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Basic Econometrics
... O modelo denominado "logit", segundo Gujarati (1995) é uma função de distribuição logística, que se caracteriza pela natureza dicotômica da variável dependente, assumindo valores "0" ou "1". ...
... O modelo logit, também conhecido como modelo de regressão logística, pode ser expresso como segue, segundo Gujarati (1995): ...
... Neter et al. (1983), citados por Ferrari (1989), afirmam que as variáveis independentes tendem a ser correlacionadas entre si em muitas situações não experimentais, tais como em ciências sociais, economia e finanças, entre outras. Gujarati (1995) Silva (1997), os modelos de risco de crédito permitem, não somente prever uma situação de inadimplência, como também obter uma classificação ("rating") da empresa analisada, de acordo com o risco de crédito. Para maiores detalhes, ver Silva (1997 ...
Most ofthe Brazilian cooperatives are concerned with evaluating periodically only its economical and financial environment, forgetting to consider thatthis kind ofenterprise is also a society ofpeople which have one main purpose: the assistance to its membership. The social indicators, which reflect the social performance of cooperatives, were introduced to improve the existent models of financial evaluation, developed for rural cooperatives. The importance ofthis study comes from the high amount of credit allocated on the Brazilian rural cooperatives system. Starting with the "Agency Theory " three social indicators were choosen and a logit model was adjusted to test their influence on default prediction of rural cooperatives. The results indicated that these social indicators actually interfere on default prediction of those cooperatives and that their introduction in a model which have only economic indicators, increase the number of events correctly classified.
... Durağanlık ve birim kök testleri, bir zaman serisinin tahminsel boyutunu içeren bilgileri analize dahil ederek serinin durağanlığı hakkında karar verilmesine yardımcı olmak için yapılmaktadır (Gujarati, 2004). Tahminsel sürece ilişkin özelliklerin zaman boyutunda sabit olması durağanlık olarak ifade edilmektedir. ...
... İkinci kademede durağanlık olarak da adlandırılan bu türde olasılık sürecinin yalnızca ilk iki momentinin (ortalama ve varyansın) zamandan bağımsız olması gerekli görülmektedir (Aydoğan, 2023). Zayıf durağanlık aşağıdaki şekilde belirtilmektedir (Gujarati, 2004 (Aydoğan, 2023). ...
... Makro ekonomik ve finansal zaman serilerinin durağanlık sınamasında birim kök testleri büyük önem taşımaktadır. Bu testler ile hangi varlık fiyatlarının, ortalamaya dönme eğilimi göstereceğinin tespit edilmesi mümkün olmaktadır (Gujarati, 2004). ...
Kripto para piyasası, global finans sisteminde yeni nesil sanal para anlayışının oluşumuna destek olmuştur. Ve bu anlayış kripto paraların gelişimine katkı sunmak isteyen madencilerin varlığını ortaya çıkarmıştır. Madenciler, kripto para üretimini gerçekleştirebilmek için yüksek teknolojiye sahip bilgisayarlar kullanmaktalardır. Ve bu üretim yüksek güçte enerji tüketimini ortaya çıkarmaktadır. Dünya nüfusunun hızla artması ve iklim değişikliğinden kaynaklanan sorunların ön plana çıkması ile enerji kıtlığının ilerleyen dönemlerde daha çok hissedilebilir olacağı tahmin edilmektedir. Literatür incelendiğinde kripto paraların üretimi için harcanan enerji tüketimi ve ülkelerin harcamış oldukları enerji tüketimi arasındaki ilişkiyi analiz eden çalışmaların yeterli sayıda olmadığı tespit edilmiştir. Çalışmada Cambridge Bitcoin enerji tüketim endeksine ait veriler dikkate alınarak, nüfusu yoğun olan ve en çok elektrik tüketimine sahip ülkeler araştırmaya dâhil edilmiştir. Bu ülkeler; Rusya, ABD, Çin, Fransa, Japonya, Brezilya ve Türkiye'dir. Çalışmadaki verilerin kaynağı investing.com adresi üzerinden sağlanmıştır. Veriler doğrultusunda kripto para madencilerinin tüketmiş olduğu elektrik miktarı ile enerji piyasaları arasındaki ilişki seçili ülkeler özelinde analiz edilmeye çalışılmıştır. Çalışmada Cambridge Bitcoin elektrik tüketim endeksi ile seçili ülkelerin enerji endekslerine ait 01.07.2014-01.06.2024 dönemlerini kapsayan aylık veriler kullanılmıştır. Değişkenler, Dickey-Fuller (ADF) ve Phillips-Perron (PP) birim kök testleri yardımıyla sınanmıştır. Değişkenlerin birbirleriyle olan uzun dönemli ilişkilerini belirlemek için ARDL sınır testi uygulanmıştır. Değişkenler arasındaki nedensellik ilişkisini analiz etmek için Toda-Yamamoto nedensellik testine başvurulmuştur. Analizler neticesinde ARDL Sınır Testi sonuçlarına göre; Türkiye, Çin ve Japonya'ya ait enerji endeks tüketim verileri ile Cambridge Bitcoin elektrik endeks tüketimi arasında eşbütünleşme ilişkilerinin olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Aynı zamanda Toda-Yamamoto Nedensellik Testinde; Türkiye, Çin ve Japonya ülkelerine ait enerji piyasalarına ait endeksten Cambridge Bitcoin elektrik tüketimine doğru tek yönlü Toda- Yamamoto nedensellik ilişkisi olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Dolasıyla Cambridge Bitcoin elektrik tüketim verileri, bu ülkelerin enerji şirketi değerlemelerini etkilediğini söylemek mümkündür.
... The purpose of Multiple Linear Regressions (MLR) is to model the linear relationship between explanatory (independent) variables and response (dependent) variables. Basically, multiple regression is the extension of OLS regression because it involves more than one explanatory variable and in our situation there are 3 independent variables XM, IM and FC [84]. ...
... The independent variables are continuous and the dependent variable is measured on a continuous scale. Before fitting the regression model, multicollinearity is checked, which is tested with the help of two essential techniques, VIF-A measure that is commonly available in software to help diagnose multicollinearity is the variance inflation factor (VIF), the following equation [84]: ...
This study examines the impact of imports, exports, and final consumption on GDP growth in Kosovo, utilizing the Cobb-Douglas model transformed into an empirical OLS model. Data from 2007-2023, sourced from the World Bank in USD, were processed using SPSS 25, with validation conducted through Granger Causality, Two-Sample KS, Breusch-Pagan, PCA, and KS tests. Using the theoretical Cobb-Douglas model and both empirical model MLR and 2SLS models. Result/The MLR model shows a moderate impact of the independent variables on GDP, with an R value of 52.2%. However, the R² value of 27.2% indicates that only a small portion of GDP variation is explained by imports (IMP), final consumption (FCE), and exports (EXP), suggesting the influence of other factors. While imports positively affect GDP, final consumption and exports have a negative contribution. The model concludes that 29% of GDP growth is explained by the variables, with 71% explained by other unconsidered factors. The 2SLS model with time lags reveals that imports have the most significant impact on GDP (16.9% per 1% increase), highlighting Kosovo’s dependency on imports. Exports have a minor effect on GDP growth (1.9%), while final consumption has the largest impact (70.3% per 1% increase), indicating the economy's reliance on domestic demand. Spearman's correlation shows a weak relationship between GDP and final consumption (r = 0.310; p = 0.002), a strong relationship between GDP and imports (r = 0.583; p = 0.000), and no significant relationship between GDP and exports (r = 0.055; p = 0.589). Kosovo should invest in improving export conditions and diversifying international markets, stimulate domestic demand through tax reductions and policies that encourage consumption and investment in strategic sectors, particularly in technology and services, to diversify the economy and reduce dependence on imports. The originality of this study lies in its use of advanced models, such as MLR and 2SLS with time lags, to analyze the impact of imports, final consumption, and exports on GDP growth in Kosovo, providing a clear and in-depth understanding of the economic dynamics. Keywords:
GDP growth rate, imports, exports, consumption, MLR and 2SLS model, Pearson rho
... Similarly, the correlation matrix confirms that none of the independent variables of corporate attributes have a coefficient of correlation greater than 80%. This suggests that the independent variables employed in the study may not be multi-collinear (Gujarati, 2004). However, the VIF was also conducted to further confirm the assertion as analyzed using the Multi-collinearity Test. ...
