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Representative electrical load profiles of residential buildings in Germany with a temporal resolution of one second

  • December 2015
DOI:10.13140/RG.2.1.3713.1606/1
Authors:
Tjarko Tjaden at Forschungszentrum Jülich
Tjarko Tjaden
Joseph Bergner at Hochschule für Technik und Wirtschaft Berlin
Joseph Bergner
Johannes Weniger at Hochschule für Technik und Wirtschaft Berlin
Johannes Weniger
Volker Quaschning at Hochschule für Technik und Wirtschaft Berlin
Volker Quaschning
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Abstract

Precise and representative electrical load profiles of households are an essential basis for a variety of scientific research questions in the field of energy supply and storage. Firstly, this document describes the data basis and preparation of a freely available dataset of highly temporal resolved and representative load profiles. Finally, the data is visualized and its representative status for single family households in Germany is proven.
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Representative electrical load profiles of residential buildings
in Germany with a temporal resolution of one second
Tjarko Tjaden, Joseph Bergner, Johannes Weniger, Volker Quaschning
HTW Berlin - University of Applied Sciences
Research Group Solar storage systems
Wilhelminenhofstraße 75A, 12459 Berlin, Germany
http://pvspeicher.htw-berlin.de
Abstract
Precise and representative electrical load profiles of households are an essential basis for a variety of scientific
research questions in the field of energy supply and storage. Firstly, this document describes the data basis
and preparation of a freely available dataset of highly temporal resolved and representative load profiles. Fi-
nally, the data is visualized and its representative status for single family households in Germany is proven.
Keywords: load profiles, measurements, energy-related simulation, energy management
1 Introduction
There is a variety of conventional and renewable technologies available for realizing the energy supply of
single family households. Concerning system sizing issues and the determination of energetic performance,
detailed simulations based on time series of the generation and consumption are necessary. The household´s
electricity consumption in its seasonal and average daily variability is often crucial for the simulation results
[1]–[3]. Furthermore, it is obvious that a higher temporal resolution of the data can lead to more reliable or
more exact results. This report introduces a freely available synthesized dataset which contains phase re-
solved yearly load profiles of the active and reactive power of 74 German single family households with a
temporal resolution of 1 s.
2 Data base
The subsequently introduced load profiles are based on two different measurement campaigns. Firstly, data
of the measured active power that was accumulated over three phases was taken into account. The data was
measured in a 15-minute resolution within the framework of the field test “Moderne Energiesparsysteme im
Haushalt” by the “Institut für ZunkunftsEnergieSysteme” (IZES) in the years 2008 through 2011 using smart
meters in 497 households (IZES dataset) [4]. Secondly, highly temporally resolved load data that was recorded
by the Vienna University of Technology (TU Wien) in the research project “ADRES-Concept” was used. The
measurements were carried out in 30 different Austrian households during a winter week as well as during a
summer week with a temporal resolution of 1 s and contain information about the three-phase active and
reactive power (ADRES dataset) [5].
2
3 Methodology
From 497 available measurements of the IZES dataset, 74 load profiles were chosen that contained less than
one day of summed up data gaps for the year 2010 in the record. All of the chosen datasets come from a
single grid operator, therefore the households are located in immediate proximity to each other. Occurring
gaps in the measurements were replaced with measured data from the same time frame of the respective day
of the previous week. The load profiles with their resolution of 15 minutes define the yearly and daily course
of the electrical load and form the basis for the synthesis toward load profiles with a 1 s resolution. Since the
measured data for the quarter-hourly used energy in Wh is only available as integers without decimal places,
equally distributed decimal places in the range of ±0.5 Wh have been added.
For the further synthesis of the highly resolved yearly load profiles, a data pool of 604,786 time series with a
1 s resolution was initially created from the ADRES dataset by shifting a 15-minute time frame by 1 minute.
For each household load profile of the IZES dataset, a 1 s time series whose amount of energy came closest
to the 15-minute measurement was taken from the data pool for each time step. The original 15-minute meas-
urement was then replaced by the selected 1 s time series of the phase resolved active and reactive power.
In order to prevent the accumulation of individual time series of the data pool, the synthesized load profiles
were changed again. Determined by a random number in the range of ±450 s, each day of the year was shifted
again for each of the 74 load profiles. The missing measurements at the beginning or end of a respective day
were filled with the measurements that were cut off by the shift.
Due to the higher temporal resolution, the synthesized load profile depicts the characteristic dynamic response
of household load curves with distinct load peaks much better. At the same time, the individual daily course of
the various household load profiles from the IZES dataset persists and is enhanced by the fluctuating load
behavior of switching consumers. Therefore, through the utilization of this load profile synthesis, load profiles
with a low temporal resolution can be converted into highly temporally resolved load profiles with typical load
fluctuations.
