Biological Transmutations: Historical Perspective

Abstract

In this review paper, it is shown that in biological systems, chemical elements can be transmuted into other elements. These facts have been established since the early 19th century, but they have been ignored by established science ever since. The purpose of this work is to show how during the past two centuries, a number of experimentalists have questioned the mass conservation law established by Antoine Lavoisier [1] for chemical reactions. They have proved experimentally in plants, bacteria and other living organisms, some elements are transmuted into other elements.

Full text

J. Condensed Matter Nucl. Sci. 7 (2012) 11–25
Review Article
Biological Transmutations: Historical Perspective
Jean-Paul Biberian ∗
Aix-Marseille University, 13288 Marseille, France
Abstract
In this review paper, it is shown that in biological systems, chemical elements can be transmuted into other elements. These facts
have been established since the early 19th century, but they have been ignored by established science ever since. The purpose of
this work is to show how during the past two centuries, a number of experimentalists have questioned the mass conservation law
established by Antoine Lavoisier [1] for chemical reactions. They have proved experimentally in plants, bacteria and other living
organisms, some elements are transmuted into other elements.
© 2012 ISCMNS. All rights reserved. ISSN 2227-3123
Keywords: Biological transmutations, Cold fusion, History, LENR
1. Introduction
The discovery of Cold Fusion in 1989 by Stan Pons and Martin Fleischmann [2] has triggered new attention in the field
of biological transmutations. Even though experiments have shown that transmutations of elements occur in living
cells, this field has been totally ignored by the scientific community. The situation is not different now, but recently new
experiments, in particular, byVysotskii and Kornilova [3] have brought new results using modern analytical techniques.
It is interesting to recall the situation of chemistry before Lavoisier, which was the time of alchemy, when the
modern scientific method had not yet been developed. Also the nature of the elements had not been clearly identified.
Most of the works come directly from Herzelee’s experiments. They triggered the experiments made by Baranger,
Kervran, Goldfein, Holleman and then Vysotskii. Many experimental results described in this paper are not of a good
quality because they have been performed in the 19th century or in the early 20th century, and the full data are not
easily available. Some are coming from a secondary source, and therefore are less reliable. However, if we consider
the totality of these data, including the most modern ones, there is compelling evidence that biological transmutations
are a real scientific fact.
Very few theoreticians have tried to understand the possible mechanisms involved in these kinds of reactions, and
it is more likely to take a long time before a reliable theory can be developed. One of the reasons is the lack of useful
data where all elements before and after are well known to the scientists.
In this review, I also recall some of the works that I have performed myself [4] with germinating seeds and bacteria.
∗E-mail: jpbiberian@yahoo.fr
© 2012 ISCMNS. All rights reserved. ISSN 2227-3123

12 Jean-Paul Biberian / Journal of Condensed Matter Nuclear Science 7 (2012) 11–25
2. Before Lavoisier
2.1. Jan Baptist von Helmont (1579–1644)
The work by von Helmont [5] in the 17th century is probably the first experiment that tried to study the workings of
plants. He wanted to prove that the alchemical theory of the four elements was incorrect. He grew a willow tree in
a clay vessel with 90 kg of dried soil. He covered the vessel with an iron cover having small holes. In his report, he
explained that he did not take into account either falling leaves or dust. For 5 years, he watered the plant with filtered
rainwater or if necessary with distilled water. He observed that the tree had gained 76 kg, whereas after drying the soil
had only lost 57 g. He concluded: “Water alone had, therefore, been sufficient to produce 76 kg of wood, bark and
roots”. Von Helmont proved that the elements of water and earth were not elementary, since water had changed into
wood, bark and roots. This experiment proved that the elements of water could change into elements of soil.
3. Antoine Lavoisier (1743–1794)
In 1789, the famous French scientist Antoine Lavoisier [1] performed very accurate experiments showing conservation
of mass during chemical reactions. He wrote:
“ We can state as an indisputable axiom that under all conditions, artificial or natural, nothing is created;
an equal quantity of matter exists before and after the experiment and nothing occurs outside the changes
and modifications in the combinations of the elements”.
Unfortunately, for him and science, he was beheaded because of his function as “fermier général”, i.e. an unpopular
tax collector of the old regime. It is also interesting to note his inventions of an accurate ice calorimeter to measure the
heat of respiration of a guinea pig, proving that breathing is actually a combustion process.
Landolt [6] has confirmed the mass conservation during chemical reactions with better accuracy in 1908 with an
accuracy of one part in 106, and later in 1913 by Manly [7] with one part in 108.
4. During the 19th Century
4.1. Johann Christian Carl Schrader (1762–1826)
From 1795 to1797, the Berlin Academy of Science announced a competition with the following aim:
“ Of which types of the earthly materials, which are encountered by means of chemical analysis,
of native grain species? Do they either come into the grains as they are found or come into being
by means of the life force and brought into growth by the workings of the plant?”
In 1799, the German scientist Schrader [8] won the competition for his experiments on the formation of minerals
in grains. He used the seeds of wheat, barley and rye, amongst others, to germinate in an artificial medium of flowers
of sulphur (amorphous sulfur in fine powder) (that was shown to be completely ash free) and watered with distilled
water. The dust contamination was prevented during the experiments. From the analyses of the developed seedlings,
he compared with the seeds which are planted, he concluded that the mineral matter had indeed been created.