... Table 4.3, shows the VIF and tolerance values which were employed as an advance measure to check the presence of multi-collinearity among the explanatory variables of the study. The values of VIF and tolerance level were confirmed to be simultaneously less than 1 and 10 respectively which suggests that there is a nonexistence of multi-collinearity among the explanatory variables used in the study (Gujarati, 2004). ...
The Nigerian healthcare industry is poorly performing compare to global standards and remains heavily dependent on imports especially Consumer Drugs and Vaccines. It is estimated that total pharma market has come down from 607 million ?248.87B in 2017 with negative growth of 15.6%. In light of this, the study examined the effect of firm attributes on the growth of listed healthcare companies in Nigeria from the period of 2013-2022. The population of the study consisted of eleven 11 healthcare companies listed in Nigeria, three 3 healthcare companies were later filtered out reducing the total population to eight 8 adjusted population. Secondary data were extracted from the annual financial reports of the eight 8 adjusted population from 2013 to 2022. The dependent variable which is firm growth was proxied by changes in sales of the companies, while firm attributes was proxied by leverage, profitability, liquidity and firm size. After all the necessary diagnostic tests were conducted the outcome supported the use of the Random Effect regression analysis technique. The regression result shows that profitability and liquidity have positive and significant effect on the growth of healthcare companies in Nigeria. Therefore, the study concluded that profitability and liquidity are the major determinants of healthcare companies’ growth in Nigeria. In line with the conclusion, the study recommended that the management of the listed healthcare companies in Nigeria should increase their profitability to enhance their growth. Also, the management of the listed healthcare companies in Nigeria should maintain a reasonable ratio of liquidity to ensure their growth.
... This means that the independent variables move in the same direction with the dependent variable. Also, it confirm from the correlation matrix that there is no presence of multi-collinearity between the variables used in the study as the coefficient of all the variables are below the threshold of 80% as stated by Gujarati, (2004). VIF was also conducted to further confirm the presence of multi-collinearity among the variables. ...
... Multi-collinearity was conducted to help dictate the presence of multi-collearity among the independent variables of the study. Table 4.3, the tolerance and VIF were used as an advance measure to con firm the possible presence of multi-collinearity among the independent variables of the study, it was shown there is no multi-collinearity with the tolerance value and VIF concurrently below 1 and 10 respectively which signifies no presence of multi-collinearity among the variables (Gujarati, 2004). ...
... On the other hand, the random-effects model is used when there are reasons to believe that some omitted variables may be constant over time but vary between cases and others fixed between cases but vary over time. Thus, to justify the choice of model, scholars mostly suggest the Hausman specification test (Ajibolade & Sankay, 2013;Gujarati, 2004). Accordingly, this study performed the Hausman test to check for a more efficient model between the fixed-effects and random-effects models. ...
... The test assumes a null position that the fixed-effects and random-effects models give the same efficient outcomes. However, if the p-value is more than .05, the random-effects model is more efficient, but if the p-value is less than .05, the fixed-effects model should be adopted (Gujarati, 2004;Oyewumi, Ogunmeru, & Oboh, 2018). The outcome of the Hausman test is presented in Table 3. ...
This study aims to provide empirical evidence that reveals how the regulation and supervision of the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) affect the financial performance of deposit money banks (DMBs). Specifically, the study examines the impact of the capital adequacy ratio (CAR), loan-to-deposit ratio (LDR), and asset quality ratio (AQR) on the financial performance of DMBs in Nigeria. The study obtained data from the annual reports and accounts of ten DMBS purposefully selected, covering a period of 2011-2020. The data were analyzed using an estimated generalized least square (EGLS) two-way random-effects panel regression analysis. The results suggest that, to a large extent, the sampled DMBs complied with the CBN requirements on CAR, LDR, and AQR. The study found that LDR positively impacted the financial performance of the DMBs, while the impact of CAR and AQR on the financial performance of the DMBs was insignificant. The study recommends that while DMBs pursue their profit-making objective, they should comply with the regulatory and supervisory guidelines of the CBN to avoid regulatory fines and penalties.
... It produces large data points and more degrees of freedom, generating consistent estimates (Githaiga & Kosgei, 2023;Hsiao, 1985;Pesaran, 2015). The study adopts a fixed effect analytical framework based on the suggestion of the Hausman test outcome, which indicates a significant p-value (Gujarati, 2003;Pesaran, 2015). Thus, the study specified the following empirical models using financial sustainability as the dependent variable: ...
... The research applied the Hausman test to select the appropriate analytical framework between random and fixed effects, and the test outcome indicated a significant P-value. Therefore, this work adopts the fixed effect over the random effect model because of this significant result (Gujarati, 2003;Hausman, 1978). Accordingly, the regression results of the fixed effects model are shown in Table III. ...
This study empirically assesses the effect of capital structure on the financial sustainability of micro, small and medium-scale enterprises (MSMEs) in Northeastern Nigeria. Using the fixed effects method, the research analysed panel data of 174 MSMEs across the six (6) states from 2018-2023. Further evidence was provided using the random effect technique. The finding shows that short-term debt negatively influences financial sustainability, while long-term debt financing may lead to sustainable performance. The result implies that MSMEs should prioritise securing long-term borrowing to enhance their performance and attain financial sustainability. Policymakers and regulators should not relent in providing long-term financing opportunities to MSMEs for consistent growth.
... Autokorelasi umumnya ditemukan dalam regresi dengan data yang bersifat time series, yaitu data yang berurutan berdasarkan waktu seperti bulanan, tahunan, dan sebagainya. Oleh karena itu, uji autokorelasi memiliki ciri khusus yang berkaitan dengan waktu [3]. Untuk mendeteksi keberadaan autokorelasi, salah satu metode yang dapat digunakan adalah uji Durbin-Watson (D-W). ...
... Untuk mendeteksi keberadaan autokorelasi, salah satu metode yang dapat digunakan adalah uji Durbin-Watson (D-W). Keputusan apakah autokorelasi ada atau tidak dapat dilihat dengan mengacu pada kriteria berikut [3]: Durbin-Watson (DW). Kriteria tersebut adalah sebagai berikut: ...
Faktor pertumbuhan industri dapat dilihat dengan melihat jumlah tenaga kerja, jumlah usaha industri, dan jumlah nilai investasi. Dari 3 faktor tersebut, peneliti ingin mengetahui hubungan variabel satu sama lain. Data yang digunakan adalah data faktor pertumbuhan industri di Sleman. Dalam Penelitian ini, peneliti menggunakan analisis regresi beraganda. Untuk variabel dependennya adalah jumlah tenaga kerja. Untuk variabel independennya adalah jumlah usaha industri dan jumlah nilai investasi. Koefisien regresi pada variabel usaha industri (X1) bernilai positif, artinya setiap terjadi penambahan jumlah usaha industri di Kabupaten Sleman maka jumlah tenaga kerja akan meningkat. Sedangkan pada koefisien regresi pada variabel nilai investasi (X2) bernilai negatif, artinya setiap ada perubahan pada jumlah nilai investasi maka tidak menunjukan perubahan pada jumlah tenaga kerja di Kabupaten Sleman.