4 Visualization
In order to facilitate the work with the data and to enable quick access to essential information, the character-
istic properties of the dataset are described in the following.
4.1 Exemplary Day
Figure 1 shows the original data resolved at 15 minutes of the active power on 3rd of January for load profile
No. 1 as well as the 1-s load profile of the active and reactive power and the power factor. It can be clearly
seen that the synthesized load in the household fluctuates strongly and therefore frequently exceeds or un-
dercuts the 15-minute average. These fluctuations realistically depict the electrical consumption of a household
and present a difficult challenge for many control tasks.
3
Figure 1 Exemplary daily course of the active power, reactive power and of the power factor.
Strong fluctuations of the active power that seem extensively green in the figure are often kitchen appliances,
such as stove tops. Induction hobs, as well as ceramic glass cooktops show an oscillating behavior within a
time range of a few seconds.
4.2 Analysis: Annual Energy Consumption
The annual electricity consumption of the examined load profiles are between 1.4 and 8.6 MWh with a mean
value of 4.7 MWh (Figure 2). Under consideration of several current studies, this approximately corresponds
with the electricity consumption of a 4-person household [6, p. 28]. The various consumptions are roughly
normally distributed. Furthermore, it is apparent that the consumptions are equally distributed throughout the
three phases.
The reactive power usage averages over all load profiles at 2.91 Mvarh/a (Figure 3). It is predominantly induc-
tive (2.15 Mvarh/a), so that the capacitive reactive energy represents only a small amount (0.76 Mvarh/a).
4
Figure 2 Phase resolved sum of the active energy of the 74 load profiles and the corresponding histogram.
Figure 3 Phase-balanced sum of the reactive energy of the 74 load profiles and the corresponding histo-
gram.
4.3 Analysis: Representability based on the Standard Load Profile
In order to be able to make universally valid statements about energy systems in single family households, it
has to be ensured that the available data is a representative selection. Hence, for the validation, the average
of the 74 chosen load profiles is compared with the standard load profile (SLP) for households. For this, data
from Stromnetz Berlin GmbH for the year 2010 was taken into account [7]. For the seasonal course, Figure 4
(left) shows a good accordance between the measured data with the standard load profile. While the weekly
electricity demand varies between 20 and 25 kWh per MWh annual consumption in the winter months, less
than 20 kWh/MWh are consumed in typical summer weeks. Within the measured data, the summer and au-
tumn holidays are more apparent than within the standard load profile due to lower consumption. The electricity
consumption is slightly higher in the first and last weeks of the year.
The comparison of the daily mean course of the load, depicted in Figure 4 (right), is virtually identical to the
standard load profile in many ways. Altogether, the dynamic of the synthesized profiles - characterized by a
lower electricity demand at night and by a higher electricity demand in the evenings – is slightly more distinct
compared to the standard load profile.
5
Figure 4 Comparison of the seasonal (left) and daily (right) course of the specific average load of the 74
load profiles with the standard load profile. (For the purpose of a better depiction, the average daily profile
of the 1-second load profiles was converted into 15-min average values in the right figure)
General Information
The data and computational effort is not to be underestimated, when calculating with 1-second load profiles.
When calculating with only one load profile, but with as representative results as possible, the following load
profiles are recommended
Load profile 31 with regard to a good compliance with the seasonal course of the SLP
Load profile 17 with regard to a good compliance with the daily course of the SLP
4.4 Analysis: Daily and Seasonal Consumption
Regarding the energetic simulation of energy systems, in which it comes down to the simultaneity of generation
and consumption, the seasonal and daily distribution of the electricity consumption plays an important role.
For example, the load profiles can be characterized by the so-called noon-, summer- and night fraction (Figure
5):
The noon fraction describes which portion of the daily electricity consumption of a load profile that was
consumed until noon (12:00 o’clock CET) on an annual average. The smaller the value, the higher the
electricity consumption in the evening and therefore for example an advantageous west-orientation of
the PV system.
The summer fraction describes which portion of the annual load consumption of a load profile is con-
sumed in the six summer months. The smaller the value, the higher the relative portion of the electricity
consumption in the winter months (i.e. through a heat pump).
The night fraction describes which portion of the daily electricity consumption of a load profile is con-
sumed between sunset and sunrise on an annual average. The smaller the value, the better the cor-
relation between the PV generation and the consumption.
Figure 6 depicts the results of the three characterization methods for the 74 load profiles. The noon fraction
averages to 39 %, the summer fraction to 45 % and the night fraction to 48 %.
0
40
80
120
160
200
0 4 8 12 16 20 24
active power in W/MWh
hour of the day
average daily profile
Standard Load Profile (SLP)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
010 20 30 40 50
active energy in kWh/MWh
week of the year
average yearly profile
Standard Load Profile (SLP)
6
Figure 5 Qualitative depiction of the noon-, summer and night fraction of the electricity consumption.
