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Olympic weightlifting training improves vertical jump height in sportspeople: A systematic review with meta-analysis
Abstract
Purpose:
This systematic review was conducted to evaluate the effect of Olympic weightlifting (OW) on vertical jump (VJ) height compared to a control condition, traditional resistance training and plyometric training.
Methods:
Five electronic databases were searched using terms related to OW and VJ. Studies needed to include at least one OW exercise, an intervention lasting ≥6 weeks; a comparison group of control, traditional resistance training or plyometric training; and to have measured VJ height. The methodological quality of studies was assessed using the Downs and Black Checklist. Random and fixed effects meta-analyses were performed to pool the results of the included studies and generate a weighted mean effect size (ES).
Results:
Six studies (seven articles) were included in the meta-analyses and described a total of 232 participants (175 athletes and 57 physical education students) with resistance training experience, aged 19.5±2.2 years. Three studies compared OW versus control; four studies compared OW versus traditional resistance training; and three studies compared OW versus plyometric training. Meta-analyses indicated OW improved VJ height by 7.7% (95% CI 3.4 to 5.4 cm) compared to control (ES=0.62, p=0.03) and by 5.1% (95% CI 2.2 to 3.0 cm) compared to traditional resistance training (ES=0.64 p=0.00004). Change in VJ height was not different for OW versus plyometric training.
Conclusions:
OW is an effective training method to improve VJ height. The similar effects observed for OW and plyometric training on VJ height suggests that either of these methods would be beneficial when devising training programmes to improve VJ height.
... Existing meta-analyses examining the effects of weightlifting training (WLT) on jump performance advocate for this type of training as an effective training mode to improve vertical jump performance [13,14], which is most often determined by jump height. Several researchers have highlighted strong relationships between load and movement velocity, with the assessment of strength qualities being load-velocity specific [15,16]. ...
... Moderate to large effects favouring WLT across all variables in the WLT versus CON analysis indicate that WLT is more effective than no supplementary training for improving measures of strength, power and speed. These findings corroborate previous meta-analytical data that showed WLT could elicit moderate improvements in CMJ performance in comparison with CON group data [13]. Furthermore, based on the intervention characteristics of the studies included in the meta-analysis, three WLT sessions per week, for an 8-week period, is deemed a sufficient training dosage to elicit improvements in measures of strength, power and speed in athletes with limited weightlifting experience. ...
... These explosive movements produce adaptations transferable to a range of sporting movements [5], which may suggest why limited differences between the two training methods were found for sprinting and jumping performance. Similar magnitude of effects have been reported in extant meta-analyses when comparing the effects of WLT and PLYO on improvements in CMJ (ES = 0.15 [14], ES = 0.11 [13]). However, while improvements in jumping and sprinting from WLT and PLYO were found to be similar in the current study, it has been suggested that the mechanisms behind these changes may differ [13]. ...
Background
Weightlifting training (WLT) is commonly used to improve strength, power and speed in athletes. However, to date, WLT studies have either not compared training effects against those of other training methods, or been limited by small sample sizes, which are issues that can be resolved by pooling studies in a meta-analysis. Therefore, the objective of this systematic review with meta-analysis was to evaluate the effects of WLT compared with traditional resistance training (TRT), plyometric training (PLYO) and/or control (CON) on strength, power and speed.
Methods
The systematic review included peer-reviewed articles that employed a WLT intervention, a comparison group (i.e. TRT, PLYO, CON), and a measure of strength, power and/or speed. Means and standard deviations of outcomes were converted to Hedges’ g effect sizes using an inverse variance random-effects model to generate a weighted mean effect size (ES).
Results
Sixteen studies were included in the analysis, comprising 427 participants. Data indicated that when compared with TRT, WLT resulted in greater improvements in weightlifting load lifted (4 studies, p = 0.02, g = 1.35; 95% CI 0.20–2.51) and countermovement jump (CMJ) height (9 studies, p = 0.00, g = 0.95; 95% CI 0.04–1.87). There was also a large effect in terms of linear sprint speed (4 studies, p = 0.13, g = 1.04; 95% CI − 0.03 to 2.39) and change of direction speed (CODS) (2 studies, p = 0.36, g = 1.21; 95% CI − 1.41 to 3.83); however, this was not significant. Interpretation of these findings should acknowledge the high heterogeneity across the included studies and potential risk of bias. WLT and PLYO resulted in similar improvements in speed, power and strength as demonstrated by negligible to moderate, non-significant effects in favour of WLT for improvements in linear sprint speed (4 studies, p = 0.35, g = 0.20; 95% CI − 0.23 to 0.63), CODS (3 studies, p = 0.52, g = 0.17; 95% CI − 0.35 to 0.68), CMJ (6 studies, p = 0.09, g = 0.31; 95% CI − 0.05 to 0.67), squat jump performance (5 studies, p = 0.08, g = 0.34; 95% CI − 0.04 to 0.73) and strength (4 studies, p = 0.20, g = 0.69; 95% CI − 0.37 to 1.75).
Conclusion
Overall, these findings support the notion that if the training goal is to improve strength, power and speed, supplementary weightlifting training may be advantageous for athletic development. Whilst WLT and PLYO may result in similar improvements, WLT can elicit additional benefits above that of TRT, resulting in greater improvements in weightlifting and jumping performance.
... Recent meta-analyses on the effects of weightlifting exercise on jump performance [9] suggest for this sort of training as it is an excellent training paradigm to increase vertical leap efficiency, which is most typically measured by jump height. Numerous researches have shown robust connections between loading and motion speed, including load-velocity specific assessments of power attributes [10]. ...
... Compared with the total physical fitness goal T of weightlifters, the judgment matrix and weights between the physical fitness (A1), physical function (A2), and physical fitness (A3) of each first-level indicator are given. First, we use Equation (9) to calculate the maximum eigenvalue. ...
As China has repeatedly achieved excellent results in world-class sports events, the country attaches great importance to sports training, among which weightlifting is an advantageous sports event in China. Physical fitness is also the main sports ability to evaluate the function of weightlifters, which has a direct impact on their competitive ability in sports competition. However, there are some problems in evaluating the physical fitness of weightlifters, such as unclear indicators and unclear weight. Therefore, this paper establishes the physical fitness evaluation system of weightlifters based on the analytic hierarchy process and evaluates the physical fitness of weightlifters from three aspects: body shape, body function, and sports quality. In addition, it briefly introduces the calculation process of the analytic hierarchy process, analyzes the constituent factors of weightlifters’ physical fitness, defines the indexes of weightlifters’ physical fitness evaluation system, and calculates the weight of each index. This study performed many experiments by selecting 10 weightlifters to substitute the relevant data into the evaluation index system and analyzed the body shape of weightlifters. In addition, the results showed that the highest blood testosterone was 926.7 ud/dl, with a score of 95 points, and the lowest was 690.3 ud/dl, with a score of 65 points. The results also show that the highest high snatch with score 95 is 123 kg and the lowest high snatch with score 60 is 98 kg. According to the above research results, the overall physical fitness of Chinese weightlifters is high.
... There has been evidence that higher-caliber weightlifters are likely to jump higher than lowercaliber counterparts [8,9]. Indeed, exercises frequently used by weightlifters in training are known to enhance vertical jump height and weightlifting performance [10]. The relationship between weightlifting and jumping performance is primarily supported by evidence derived from adolescent and young adult athletes [8][9][10]. ...
