Dairy goats in Indonesia: potential opportunities and challenges

Full text

47
Proceedings of the 1st Asia Dairy Goat Conference, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 9–12 April 2012
Country Report 1
Dairy Goats in Indonesia: Potential, Opportunities and Challenges
Astuti, D.A.*& A. Sudarman
Faculty of Animal Science, Bogor Agricultural University, Campus IPB Darmaga,
Jalan Raya Darmaga, Bogor, Indonesia
*Email of corresponding author: dewiapriastuti@yahoo.com
Potential
Indonesia has the world‟s second largest animal biodiversity. Farmers in Indonesia have been
introduced to animal agriculture that includes dairy goats. In fact the population of goats in
Indonesia has increased gradually at an average rate of 4.6% in the last ten years, from 12
million in 2000 to 16.8 million in 2010, involving 3.5 million households (BPS, 2010). The
goats are spread throughout 33 provinces with the highest population of 3.5 million heads
(20%) in Central Java followed by East Java with 2.7 million heads (16%) and West Java
with 1.6 million heads (9.5%). Goats offers good business opportunities in Indonesia because
they are very well-adapted to the tropical environment and require low investments. Farmers
usually rear a few animals without intensive management, as a living bank for emergencies
and expenses and as a source of fertiliser for crops. Also, they play an important role in the
social life of the villagers. Goats are usually reared to produce meat and milk. In Indonesia
there are many goat breeds for example the bali, boerawa, etawah, gembrong, jawa randu,
kacang, kosta, marica, muara, samosir, kapra, etawah crossbreds and saanen. Among them
only etawah, etawah crossbred (etawah × local kacang goat) and saanen goats are dairy goats.
The breeding center of dairy goats in Indonesia is in Kaligesing-Purworejo, Central Java.
From the centre, animals are distributed to areas, which have potential to improve their
performance, like Yogyakarta, Bogor, Bandung and Pasuruan.
The nutrient composition of goat milk is 17 to 13% DM, 3.3 to 4.9% CP, 4 to 7% fat,
4.6% carbohydrate, 129 mg Ca, 106 mg P, 185 mg vitamin A and 0.3 mg niacin. Moeljanto,
et al. (2002) reported some benefits of goat milk over cow milk including flouride
concentration being 10 to 100 times higher in goat than cow milk, thus it can be used as
natural antiseptic, alkaline and healthy food. The milk is safe to consume and could neutralise
stomach pH, digestible smooth proteins, easy to digest small size of fat particle, high sodium,
calcium and phosphorus minerals content, white color with no odor and protective properties
against osteoporosis.
Milk production in Indonesia has increased in the last five years from 616,549 tonnes in
2006 to 927,838 tonnes in 2010, with an average increment of 9.25% per year, but most of
the milk comes from dairy cattle. In a few regions, the dairy goat has contributed to the total
milk supply, especially in big cities such as Jakarta and Surabaya fetching high prices of US$
2.5 to 3.0 per litre.
Opportunities
The population of Indonesia is on the increase and consequently the need for healthy food has
also increased. In 2008, the consumption of meat was 7.75 kg/capita/year, an increase of
7.4% over the previous year. Egg consumption was 17.42 kg/capita/year while milk