Jean-Paul Biberian / Journal of Condensed Matter Nuclear Science 7 (2012) 11–25 13
4.2. Henri Braconnot (1780–1855)
In 1807, the highly reputable French scientist Henri Braconnot [9] reproduced Schrader’s experiments. He allowed
plants from seed to grow on different artificial media (flowers of sulphur, red lead oxide, granulated lead, pure river sand
and even an organic product; decomposed wood that was extracted using hot water). He concluded that considerable
formation of the mineral components, especially potassium in experiments with mustard seed and radish, had taken
place.
4.3. Louis Nicolas Vauquelin (1763–1814)
In 1799, the French chemist Louis Vauquelin [10] became intrigued by the quantity of lime which hens excrete every
day. He isolated a hen and feed it a pound of oats, which were analyzed for lime (CaO). Vauquelin analyzed the eggs and
faeces and found that five times more calcium was excreted than was consumed. He observed, not only the increase of
calcium but also a subsequent decrease of silicon. He is certainly the first scientist to have demonstrated the biological
transmutation of silicon into calcium.
In his conclusion he remarked that a loss of only 1.274 g of silica cannot account for an increase of 14.118 g of
limestone. He concluded that lime had been formed, but could not figure out how it happened. Further more, he
encouraged other scientists to replicate his experiment.
4.4. Albrecht Thaer (1752–1828)
In the 18th century organic reactions are attributed to a “life force”. Thaer [11] showed that under some circumstances,
calcium transforms into silicon. According to him, silicon could come from potassium. Under certain circumstances
calcium in the plant became changed into silicon, whilst this substance may itself be formed from potassium
4.5. William Prout (1785–1850)
In 1822, the English physiologist, Prout [12] studied chicken eggs in incubation. He found that hatched chicks had
more lime (calcium) in their bodies than originally present in the egg, and it was not contributed from the shell.
4.6. Wilhelm Augustus Lampadius (1772–1842)
In 1832, Lampadius [13] thought that plants themselves create silicon in plants.
4.7. Vogel
In 1844, a German researcher named Vogel planted watercress seeds (Lepidum satirum) in a bell jar in crushed glass in
a controlled air environment. They were fed nothing but distilled water, yet when grown they contained more sulphur
than had been in the seeds originally. J.J. Berzelius reported the experiment in his book [14]. Vogel’s answer was that
sulphur was not a simple element or that sulphur was introduced from sources unknown.
4.8. Choubard
In 1831, Choubard [15] germinated watercress seeds in clean glass vessels and showed that the sprouts contained
minerals, which did not previously exist in the seeds.