... Indeed, exercises frequently used by weightlifters in training are known to enhance vertical jump height and weightlifting performance [10]. The relationship between weightlifting and jumping performance is primarily supported by evidence derived from adolescent and young adult athletes [8][9][10]. Moreover, the available evidence indicates that some of the factors that also lead to a higher-caliber weightlifter, such as maximum strength, are likely those that lead to a better jumper [11,12]. ...
This study was designed to provide an overview of weightlifting performance as a function of age group and sex and evaluate the potential of countermovement jump height (CMJH) as a tool to gauge performance potential. Data from 130 youth athletes (female, n = 65 & male, n = 65) were used to examine progression of performance (Total and Sinclair total) and the relationship between CMJH and Sinclair total while considering interactions between CMJH and age and/or sex. ANOVAs with post hoc analyses revealed that both totals had a statistical first-order polynomial interaction effect between age group and sex and the difference between age groups of 12-13 and 14-15 years old was statistically greater for male than female. A linear model, developed to examine the relationship, revealed that CMJH and CMJH x sex x age rejected the null hypothesis. Our primary findings are that male youth weightlifters have a higher rate of performance progression, possibly owing to puberty, and CMJH may be a better gauging tool for older male youth weightlifters.
... While these exercises are effective at developing power, they require significant instruction and learning time to be performed safely [11], and may place the throwing arm in disadvantageous positions. Plyometric training can likely achieve similar training effects without the technical demands of weightlifting [12]. The catch position of weightlifting movements can be especially concerning for baseball athletes given the high proportion of shoulder and elbow injuries in weightlifting and baseball [4••, 13]. ...
... Traditionally, Olympic weightlifting movements have been used for power development, but the extreme shoulder ROM and valgus elbow stress contraindicate these movements for baseball players. Less technically demanding Olympic weightlifting variations, such as the mid-thigh clean pull, have been shown to produce similar peak ground reaction forces and RFD as power clean variations, while plyometric training has the same effect on jump height [12,54]. Kettlebell swings are a safe alternative to Olympic weightlifting that include similar movements with a high degree of transfer of strength and power [55]. ...
Purpose of Review
Offseason training programs are crucial for the baseball athlete. Preparation for the competitive season should be carefully planned to allow long-term athletic success. The two goals of the offseason training program are to optimize performance and reduce injury risk. These goals can only be accomplished with an understanding of the unique physical demands of the sport, and how these demands relate to performance and injury. The purpose of this article is to review the unique demands of baseball training along with current strength and conditioning principles to optimize offseason training for the baseball athlete.
Recent Findings
Traditional strength and conditioning programs used in other sports may not maximize the qualities necessary for optimal baseball performance. Traditional strength and conditioning exercises, such as squat and deadlift, primarily train sagittal plane movement while frontal and transverse plane movements are likely equally as important for baseball players. Biomechanical studies have shown that trunk rotation power has the largest influence on throwing velocity in pitchers. Programs should also be designed to reduce injury risk for common injuries. The most common injuries in baseball include hamstring strains, throwing arm injuries, paralumbar muscle strains, hip adductor strains, and oblique muscle strains.
Summary
This review describes the typical periodization phases of the offseason and provides a sample program outlining an offseason program for a professional baseball player from September through February.
... Although the superior power output of weightlifters may be related to sport-selection factors, it is also likely to be the result of long-term adaptations to the type of training programs that they are exposed to (51,53,68). Considering the high strength and power expression during the competitive weightlifting movements (51,53,70), weightlifting training methods are commonly used to develop and improve physical qualities required in many sports (59,64,67,71). Such benefits are especially transferable to explosive movements such as sprinting and jumping (21). ...
... Although weightlifting exercises and their derivatives have shown to positively influence a number of key performance variables (59,64,67,71), some coaches are still reluctant to introduce novice athletes to weightlifting-based training methods, often suggesting that teaching weightlifting movements is overly time-consuming due to the technical demands of the lifts (65). Contrastingly, technique improvements from a short-term weightlifting intervention have been found in athletes naive to weightlifting, after performing 2 training sessions per week for 4-weeks (64,71). ...
Despite previous misconceptions, youth participation in weightlifting is now recognized
as safe and beneficial when delivered, programed, and monitored by a qualified professional. This article explores teaching progressions to help coaches periodize weightlifting training for young or novice athletes, with consideration to the theoretical concepts underpinning long-term athletic development. It is hoped that the structured and progressive guidelines presented in the current article will help coaches develop the weightlifting performance of their young athletes in a safe and effective manner.
... Due to this need for the development of the ability to generate high muscular power output, a more modern lifting style has turned its focus to the implementation of Olympic style lifts (and derivatives) such as the power clean, hang clean, and snatch. Olympic lifts have been found to elicit more power output (Ebben & Blackard, 1997;McBride et al., 1999;Hoffman et al., 2004;Hackett et al., 2016). Today's football training programs are moving towards incorporating this modern approach of Olympic lifts because these lifts focus on the explosive muscular power generated by the triple extension, which presumably transfers to the skills or abilities needed on the football field. ...
... Through their findings it was determined that young athletes can develop increased power and strength by participating in resistance RT programs. Other studies by Hackett et al., (2016) and Hoffman et al., (2004) demonstrated increased VJ height in young athletes after implementing an Olympic weightlifting program, which is also consistent with the results of this study. The effect size (ES) for the 1-RM BS strength gains for the FQ group was 0.57 and for the TR group it was 0.35. ...
A stronger emphasis has been placed on increasing strength, power, size, and speed for today’s football player. The key to obtaining these abilities and skills are accomplished in the weight room. There are various types of lifting methods when it comes to resistance training (RT) for football. Two types of lifting styles that are often used for high school football weight training programs are the traditional lifting or core training programs and Olympic style lifting. It is thought that Olympic lifts help to increase power, which is something that can be transferred onto the playing field and help improve overall performance. This study compared two different styles of RT (traditional vs. Olympic) in North American High School football athletes in order to determine if one RT protocol was superior at improving measures of speed, strength, and power. Forty male, high school football players ranging from 14 to 18 years old participated in an eight week, off-season, early morning football resistance training program. Each participant was randomly selected into either the traditional resistance protocol (TR: n = 20) or Four Quarters protocol (FQ: n = 20) experimental groups. The players each had the same weight lifting/conditioning routine, however, twice a week the FQ group performed an Olympic lift variation and the TR group performed a dead lift. Pre- and post-assessment scores were obtained and compared in the 1-RM squat, 1-RM power clean, vertical jump (VJ) and 9.14 meter sprint. Pre- post- scores were compared with in each group with a dependent t-test. A gain score was also calculated for each dependent variable (post-pre score) and compared between the experimental groups with an independent t-tests (p≤0.05). Both groups made improvements in pre to post assessments in the 1-RM squat, 1-RM power clean, and VJ (p<0.05). The gain scores for the 1-RM squat, 1-RM power clean were significantly greater for the FQ group (p<0.05). Neither group improved 9.14 meter sprint times (p>0.05). The results of this study are consistent with those found in previous literature demonstrating that increases in both the 1-RM squat and 1-RM power clean are better achieved using an Olympic lift variations when compared to using a traditional lifting method. Resistance training programs for athletes are designed with the goal of improving physical performance on the field of play. The results of this study suggest that improvements in muscular strength and power as measured by the 1-RM squat and 1-RM power clean are best achieved with a RT protocol that includes the Olympic lift variation of the power clean.
... In an attempt to ascertain the relationship between maximum strength and weightlifting ability independent of body mass/size influences, various scaling models have been developed, including: body mass and lean body mass scaling, allometric scaling (i. e., the two-thirds power law: load (body mass), scaling by height [16]. Currently, the Sinclair formula is the scaling method that has been adopted internationally for comparing performances in weightlifting [16]. ...