... VIF values above 5 or 10, conservatively, raise multicollinearity concerns [28]. The VIF results across variables suggest multicollinearity cannot destabilize the regression model [29]. Multicollinearity is not a threat because each variable is independent. ...
p dir="ltr"> This study investigates the drivers of global agricultural value chain (GAVC) participation in six ASEAN countries: Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam. Employing panel geographically weighted regression, the paper analyzes the spatial heterogeneity of factors influencing global agricultural value chain participation. Our findings reveal significant variations in the impact of tariffs, FDI, agricultural land area, inland waters, and trade balance across countries. Tariffs emerge as a crucial factor in enhancing competitiveness in Indonesia, Singapore, and Thailand, aligning with trade theory. FDI positively influences Malaysia's global agricultural value chain participation, emphasizing attracting foreign investment. Agricultural land area plays a pivotal role in Indonesia and Thailand, highlighting the significance of resource endowments. Inland waters contribute significantly to agriculture in the Philippines, while their impact in Indonesia suggests potential inefficiencies in water management. Trade balance in food products positively affects global agricultural value chain involvement in Thailand and Vietnam. These findings underscore the need for tailored policies to address the unique characteristics of each ASEAN country. Future research should explore the long-term implications of these factors and consider broader socio-economic and environmental contexts. </p
... • training program, whether women participate in government training programs, i.e. the pre-employment card program, particularly during the pandemic and participation in general training program Detail information of variables derived from sakernas 2021 is presented in appendix table a1. the first and second equations are estimated using the logit method, which is estimated using the maximum likelihood method. this method is expected to reduce the possibility of error distribution problems and heteroscedasticity violations due to dependence on nonmetric data (Gujarati, 2011). While the third equation is estimated using Ordinary least square where the dependent variable is a continuous variable. ...
The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly disrupted various social groups. The pandemic has had a potential disproportionately greater impact on vulnerable worker groups, including female workers. This condition will certainly worsen existing social and economic inequality in society, as evidenced by theories such as human capital theory, which highlights that women often have less accumulated work experience due to their domestic responsibilities, making them more susceptible to job losses and income reductions. This study aims to discuss the vulnerability of female workers during the COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia. The focus of this research looks at the impact of the COVID- 19 pandemic on the vulnerability of female workers, which is divided into three main aspects, namely the risk of losing their job, the risk of decreasing income, and changes in the number of working hours that women experience. This research uses logit regression analysis and data from the 2021 National Labor Force Survey (SAKERNAS). Our findings show that female workers are on average more vulnerable than male workers, both in terms of losing their jobs, reducing income, and having to be exploited by the number of hours worked, which must be excessive. In addition, several control variables such as demographics, individual characteristics, and employment sectors were also examined in our research. The implications of this research suggest that the government is expected to implement some high-road labor market policies.
... Following Gujarati (2004) the logistic model could be written in terms of the odds ratio and log of odds ratio, which enable one to understand the interpretation of the coefficients. In this study, the odds ratio is the ratio of the probability that the farmer participated in rental market (Pi) to the probability that he/she not be participated in rental market (1-Pi). ...
This study investigates dynamics of land rent transactions and agricultural production in Asyaita Woreda, Afar region. The study employed cross-sectional data from 271 randomly selected households. Data were collected using a semi-structured questionnaire and checklist. Logistic and Tobit regression were used to determine characteristics influencing land market transactions and household participation levels in the research area. In the logistic regression model, marital status shows a p-value of less than 0.05, family size and distance from the market center have p-values of less than 0.001, and land size has a p-value of less than 0.1, indicating their respective significance levels in determining participation in the land rental market. The Tobit regression model indicates that land size and land certification have a p-value of <0.01, tenure security and agricultural extension services have a p-value of <0.05, and land ownership and tropical livestock units have a p-value of <0.1. All these factors significantly influence the intensity of participation in the land rental market. Finally, this study has important policy implications, indicating that programs, projects, and/or interventions designed to engage people in rental market activities should be designed in collaboration with stakeholders to capacitate and improve land rental market participation and levels.
... (Flamini et. al., 2009 in Wasiuzzaman andTarmizi, 2009 Gujarati, D.N., (2003), اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ اﻟﺸﻛﻝ اﻟﺒﺎﻨﻴﻝ ﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎت ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻌﺘﻤد اﻟﻘﻴﺎﺴﻲ ﻟﻠﻨﻤوذج اﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ اﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ وﺘﺄﺨذ : YR it R= α + βR 1 RXR 1it R +R R βR 2 R XR 2it R +……..+ βR k R XR kit R + ER it R …………(1) : YR it R ﻟﻠﺸرﻛﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﺒﻊ اﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴر (i) اﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ (t) . i : وﻋددﻫﺎ ﻤﺜﻼ ﻛﺎﻟﺒﻨوك اﻟﻘطﺎﻋﻴﺔ، اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎت وﺤدات ﻤﺸﺎﻫدات ﺘﻤﺜﻝ N . ...
P اﻟﺤﻨﻴطﻲ ﻤﺤﻤد ﻫﻨﺎء ﻤﻠﺨص اﺴﺔ اﻟدر ﻫدﻓت إ اﻟداﺨﻠﻴﺔ ات اﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴر و اﻟﺨﺎرﺠﻴﺔ ات اﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴر أﺜر اﺴﺘﻛﺸﺎف ﻟﻰ ﺒ اﻟﻤﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﺎﻟﺘﻀﺨم اﻟﻨﻤو و اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدي و ا ﻓﻊ اﻟر وﻨﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﺸرﻛﺔ ﺤﺠم ة اﻟﺨﺴﺎر وﻤﻌدﻝ اﻟﺴﻴوﻟﺔ وﻤﺨﺎطر ﻟﻤﺎﻟﻲ ، ﺒﺤﻴﺔ ر ﻋﻠﻰ ﺒﻊ اﻟر ﻤن ة اﻟﻔﺘر ﻓﻲ اﻷردن ﻓﻲ اﻹﺴﻼﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﺄﻤﻴن ﺸرﻛﺎت اﻷوﻝ ﻋﺎم ﻤن 2008 إﻟﻰ ﻤن اﺒﻊ اﻟر ﺒﻊ اﻟر ﻋﺎم 2013 م. ﺨﻼﻝ اﻟﻌﺎﻤﻠﺔ اﻹﺴﻼﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﺄﻤﻴن اﻟﺸرﻛﺎت ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﻤن اﺴﺔ اﻟدر ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺘﻛوﻨت اﻟﻬدف ﻫذا وﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴق ﻤ اﻟﻤﻛوﻨﺔ و اﺴﺔ اﻟدر ة ﻓﺘر ا اﻟﺘﺎﻤﻴن ﺸرﻛﺔ ﻫﻤﺎ ﺸرﻛﺘﻴن ن ﻹ وﺸرﻛﺔ ﺴﻼﻤﻲ اﻷوﻟﻰ ﻟﻠﺘﺎﻤﻴن. وﻻ ﺨﺘﺒﺎر اﺴﺘﺨدام ﺘم اﻟﻔرﻀﻴﺎت أﺴﻠوب اﻟﻤﻘطﻌﻴﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎت اﻨﺤدار) اﻟﺒﺎﻨﻴﻝ ﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎت (ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨدام ﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﺒر Eviews اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎت ﺘﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺒﻌد ﺒﻌﻴﺔ اﻟر اﻟ ﻴر اﻟﺘﻘﺎر ﻤن اﻟﻼزﻤﺔ ﻴﺔ دور اﻟﻤرﻛزي وﻟﻠﺒﻨك ﻟﻠﺸرﻛﺎت ة وداﺌر اﻷردﻨﻲ اﻹﺤﺼﺎ ءات اﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ. اﺴﺔ اﻟدر ﺘوﺼﻠت إﻟﻰ ات اﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴر أن أﻫﻤﻬﺎ ﻤن اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻤن ﻋدد ﻓﻲ ﺘؤﺜر اﻟﺘﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ اﻟﻤوﺠودات ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌﺎﺌد وﺒدﻻﻟﺔ إﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺔ اﻟﺸرﻛﺔ وﺤﺠم اﻟﺘﻀﺨم ﻤﻌدﻝ ﻫﻲ و ة اﻟﺨﺴﺎر وﻤﻌدﻝ اﻟﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﻊ اﻟر ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺤﻴن ﻓﻲ ، أظﻬرت ذ أﺜر وﺠود ﻋدم اﺴﺔ اﻟدر ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ي دﻻﻟﺔ إ ﻤﺘﻐﻴر ﻤن ﻟﻛﻝ ﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺔ اﻟﻨﻤو ﻤﻌدﻝ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدي اﻟﺴﻴوﻟﺔ وﻤﺨﺎطر .