14 Jean-Paul Biberian / Journal of Condensed Matter Nuclear Science 7 (2012) 11–25
4.9. John Bennet Lawes (1814–1900) and Joseph Henry Gilbert (1817–1901)
In 1856–1873, two British researchers, Lawes and Gilbert observed an inexplicable variation in the amount of magnesium
in the ashes of plants. They could “extract” more elements from the soil than the soil actually contained in the first
place, in particular the formation of magnesium in grass.
4.10. Albrecht Von Herzeele(1821–?)
In 1876 Herzeele [16], a German pharmacist published a series of books in which he showed research proving that
plants continuously create material elements. From 1875 to 1883, in Berlin, he conducted 500 analyses with different
types of seeds. He worked with: clover, crimson, vetch, rapeseed, barley, watercress, bean, white beans, kidney beans,
turnips, rye, peas lupine, coltsfoot and angelica. A typical experiment showed the variation of calcium, potassium
and phosphorus in Vicia sativa during germination with or without addition of mineral salts in distilled water.Also he
showed that the addition of various calcium salts to the medium increased the formation of potassium. The addition of
K2CO3, increased the formation of calcium.
He concluded that “Plants are capable of affecting the transmutation of elements”. His publications outraged so
much the scientific community of the time that they were removed from libraries. His writings were lost for more than
50 years until about ca.1930 when a collection was found by accident in Berlin by Dr. Hauschka, who subsequently
published Von Herzeele’s findings (the philosopher W.H. Preuss had dedicated an article to him; Preuss defended the
idea that inorganic nature was a product of the organic; Herzeele was in agreement, apparently inspired by Goethe).
5. During the 20th Century
5.1. Freudler
Freudler was a Professor at the famous French University, La Sorbonne. In 1928, he published a book based on his
10 years of research on the production of iodine by algae. He noticed a connection between tin and granite in which
the algae produced and iodine in the plants.
5.2. Earle Augustus Spessard
In 1940, Spessard [17] performed an experiment in which an organic process was studied in a hermetically sealed
container. The bottles were weighed after some years. At the end, living protozoa were still seen through the glass
walls. Presumably plant assimilation and animal respiration followed each other more or less in balance. There was a
weight increase of a few tenths of a milligram (with a balance accuracy of 0.02 mg). Sources of errors, so far as they
were known, were carefully eliminated. The predicted continuation of this work did not appear. The increase in weight
that was found was far too big to be considered as a “materialization” of the received light rays.
5.3. Rudolph Steiner (1861–1925)
Rudolph Steiner [18] in 1924 gave a series of lectures giving indications for the development of a new approach to
agriculture that later became known as biodynamics. In the 5th series of his lectures, he referred to composting, he
stated “even according to the purely external standards of analytical chemistry, this ought to betray the fact that there is
a kinship between the way in which oxygen and nitrogen are connected in the air and that in which lime and hydrogen
are connected in organic processes. Under the influence of hydrogen, lime and potash are constantly being changed
into nitrogenous matter, and finally into actual nitrogen. And the nitrogen, which has come into being in this way, has a

Jean-Paul Biberian / Journal of Condensed Matter Nuclear Science 7 (2012) 11–25 15
tremendous value for plant growth. Silicic acid, as we know, contains silicon and this in turn undergoes transmutation
in the living organism. It is changed into a substance which is of exceptional importance but which is not reckoned by
present-day science to be among the elements.”
5.4. Henri Spindler
In 1946–1947, the French Scientist and Director of the Laboratoire Maritime de Dinard, Spindler [19] discovered
Herzeele’s work on the decrease of phosphorus and increase of calcium. In 1959, he measured an increase of iodine
by 30% in algae, Laminaria flexicaulis and 80–100% in Laminaria sacharina.
5.5. Rudolf Hauschka (1891–1969)
An Austrian chemist, Hauschka [20] during the years 1934–1940, in sealed glass containers, weighed cress seeds, and
found an increase in weight of 0.54% during the full moon, and a decrease of 0.58% during the new moon. He published
several books in which he re-evaluated Herzelee’s work, which he included as appendix in his books, Substanzlehre
(though it has not been included in the English translation, The Nature of Substances).
5.6. Perrault
French scientist Perrault [21], from the Paris University, found that the hormone aldosterone provoked a transmutation
of Na to K, which could be fatal to a patient.
5.7. Julien
Julien [22] was a French Scientist, from the Besançon University. In 1959, he proved that if tench are put in water
containing 14% NaCl, their production of KCl increased by 36% within 4 h.
5.8. George 0shawa (1893–1966)
Oshawa [23] was a Japanese scientist, and an inventor of macrobiotics. He collaborated with Louis Kervran. His
opinion was that transmutation occurs during mastication.
5.9. Pierre Baranger (1900–1970)
Pierre Baranger was a French Scientist, a professor of organic chemistry at the famous Ecole Polytechnique, and head
of the Laboratory of Chemical Biology. He became intrigued with Herzeele’s experiments, but he thought that the
number of trials had been too limited and the precautions against error were insufficient. Baranger decided to repeat
the experiments with all possible precautions and a very large number of cases, which would allow a statistical study.
His research project from 1950 to 1970 involved thousands of analyses. Baranger verified the content of phosphorus,
potassium, calcium and iron of vetch seeds before and after germination in twice-distilled water to which pure calcium
chloride was not added. Hundreds of samples of 7–10 g each were selected, weighed to 1/100th milligram, and graded,
then germinated in a controlled environment.
Baranger found an increase of 4.2% in calcium, and 8.3% of iron, and subsequently a decrease in phosphorus of
1.9%, and of potassium of 1.1%. Interestingly, an addition of MnCl2increases the amount of iron produced.
None of the specialists who examined Baranger’s work were able to find any experimental errors. Baranger
concluded:

16 Jean-Paul Biberian / Journal of Condensed Matter Nuclear Science 7 (2012) 11–25
“These results, obtained by taking all possible precautions, confirm the general conclusions
proposed by Von Herzeele and lead one to think that under certain conditions the plants are
capable of forming elements, which did not exist before in the external environment”.
In May 1959, he submitted an article for publication in the French Academy of Sciences, but was not accepted.
Later in 1972, his family tried another submission without success. He had difficulties in publishing his findings, and
died without being able to do so. Later, in 1977, his family asked Jean Marie Gatheron, a close friend of Baranger to
publish Baranger’s work [24]. In 1976, his family submitted the final report of Baranger to the Academic Commission
of the French Academy ofAgriculture. It was decided that the work would be presented to the full assembly in a secret
meeting. The proposal of publication in a public meeting was rejected without any reason.
Baranger failed to provide relevant theory to explain his findings.
5.10. Leendert Willem Jacob Holleman (1906–1994)
From 1975 to 1989 Holleman [25], a Deutch scientist, performed experiments with alga Chlorella. He observed a
decrease, then subsequent increase, of potassium. However, in spite of several attempts, he could not reproduce his
own first positive experiments.
5.11. Correntin Louis Kervran (1901–1983)
Kervran is certainly the most well-known scientist having worked in the field of biological transmutations. He had a
broad knowledge of plants, geology and nuclear science. His findings have been published in French in ten books [26],
some of them have been translated into English [27]. He was also nominated for the Nobel Prize.
Observations
From 1935 Kervran [28] collected facts and performed experiments, which showed that transmutations of chemical
elements do indeed occur in living organisms. It started when he investigated fatal accidents from carbon monoxide
poisoning when none was detectable in the air. Next he analysed why Sahara oilfield workers excreted a daily average
of 320 mg more calcium than they ingested without decalcification occurring.
Kervran pointed out that the ground in Brittany contained no calcium; however, every day a hen would lay a perfectly
normal egg, with a perfectly normal shell containing calcium. The hens eagerly pecked mica from the soil, and mica
contains potassium. It appears that the hens may transmute some of the potassium into calcium.
Experiments with seeds
From 1960 to 1980, Kervran reported the astounding results of his research showing that living plants were able to
accomplish limited transmutation of elements. Then Kervran was the Conferences Director of the University of Paris,
and his first paper was published in La Revue Générale Des Sciences, July 1960.
Kervran found that in nuclido-biological reactions, oxygen is always in the form of O, never O2; reactions with
nitrogen occur only with N2, insofar as is known. The following reactions have been proposed:

Jean-Paul Biberian / Journal of Condensed Matter Nuclear Science 7 (2012) 11–25 17
Na23 +H
1→Mg24 Na23 +O
16 →K39 Na23 –O
16 →Li7
Na23 →Li7+O
16 K39 +H
1→Ca40 Mg24 + Li7→P31
Mg24 +O
16 →Ca40 F19 +O
16 →Cl35 C12 + Li7→F19
Cl35 →C12 + Na23 Fe56–H
1→Mn55 2O
16 –H
1→P31
O16 +O
16 →S32 2N
14 →C12 +O
16 N14 + Mg12 →K19
Si28 +C
12 →Ca40 Si28 +C
12 →Ca40 P31 +H
1→S32
In 1980, Kevran [29] performed an experiment with oat seeds analysed using mass spectroscopy. They looked at
phosphorus and calcium variations. They observed the following:
Phosphorus (mg) Calcium (mg)
Seeds 485 76
Plants 310 115.5
Difference (mg) –175 +39.5
It is clear that the calcium increased with germination, whereas phosphorus decreased. There are certainly other
elements that played a role, but they were not analysed in this experiment.
The French Society of Agriculture
In 1971, the laboratory of the French Society of Agriculture sprouted rye seeds under controlled conditions.
Seeds Sprouts Difference (mg) Difference (%)
Mg (mg) 13.34 3.20 –10.14 –335%
K (mg) 7.36 16.67 +9.31 +133%
These results are in good agreement with Kervran’s previous findings.
Kervran was very active in promoting his work through books, conferences and mass medias. However, the Academy
of Agriculture strongly opposed his efforts. In October 7, 1970, Stéphane Henin on one side and Léon Guéguen and
Allez on the other side sent reports to the Academy by criticizing Kervran’s results [30].
5.12. J.E. Zündel
Zündel [31] was a Swiss scientist, head of a paper company, and a chemical engineer at the Polytechnic School of
Zurich (ETH Zurich) in Switzerland. Following Kervran’s observations from 1970, he studied germinating seeds and
observed a 54–616% increase of calcium. In another experiment, he grew 150 oats seeds (flämingkrone) in a controlled
environment for 6 weeks. 1243 sprouts were analysed using atomic absorption spectroscopy for the presence of
magnesium and calcium. The potassium decreased by 0.033%, the calcium increased by 0.032%, and magnesium
decreased by 0.007%. The variation of magnesium was not significant, but the decrease in potassium balanced the
increase of calcium. In 1972 with oat seeds, he observed an increase of calcium of 118%, a decrease of magnesium of
23%, and potassium 29%.