... e., the two-thirds power law: load (body mass), scaling by height [16]. Currently, the Sinclair formula is the scaling method that has been adopted internationally for comparing performances in weightlifting [16]. ...
Background This study aimed to investigate relationships between peak power (PP) as measured by upper limb (PPUL) and lower limb (PPLL) force velocity tests, maximal upper limb force assessed by clean and jerk (1RMCJ) and snatch (1RMSE) exercises, estimates of local muscle volume and throwing ball velocity.
Methods Thirty elite male handball players volunteered for the investigation (age: 20.3 ± 2.1 years; body mass: 82.5 ± 10.5 kg; height: 1.85 ± 0,07 %; body fat: 13.1 ± 2.1 %). Lower and upper limb force velocity tests were performed on appropriately modified forms of a Monark cycle ergometer with measurement of PPUL and PPLL, and the corresponding respective maximal forces (F0UL and F0LL) and velocities (V0UL and V0LL). Snatched (SN) and clean and jerk (CJ) exercises were performed to one repetition maximum (1RM). Handball throwing velocity was measured with jump shot (JS) without run-up (TW) and 3 steps shot (T3 step). Muscle volumes of the upper and lower limbs were estimated with a standard anthropometric kit.
Results The 1RM CJ proved to be the most important predictor for throwing velocity. All types of throwing showed a high correlation with this parameter (JS: r = 0.75; TW: r = 0.62; T3 step: r = 0.66). The highest relation was detected between jump shot and 1RM snatch technique (r = 0.82). The PPUL muscle volume correlated highly with PPUL absolute power (r = 0.70). In contrast, we did not find any comparable relations for the lower limb (muscle volume vs. PPUL absolute power: r = 0.07).
Conclusions Our results highlight the contribution of both lower and upper limbs to handball throwing velocity, suggesting the need for coaches to include upper and lower limb strength weightlifting exercises and power programs when improving the throwing velocity of handball players.
... However, it appears that a combination of heavy non-ballistic and ballistic training can result in greater increases than either in method in isolation, especially when dealing with well-trained athletes [16,111,126,129]. It should also be noted that evidence indicates that weightlifting movements, which produce both high forces and are semi-ballistic in nature can produce substantial gains in ballistic movements such as sprints and vertical jumps including recreationally trained subjects [130] well-trained athletes [131]. ...
Specificity has two major components: A strength-endurance continuum (S-EC) and adherence to principles of Dynamic Correspondence. Available evidence indicates the existence of the S-EC continuum from two aspects. Indeed, the S-EC exists, particularly if work is equated as a high load low repetition scheme at one end (strength stimulus) and high volume (HIEE stimulus) at the other. Furthermore, some evidence also indicates that the continuum as a repetition paradigm with high-load, low repetition at one end (strength stimulus) and a high repetition, low load at the other end. The second paradigm is most apparent under three conditions: (1) ecological validity—in the real world, work is not equated, (2) use of absolute loads in testing and (3) a substantial difference in the repetitions used in training (for example 2–5 repetitions versus ≥10 repetitions). Additionally, adherence to the principles and criteria of dynamic correspondence allows for greater “transfer of training” to performance measures. Typically, and logically, in order to optimize transfer, training athletes requires a reasonable development of capacities (i.e., structure, metabolism, neural aspects, etc.) before more specific training takes place
... Though not an error that we systematically searched for, we also identified two meta-analyses [43,31] that used the standard deviation of the change scores instead of the pooled standard deviation from the pre-testing and post-testing standard deviation to calculate the standardized mean difference. This is problematic because dividing by the standard deviation of the change scores yields information about statistical significance but not about the magnitude of the effect [21]; yet the authors of these meta-analyses incorrectly Effects of low-volume high-intensity interval training (HIT) on fitness in adults: a meta-analysis of controlled and non-controlled trials [36] to weight studies Focus on within-group rather than between-group comparisons 16 The optimal load for maximal power production during lower-body resistance exercises: a meta-analysis [42] As described in the search method, Scopus and Google Scholar were searched for 20 highly cited meta-analysis or meta-regression studies between 2000 and 2020 as of February 2021. ...
Background and Objective
Meta-analysis and meta-regression are often highly cited and may influence practice. Unfortunately, statistical errors in meta-analyses are widespread and can lead to flawed conclusions. The purpose of this article was to review common statistical errors in meta-analyses and to document their frequency in highly cited meta-analyses from strength and conditioning research.
Methods
We identified five errors in one highly cited meta-regression from strength and conditioning research: implausible outliers; overestimated effect sizes that arise from confusing standard deviation with standard error; failure to account for correlated observations; failure to account for within-study variance; and a focus on within-group rather than between-group results. We then quantified the frequency of these errors in 20 of the most highly cited meta-analyses in the field of strength and conditioning research from the past 20 years.
Results
We found that 85% of the 20 most highly cited meta-analyses in strength and conditioning research contained statistical errors. Almost half (45%) contained at least one effect size that was mistakenly calculated using standard error rather than standard deviation. In several cases, this resulted in obviously wrong effect sizes, for example, effect sizes of 11 or 14 standard deviations. Additionally, 45% failed to account for correlated observations despite including numerous effect sizes from the same study and often from the same group within the same study.
Conclusions
Statistical errors in meta-analysis and meta-regression are common in strength and conditioning research. We highlight five errors that authors, editors, and readers should check for when preparing or critically reviewing meta-analyses.
... Some researchers have shown that the use of WL-based training programs promotes greater PPO augmentation during SJ and CMJ compared to PLYO [9,12,14]. In addition, similar responses for SJ and CMJ height have been observed between training methods [9,10,19,20]. The reason for these conflicting results is not totally known; although, the divergent results might be explained by the load prescription and training protocols. ...
The aim of this study was to compare the effects of weightlifting derivatives (WL) and plyometric exercises (PLYO) on unloaded and loaded vertical jumps and sprint performance. Initially, 45 resistance-trained men underwent a 4-week WL learning period. Then, the participants were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 groups (WL (n = 15), PLYO (n = 15), and control group (CG) (n = 15)) and followed a training period of 8 weeks. The WL group performed exercises to stimulate the entire force-velocity profile, while the PLYO group performed exercises with an emphasis in vertical- and horizontal-oriented. The CG did not perform any exercise. Pre- and post-training assessments included peak power output (PPO) and jump height (JH) in the squat jump (SJ), countermovement jump (CMJ), CMJ with 60% and 80% of the body mass (CMJ60% and CMJ80%, respectively), and mean sprinting speeds over 5, 10, 20, and 30 m distances. From pre- to post-training, PLYO significantly increased (p≤0.05) PPO and JH in the SJ, PPO during CMJ, and PPO and JH in the CMJ60%; however, no significant changes were observed in JH during CMJ, and PPO and JH in the CMJ80%. For WL and CG, no significant changes were observed in the unloaded and loaded vertical jumps variables. PLYO also resulted in significant improvements (p≤0.05) for 5, 10, and 20 m sprint speeds, but not for 30 m. For WL and CG, no significant changes were observed for all sprint speeds. In conclusion, these data demonstrate that PLYO was more effective than a technically-oriented WL program to improve unloaded and loaded vertical jumps and sprint performance.
... If the rapid movement of HIPT was adopted, it could raise the muscle contraction speed and increase the output power [20]. The performance of vertical jumps depends on the maximum strength, strength development speed, muscle coordination, and stretch/short cycle, all of which are factors that can effectively increase explosive power [29]. ...