... Maka selanjutnya, dilakukan model analisis Vector Error Corection Model (VECM). Analisis VECM merupakan analisis yang dikembangkan oleh Engle & Granger (1987) untuk merekonsiliasi perilaku ekonomi jangka pendek dengan variabel ekonomi jangka panjang (Gujarati, 2004). Analisis VECM, dikenal juga dengan model VAR terbatas dengan data nonstasioner, namun terdapat hubungan kointegrasi. ...
This research aims to analyze the influence of the exchange rate and the value of natural gas exports on Indonesian export tax revenues and analyze the causal relationship between these three variables. Using data in the form of time series data for the period 2005 to 2022 (n = 18). Data were analyzed using Multiple Linear Regression and Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) methods. The results of this research show that in the long term the value of natural gas exports has a positive and significant effect on export tax revenues. Meanwhile, in the short term, export tax revenues in the previous year have a negative and significant effect on the value of natural gas exports in the current year. The results of this research also show that there is a two-way causal relationship between the Natural Gas Export Value and the Exchange Rate. Furthermore, there is a one-way causal relationship between Export Tax Revenues and the Exchange Rate and between Natural Gas Export Values and Export Tax Revenues.
... This method controls for simultaneity between labor allocation and shadow wages, which are endogenous variables (Skoufias, 1994). Therefore, the instrumental variable method is used to control for these sources of endogeneity (Gujarati, 2003). Rubber production, rubber price, and off-farm labor allocation are used as instrumental variables because they are expected to influence shadow wages but do not affect the error term. ...
... BTC ile XAU, DAX, SP500, FTS100, INV40, TSX, NIK225, CAC40 ve BIST100 serileri arasında nedensellik analizinin yapılabilmesi için, serilerin durağanlık bilgisi önemli olup nedensellik analizi için seriler aynı dereceden durağan olmalı, bu çalışmada I (1) olup bu durumda eşbütünleşme ilişkisi araştırılabilir (Gujarati, 1999) olup bu çalışma için bu koşul gerçekleşmiştir. Çalışmadaki değişkenlerin durağanlıklarının belirlenmesinden sonra değişkenlerin arasındaki eşbütünleşme ilişkisinin araştılması için Johansen (1988Johansen ( , 1991, Johansen ve Juselius (1990) testi kullanılmıştır. ...
Bireysel emeklilik sistemi sosyal güvenlik sistemi bakımından zorunlu sosyal güvenlik sistemlerini tamamlayıcı bir araçtır. Bireysel emeklilik sistemi sosyal güvenlikte zorunlu emeklilik sistemine ek olarak bir emeklilik sağlamaktadır. (Arıcı, 2015: 571-573). Bu kitap bölümü bireysel emeklilik sisteminin sosyal güvenlik sistemi içinde yerine getirdiği fonksiyonu emekli bireylerin ekonomik refahına katkısı açısından irdeleyecektir.
... • Descriptive Statistics: Begin with initial data exploration to calculate means, variances, and correlations between steel prices and stock prices, providing a foundation for understanding the dataset (Gujarati, 2003) [33] . • Stationarity Tests: Conduct Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) tests to ensure the time series data is suitable for econometric analysis. ...
... Another key motive for panel data analysis is the reduction of omitted variable bias (53). The cross-sectional unit -specific error, ai, remains constant across time, but the idiosyncratic error, uit, changes between units and time (52)(53)(54)(55)(56)(57). ...
The paper explores the relationship between energy use, economic growth and emission rates for Asian giants such as China, India and Japan. As these countries are the regional economic powers and also the major global carbon emitters, it is inevitable to conduct a research study to find the possible relationship between energy use, emission and growth among these countries by the panel data analysis over the period from 1991 to 2020. Higher energy usage increases greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in countries, with agricultural sectors, Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and urban populations contributing significantly. Energy use influences economic growth and emission levels, positively affecting GHG emissions. Furthermore, current initiatives taken by these three Asian superpowers for net zero carbon emission and relevant suggestions are also highlighted for emission reduction without compromising the economic growth and sustainable use of energy resources.
... The presence of multicollinearity can also be presumed, albeit subject to confirmation by the results of the multicollinearity test. Table 2 shows that the correlation coefficients between the independent variables-BVPS, EPS, IFRS16ADP, BVPSIFRS, EPSIFRS and FSIZE are under 0.80, as required by Gujarati (2003). ...
Lease accounting was revised in 2016 due to the contentious nature of its reporting in the financial statements under IAS 17- particularly in respect of operating leases. IAS 17 was criticized for impairing the quality of accounting information due to the inappropriate treatment of identified resources in control and financial obligations by lessee firms. IFRS 16 (effective 2019) eliminates the distinction between operating and finance leases requiring right-of-use assets and associated liabilities to be reported on the Statement of Financial Position. In cognizance of its objective of enhancing information quality, the paper assessed the relevance of accounting information reported subject to compliance with IFRS 16 in the context of listed non-financial firms in Nigeria utilizing lease finance. The Ohlson model was modified to regress share price on the book value of equity per share, earnings per share, and the interaction of these variables with IFRS 16 adoption using a data set for 2016-2021. GLS regression results indicate book value per share to have increased relevance with the adoption of IFRS 16, whereas the relevance of earnings per share remains unchanged. The paper concludes that IFRS 16 adoption enhances the information quality of listed non-financial firms in Nigeria. Recommendations are made for firms to optimize accounting processes to achieve or sustain information quality by adopting IFRS 16. The IASB, as a standard-setter, should also prioritize the cost-efficiencies of standards in their implementation, as this could account for a disparity in the perceived accounting information quality of varying-sized firms).
... The coefficient of determination (R 2 ) was 0.8327, such that approximately 83.3% of the variability of the dependent variable (land allocated to dairy) was accounted for by the explanatory variables in the model. While determining model adequacy, some broad features of the results, such as the R 2 value and F-value should be considered (Gujarati, 2004). The broad features were both statistically significant in this study. ...
Dairy farming is important for income, food and nutritional security globally. The enterprise is traditional to cattle corridor in Uganda but of interest in non-traditional areas of the country such as the southwestern highland agro-ecological zone (SWHAEZ). The study examined dairy production, feeding and management practices and, assessed socioeconomic factors that influence land resource allocation to dairy enterprise in the SWHAEZ. Mixed research methods were used for data collection including 60 key informants and 125 structured interviews to randomly selected dairy farmers. Descriptive statistics were used to characterize household demographics, dairy feeding, and management practices while multiple linear regression models was used to assess the effect of socioeconomic factors on land resource allocation to dairy production. Results showed land allocation to dairy farming is significantly influenced by number of crossbreeds (P>0.01), number of exotic breeds (P>0.01), education level (P>0.05), and age (P>0.1) of respondent. Household income, food and nutritional security accounts for 43% while 32% draw manure and prestige from dairy farming, the rest are interested in both. The farmers practice semi-intensive and natural mating systems at 43% and 92% respectively. Average land (owned, hired & rented) allocated to dairy production is 10 acres. Increasing the number of cross and exotic breeds by one cow raises the size of land allocated to dairy farming by 63.8 and 47.7%. Cross and exotic breeds that are highland acclimatized should be introduced for improved land resource allocation and overall dairy production in the highland areas.
... In order to define the level of stationarity of the model's input variable, we first apply panel root tests like, Levin, Lin and Chu t (LLC), Im, Pesaran and Shin W-stat (IPS), Breitung, Fisher ADF and PP. Hence, all the variables are Stationery at 1st difference, the results of econometric model will not be spurious126 . ...