18 Jean-Paul Biberian / Journal of Condensed Matter Nuclear Science 7 (2012) 11–25
In 1971, he gave a lecture at the French Academy of Agriculture (Bull No. 4, 1972). In his lecture, he announced
the following variations between seeds and sprouts:
SiO2Ca Mg K
Seeds 111 mg 28 mg 27 mg 108 mg
Sprouts 123 mg 116 mg 27 mg 70 mg
+10% +314% 0% –35%
In spite of the excellent quality of his works, the audience criticized him, including S. Henin, the head of the
Department of Agronomy.
Later in 1979, Zündel, using a mass spectrometer at the the Microanalysis Laboratory of the French National
Scientific Research Center, and neutron activation analysis at the Swiss Institute for Nuclear Research in Villigen
(Aargau), confirmed the increase of calcium by 61%. There was also an increase of 29% in phosphorus and 36% in
sulphur) [32].
However, the French Atomic Energy Commission has analysed Zündel’s experiments in 1975 by neutron activation
analysis of oat seeds. They found no change in calcium, sodium and manganese, but only a small decrease of potassium,
also no isotopic variation in Ca48 and K41.
5.13. Hisatoki Komaki
Following Kervran’s work in 1970–1980, Komaki [33] from the Biological and Agricultural Research Institute studied
the development of bacteria, mould and yeast. Among those: Aspergillus niger,Penicillum chrysogenum,Rhizopus
nigricans,Mucor rouxii,Saccharomyces cerevisiae,Torulopsis utilis,Saccharomyces ellipsoideus and Hansenula
anomala.Komakireportedthateightstrainsofmicroorganismsgrowninpotassiumdeficientculturemediaincreased
the total of potassium by transmutation of calcium to potassium. He also showed that phosphorus can be formed by the
fusion of nitrogen and oxygen: N + O →P. He even marketed a brewer’s yeast product that, when applied to composts,
increases their potassium content.
6. Present Times
6.1. Panos T. Pappas
In 1998, Pappas [34] published an article suggesting that biological transmutation occurs as a form of cold fusion in
the cellular membrane sodium–potassium pump. According to Pappas, the ions are not pumped back and forth through
the membrane, but instead transmute back and forth between Na and K.
6.2. Jean-Paul Biberian
Experiments were performed with seeds: wheat and oats as well as bacteria: Marine bacteria (Marinobacter sp strain
CAB) and Lactobacilius [4]. In most of the experiments, variations in the concentration of minerals have been observed.
In particular, it is interesting to note that when the seeds grew, heavy metals decrease in large amounts. Even though
these results are only preliminary, they confirm the observations made by others, in particular Kervran.