Background:
High-intensity interval training (HIIT) features short, repeated bursts of relatively vigorous exercise with intermittent periods of rest or low-intensity exercise. High-intensity power training (HIPT), in combination with HIIT and traditional resistance training (TRT), is characterized as multijoint high-intensity resistance exercises with low interset rest periods. HIPT requires people to finish the exercise as fast as possible, which increases acute physiological demands. The aim of the study was to investigate the differences between eight-week HIPT or TRT on exercise performance.
Methods:
Twenty-four college students were recruited and randomly assigned to either the HIPT or TRT group in a counterbalanced order. The power of upper and lower limbs (50% 1RM bench press and vertical jump) and anaerobic power were tested before and after the training (weeks 0 and 9). The results were analyzed by two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) or Friedman's test with a significance level of α = 0.05 to compare the effects of the intervention on exercise performance.
Results:
There were significant differences in the explosive force of the upper and lower limbs between the pretest and post-test in both the HIPT and TRT groups (p < 0.05). However, only the HIPT group showed a significant difference in the mean power on the Wingate anaerobic test between the pretest and post-test (p < 0.05).
Conclusions:
Both HIPT and TRT can improve upper and lower limb explosive force. HIPT is an efficient training protocol, which took less time and produced a better improvement in mean anaerobic power.
... Na proximidade da carga máxima, exercícios nucleares serão mais utilizados (e.g., agachamento, remada) e, por outro lado, exercícios mais velozes poderão suscitar exercícios com projeções (e.g., arremessos de bola medicinal). Outra das possibilidades de exercícios para potência são os movimentos Olímpicos e seus derivados que, pela sua natureza, se encontram nas zonas alvo do treino desta expressão (Hackett, Davies, Soomro, & Halaki, 2016). ...
... Recently, weightlifting exercises have been gaining attention as exercise choices. Previous studies have reported the effects of weightlifting exercise to improve jump performance, which has been shown to be more effective than conventional resistance training [2,3]. ...
Background: This study investigated the whole-body skeletal muscle activity pattern of hang power clean (HPC), a major weight training exercise, using positron emission tomography (PET).
Methods: Twelve college weightlifting athletes performed three sets of HPC 20 times with a barbell set to 40 kg both before and after an intravenous injection of 37 MBq 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG). PET-computed tomography images were obtained 50 min after FDG injection. Regions of interest were defined within 71 muscles. The standardized uptake value was calculated to examine the FDG uptake of muscle tissue per unit volume, and FDG accumulation was compared to the control group. The Mann–Whitney U-test was used to evaluate the differences in the mean SUV between groups. The difference between SUVs of the right and left muscles was evaluated by a paired t-test. A P-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results: FDG accumulation within the vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius, and vastus medialis was higher than that of the rectus femoris. FDG accumulation within the triceps surae muscle was significantly higher only in the soleus. In the trunk and hip muscles, FDG accumulation of only the erector spinae was significantly increased. In all skeletal muscles, there was no difference between SUVs of the right and left muscles.
Conclusions: The monoarticular muscles in the lower limbs were active in HPC. In contrast, deep muscles in the trunk and hip were not active during HPC. HPC is not suitable for core training and needs to be supplemented with other training.
... En cuanto a la capacidad de salto, diversas revisiones han dejado de manifiesto que el EMH es más eficaz para mejorar el rendimiento en salto comparado al entrenamiento de fuerza tradicional, y genera resultados similares en comparación con el entrenamiento pliométrico (Berton, Lixandrão, Pinto e Silva, & Tricoli, 2018;Hackett, Davies, Soomro, & Halaki, 2016). Con relación al rendimiento de esprint, desde la revisión de Hedrick (2018) se evidencia que el EMH ha mostrado mejoras en rugbistas y hombres entrenados, particularmente en distancias de 10 metros. ...
La capacidad de generar máxima potencia neuromuscular es el factor más importante y determinante en el rendimiento atlético. Debido a esto, el entrenamiento con movimientos de Halterofilia (EMH) y sus derivados es uno de los métodos más usados, ya que la evidencia muestra que genera adaptaciones de fuerza-potencia superiores comparadas con el entrenamiento de fuerza tradicional, de salto y de kettlebells. Objetivo: Identificar los efectos del EMH en la capacidad de salto, esprint y cambio de dirección (COD) en población deportista. Método: Se realizó una búsqueda exhaustiva en diferentes bases de datos, como PUBMED, Sportdiscus (EBSCO), Scopus y Web of Science (WOS) bajo modelo PRISMA. Los trabajos revisados fueron experimentales con y sin grupo de control, entre los años 2000 y 2020. Resultados: El EMH produce mejoras significativas en las capacidades de salto, de esprint y de COD en población deportista. Conclusión: El EMH genera mejoras significativas en el rendimiento de salto, carreras y cambio de dirección bajo distintos protocolos. Existe evidencia que sustenta la aplicación de EMH, recomendando sus derivados centrados en el segundo tirón y aquellos que utilicen el ciclo de estiramiento-acortamiento en sus variantes colgantes. Abstract: The ability to generate maximum power is the most important and determining neuromuscular function in sports performance. Therefore, weightlifting training (WT) and its derivatives is one of the most widely used methods, generating superior strength-power adaptations compared to traditional strength training, jumping and kettlebell training. Objective: To identify the effects of WT on the ability to jump, sprint and change of direction (COD) in athletes. Method: An exhaustive search was carried out in different databases, such as PUBMED, Sportdiscus (EBSCO), Scopus and Web of Science (WOS) under the PRISMA model. The reviewed papers were experimental with and without a control group, between the years 2000 and 2020. Results: The WT produces significant improvements in jump, sprint and in change of direction capacities in the sport population. Conclusion: WT generates significant improvements in jumping, running and change of direction performance under different protocols. There is evidence supporting the use of WT, suggesting its derivatives focused on the second pull and those that use the stretch-shortening cycle in their hanging variants.
... Therefore, we confirmed the hypothesis that strength training contributes to a significant improvement in the height, time, and power of the jumps. Such results are confirmed by many studies [30][31][32][33]. Moreover, the greatest force effect after the training period was evident in each of the three jumping cases during testing, which is similar to what was found by Pritchard et al. [34], where flight time also increased Scientific research on skaters has proven that in short-track, the muscles of the right lower limb are more loaded when skating, which is related to the specific character of this discipline. ...
Background
The purpose of this study was to identify the biomedical signals of short-track athletes by
evaluating the effects of monthly strength training on changes in their neuromuscular profile,
strength, and power parameters of the lower limb muscles. Muscle asymmetry, which can
cause a risk of injury, was also evaluated.
Methods and results
This study involved female athletes, age 18.8 ± 2.7 years, with a height of 162 ± 2.4 cm, and
weight of 55.9 ± 3.9 kg. Before and after the monthly preparatory period prior to the season,
strength measurements were assessed through the Swift SpeedMat platform, and reactivity
of the lower limb muscles was assessed with tensiomyography (TMG). The athletes were
also tested before and after the recovery training period. In the test after strength training, all
average countermovement jump (CMJ) results improved. Flight time showed an increase
with a moderate to large effect, using both legs (5.21%). Among the TMG parameters, time
contraction (Tc) changed globally with a decrease (-5.20%). Changes in the results of the
test after recovery training were most often not significant.
Conclusion
A monthly period of strength training changes the neuromuscular profile of short-track
female athletes, with no significant differences between the right and left lower limbs.