To combat climate change, a country needs to take part in the development of energy sources and the renovation of its energy infrastructure. Since, green energy production is frequently costly and dangerous, especially in its early stages, capital is one of the barriers to the energy revolution. The aims of the study to analyze the non-linear relationship between energy consumption, financial development, and technology innovation on green economic growth, and environmental pollution indicators including ecological footprint and carbon dioxide emission in the E-7 countries over the period of 1995 to 2022. Using a new panel non-linear autoregressive distribution model (NLPARDL) approach, the results confirm that carbon dioxide emissions, green economic growth, and ecological footprint have a positive and strong long-term correlation with the positive component of the energy use. Conversely, negative shocks are negative and significant with ecological footprint but positive and significant with carbon dioxide emissions and green economic growth. Furthermore, financial development has a positive and substantial relationship with ecological footprint in addition to having a long-term negative and large impact on carbon dioxide emissions and a negative but small impact on green economic growth in a positive shock. Similar to this, financial development negative shock coefficients are significant and negative over the long term when it comes to carbon dioxide emissions and green economic growth, and they are positively significant when it comes to ecological footprint negative component. In the meantime, the long-term positive shock of technology innovation has a negative significant correlation with ecological footprint, ecological footprint a positive and negligible correlation with green economic growth, and a positive and significant correlation with carbon dioxide emission. Similarly, technology innovation long-term negative shock coefficients for carbon dioxide emissions and green economic growth are both negative and significant; on the other hand, technology innovations long-term negative shock coefficients for the negative component of ecological footprint are positively significant. Based on the results, E-7 nations need to invest in projects that utilize energy and technology innovation to reduce environmental degradation and boost green economic growth, such as investing in energy projects and reduce the dependency on fossil fuels. The findings also suggest that to achieve the sustainable growth and environment, E7 countries must enhance the environment related technology innovations.
... The logit equation of the probability of adopting the recommended technology, P (Yi) (Gujarati, 2003), is shown below: ...
Banana (Musa paradisiaca) is a vital fruit crop in Nepal, especially in the Nawalparasi West district, where it can produce and generate income. However, banana farming faces many problems such as diseases and pests that reduce crop yield and quality. This research aimed to assess the state of pest control techniques and banana diseases, providing insights and recommendations for their improvement. A total of 125 banana farmers were selected and the data were analyzed using Microsoft Excel and the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). The findings revealed that the banana leaf and fruit scarring beetle emerged as a particularly troublesome pest (severity index: 0.93), closely followed by the banana aphid (0.67), banana stem weevil (0.51), mealy bug (0.46), and banana rhizome stem borer (0.34). Similarly, diseases such as sigatoka leaf spot exhibited the highest severity (0.76), followed by anthracnose (0.59), bunchy top virus (0.52), bacterial wilt (0.51), and panama wilt (0.43). All participants employed diverse pest management practices, including mechanical, cultural, biological, and chemical methods. Notably, 82.4% utilized fungicides and 100% employed cultural methods, with no adoption of biological approaches. In pest management, 31.2% employed mechanical/physical methods, 95% embraced cultural methods, and all the respondents used pesticides. Positive and significant relationships were identified between respondents' education level, training, farming experience, contact with extension agents, and adoption of disease and pest management practices in banana cultivation.
... If the sum is less than 1, there are decreasing returns to scale i.e. doubling the inputs were less than double the output. Finally, if the sum is greater than 1, there are increasing returns to scale i.e. doubling the inputs were more than double the output [4]. ...
In organic farming MVP:MFC ratio for human labour, planting material and irrigation were -7.36, 9.82 and 43.6, respectively which indicated that human labour was over-utilized while planting material and irrigation were under-utilized from the results, we can clearly see that there was ample scope of increasing organic turmeric production by decreasing the quantity of human labour and increasing the quantity of planting material and manure. In case of inorganic turmeric farming MVP:MFC ratio for human labour, planting material, fertilizer and irrigation were -6.31, 11.38, -16.67, 54.33, respectively which indicated that human labour and fertilizer were over-utilized while planting material and irrigation were under-utilized. In case of organic farmers had constrains like stem rotting in turmeric, unavailability of labour, disease management, low availability of organic manures, no alternate of FYM and farmers get low prices, there is a need for a comprehensive framework that integrates organic farming with bottom up responses, technology diffusion with reciprocal knowledge flow from farmers’ institution and their local resources and innovation. While in case of inorganic turmeric farmers had constraints like labour scarcity, lack of co-operative societies, lack of technical guidance.
... In terms of econometric analysis methodology, there are three different types of data: time series, cross-sectional data, and pooled panel data consisting of the combination of the time series and the cross-sectional data (Gujarati, 2003). If cross-sectional effects, along with time-dependent changes, need to be investigated, using the appropriate panel data method is a mandatory approach. ...
In 2001, Jim O’Neil coined the term “BRIC” to refer to the economies of Brazil, Russia, India and China. In 2011, South Africa joined the group, and it was updated to “BRICS”. These countries have a significant impact on the world economy, and there are numerous studies examining their macroeconomic structures. This study focuses on the relationship between economic growth, oil revenues, and inflation levels in BRICS countries from 2000 to 2021 and uses panel cointegration analysis. Many studies showed a relationship between these variables in different countries and unions. This study aims to determine if these relationships hold for BRICS countries. The results suggest a cointegration relation and a causality relation between economic growth, inflation, and oil revenues in BRICS countries. This finding demonstrates the impact of energy, specifically oil revenues, on economic growth. However, other macro indicators also affect economic growth, as suggested by existing literature. Therefore, future studies could improve on this research by including additional social and economic variables to evaluate the impact of oil revenues on economic growth from multiple perspectives.
... Uji t dilakukan untuk mengetahui pengaruh masing-masing variabel bebas terhadap variabel tak bebasnya secara mandiri, yaitu dengan membandingkan nilai thitung dengan ttabel. Secara individual, tiap koefisien regresi parsial yang ditaksir penting secara statistik (signifikan) bila nilai t yang dihitung dalam tiap kasus lebih besar dari nilai t kritis (Gujarati, 1995). Pada perhitungan dalam analisis ini, taraf signifikansi yang dipergunakan adalah =0,05. ...
Produktivitas adalah kunci bagaimana meningkatkan taraf hidup semua kelompok dalam masyarakat; peran kepemimpinan penting dalam manajemen, memotivasi petugas dan seluruh karyawan untuk meningkatkan kepercayaan dan kepuasan konsumen; pemerintah dengan pembatasan regulasi dan perpajakan, perhatian dan sebagian masyarakat yang peduli terhadap lingkungan, serta antisipasi terhadap kondisi perekonomian yang sulit diprediksi. Tenaga kerja khususnya di pedesaan adalah industri rokok. Industri kecil (tipe IIIA) dan sangat kecil (tipe IIIB) dari industri rokok kretek tangan yang menyerap banyak tenaga kerja tersebar di banyak pedesaan di hampir semua kota dan kabupaten di Jawa Timur. Model analisisnya adalah: analisis deskriptif, analisis faktor dilanjutkan dengan analisis regresi berganda. Hasil penelitian membuktikan: Indikator perpajakan yaitu pajak cukai, harga eceran (HJE), dan pajak pertambahan nilai (PPN) merupakan faktor dominan dalam produktivitas dan memiliki efek signifikansi positif.
This research aims to determine the effect of building the longest toll road in Indonesia on changes in economic structure and basic sectors. The research locations where the longest toll road in Indonesia is located are Tasikmalaya City, Tasikmalaya Regency, and Pangandaran Regency. The analytical methods used in this research are Location Quotient (LQ) and Shift-Share (SSA). Research variables include Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP) and Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The calculation results show that there has been a change in the economic structure and basic sectors due to the construction of toll roads. The city of Tasikmalaya has undergone changes in its economic structure so that the basic sectors are water supply, waste management, waste and recycling. Meanwhile, the health services and social activities sectors experienced progressive growth and strong competitiveness. As for Pangandaran Regency, the main base sectors are the food and beverage accommodation provider sector, the fisheries sector and the clean water sector. Meanwhile, Waste Management, Waste and Recycling, Real Estate, other services, Education Services, and Construction are the fastest growing and have competitive advantages. In Tasikmalaya Regency, the agricultural, forestry and fisheries sectors, especially food crops such as rice, are the basic sectors. Sectors that are growing fast, progressive and competitive are other services sectors, water supply, waste management, waste and recycling, health services and social activities, and construction. This research can be used as a consideration for determining strategies to increase economic growth in Tasikmalaya City, Pangandaran Regency and Tasikmalaya Regency.