Jean-Paul Biberian / Journal of Condensed Matter Nuclear Science 7 (2012) 11–25 19
6.3. Vladimir Vysotskii
Vysotskii is a scientist from Ukraine. He started working on biological transmutations in the 1990s. He is well known
for using modern analytical techniques. In particular, he used Mossbauer spectroscopy, very sensitive to Fe57, to
measure its production. In natural iron, Fe57 represents only 2.2% of the total. The main isotope of iron is Fe56, which
represents 91.7%. Measuring Fe57 is also very easy by mass spectroscopy, since there is no possible interference with
another element. The proposed transmutation is
Mn55 +D
2→Fe57.
The experiments conducted by Vysotskii and Kornilova [3] were performed with bacteria capable of developing in
heavy water. They chose Bacillus subtilis,Escherichia coli and Deinococcus radiodurans, as well as a yeast culture
Saccharomyces cerevisiae. When manganese was introduced with MnSO4, a clear spectrum was measured, indicating
that manganese had been transmuted into iron. The authors analysed the material by time-of-flight mass spectroscopy
showing that the mass 57 peak was as large as that of mass 56. This is another confirmation of the production of Fe57.
Vysotskii and Kornilova have also analysed another reaction
Na23 +P
31 →Fe54.
In natural iron, Fe54 represents only 5.8%. The bacteria developed in a medium without iron, and after development
they measured Fe54 as large as Fe56.
In similar experiments they observed the following reaction
Cs133 +H
1→Ba134.
In experiments destined to reducing radioactivity, they conducted experiments with synthetic microbiological cul-
tures, which were up to 20 times more effective than the standard microbiological cultures. It was shown that Ba140,
which is radioactive with a half-life of 12 days, transforms into Sm152, which is stable with the possible following
reaction:
Ba140 +C
12 →Sm152.
Interestingly, Cs137, which is radioactive with a half-lifetime of 30 years, transmutes into Ba138, which has a much
shorter lifetime of 310 days.
Cs137 +H
1→Ba138.
This work is certainly the best proof of biological transmutations.
6.4. Edwin Engel, Rudolf Gruber
In 2006, Engel and Gruber [35] from Germany wished to confirm Kervran and Baranger’s works. They showed that
during germination, manganese transmutes into iron. They used mung beans sprouted in MnCl2. They showed an
increase of iron. They assumed the following reaction
Mn55 +H
1→Fe56.
7. Negative Experiments
Even though many positive experiments have been performed by indicating the reality of the phenomenon of biological
transmutations, several experiments contradict these findings.

20 Jean-Paul Biberian / Journal of Condensed Matter Nuclear Science 7 (2012) 11–25
7.1. Nicolas Théodore de Saussure (1767–1845)
In 1804, de Saussure published his work: “Recherches chimiques sur la végétation”, Nyon, Paris (Chemical Researches
on Végétation). As a follower of Lavoisier, Saussure stood strongly with the standpoint of the conservation of matter
and referred all transmutations and creation to the realm of fables. He puts special emphasis on the necessity of this field
to be absolutely certain, with experiments, that the so-called created matter was not already present in the environment.
So he demonstrated, for example, that the presence of silicates in plants, which were attributed to the life-force by
Lampadius, was in reality determined by the amount of silicon present in the soil.
7.2. Jean-Louis Lassaigne (1800–1859)
Lassaigne initially worked in the laboratory of Louis-Nicolas Vauquelin. He was a professeur at Ecole Vétérinaire
d’Alfort. His works were published in 1821 with the germination of grains supported the findings of de Saussure. His
later works on the development of chicks contradicted the results of Vauquelin.
7.3. P.E. Jablonski
In 1836, Jablonski found no increase in the amount of ashes in the plants above the one in the seed. Therefore, criticizing
Schrader and Braconnot.
7.4. Arend Joachim Friedrich Wiegmann (1770–1853) and A.L. Polstorff
Wiegmann and Polstorff made the following experiment: They followed the techniques of their predecessors, but with
a soil that consisted of the most inert material known to them at that time. They let 28 seeds of garden cress (Lepidium
sativum) germinate in distilled water in a platinum crucible that was filled with fine platinum wires. The crucible was
placed under a glass bell jar through which circulated a mixture of 1% carbon dioxide. The seeds germinated and grew
into small plants until, after 26 days, they began to die. After drying the crucible and its contents, ashing and weighing
obtained 0.0025 g of ash. The weight of the ash obtained from 28 seeds was likewise 0.0025 g. Therefore, there was
neither weight change nor new elements formed. However, this conclusion does not contradict previous experiments,
since only the weights were compared. No attempt was made to check for the transmutation of one element into another.
7.5. M. Emile Rinck
In 1947, Rink checked Hauschka’s work and found only 0.02% weight change.
7.6. Léon Guéguin
In 1970, Guéguin from the INRA (The French Institut of Agronomical Research) has shown that there was no trans-
mutation in Kervran’s type experiments.
7.7. D.B. Long
Long was a British scientist, from the Michaelis Nutricional Research laboratory, Harpenden, UK. In 1971, he published
a report [36] indicating that he did not observe differences in K, Mg, Ca, Mn, Fe, Zn and Cu when looking at rye and
oat seeds germinated. The table shown below shows his experimental results.