48
consumption was 6.92 kg/capita/year. The infant milk powder and sweet canned liquid milk
are the major contributors to the overall milk consumption. Thus the production of fresh milk
could potentially increase to meet increasing demands for either processed or fresh milk.
Milk consumption in 2009 (0.17 L/capita/d) increased compared with that of the previous
year (0.13 L/capita/d), the demand cannot be met by local production. Thus to meet this
requirement, the government had to import milk powder. To overcome the lack of local milk
supply, goat milk can play a role as an alternative source. Deficit of fresh milk supply from
the cow is equivalent to approximately 750,000 lactating goats, which means an estimated
75,000 small farmers or households can contribute to the dairy farming business. This
certainly will provide opportunities for the dairy goat farmer. Goat milk however is still not
as popular as cow milk, although it is consumed for health purposes even at a high cost of
US$ 5/L. The dairy goat industry in Indonesia needs to be supported by the business and
research community.
Business
One good example of a dairy goat small business in Indonesia is at Unggul farm in Bogor
District. In this farm, in 2007, the dairy goat population increased by 129% compared to other
districts in Bogor. A case study of a smallholding dairy goats in Unggul farm in the Ciampea
district, Bogor, which has 50 animals showed that it has good business indicators, with Net
Present Value (NPV) of Rp 359,966,477 or US$ 36,000, an Internal Rate Return (IRR)
127%, a Net Benefit Cost Ratio (Net B/C) of 5.77 and a Payback Period (PBP) of 2 years.
Another farm in West Java is the Ciangsana farm specialising in breeding dairy goats. They
breed the SAPERA goat, which is a crossbred of a male Saanen with a female Etawah.
At Turi District-Yogyakarta, a cooperative dairy goat farming named Suyadi Farm
supervised by the Faculty of Animal Science, Gadjah Mada University, has been running an
intensive dairy goat farm over the past ten years. In this farm, milk production from the
lactating goats is 0.5–1.2 L/d at market price of US$ 2.5 to 3.0/L. In this district, the goat
population is around 250 heads with 38 households and the average milk production is 2.7
L/head/d.
Another district, Kemirikebo in Yogyakarta, has 623 goats involving 65 households.
Urine and feces of the animals are used as fertilizer at market price of US$ 1.5/L and US$
5/zak, respectively. The „wastes‟ are sold to the Salak fruit plantation in the vicinity of the
farm. This business has improved the income of the goat farmers. In case of overproduction,
the excess milk is processed into caramel milk candy, ice cream, milk crackers, „dodol‟ and
yoghurt with a variety of flavors including strawberry, apple and coconut.
Rosyidi from the Pakem district of Yogyakarta is a progressive farmer who has a
milking machine for his goats and a mini-factory for making yoghurt. Another farmer,
Bondan from the Condongcatur district of Yogyakarta, has introduced a special way to sell
the fresh milk by a door-price system (Kompas, 2011).
Research
Universities and research institutions of the Department of Agriculture have provided
information and technology on good farming practices to improve production performance of
dairy goats. Feed is the most important in production animals. One study determined the
requirement and utilisation of traditional rations (native grass plus rice bran) in digestion,
metabolism and dynamics of nutrients for lactating goats, as shown in Table 1 (Astuti et al.,
2000). This study also developed equations to calculate the energy and protein requirements
of the lactating etawah crossbred goats using multiple regression analysis of independent
metabolic and performance parameter data as follows:

49
ME (Mj/d.kg BW0.75) = 0.50 + 0.068 RE (Mj/d) or
ME (Mj/d) = 4.23 + 0.71 RE + 0.003 ADG + 0.006 RP + 0.002 MY
Protein (g/d.kg BW0.75) = 10.81 – 0.02 RP (g/d)
Protein (g/d) = 85.05 – 5.36 RE + 0.055 ADG – 0.16 RP + 0.068 MY
Table 1. Digestion, metabolism and glucose kinetics of lactating Etawah crossbred
goats
Nutritional parameters
ad lib
90% of ad lib
80% of ad lib
SEM
DM intake (g/d)
865a
765b
620c
38
Protein intake (g/d)
158a
152ab
135b
17
Energy intake (MJ/d)
16.0a
14.0b
11.4c
0.70
DM digestibility (%)
70
69
65
7
Protein digestibility (%)
66
63
62
5
Energy digestibility (%)
69
67
68
5
ME intake (MJ/d)
7.8a
6.6ab
6.5b
1
ME/DE (%)
83
82
84
3
HP (MJ/d)*
6.3
5.5
5.2
1
Retained Energy (MJ/d)
1.6
1.2
1.3
0.6
Retained Protein (g/d)
32a
25b
14c
3
Glucose kinetics:
Plasma glucose (mg/dl)
104
99
98
5
Pool glucose (g/head)*
3.3a
2.2b
1.9c
0.4
Glucose flux (mg/min.head)*
29a
24b
15c
3
TQ (%)*
14.7
13.6
14.7
2
GNG (mg/min.head)*
26a
20a
13b
6
Values are means
a,b,cMeans in the same row with different superscripts are significantly different (P<0.01); * isotope
technique. SEM = Standard error of mean.
Tempe (fermented peanuts) is one of the popular Indonesian foods. Tempe waste,
which is produced as a by-product of the home industry, has potential to be used in dairy goat
rations. Solid waste still has a good quality with 16% crude protein and liquid waste is
available as a drink. Processing technology has introduced ways to improve the quality of
tempe waste by using Aspergillus niger to ferment the waste to be used in dairy goat rations.
A study on the use of tempe waste (Table 2) was conducted in the field on dairy goats at
Yogyakarta under the supervision of the IPB-Gadjah Mada University collaboration project
(Astuti et al., 2003). Nutrient uptake by the mammary gland was determined, based on the
mammary artero-venous difference (Sastradipradja et al., 1996).