When handling longitudinal data in regression models, we often encounter problems involving two interrelated response variables. These response variables may display an unknown curve shape in their relationship with one predictor variable, referred to as the nonparametric component, while maintaining a linear relationship with other predictor variables, referred to as the parametric component. In such cases, a Biresponse Semiparametric Regression (BSR) approach is a suitable solution. This research aims to estimate the BSR model for longitudinal data using the Local Polynomial Kernel (LPK) estimator by considering a symmetrical variance–covariance matrix estimate validated on simulation data and apply it to a real dataset of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) disease. The parameter estimation method used is a combination of Least Squares (LS) and Weighted Least Squares (WLS). For determining the optimal bandwidth, we use a Generalized Cross–Validation (GCV) method. The simulation study results indicate that with kernel weighting, employing weights derived from the inverse of the variance–covariance matrix significantly enhances the estimation accuracy of the BSR model. In addition, the results of the estimation for modeling the DHF disease, where platelets and hematocrit are response variables, and hemoglobin and examination time are predictor variables, produced an R-Square value of 92.8%.
This study investigates the relationship between listed Ghanaian banks’ financial performance and corporate social responsibility (CSR), given the anticipated increase in businesses’ social duties. This study utilizes a panel autoregressive distributive lag model (Panel ARDL) to examine the impact of CSR on bank financial performance, as well as the moderating effect of bank size on CSR and financial performance, using return on assets as the measure of financial performance. All banks listed on the Ghana Stock Exchange (GSE) whose financial statements are readily accessible online, in print, or on their websites are chosen using convenience sampling. The sample spans 14 years, from 2010 to 2023. The results are shown for both the long and short run. Contrary to the expectations of many proponents of CSR, we find that firms incorporating CSR in their undertakings have negative financial performance. Additionally, the study finds that, relative to smaller banks, larger banks are able to alleviate this negative effect of CSR on performance by a certain magnitude. Therefore, not only should banks be strategic in their CSR implementation, but they should strive to grow their assets to the level where the negative effects of undertaking CSR could be reduced, if not entirely eliminated. To achieve this growth, the level of assets to keep is found to be above GHC 3922.52 million.
Pocket parks are small green spaces that significantly enhance urban livability, particularly in densely populated cities. To leverage this advantage, Chongqing has committed to establishing 100 pocket parks by 2024. This study assesses the landscape quality of six pocket parks in Chongqing’s Dadukou District, employing Scenic Beauty Estimation (SBE) and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). The results of the SBE method identify four main factors—spatial hierarchy, plant diversity, landscape harmony, and color richness—that show a strong correlation with scenic beauty (R = 0.947, R² = 0.897). AHP analysis reveals that landscape function is the dominant criterion, accounting for 66.86% of the total weight, with ecological function and service function contributing 21.44% and 8.82%, respectively. Notably, plant color richness emerges as the most significant factor, with a comprehensive weight of 0.1509, emphasizing its critical role in enhancing visual appeal. Based on these findings, this study recommends increasing plant diversity, optimizing color design to improve visual appeal, and implementing sustainable, low-maintenance strategies. This research integrates both quantitative and qualitative approaches, offering strategies to refine pocket park designs and establish a framework to enhance green spaces in densely populated urban areas, not only in China but potentially globally, promoting environmental sustainability and user satisfaction.
The prevailing view is that the annual influx of oil revenues has constrained Iraq's economic performance. This paper aims to verify whether the oil wealth in Iraq is a boon for the economy! The different relationships are estimated to resolve the evidence. It is assumed that concluded rentier revenues caused harm to the performance of society as much as they benefited the sectors. Empirical work provides an explanation as well as an estimation of performance and growth trends. The adopted methodology is to estimate regression relationships for simple, multiple, and step-wise models. The work reached that 70% of performance and growth depend on oil revenues, in conjunction and equivalence. The total consumption was accompanied by a period of negative contributions of foreign direct investment, with a slight influx of imports. The risky aspect of oil wealth lies in the fact that it is one-sided, with consumption expenditures, not investment, in explaining performance behavior. As for the growth in imports, it largely explains the behavior of economic growth, to the exclusion of other economic variables. Abstract Assistant Prof. Dr. اق العر في االقتصادي األداء و النفط : نقمة! أم نعمة ال ة النظخ تفيج مألهف الدنهي بالتجفق مقيجا كان اق العخ في االقترادي األداء أن ة النفط. ادات إليخ لحا م التحقق الى قة الهر ىحه ىجفت اق العخ في النفطية الثخوة كانت إذا ما نعمة ا عمى القتراد خالفيا أم أن وتفتخض االثبات، لحدم المختمفة العالقات تقجر ! قطاعات نفعت ما بقجر المجتمع أداء أضخت يعية الخ ادات اإليخ و ي. قجم يبي التجخ البحث ا تفديخ ، الى عالقات تقجيخ ىي المعتمجة المنيجية النمه. و األداء اتجاىات تقجيخ جانب تهصل يجية. وتجر ومتعجدة بديطة لنماذج االنحجار أن الى العمل 70 األداء من ٪ نا. از وته امنا تد النفط عائجات عمى يعتمجان النمه و مجة طيمة الكمي االستيالك افق ر وقج ال األجنبي لالستثمار سالبة اسيامات تكمن ادات. لالستيخ طفيف تجفق مع مباشخ، أحادية أنيا النفط ثخوة ة خطهر-وليذ االستيالكية النفقات معيا افقت ته الجانب، النمه سمهك يفدخ فيه ادات االستيخ في النمه أما األداء. سمهك شخح في ية االستثمار ب دون كبيخ، بذكل االقترادي االخخى االقترادية ات المتغيخ قية. الكلمات المفتاحية ارد المه لعنة : ؛ االقترادي األداء ؛ االقترادي النمه ؛ االستيالك ؛ نمه ادات. االستيخ علي قاسم نوفل أ.م.د. الموصل جامعة اإلقليمية/ اسات الدر مركز
This research encompasses two distinct parts. The first phase involves assessing the industries in which Moroccan exports demonstrate a comparative advantage from 2002 to 2022, utilizing the Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) index. To achieve this, data on Moroccan exports and world exports for different industries are collected, incorporating detailed information on product categories and trade volumes. The RCA index, as developed by Balassa (1965), has been computed using these datasets, and a comparative analysis has been performed to determine industries where Morocco enjoys a comparative advantage (Balassa, 1965). Our RCA analysis sorted out a categorization of 3 three different set of industries, distinguishing between industries with high RCA values ensuring sustained competitiveness, emerging sectoral potentials with increasing RCA values, and finally industries facing challenges with declining or fluctuating RCA values. The second part of the thesis employs a robust empirical analysis, employing panel data models and statistical tests, shedding light on the intricate dynamics shaping export competitiveness in Morocco. The amalgamation of these two components contributes to a holistic understanding of the subject, presenting policymakers and researchers with nuanced insights. In this empirical study, we investigate the determinants of export competitiveness in Moroccan industries. Employing a panel data approach, our research model encompasses key variables, including the Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) index as the dependent variable. Initially focusing on the Fixed Effects (FE) regression model, our analysis reveals nuanced relationships between these variables. Subsequently, we integrate insights from the Random Effects (RE) regression model, the Panel Effects (PE) regression model. Results shed light on the intricate dynamics shaping export competitiveness in Morocco. Drawing on existing literature and cross-referencing, this study contributes to the broader understanding of economic growth and trade dynamics, providing valuable insights for policymakers and researchers alike.
Green Sukuk, a Sharia-compliant financial instrument, has gained prominence as a means to fund environmentally sustainable projects while adhering to Islamic finance principles. This study empirically analyzes the impact of Green Sukuk investment (GSI) by Islamic banks on sustainable development in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Utilizing robust least squares (RLS) regression, this study examines the influence of GSI on the Sustainable Development Goals Index (SDGI), controlling for financial development (FDEV) and foreign direct investment (FDI). The results reveal that GSI significantly contributes to the SDGI, underscoring its role in promoting sustainable development. FDEV and FDI also show significant positive effects on sustainable development, highlighting the importance of a robust financial and investment environment. These findings suggest that targeted financial instruments and strong financial infrastructure are crucial for achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in the UAE.