Jean-Paul Biberian / Journal of Condensed Matter Nuclear Science 7 (2012) 11–25 21
Elements Seeds Plants Change (%)
Average
value
Standard
deviation
Average
value
Standard
deviation
Potassium (mg) 1.582 0.009 1.506 0.016 –4.8
Magnesium (mg) 1.270 0.006 1.273 0.006 +0.2
Calcium (µg) 2.122 0.016 2.157 0.019 +1.6
Manganese (µg) 28.8 0.1 24.9 0.2 –13.5
Iron (µg) 49.7 0.2 48.6 0.5 –2.2
Zinc (µg) 20.9 0.2 21.7 0.05 +3.8
Copper (µg) 6.22 0.2 6.57 0.1 +5.6
7.8. L. Soubiès and R. Gadet
Following Baranger’s work, and his attempts to get his findings accepted by the scientific community, Soubiès and
Gadet performed similar experiments with the Baranger’s protocol and a more rigorous one. They presented their
results in 1972 in the bulletin of the French Chamber of Agriculture. They demonstrated that using their better protocol
no transmutation is detected, whereas with the original one there is less sodium produced. They proposed that the
anomalies were due to diffusion of minerals from the glass used in the experiments.
7.9. Horber
In 1976, Horber, a Swiss scientist from Zurich, looked at calcium variations by neutron activation analysis. He found
a 2% variation, but with a precision of ±5%.
7.10. J.A. Jungerman and Murphy
In February 1977, Professor Jungerman and Murphy from the University of California, Davis reported the results of an
experiment: the growth of oat seeds under carefully controlled conditions. Analysis was made by atomic absorption
and X-ray fluorescence for Ca and K. They found no evidence of transmutation.
7.11. Carolyn E. Damon
In 1978, Damon from the U.S. Customs Technical Service Division conducted tests for biological transmutation with
Aspergillus terreus and Rhizopus nigricans, he obtained negative results.
7.12. Bernd Franke
In 1978, Franke defended his thesis for States Exam at the Botanical Institute of the University of Heidelberg in
Germany, the title of which was: “Critical examination of tests on the transformation of biological elements”. He
analysed calcium, magnesium and potassium during the growth of oats seeds (Avena sativa) and yeast (Sacharomycus
cervisiae). He did not find any significant changes in the composition of the seeds and yeast during their analyses.
7.13. Enrico Di Vito, Carla Candian, Luigi Garlaschelli andAntonio Triassi
In 2002, these scientists from Italy failed to replicate Kervran’s work. They looked at the growth of oat seeds (cultivar
Nave). They analysed their products using ICP emission, but found no variation in Ca, Mg and K in sprouting oat seeds.