... Weightlifting movements are ballistic resistance exercises that involve great acceleration of the segments through the entire movement resulting in mobilization of the barbell at high velocities. 1 There are two kinds of exercises, the snatch (SN) and the clean & jerk (C&J), which are performed in the sport of weightlifting. 2 Outside of weightlifting competitions, weightlifting derivatives such as hang snatch, clean pull, and push jerk exercises are commonly used during strength and power training programs. [3][4][5][6][7][8] The use of weightlifting is popular in both fitness and sports fields. In particular, weightlifting exercises have been suggested as a useful tool to improve jump height and muscular strength 9 due to the biomechanical, neural, and muscular characteristics of these movements. ...
This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the effect of using weightlifting movement and their derivatives in training on vertical jump, sprint times, and maximal strength performance. Thirty-four studies were used for meta-analysis with a moderate quality on the PEDro scale. Meta-analysis showed positive effects of weightlifting training, especially when combined with traditional resistance training on countermovement jump performance, sprint times, and one-repetition maximum squat (ES = 0.41, ES = −0.44, and ES = 0.81, respectively). In conclusion, results revealed the usefulness of weightlifting combined with traditional resistance training in improving sprint, countermovement jump and maximal strength performance.
... En cuanto a la capacidad de salto, diversas revisiones han dejado de manifiesto que el EMH es más eficaz para mejorar el rendimiento en salto comparado al entrenamiento de fuerza tradicional, y genera resultados similares en comparación con el entrenamiento pliométrico (Berton, Lixandrão, Pinto e Silva, & Tricoli, 2018;Hackett, Davies, Soomro, & Halaki, 2016). Con relación al rendimiento de esprint, desde la revisión de Hedrick (2018) se evidencia que el EMH ha mostrado mejoras en rugbistas y hombres entrenados, particularmente en distancias de 10 metros. ...
La capacidad de generar máxima potencia neuromuscular es el factor más importante y determinante en el rendimiento atlético. Debido a esto, el entrenamiento con movimientos de Halterofilia (EMH) y sus derivados es uno de los métodos más usados, ya que la evidencia muestra que genera adaptaciones de fuerza-potencia superiores comparadas con el entrenamiento de fuerza tradicional, de salto y de kettlebells. Objetivo: Identificar los efectos del EMH en la capacidad de salto, esprint y cambio de dirección (COD) en población deportista. Método: Se realizó una búsqueda exhaustiva en diferentes bases de datos, como PUBMED, Sportdiscus (EBSCO), Scopus y Web of Science (WOS) bajo modelo PRISMA. Los trabajos revisados fueron experimentales con y sin grupo de control, entre los años 2000 y 2020. Resultados: El EMH produce mejoras significativas en las capacidades de salto, de esprint y de COD en población deportista. Conclusión: El EMH genera mejoras significativas en el rendimiento de salto, carreras y cambio de dirección bajo distintos protocolos. Existe evidencia que sustenta la aplicación de EMH, recomendando sus derivados centrados en el segundo tirón y aquellos que utilicen el ciclo de estiramiento-acortamiento en sus variantes colgantes. Palabras claves: Entrenamiento de fuerza, Rendimiento deportivo, ejercicios derivados de la halterofilia, Entrenamiento de potencia, Taza de desarrollo de fuerza. Abstract: The ability to generate maximum power is the most important and determining neuromuscular function in sports performance. Therefore, weightlifting training (WT) and its derivatives is one of the most widely used methods, generating superior strength-power adaptations compared to traditional strength training, jumping and kettlebell training. Objective: To identify the effects of WT on the ability to jump, sprint and change of direction (COD) in athletes. Method: An exhaustive search was carried out in different databases, such as PUBMED, Sportdiscus (EBSCO), Scopus and Web of Science (WOS) under the PRISMA model. The reviewed papers were experimental with and without a control group, between the years 2000 and 2020. Results: The WT produces significant improvements in jump, sprint and in change of direction capacities in the sport population. Conclusion: WT generates significant improvements in jumping, running and change of direction performance under different protocols. There is evidence supporting the use of WT, suggesting its derivatives focused on the second pull and those that use the stretch-shortening cycle in their hanging variants.
... A number of performance related, physical, and physiological variables are altered by weightlifting training in children, adolescents, and young adults. 17,22,23,44,77,96,98,119 For example, among boys aged 11 and 12 years, weightlifting training produced distinct increases in strength and speed-strength parameters, as well as measures of cardiorespiratory fitness. 99 These data agree with both cross-sectional and longitudinal weight-training/weightlifting studies of late adolescents and adults that indicate positive alterations in indicators of cardiorespiratory fitness and endurance performance. ...
The involvement of youth in the sport of weightlifting and the use of weightlifting methods as part of training for youth sport performance appears to be increasing. Weightlifting for children and adolescents has been criticized in some circles and is a controversial aspect of resistance training for young people. Although injuries can occur during weightlifting and related activities, the incidence and rate of injury appear to be relatively low and severe injury is uncommon. A number of performance, physical, and physiological variables, such as body composition, strength, and power, are improved by weightlifting training in children, adolescents, and young athletes. Manipulating program variables, when appropriate, can have a substantial and profound influence on the psychological, physiological, physical, and performance aspects of weightlifters. An understanding of the sport, scientific training principles, and musculoskeletal growth development is necessary to properly construct a reasonable and appropriate training program. A scientific background aids in providing an evidenced basis and sound rationale in selecting appropriate methods and directing adaptations toward more specific goals and enables the coach to make choices about training and competition that might not otherwise be possible. If weightlifting training and competition are age group appropriate and are properly supervised, the sport can be substantially safe and efficacious.
... p < 0.05) (Hori et al., 2008). In addition, results of a recent meta-analysis revealed that training with weightlifting exercises and their derivatives is more effective for increasing jumping performance than employing traditional resistance training in resistance-trained participants (~5% difference; effect size [ES] = 0.64, p < 0.001) (Hackett et al., 2016). ...
This study aimed to compare the kinetics between the push press (PP), push jerk (PJ), and split jerk (SJ). Sixteen resistance-trained participants (12 men and 4 women; age: 23.8 ± 4.4 years; height: 1.7 ± 0.1 m; body mass: 75.7 ± 13.0 kg; weightlifting experience: 2.2 ± 1.3 years; one repetition maximum [1RM] PP: 76.5 ± 19.5 kg) performed 3 repetitions each of the PP, PJ, and SJ at a relative load of 80% 1RM PP on a force platform. The kinetics (peak and mean force, peak and mean power, and impulse) of the PP, PJ, and SJ were determined during the dip and thrust phases. Dip and thrust displacement and duration were also calculated for the three lifts. In addition, the inter-repetition reliability of each variable across the three exercises was analysed. Moderate to excellent reliability was evident for the PP (Intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] = 0.91-1.00), PJ (ICC = 0.86-1.00), and SJ (ICC = 0.55-0.99) kinetics. A one-way analysis of variance revealed no significant or meaningful differences (p > 0.05, η2 ≤ 0.010) for any kinetic measure between the PP, PJ, and SJ. In conclusion, there were no differences in kinetics between the PP, PJ, and SJ when performed at the same standardised load of 80% 1RM PP.
... S FV , slope of the force-velocity profile and power training regiments. [23][24][25][26][27] It is unclear whether the participants and coaches in the "optimized" and "nonoptimized" groups in the studies of Jiménez-Reyes et al. and Simpson et al were aware of their group allocation, which could play an important role for the effectiveness of the training due to a potential nocebo and placebo effect. 28 Contrary to our hypothesis, we did not observe any difference in SJ height between the groups training toward, away or irrespective of their optimal profile. ...