Figure 6 Noon-, summer- and night portions of the 74 load profiles and the corresponding histograms.
045 90 135 180 225 270 315 360
0
4
8
12
16
20
24
hour of the day
day of the year
noon fraction summer fraction night fraction
0
5
10
15
20
25
30 40 50 60 70
frequency
noon fraction in %
20
30
40
50
60
010 20 30 40 50 60 70
noon fration in %
number of load profile
0
5
10
15
20
25
30 40 50 60 70
frequency
summer fraction in %
20
30
40
50
60
010 20 30 40 50 60 70
summer fracton in %
number of load profile
0
5
10
15
20
25
30 40 50 60 70
frequency
night fraction in %
20
30
40
50
60
010 20 30 40 50 60 70
night fraction in %
number of load profile
7
5 Download
If you are interested in the dataset, please follow this link to download it, electively as compressed CSV files
(approx. 5 GB compressed, 45 GB uncompressed) or in the MATLAB format (approx. 4 GB):
https://pvspeicher.htw-berlin.de/veroeffentlichungen/daten/lastprofile/
This work is licensed under a
Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Please use the following citation when using the data:
Tjaden, T.; Bergner, J.; Weniger, J.; Quaschning, V.: “Representative electrical load profiles of residential
buildings in Germany with a temporal resolution of one second “, Dataset, HTW Berlin – University of Applied
Sciences, License: CC-BY-NC-4.0, downloaded on [date].
6 Acknowledgement
The authors would like to thank the Institut für ZukunftsEnergieSysteme (IZES) and the Vienna University of
Technology (TUW) for the provision of the raw data and particularly for the opportunity to publish the synthe-
sized data and therefore to provide a foundation for detailed simulations and analysis to a wide range of further
research.
7 References
[1] J. Weniger, J. Bergner, D. Beier, M. Jakobi, T. Tjaden, and V. Quaschning, “Grid Feed-in Behavior of
Distributed PV Battery Systems,” in 30th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition,
Hamburg, 2015.
[2] T. Tjaden, J. Weniger, J. Bergner, F. Schnorr, and V. Quaschning, “Impact of the PV Generator’s Orien-
tation on the Energetic Assessment of PV Self-Consumption Systems Considering Individual Residential
Load Profiles,” in 29th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition, Amsterdam, 2014.
[3] J. Weniger, J. Bergner, T. Tjaden, J. Kretzer, F. Schnorr, and V. Quaschning, “Einfluss verschiedener
Betriebsstrategien auf die Netzeinspeisung räumlich verteilter PV-Speichersysteme,” in 30. Symposium
Photovoltaische Solarenergie, Bad Staffelstein, 2015.
[4] P. Hoffman, G. Frey, M. Friedrich, S. Kerber-Clasen, J. Marschall, and M. Geiger, “Praxistest „Moderne
Energiesparsysteme im Haushalt“,” IZES, Saarbrücken, Mar. 2012.
[5] A. Einfalt, A. Schuster, C. Leitinger, D. Tiefgraber, M. Litzlbauer, S. Ghaemi, D. Wertz, A. Frohner, and C.
Karner, “Konzeptentwicklung für ADRES - Autonome Dezentrale Erneuerbare Energie Systeme,” Wien,
Endbericht, Aug. 2012.
[6] M. Bost, B. Hirschl, and A. Aretz, “Effekte von Eigenverbrauch und Netzparität bei der Photovoltaik,” Insti-
tut für ökologische Wirtschaftsforschung, Berlin, 2011.
[7] Stromnetz Berlin GmbH, “Informationen für Stromversorger, SLP und TLP - Stromnetz Berlin,” 2010.
[Online]. Available: http://www.stromnetz-berlin.de/de/stromversorger.htm. [Accessed: 01-Oct-2013].

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  • Mar 2021
This paper investigates the impact of model granularity and temporal resolution on simulated energy flow items, self-sufficiency and self-consumption of grid-connected residential PV-battery systems. For such a purpose, three models with increasing levels of granularity are implemented for both PV modules and batteries. In addition, three temporal resolutions (i.e., 1 second, 1 minute, and 1 hour) of weather data and building electrical loads are considered. The simulation results for a PV-battery system in Lindenberg, Germany show that temporal resolutions have negligible impact on self-consumption and self-sufficiency, but cause noticeable differences of most power profiles observed in the PV-battery system. As for the impact of model granularity, the self-consumption is approximately 44% for the coarsest models, 48% for the models with the intermediate level of granularity, and 52% for the most refined models; the self-sufficiency is 83%, 78%, and 80%, respectively, for the three models.