This study aims to examine the influence of leadership styles on institutional transformation and to identify adaptive strategies for effective change management in the context of Indonesian Public Universities (PTNs) striving to achieve world-class university (WCU) status. Using a quantitative research design, data were collected from 125 universities through a hybrid questionnaire method involving Rectors, Directors, Vice Rectors, and Vice Directors as representatives. This study employed logistic regression to analyze the influence of leadership styles on the likelihood of PTNs achieving WCU status, alongside Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) for deeper insights. The study results indicate that transcollegial leadership increases the likelihood of universities achieving WCU status by 35%, while digital and entrepreneurial leadership contribute 25% and 20%, respectively. The primary challenges identified include inadequate digital infrastructure, resistance to change, and regulatory limitations. This study provides practical and theoretical contributions by identifying adaptive leadership strategies tailored to the unique contexts of PTNs. This study is significant as it addresses the leadership challenges specific to Indonesian public universities in their pursuit of international recognition, providing practical and theoretical insights for achieving sustainable transformation. Future research could examine how leadership styles interact with institutional policies and external factors, such as global rankings and funding mechanisms, to achieve and sustain WCU status. Expanding the scope to include comparative studies across different regions or educational systems could provide broader insights into effective strategies for institutional transformation.
(1) Background: Let the continuous parameter X be a proxy variable for the outcome of an intervention R. Quasi-experimental studies are designed to evaluate the effect of R over X when forming a randomized control group (without the intervention) is impractical or/and unethical. The most popular quasi-experimental design, the difference-in-differences (DID) method, uses four samples of X values (pre- and post-intervention experimental and pseudo-control groups). DID always quantitatively evaluates the effect of R over X. However, its practical significance is restricted by several (often unprovable) assumptions and by the monotonic preference requirement over X. We propose a novel fuzzy quasi-experimental computational approach that addresses those limitations. (2) Methods: A novel method of the fuzzy pseudo-control group (MFPCG) is introduced and formalized. It uses four fuzzy samples as input, exactly the same as DID. We practically determine and statistically compare the favorability of the differences in X before and after the intervention for the experimental and the pseudo-control groups in case of the more general hill preferences over X. MFPCG applies four modifications of fuzzy Bootstrap procedures to perform each of the nine statistical tests used. The new method does not use the assumptions of DID, but it does not always produce a positive or a negative answer, as MFPCG results are qualitative. It is not a competing methodology; as such, it should be used alongside DID. (3) Results: We assess the effect of annuloplasty that acts in conjunction with revascularization over two continuous parameters that characterize the condition of patients with ischemic heart disease complicated by moderate and moderate-to-severe ischemic mitral regurgitation. (4) Conclusions: The statistical results proved the favorable effect of annuloplasty on two parameters, both for patients with a relatively preserved medical state and patients with a relatively deteriorated medical state. We validate the MFPCG solution of the case study by comparing them with those from the fuzzy DID. We discuss the limitations and adaptability of MFPCG, which should warrant its use in other case studies and domains.
This paper examines the status and rural transformation trends in the Philippines. Using secondary data covering 1988 to 2023, the levels of rural transformation across the country’s sixteen regions were analyzed based on three key indicators: the share of gross value added in high-value agriculture to the total GDP of agriculture, forestry and fishery, share of off-farm employment to the total rural labor force, and agricultural labor productivity. Through a panel regression analysis, this study also determined how selected institutional reforms, policies, and investments (IPIs) influenced the rural transformation that happened in the regions. The findings reveal that rural transformation in the Philippines has been generally slow because of the uneven progress across its local regions, with only three out of the sixteen regions reaching a high level of rural transformation from 1988 to 2023 and two regions remaining at low level of transformation, while the rest are still moving from a slow to moderate level of transformation. This study highlights the critical role of IPIs in driving rural transformation, demonstrating that their effects vary depending on the transformation stage of each region. These results underscore the need to properly identify, logically sequence, and efficiently integrate IPI interventions to address the transformation challenges effectively. Beyond its Philippine context, this study provides insights applicable to other developing countries facing similar rural transformation challenges, offering a replicable methodology for analyzing the transformation and guiding context-specific strategies.
This study delves into the intricate interplay between finance and income inequality within the context of 16 West African nations. It specifically scrutinizes the impact of the size of financial development on income inequality, drawing inspiration from Greenwood and Jovanovic’s (1990) theory. The analysis spans a substantial period, from 2010 to 2020, and relies on panel secondary data. A comprehensive examination of the data employs various estimation techniques, including Pooled Ordinary Least Square, Random Effect Model, Fixed Effect Model, and the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM), to elucidate the relationship under investigation. The panel data analysis results strongly favor the Fixed Effect model. Furthermore, both the Fixed Effect model and the GMM reveal substantial support for an inverted U-shaped relationship, demonstrating remarkable robustness with slight variations in significance. Notably, the study highlights the significance of lagged Gini values, GDP per capita growth, trade openness, inflation, government consumption, and infrastructure in influencing income inequality.
This study aims to examine Keynes's Hypothesis and Wagner’s Law in the cities and dustricts in Papua Province economy. This study is a quantitative study using data on government spending, real Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP), and GRDP per capita of cities and districts in Papua Province in 2010-2020. Panel data regression and Granger Causality testing were used for testing the hypothesis of Keynes and Wagner's Law as well as for proving a two-way relationship between GDRP and government spending. The results show that Wagner's Law does not work at the districts and cities in Papua Province. The regional economic growth doesn’t effect the government spending or public sector share in the regional economy. Furthermore, the Granger Causality Test had proved a one way relationship between government spending on GRDP per capita which's mean the Keynes hypothesis are proved. The government spending increases in order to improve the regional economy in districs and cities in Papua Provinces.
This paper examined the nexus among financial depth, institutional quality and poverty in sub-Saharan Africa. The objectives of this paper are to examine the relationship between financial depth and poverty in sub-Saharan Africa and also to investigate the interaction effect of financial depth and institutional quality on poverty in sub-Saharan Africa. A panel of 32 countries in the region for a period of 2000-2023 was used due to data availability. Stata 17 was used to estimate a two-step system GMM. In this regard, an evidence that financial depth has reduce poverty in sub-Saharan Africa was established. Also, it was found that the interaction effect of financial depth and institutional quality (control of corruption) has reduce poverty in sub-Saharan Africa. Furthermore, human capital has reduced poverty in sub-Saharan Africa over the period of study. Based on the findings, it is recommended that the monetary authorities should give more credit facilities to the private sector in order to significantly reduce poverty in sub-Saharan Africa. It is equally recommended that strong institutions, including fighting corruption should be intensified by the government in order to significantly alleviate poverty in sub-Saharan Africa. More funding should be made available by the government to the education sector in sub-Saharan Africa in order to significantly reduce poverty.
Ekonomik anlamda hem gelişmiş hem de gelişmekte olan ülkelerin temel makroekonomik sorunların başında gelen enflasyon, iktisadi açıdan birçok araştırmacı tarafından incelenmiştir. Genel anlamda ülkelerin ortak bir sorunu olarak nitelendirilen enflasyonun nedenleri ülkeden ülkeye farklılık göstermektedir. Bununla birlikte ele alınan dönem ve kullanılan yönteme bağlı olarak yapılan çalışmalardan elde edilen sonuçlar farklılık göstermektedir. Bu bağlamda enflasyon olgusu iktisat yazınında ilgi gören konulardan biri olmuştur. Bu çalışmada, Türkiye Ekonomisi için 2009:Q1-2022:Q2 dönemine ait çeyreklik veriler kullanılarak ARDL modeli ile tüketici enflasyonunun nedenleri araştırılmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlar, TÜFE bazlı enflasyon oranının artmasında ÜFE’de meydana gelecek artışların, diğer taraftan TÜFE bazlı enflasyon oranının azalmasında ise Sanayi Üretim Endeksi’nin artmasının önemli bir etkiye sahip olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır.