The present study aimed to examine the effectiveness of an individualized training program based on force‐velocity (FV) profiling on jumping, sprinting, strength, and power in athletes. Forty national level team sport athletes (20±4yrs, 83±13 kg) from ice‐hockey, handball, and soccer completed a 10‐week training intervention. A theoretical optimal squat jump (SJ)‐FV‐profile was calculated from SJ with 5 different loads (0, 20, 40, 60, 80 kg). Based on their initial FV‐profile, athletes were randomized to train towards, away, or irrespective (balanced training) of their initial theoretical optimal FV‐profile. The training content was matched between groups in terms of set x repetitions but varied in relative loading to target the different aspects of the FV‐profile. The athletes performed 10 and 30 m sprints, SJ and countermovement jump (CMJ), 1 repetition maximum (1RM) squat, and a leg‐press power test before and after the intervention. There were no significant group differences for any of the performance measures. Trivial to small changes in 1RM squat (2.9, 4.6 and 6.5%), 10 m sprint time (1.0, ‐0.9 and ‐1.7%), 30 m sprint time (0.9, ‐0.6 and ‐0.4%), CMJ height (4.3, 3.1 and 5.7%), SJ height (4.8, 3.7 and 5.7%) and leg press power (6.7, 4.2 and 2.9%) were observed in the groups training towards, away, or irrespective of their initial theoretical optimal FV‐profile, respectively. Changes towards the optimal SJ‐FV‐profile were negatively correlated with changes in SJ height (r= ‐0.49, p<0.001). Changes in SJ‐power were positively related to changes in SJ‐height (r=0.88, p<0.001) and CMJ‐height (r=0.32, p=0.044), but unrelated to changes in 10 m (r=‐0.02, p=0.921) and 30 m sprint time (r=‐0.01, p=0.974). The results from this study do not support the efficacy of individualized training based on SJ‐FV‐profiling.
... Weightlifting training, a more specialized form of resistance training, has received far less attention than traditional strength and plyometric training in youth populations. Though there is one meta-analysis demonstrating the positive effect of weightlifting training on vertical jump performance [55], a lack of studies precludes any similar analyses with youth. ...
Children and adolescents should engage in a variety of activities to develop muscular strength and motor skill performance in tasks such as running, jumping, and throwing. Resistance training and weightlifting are safe and effective methods to improve the athleticism of youth males. The overarching research question of this thesis was “is resistance training more beneficial with or without weightlifting for adolescent athletes?” Chapter 1 serves to provide background information, a rationale for the research, the purpose and significance of the thesis, and the thesis structure. Chapter 2 is a narrative review of existing models of youth development. These existing models highlight the trainability of all fitness components in youth through common resistance training methods, such as traditional strength training, plyometrics, and weightlifting. Chapter 3 provides an applied example of how practitioners can effectively implement these resistance training methods within secondary school curriculum. Specifically, recommendations regarding periodization and delivering the program are given to assist physical education teachers and coaches working with youth athletes. Chapter 4 examined the influence of maturity offset, strength, and movement competency on sprinting, jumping, and upper body power. Notably, relative strength was significantly correlated to all motor skill tasks (r = 0.28-0.61), reinforcing the idea that practitioners should prioritize strength when working with adolescents. Chapter 5 investigated how motor skills develop after an academic year of combined resistance training (CRT) or combined resistance training with weightlifting (CRT&WL) (28 total training weeks). There were no differences between improvements in various motor skills when comparing both groups. The time course of adaptation was similar between groups but was variable dependent. Movement competency and strength improved more during the first half of the training program, while sprint, jump, and throw performance improved more in the second half of the training program. This suggests youth need higher training intensities to stimulate expression of their recently developed strength into other motor skills. Chapter 6 examined how the CRT and CRT&WL training programs affect lower-extremity injury risk factors and resistance training skill. The CRT made significant improvements in tuck jump performance, whereas both training groups made significant improvements in resistance training skill after the year. Chapter 7 includes an overall summary, which suggests that both CRT and CRT&WL are effective for improving the athleticism of adolescent males.
... program can improve jumping, sprinting, and change of direction performance [41][42][43]. However, in baseball, although the aforementioned attributes are required, few S&C coaches used Olympic weightlifting or derivative lifts within their programs [8]. ...
The practices of strength and conditioning (S&C) coaches have been reported in various professional sports. This study aims to comprehensively assess this available evidence to help establish whether theoretical, practical, and evidence-based guidelines align with the practices employed by these experienced S&C coaches. Three databases were searched (PubMed, SPORTDiscus, and Cochrane) until November 2020. Studies surveying the practices of S&C coaches in professional sports using a survey design with common questions, written in English, and published in peer-reviewed journals were reviewed. Eight studies (n = 318 S&C coaches) were finally included. All studies adapted a similar survey, providing a strong basis for comparison between sports. Periodization strategies were widely used (89%), with training volume consistently reduced during the in-season period. Olympic weightlifting was commonly used across sports, except in baseball (29%). Plyometric exercises were predominantly prescribed for speed development (74%) and lower body power (68%), which were mostly programed as complex training (45%) and conducted all year round (52%). Flexibility exercises were mostly performed before practice (83%) for 6-10 min (40%). Physical tests were mainly conducted during the pre-season period (66%), with body composition (86%) being the most used test. S&C coaches generally adhered to current guidelines and research in S&C concerning training prescription and physical testing. Whereas, inter-sport differences were also noted and further discussed. Results of this study can be used by S&C coaches to plan, implement, and review their professional practices. Furthermore, may inform the development of general and sport-specific guidelines, and future research in S&C.
... Recently, weightlifting exercises have been gaining attention as exercise choices. Previous studies have reported the effects of weightlifting exercise to improve jump performance, which has been shown to be more effective than conventional resistance training [2,3]. ...
Background
This study investigated the whole-body skeletal muscle activity pattern of hang power clean (HPC), a major weight training exercise, using positron emission tomography (PET).Method
Twelve college weightlifting athletes performed three sets of HPC 20 times with a barbell set to 40 kg both before and after an intravenous injection of 37 MBq 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG). PET-computed tomography images were obtained 50 min after FDG injection. Regions of interest were defined within 71 muscles. The standardized uptake value was calculated to examine the FDG uptake of muscle tissue per unit volume, and FDG accumulation was compared to the control group. The Mann–Whitney U-test was used to evaluate the differences in the mean SUV between groups. The difference between SUVs of the right and left muscles was evaluated by a paired t-test. A P-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.ResultsFDG accumulation within the vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius, and vastus medialis was higher than that of the rectus femoris. FDG accumulation within the triceps surae muscle was significantly higher only in the soleus. In the trunk and hip muscles, FDG accumulation of only the erector spinae was significantly increased. In all skeletal muscles, there was no difference between SUVs of the right and left muscles.Conclusions
The monoarticular muscles in the lower limbs were active in HPC. In contrast, deep muscles in the trunk and hip were not active during HPC. HPC is not suitable for core training and needs to be supplemented with other training.
... Recent evidence suggests that combative sports such as rugby and most football players require execute power generation movements in a horizontal or angular direction (12,25). Because vertical jump has been used frequently to estimate power in athletes (13,14,22,33) and assess player potential (23,(36)(37)(38), it would seem logical to develop an equation to estimate power from a SLJ in elite athletes. Clearly, the SLJ would be more applicable to the mechanics most frequently used by players and would allow comparisons within and between playing positions. ...
