that reveal remarkable sociological insights. Analysis of media-driven commercial football documents how narratives of sportsmanship/brutality, heroism/antiheroism, athleticism/self-indulgence, honor/chicanery, and chivalry/sexism compete and thrive.
In the summer of 2013, Egypt went through a period of cataclysmic change as anti-Muslim Brotherhood protests engulfed major city squares across the nation. President Mohamed Morsi, who hailed from the Brotherhood, was ultimately removed from power by the military, just one year into his first term in office. This chapter examines news frames produced on the day of Morsi’s ouster by two of Egypt’s most prominent television news magazine shows—Al-Nahar Network’s “Akher Al-Nahar” (“The End of the Day”), and CBC Network’s “Huna Al-‘Aasima” (“This is the Capital”). The chapter looks at coverage of the July 3 protests and celebrations and attempts to unpack dominant frames of the Muslim Brotherhood, the Egyptian military, and violence. Results suggest that July 3 coverage on Akher Al-Nahar and Huna Al-Aasima framed anti-Morsi protests as celebrations of a popular revolution initiated by “the people,” and demonized the Muslim Brotherhood as a detested and small group that stood against “the (Egyptian) nation.” Specifically, the coverage “othered” the Brotherhood and framed them as violent, extreme, and disloyal to Egypt. This chapter raises important questions about the impact of imbalanced news coverage and government propaganda in authoritarian and quasi-authoritarian societies in general, and the Egyptian media environment in particular.
On a cool, bright fall afternoon on America’s southern plains, a boy plays in his yard with a football that is not much smaller than he is. It is a time, about halfway through the twentieth century, when just blocks away the game of college football is being played by some measures with more success than ever before or since.
In October 2006, Charles Carl Roberts IV walked into a one-room Amish schoolhouse in West Nickel Mines, PA, USA, brandished a handgun, and killed five female students who were all under the age of 13. Through an analysis of 215 news articles published in 10 local, regional, and national newspapers in 2006 and 2007, this article examines news characterizations of Roberts that cast him as a ‘Monster’. We explore interdisciplinary notions of pure evil to expand current literature of news myth to include a form of explanation that appears in news when no other current mythical archetype will suffice. This study complicates current perspectives on news myth by expanding the ideological tools to examine the nature of evil in loss through the example of the Amish shootings.
Tourism Marketing for Developing Countries examines media strategies used by destinations in Asia, the Middle East and Africa to battle stereotypes, negative images and crises in order to attract tourists.
‘Cute cat videos’ are often vilified for representing everything journalism is not and should not be. However, news about cats – cute and otherwise – has been fodder for The New York Times for more than 140 years. This article critically examines the Times’ cat tales in the context of the cultural history of journalism and the academic study of human–animal relations, also known as anthrozoology. Trends and themes in the coverage indicate that cats have been used and portrayed as commodities, heroes, villains, victims, women’s best friends, and urban symbols. The stories demonstrate how and why animal news should be taken seriously by journalism scholars. Not only does it offer insight into our evolving relationships with animals, it also provides a provocative means of thinking about where journalism has been and where it is heading.
This study used framing analysis to unpack framing devices employed by Al-Jazeera and Al-Arabiya in their reporting of the 2011 Egyptian Revolution. Three key days of the uprising, representing a range of political events, were analysed. Results suggest that Al-Jazeera and Al-Arabiya
presented very different versions of the revolution. Al-Jazeera’s coverage, which was dominated by a ‘revolution’ frame, was overwhelmingly sympathetic to the protesters and antagonistic to ousted President Hosni Mubarak, while Al-Arabiya’s coverage, which was dominated
by a ‘crisis’ frame, was generally much more sympathetic to the Mubarak regime and critical of the anti-government protesters. Al-Jazeera’s reportage did not attempt to provide voice to the Mubarak government or its supporters, while Al-Arabiya’s reportage did offer
a platform for some anti-Mubarak voices.
There are three reasons why probability samples often become separated from their putative populations in mass communication research. First, researchers sometimes believe populations must surely exist when in fact they do not exist. Yet they relentlessly pursue these phantom populations rather than heed classic warning signs that something is wrong. Second, researchers often struggle with underpowered samples. Rather than render those samples using more appropriate qualitative methods, they plow ahead using misapplied statistical methods and thus never inferentially connect to a population. Third, researchers frequently and incorrectly use random assignment rather than random selection as a sample method. This, in turn, can leave a sample unconnected to a population if the population can be drawn only through random selection. As obvious as these three errors are, researchers nonetheless stumble into them regularly. We examine why that is and what researchers can do to avoid these errors.
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