Einfluss verschiedener Betriebsstrategien auf die Netzeinspeisung räumlich verteilter PV-Speichersysteme
Conference Paper
Full-text available
  • Mar 2015
Dieser Beitrag untersucht durch Simulationsrechnungen das Netzeinspeiseverhalten von verteilten PV-Speichersystemen auf Basis von standortspezifischen Globalstrahlungsdaten und individuellen Haushaltslastprofilen in Sekundenauflösung. Die Systeme sind in einem Gebiet mit einer Fläche von etwa 40 km² an 99 Standorten verteilt, wobei durchschnittlich pro Haushalt eine PV-Leistung von 4,7 kWp sowie eine Batteriespeicherkapazität von 4,7 kWh installiert sind. Den Schwerpunkt der Simulationsuntersuchungen stellt die Analyse der Maximalwerte sowie der Fluktuationen der resultierenden Netzeinspeiseleistungen bei verschiedenen Betriebsstrategien dar.
Impact of the PV Generator's Orientation on the Energetic Assessment of PV Self-Consumption Systems Considering Individual Residential Load Profiles
Conference Paper
Full-text available
  • Sep 2014
In this contribution, the impact of the PV generator’s orientation on the energetic assessment of PV self-consumption systems is investigated considering the influence of individual load profiles. For this purpose, the optimal azimuth and tilt angles of the PV generator are determined for 74 measured load profiles. Furthermore, basic relationships between the load profile and energy rating of the system can be identified by various characterization methods. These results are becoming increasingly relevant for the economic operation of PV self-consumption systems and are therefore helpful to determine new design recommendations for the residential sector.
Grid Feed-in Behavior of Distributed PV Battery Systems
  • Jan 2015
  • J Weniger
  • J Bergner
  • D Beier
  • M Jakobi
  • T Tjaden
  • V Quaschning
J. Weniger, J. Bergner, D. Beier, M. Jakobi, T. Tjaden, and V. Quaschning, "Grid Feed-in Behavior of Distributed PV Battery Systems," in 30th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition, Hamburg, 2015.
  • Apr 2012
  • P Hoffman
  • G Frey
  • M Friedrich
  • S Kerber-Clasen
  • J Marschall
  • M Geiger
P. Hoffman, G. Frey, M. Friedrich, S. Kerber-Clasen, J. Marschall, and M. Geiger, " Praxistest " Moderne Energiesparsysteme im Haushalt ", " IZES, Saarbrücken, Mar. 2012.
Konzeptentwicklung für ADRES -Autonome Dezentrale Erneuerbare Energie Systeme
  • Aug 2012
  • A Einfalt
  • A Schuster
  • C Leitinger
  • D Tiefgraber
  • M Litzlbauer
  • S Ghaemi
  • D Wertz
  • A Frohner
  • C Karner
A. Einfalt, A. Schuster, C. Leitinger, D. Tiefgraber, M. Litzlbauer, S. Ghaemi, D. Wertz, A. Frohner, and C. Karner, "Konzeptentwicklung für ADRES -Autonome Dezentrale Erneuerbare Energie Systeme," Wien, Endbericht, Aug. 2012.
Effekte von Eigenverbrauch und Netzparität bei der Photovoltaik
  • Jan 2011
  • M Bost
  • B Hirschl
  • A Aretz
M. Bost, B. Hirschl, and A. Aretz, "Effekte von Eigenverbrauch und Netzparität bei der Photovoltaik," Institut für ökologische Wirtschaftsforschung, Berlin, 2011.
Einfluss verschiedener Betriebsstrategien auf die Netzeinspeisung räumlich verteilter PV-Speichersysteme," in 30
  • Jan 2015
  • J Weniger
  • J Bergner
  • T Tjaden
  • J Kretzer
  • F Schnorr
  • V Quaschning
J. Weniger, J. Bergner, T. Tjaden, J. Kretzer, F. Schnorr, and V. Quaschning, "Einfluss verschiedener Betriebsstrategien auf die Netzeinspeisung räumlich verteilter PV-Speichersysteme," in 30. Symposium Photovoltaische Solarenergie, Bad Staffelstein, 2015.
Praxistest "Moderne Energiesparsysteme im Haushalt
  • Mar 2012
  • P Hoffman
  • G Frey
  • M Friedrich
  • S Kerber-Clasen
  • J Marschall
  • M Geiger
P. Hoffman, G. Frey, M. Friedrich, S. Kerber-Clasen, J. Marschall, and M. Geiger, "Praxistest "Moderne Energiesparsysteme im Haushalt"," IZES, Saarbrücken, Mar. 2012.
Informationen für Stromversorger, SLP und TLP -Stromnetz Berlin
  • Oct 2010
  • 1
  • Gmbh Stromnetz Berlin
Stromnetz Berlin GmbH, "Informationen für Stromversorger, SLP und TLP -Stromnetz Berlin," 2010. [Online]. Available: http://www.stromnetz-berlin.de/de/stromversorger.htm. [Accessed: 01-Oct-2013].