Mann, JB, Bird, M, Signorile, JF, Brechue, WF, and Mayhew, JL. Prediction of anaerobic power from standing long jump in NCAA Division IA football players. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2021-Despite the popularity of the standing long jump (SLJ), limited research has explored the estimation of power developed during this test. The purpose of this study was to determine SLJ power from jump distance and selected anthropometric measures in NCAA Division IA football players. Height (Ht), body mass (Wt), thigh length, and lower leg length (LL) were measured in 58 players, allowing calculation of leg ratios of thigh length·Ht-1, LL·Ht-1, and TL·SL-1. Players performed 2-3 maximal familiarization trials of SLJ followed by 2 maximal jumps from a 3-dimension force plate sampling at 1,000 Hz. Standing long jump distance (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] = 0.944) and power (ICC = 0.926) calculated from resultant force and velocity vectors were highly reliable. Standing Ht (r = 0.40), Wt (r = 0.36), lower leg length (r = 0.43), total leg length (thigh + LLs) (r = 0.38), and best SLJ (r = 0.52) were significantly related (p < 0.05) to peak power, but none accounted for more than 27% of the common variance. Step-wise multiple regression identified SLJ and body mass as the only significant variables necessary to predict peak power (Power [W] = 32.49·SLJ [cm] + 39.69·Wt [kg] - 7,608, R = 0.86, SEE = 488 W, CV% = 9.3%). Standing long jump contributed 56.8% to the known variance, whereas Wt contributed 43.2%. Thus, a combination of SLJ and Wt can be used to effectively estimate explosive power in Division IA college football players.
... Weightlifting and corresponding movements are often used for muscle power training in jumping or sprinting (Bolger et al., 2016;Hackett et al., 2016;Berton et al., 2018). The power clean is part of muscle power training as well as modern forms of recreational muscle training and attracts scientific attention. ...
This study compared whole body kinematics of the clean movement when lifting three different loads, implementing two data analysis approaches based on principal component analysis (PCA). Nine weightlifters were equipped with 39 markers and their motion captured with 8 Vicon cameras at 100 Hz. Lifts of 60, 85, and 95% of the one repetition maximum were analyzed. The first PCA (PCAtrial) analyzed variance among time-normed waveforms compiled from subjects and trials; the second PCA (PCAposture) analyzed postural positions compiled over time, subjects and trials. Load effects were identified through repeated measures ANOVAs with Bonferroni-corrected post-hocs and through Cousineau-Morey confidence intervals. PCAtrial scores differed in the first (p < 0.016, η
p
2 = 0.694) and fifth (p < 0.006, η
p
2 = 0.768) principal component, suggesting that increased barbell load produced higher initial elevation, lower squat position, wider feet position after squatting, and less inclined arms. PCAposture revealed significant timing differences in all components. We conclude, first, barbell load affects specific aspects of the movement pattern of the clean; second, the PCAtrial approach is better suited for detecting deviations from a mean motion trajectory and its results are easier to interpret; the PCAposture approach reveals coordination patterns and facilitates comparisons of postural speeds and accelerations.
... Aunque el grupo de personas que practican levantamiento de pesas presentan una tasa de desarrollo de fuerza concéntrica mayor que el grupo de personas que inician una práctica deportiva, grafica 6. Esta variable del desarrollo de la fuerza se fundamenta a partir del componente elástico y de flexibilidad muscular que proporciona dicha cualidad en el desempeño reflejado en la diferencia hallada en este resultado que indica que los deportistas tienen una mayor capacidad a la hora de generar una rápida activación muscular al inicio de la contracción, esto debido a la cantidad de unidades motoras activadas o la tasa a la que las motoneuronas descargan potenciales de acción. (Maffiuletti et al., 2016) Discusión Los datos hallados en este estudio evidencian que según las hipótesis planteadas se encontró similitud en altura de salto aun cuando la de los deportistas debería ser superior debido a que el entrenamiento de levantamiento de pesas mejora la velocidad en las extremidades inferiores como lo dice (Kipp, Redden, Sabick, & Harris, 2012) además se dice que el entrenamiento pliométricos y el entrenamiento de ENCUENTRO CON SEMILLEROS: APORTES Y REFLEXIONES Volumen 1 No 1 (2019) ISSN 2711-4414 levantamiento de pesas son un método eficaz para mejorar el rendimiento en la altura de salto según (Hackett, Davies, Soomro, & Halaki, 2016) planteamiento que no pudimos evidenciar en este estudio. ...
p> Objetivo : Identificar las características neuromusculares a nivel cinético y cinemático existentes entre estudiantes universitarios practicantes de levantamiento de pesas y sedentarios. Método: se seleccionó una muestra voluntaria de 14 estudiantes que practican halterofilia y 10 que iniciaron un programa de entrenamiento con edades de 19.1 ± 10.1 años, estatura 164.1 ± 8 cts. y peso corporal 73 ± 40 kg. Se instruyó a los participantes sobre el Squat Jump (SJ), el cual consiste en realizar un salto vertical máximo partiendo desde posición de flexión de rodillas a 90°, con las manos en la cadera desde el inicio del movimiento y hasta finalizarlo evitando generar contra movimiento o rebote, los sujetos mantuvieron una posición erguida del tronco, efectuando la caída lo más próximo al lugar de inicio. Los registros de las variables cinéticas y cinemáticas se determinaron mediante un juego de 4 plataformas de fuerza BTS P-6000, sobre las cuales se realizaron 3 saltos de Squat Jump (SJ) tomando el promedio de estos para el análisis de este presente estudio. Resultado: Los resultados han puesto de manifiesto que la potencia, altura de salto y velocidad máxima fue superior en los deportistas universitarios sin embargo se encontró un grado de similitud en la fuerza y la rigidez de piernas entre los deportistas universitarios y las personas que inician un programa de actividad físico-deportiva. Conclusión: Se evidenció que los deportistas universitarios de levantamiento de pesas en comparación con las personas que inician un programa de entrenamiento deportivo y según las hipótesis planteadas, se encuentran en niveles de similitud en las variables de altura del salto, pico de velocidad, fuerza, rigidez de piernas de acuerdo a la especificidad del entrenamiento y la ausencia de ejercitación respectivamente. Se confirma una relevancia significativa en las variables de potencia y tasa del desarrollo de la fuerza concéntrica en la población de entrenados de acuerdo con la continuidad del proceso de entrenamiento</p
... Sin embargo, en la investigación llevada a cabo por Bender y col (Bender et al., 2018), se analizó a una muestra de adolescentes moderadamente entrenados y el tipo de ejercicio empleado era el tirón de arrancada. Los movimientos olímpicos se ha comprobado que son un tipo de ejercicios que mejoran en mayor medida los niveles de potencia muscular (por ejemplo, rendimiento en un salto vertical) con respecto a ejercicios convencionales porque presentan, entre otras adaptaciones, un incremento superior en el reclutamiento neuromuscular (Hackett, Davies, Soomro, & Halaki, 2016). Por ello, en la muestra empleada por Bender y col (Bender et al., 2018) es posible que el moderado nivel de entrenamiento de fuerza mediante movimientos olímpicos pudiese ser una muestra que presentase un mayor reclutamiento neuromuscular durante la realización de una contracción isométrica máxima voluntaria y, por tanto, el efecto de la suplementación con ZR sobre la capacidad contráctil del músculo podría haber originado las mejoras significativas encontradas bajo la condición de suplementación con respecto a la de placebo. ...