50
Table 2. Milk yield and nutrient uptake in the mammary gland of Etawah
Crossbred goats fed with tempe waste.
Parameters
Control
Tempe waste
Fresh
Fermented
Milk yield (mL/d)
1070b
700c
1545a
Total milk protein (g/d)
51.45b
29.90c
74.90a
Total milk fat (g/d)
42.90b
29.00c
63.30a
Total milk lactose (g/d)
37.50b
27.30c
57.76a
Nutrient uptake:
Glucose
51b
35c
72a
Triglycerides
45b
30c
54a
Total protein
45b
38c
60a
Acetic acids
30b
2c
45a
Values are means
a,b,cMeans in the same row with different superscripts are significantly different (P<0.01); Control
= ration with 50% grass: 50% concentrate; Fresh tempe waste = ration with 50% grass: 25%
concentrate: 25% fresh tempe waste; Fermented tempe waste = ration with 50% grass: 25%
concentrate: 25% fermented tempe waste.
Challenges
Government Support
The number of dairy goats in Indonesia is still small compared to total animal agriculture.
Information on the population, milk production and on dairy goat business centres is still
scarce and not common knowledge. However, the industry can blossom if both the
government and private sectors provide support and focus on increasing dairy goat
production. Presently Indonesia is still improving strategies to promote dairy goat industry by
increasing goat population (breeding), counseling and applying high technology production.
Breeding centre
The biggest breeding centre of etawah goats in Indonesia is in the Kaligesing district, Central
Java, which is supported by the government. Presently, the activities and breeding
programmes in the centre have decreased due to changes in the government roles, increase in
capital requirement, lack of market priority (export), high rate of sterile doe slaughter and
limited post-harvest technology and facilities, among others.
Drinking fresh milk goat culture
The low milk consumption in Indonesia is not only caused by low milk production and the
high price of the product, but also by culture and preference. Very few Indonesians like and
can afford goat milk. Although the government had attempted to promote drinking of goat
milk through programs such “Milk Day”, it has not been sustainable.
References
Astuti, D.A., E.B. Laconi and D. Sastradipradja, 2003. Studies on milk production of Etawah
crossbreed goat fed with tempe waste. XIXth EAAP Conference, Rostock, Germany.

51
Astuti, D.A, D. Sastradipradja and T. Sutardi, 2000. Nutrient Balance and Glucose
Metabolism of female growing, late pregnant and lactating Etawah crossbreed goats. Asian-
Australasian J. Anim. Sci. 13 (8): 1068–1075.
BPS, 2010 (Livestock Statistics 2010). Department of Agriculture RI. CV. Ella Citra Utama,
Jakarta.
Moeljanto, R. Damayanti and Wiryanta, 2002. The potency of goat milk. Agromedia Pustaka
Depok Indonesia. http://www.susukambing.net. (Accessed on October, 15).
Kompas, 2011. Etawah goats increase the farmer income and solved environment. Eds. Tim
Website Kompas News, 10: 51: 19 WIB, July 6, 2011.
Sastradipradja, D. and D.A. Astuti, 1996. Milk productive potential of Etawah crossbreed
goats based on mammary artero-venous difference of nutrient contents and milk composition.
VIIIth AAAP Congress, Tokyo, Japan, October 1996.