22 Jean-Paul Biberian / Journal of Condensed Matter Nuclear Science 7 (2012) 11–25
8. Theory
8.1. Kervran
Kervran thought that the nuclear reactions that occur in biology were connected to the structure of the nucleus. He
developed a unique model of the nucleus with a design that explains the potential transmutations.
8.2. Costa de Beauregard(1911–2007)
Costa de Beauregard [37] was the Research Director at the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, and
Professor of Theoretical Physics at the Institut de Physique Théorique Henri Poincaré. He studied Kervran’s works in
1962 and began to correspond and met with him. He suggested that such transmutations neither take place through
strong interactions nor through electromagnetic forces, but through the weak interaction. This takes place through
the neutral current of the intermediate vector boson, the so-called Zo, particle. Kervran’s reaction for a biological
transmutation from potassium to calcium in germinating oats is thus explained as being initiated by neutrino capture
(from cosmic rays) and the weak interaction follows mediated by the Z, neutral current.
ϑ+1
1H++29
14K++Z0
−→
+enzyme
40
20Ca++ +
−
ϑ.
In 2006, I called Costa de Beauregard at his home in Paris, and asked him if he continued his research. He replied that
he did not.
8.3. Goldfein
In 1978, an officially funded effort from the U.S. Army Mobility Equipment Research and Development Command,
Fort Belvoir, Virginia positively confirmed that mechanisms for elemental transmutations could occur in biological
systems. The work was performed under the direction of Emil J. York, Chief of the Material Technology Laboratory.
Solomon Goldfein was the principal investigator for the effort. Robert C. McMillan, Chief of the Radiation Research
Group of the laboratory, provided guidance on matters of physics and nuclear physics. The abstract of the final report
[38] reads as follows:
“The purpose of the study was to determine whether recent disclosures of elemental transmutations occurring in
biological entities have revealed new possible sources of energy. The works of Kervran, Komaki and others were
surveyed, and it was concluded that, granted the existence of such transmutations (Na to Mg, K to Ca and Mn to Fe), a
net surplus of energy was also produced. The proposed mechanism was described in which Mg adenosine triphosphate,
located in the mitochondrion of the cell, played a double role as an energy producer. In addition to the widely accepted
biochemical role of Mg-ATP in which it produces energy as it disintegrates part by part, Mg-ATP can also be considered
to be a cyclotron on a molecular scale. The Mg-ATP when placed in layers one atop the other has all the attributes
of a cyclotron in accordance with the requirements set forth by E.O. Lawrence, inventor of the cyclotron.” “It was
concluded that elemental transmutations were indeed occurring in life organisms [sic] and were probably accompanied
by a net energy gain.”
Goldfein postulated a conformational structure of a stack of Mg-ATP molecules forming a helical chain. The Mg-
ATP chelate produces oscillating electrical currents, which act as a micromini-cyclotron that accelerates hydrogen ions
to relativistic speeds with sufficient potential to transmute an element to the next higher number. It was concluded that
the elemental transmutations occurring in living organisms are accompanied by losses in mass representing conversion
to thermal energy and that such energy probably is a net gain when compared to the amount required to effect the
transmutation.

Jean-Paul Biberian / Journal of Condensed Matter Nuclear Science 7 (2012) 11–25 23
8.4. Conclusion
Lavoisier has established a mass conservation law which is valid in chemistry. Now we know that it is not true when
nuclear reactions are involved. The review of more than two centuries of research demonstrates that this is not true in
biology. It appears that all living organisms can under some circumstances produce nuclear reactions. However, there is
an important need of finding an adequate theory to explain these results. It is highly probable that such a theory should
also be capable of explaining Cold Fusion, or more generally, nuclear reactions in condensed matter. Another point is
the irreproducibility of some experiments. Probably, in order to produce significant transmutation of an element, it is
necessary that another element be missing. It seems that nature has a tendency to find ways to transmute an element
into another to provide the necessary ingredients for the healthy growth of the four kingdoms of bacteria, fungi, plants
and animals, including human beings.
Historically, the sequence of discoveries in biological transmutation is the following: Vauquelin was the initiator
in 1799. Later Herzelee in 1876–1883 did a lot of research, but his work was removed. Later Hauschka rediscovered
Von Herzelee’s work. Baranger and Kervran discovered this work. As a consequence of their contribution to the field
Zündel continued the work as well as Goldfein. Finally Vysotskii knowing the work of Kervran brought an important
contribution.
This review shows that biological transmutations deserve a lot of attention from the scientific community. The
consequences of this are important for science, medicine, agriculture and diet. The cost of research in this field is so
low compare with other fields that it is unacceptable not to do it.
Studies of the process called cold fusion or Low Energy Nuclear Reactions (LENR) over the past 22 years show that
nuclear reactions of various kinds can be initiated in inorganic solid materials under conditions similar to those present
during the claimed biological transmutations. These reactions all have the basic characteristic of producing energy as
would be required of a spontaneous reaction. In contrast, many of the proposed nuclear reactions in biological systems
cannot result in energy production because mass is not lost in the process. Instead, the mass gain would require the
concentration of significant energy from the environment. This violates the basic laws of thermodynamics and makes
the suggested reactions impossible. In addition, the elements involved in the proposed nuclear reaction must have
a way to find each other in the same biological structure and experience a reduction in their Coulomb barrier before
interaction can occur. These several limitations severely limit possible explanations. However, these limitations do not
make the nuclear reactions impossible, just more of a challenge to explain. The basic question to be answered is do
such reactions actually occur in Nature? The evidence strongly indicates that some of the observed reactions actually
occur, requiring an explanation to be found.
Acknowledgements
I wish to thank various people who have helped me in the realization of the biological transmutation experiments: The
Holleman Stichting, David Cuthbertson, Valérie Michotey, Jean-Jacques Allegraud and Pascal Gos.
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