This research investigated the transmission mechanisms of monetary policy and their impact on economic development in Sierra Leone from 1993 to 2023, aiming to evaluate their effectiveness in achieving key macroeconomic goals such as employment generation, balance of payments stability, and maintaining a relatively stable general price level. The study sought to understand how these transmission mechanisms influence economic development in Sierra Leone, particularly at a time when the country is grappling with significant macroeconomic challenges, including high unemployment, price volatility, and elevated inflation rates. Data spanning from 1993 to 2023 were collected from the World Bank Economic Indicators and Bank of Sierra Leone Statistical Bulletin through a purposive sampling approach. The research employed a blend of ex- post facto, longitudinal, descriptive, causal-effect, and correlation research designs. The statistical analyses conducted included the Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) unit root test, Granger causality test, ordinary least squares multivariate regression, generalized method of moments, Johansen co-integration, and vector error correction mechanisms. The findings revealed that capital stock (coefficient of 0.13), money supply (0.17), migrant remittances (6.5), and exchange rate (0.08) exhibited significant and positive long-term relationships with Sierra Leone economic development during the observed period. Conversely, the monetary policy rate (0.10) and credit to the private sector (0.30) demonstrated positive yet insignificant effects on economic development. Interest rates (-0.71) were found to have a significant negative relationship, while the inflation rate (-0.03) was negatively related but not significant. The study concludes that monetary policy transmission mechanisms have both short-term and long-term relationships with economic development in Sierra Leone, underscoring the importance of their effective implementation. Monetary policy transmission mechanisms have proven to be effective instruments for fostering economic development in Sierra Leone. It is advisable for both the Ministry of Finance and Bank of Sierra Leone, as the regulatory authorities, to consistently ensure an optimal combination of monetary policy tools. This approach is essential for significantly impacting economic activities, encouraging investments, and ultimately enhancing macroeconomic stability in the country. Furthermore, these regulatory bodies should regularly evaluate the monetary policy rate and the credit available to investors to create a favorable investment and business environment in Sierra Leone. Additionally, effective policies should be implemented to increase remittance inflows into Sierra Leone, directing investments towards productive uses rather than consumption, which may lead to inflationary pressures. The insights gained from this study contribute to the existing literature on economic development and the mechanisms of monetary policy transmission. The dynamic estimation technique, akin to the Generalized Method of Moments, effectively assessed the endogeneity between monetary policy variables and economic development in Sierra Leone.
Using a novel dataset built from the REPONSE 2017 and the FEAS databases, this article highlights the links between employee ownership, HRM practices and industrial relations in French listed companies. We explore the effects of employee ownership intensity (proportion of capital held) and extent (proportion of employee shareholders), as well as the effects of their interaction. Our results suggest contrasting governance logics depending on whether we consider the intensity or the extent of employee ownership, between a shareholder approach on the one hand and a partnership approach on the other.
À l’aide d’un jeu de données inédit construit à partir de l’enquête REPONSE 2017 et de la base de la FEAS, cet article met en évidence les liens entre actionnariat salarié, pratiques de GRH et relations professionnelles dans les entreprises cotées françaises. Nous explorons les effets de l'intensité de l'actionnariat salarié (proportion du capital détenue au titre de l'actionnariat) et de son étendue (proportion de salariés actionnaires ou taux de démocratisation), ainsi que l'interaction entre ces deux dimensions. Nos résultats mettent notamment en évidence des logiques de gouvernance contrastées selon que l’on considère l’intensité (proportion du capital détenu) ou l’étendue (proportion de salariés actionnaires) de l'AS, entre approches actionnariale d’une part et partenariale de l’autre.
Farmers’ low agricultural productivity in East African countries is attributed to among other factors, the low application of modern agricultural technologies. Using meta-analysis this study intended to examine the determinants of adoption of agricultural technologies in East African countries recipients of Chinese Agricultural Technology Demonstration Centers (ATDCs). A comprehensive review employed to gather 22 studies addressing the determinants of adoption of agricultural technologies such as improved varieties, agricultural mechanization, soil conservation, and animal breeding from Ethiopia, Tanzania, Uganda, and Rwanda. The collected data were analyzed using STATA 17 software. The study used a random-effect model to estimate the determinants of agricultural technologies adoption. The findings demonstrated that access to credit, age, education, farming experience, farmer group membership, household size, and off-farm income have a significant influence on farmers ‘adoption of improved varieties. Age, farm size, and education have a significant influence on the adoption of agricultural mechanization. Soil conservation practices are influenced by age, household size, and sex. Moreover, age, education, extension services, and farming experience have a significant impact on the adoption of animal breeding. It is recommended that East African governments, policymakers, and agricultural practitioners to focus on these common variables when planning for the intervention of new agricultural technologies.
This study aims to examine the bank-specific and macroeconomic determinants of profitability in the Nepalese banking sector over the period from 2004 to 2013. The study uses data from a sample of 51 Nepalese banks listed on NEPSE till mid-April 2013 with 510 observations for the study period. The bank profitability is measured by return on assets (ROA) and return on equity (ROE)as a function of bank-specific and macroeconomic determinants. Using a balanced panel data set, the results show that asset size and deposit to asset have a positive and significant effect on bank profitability. However, loan portfolios have a negative and significant impact on bank profitability. With regard to macroeconomic variables, only the real interest rate and stock market capitalization affect the performance of banks positively. These results suggest that banks can improve their profitability by increasing bank size and non-interest income and decreasing the credit/asset ratio. In addition, higher real interest rates and stock market capitalization can lead to higher bank profitability.
This study assessed consumer preferences and consumption patterns for prawns in Bangladesh, underscoring the economic and nutritional significance of prawns in the local diet. A total of 120 respondents were interviewed following a random sampling technique from four districts. The data analysis employed descriptive statistics alongside mathematical and statistical methods. The findings indicate a strong preference for fresh and large-sized prawns among the consumers. Income level substantially influenced the prawn purchases, with the high-income consumers more likely to buy premium prawn products, while the low-income consumers showed sensitivity to price changes. The primary concerns that significantly influenced the consumers' purchasing decisions were found to be size, freshness, taste, price, market availability, and income. Additionally, the consumers' perceived value and willingness-to-pay for prawns were significantly driven by size, freshness, environmental sustainability, and income levels. Policy recommendations include promoting sustainable prawn farming and improving accessibility for low-income consumers to enhance both nutritional intake and economic resilience. This research offers valuable insights for stakeholders in the prawn industry, facilitating the development of targeted marketing strategies and informed policymaking for sustainable industry growth. Key Contribution: This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the determinants influencing prawn consumption in Bangladesh, highlighting how income and prawn attributes significantly shape consumer preferences and willingness-to-pay. It also offers critical insights for targeted marketing and policymaking to enhance both economic and nutritional outcomes.
Agriculture is the engine of an economy. In Bangladesh, 50% of the entire laborer force is employed in farming, and around 87% of rural families depend on agriculture for any part of their wages. Considering the importance of the agriculture sector in Bangladesh, the study examines the nexus between agricultural output and economic growth. In the finding of this causality, the VECM test has been applied and found the long-run relationship between variables where the rate of restoring the disequilibrium into equilibrium is 66.4%. The research applies the impulse response function and variance decomposition where in both cases, the result implies that the agricultural output is much more significant on economic growth than industrial output, meaning that to be a sustainable economy, the agriculture sector cannot be ignored. The study also provides insights to the policymakers that the agriculture sector should be given much more priority in terms of budget, and the academician should do more research to develop sustainable agro-based products.
This study focused on the effect of fiscal policy variables on economic growth in Nigeria, secondary data was used to draw out information. The specific objectives were to: determine the impact of government expenditure on economic growth in Nigeria; and assess the impact of government tax revenue generation on economic growth in Nigeria. The ordinary least squares (OLS) method was employed to estimate the parameters in the analysis. The findings indicate that: government expenditure has a positive and significant impact on Nigeria's gross domestic product; government tax drive has a negative and significant impact on Nigeria's gross domestic product. Based on the findings, the study recommends as follows: government should reduce its spending when tax rate are high, this will balance effect and normalize growth; government should review the tax rates downward because it is hitting hard on the aggregate economic output.
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