El zumo de remolacha (ZR) es una fuente nutricional rica en nitrato (NO3-) que, una vez ingerido, es reducido a óxido nítrico (ON). El ON posee efectos hipotensores, anti-inflamatorios y provoca mejoras en la eficiencia mitocondrial y en la regulación de la contractilidad muscular. Distintas investigaciones han comprobado que la suplementación con ZR presenta un efecto ergogénico en modalidades de resistencia cardiorrespiratoria y esfuerzos explosivos e intermitentes de alta intensidad. Sin embargo, dado que ninguna revisión ha valorado el efecto de la suplementación con ZR sobre la producción de fuerza muscular, el objetivo de la presente revisión sistemática es analizar el efecto de la suplementación con ZR sobre el rendimiento en la fuerza muscular. La búsqueda mediante palabras clave y conectores booleanos se realizó en las bases de datos Dialnet, Directory of Open Access Journals, Medline, Pubmed, Scielo, Scopus y SPORTDiscus. La estrategia de búsqueda empleada fue la siguiente: (nitrate OR beet*) AND (concepto 2) (supplement* OR nutr* OR diet*) AND (concepto 3) (strength OR "resistance exercise" OR "resistance training" OR "muscular power"). Tras la aplicación de los criterios de inclusión, un total de 14 artículos fueron seleccionados para la revisión. En la revisión se ha comprobado como la suplementación con ZR puede tener un efecto ergogénico sobre la producción de fuerza muscular bajo estimulación eléctrica, así como sobre la producción de potencia sobre contracciones isocinéticas únicamente a altas velocidades angulares, siendo el mecanismo explicativo una potenciación de la capacidad contráctil específicamente en las fibras musculares tipo II. Abstract. Beet juice (BJ) is a nutritional source rich in nitrate (NO3-) which, after ingestion, is reduced to nitric oxide (NO). NO has effects such as reduction in arterial pressure, anti-inflammatory effects, enhancement of mitochondrial efficiency, and regulation of muscle contractility. Different studies have reported that BJ supplementation has an ergogenic effect in modalities of cardiorespiratory endurance and explosive and intermittent high intensity efforts. Nevertheless, no review has assessed the effect of BJ supplementation on muscle strength production. Thus, the objective of this systematic review is to analyse the effect of BJ supplementation on muscle strength performance. The search using keywords and Boolean connectors was carried out in the databases Dialnet, Directory of Open Access Journals, Medline, Pubmed, Scielo, Scopus, and SPORTDiscus. The search strategy used was the following: (nitrate OR beet *) AND (concept 2) (supplement * OR nutr * OR diet *) AND (concept 3) (strength OR "resistance exercise" OR "resistance training" OR "muscular power "). After the application of the inclusion criteria, a total of 14 articles were selected for review. The review has shown how BJ supplementation can have an ergogenic effect on the production of muscle strength under electrical stimulation, as well as on the production of power over isokinetic contractions only at high angular speeds, the explanatory mechanism being a potentiation of the contractile capacity specifically in type II muscle fibers.
... Furthermore, the sample was well trained in comparison to other studies, although the use of different exercises across studies makes direct comparison difficult (29). The relative strength for men within the group was ;30% greater than the relative strength in the HPC reported in Australian Rules Football and Rugby Union players (11,15). A strong rationale for the use of a well-trained population is that power training is often only appropriate once an adequate base level of strength has been built; therefore recruiting trained subjects increases the relatability of the research to the athletes whom the findings may be applicable (27). ...
Dudley, CE, Drinkwater, EJ, and Feros, SA. Different cluster-loading protocols have no effect on intraset and interset power expression. J Strength Cond Res 36(7): 1763-1769, 2022-This study investigated the effect of cluster-loading protocols on changes in hang power clean (HPC) power characteristics. Ten trained weightlifters (7 male, 3 female, HPC 1.28 [M]; 1.03 [F] × body mass) completed 4 experimental protocols in a randomized repeated-measures design. Protocols were traditional, a basic cluster, and 2 undulating clusters. Each protocol comprised 3 sets of 5 HPC repetitions at an average of 70% 1 repetition maximum (RM). The load for undulating cluster protocols ranged between 60 and 80% 1RM. Countermovement jumps (CMJs) were performed before and after each protocol to gauge effect on neuromuscular status. Statistical analysis comprised a one-way repeated measures analysis of variance. Peak power was significantly greater in the fifth repetition of the basic cluster set protocol compared with the traditional set protocol (mean ± SD: 6.6 ± 2.8%, p = 0.043, g = 0.25). Neither undulating load protocol significantly altered set power characteristics compared with basic cluster sets; however, when analyzing repetition data, peak power increased as load increased (and vice versa), indicating the prescribed loads were suboptimal for power expression in this sample. There was no change in CMJ height between protocols. Coaches should prescribe inter-repetition rest to maintain peak power across multiple repetitions and sets. Basic cluster protocols seem to be the most practical choice over undulating cluster protocols because there is no need to adjust load between repetitions.
... Research has demonstrated that this type of weightlifting training is superior in improving countermovement jumps, horizontal jumps, and 5-and 20-m sprints over traditional resistance training. 47,91 Research has demonstrated that if light loads are used to learn these complex movements, and ongoing quality instruction is available for technique-driven progression, then weightlifting exercises and their derivatives can be incorporated into youth training programs safely. 7 Learning how to perform these multijoint lifts correctly requires considerable time and coaching expertise. ...
Resistance training is becoming more important as an integral part of comprehensive sport training regimens, school physical education classes, and after-school fitness programs. The increasing number of youth who are involved in sport activities, coupled with the health problems of inactivity and being overweight, have resulted in increased interest in resistance training. Secular declines in measures of muscular fitness in modern-day youth highlight the need for participation in youth resistance training for nonathletes as well as athletes. Parents often ask pediatricians to offer advice regarding the safety, benefits, and implementation of an effective resistance-training program. This report is a revision of the 2008 American Academy of Pediatrics policy statement and reviews current information and research on the benefits and risks of resistance training for children and adolescents.
... Patlayıcı hareket edebilme yetisi sportif performans içerisinde sonucu belirleyen en önemli kriterlerden biridir. Bu kriter, sporcunun sınırlı bir zaman içerisinde mümkün olduğu kadar çok kuvvet üretip istenen yeteneği uygulayabilme yeteneği olarak tanımlanabildiği gibi (Zatsiorsky, 2006;Siff, 2003) (Hackett, 2016). Yapılan araştırmalar olimpik kaldırış egzersizlerinin geleneksel direnç antrenmanlarına göre çok daha fazla fayda sağlayabileceğini göstermiştir (Teo, 2016;Arabatzi, 2012;Otto, 2012 ...
The aims of this study were to determine the differences in force, power and rate of peak force development applied at different loads in Olympic lift variations and to calculate the optimal load by finding the optimal power output at different loads. 10 male athletes (mean age, 25.5 ± 1.4 years; mean height, 182.1 ± 3.4cm; mass average; 84.5 ± 6.2kg; 1TM hang power clean weights; 84 ± 13.7), who had an exercise
experience for at least three years and could apply Olympic lifting variations, were participated this study voluntarily. Athletes were asked to perform mid-thigh high pull (MTHP) and hang power clean (HPC) exercises at 60% -70% -80% and 90% loads according to their previously received ‘1 repetition maximum (RM) Hang power
clean’ performance. Qualisys Track Manager (Version 2.12) which was a three dimensional motion analysis software were used for collecting kinematic parameters during lifting performances. Reflector markers were attached to the athletes and T calibration method was used for the field calibration. The obtained kinematic data values such as velocity an acceleration, also power, force and rate of peak force
development ratios were calculated and analyzed in SPSS 19.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) program. In findings, there were significant differences between the force, power and rate of peak force development between the two different variations of
lifting (p<0.05). When the differences in force values between the two lifting variations were examined, a significant difference was also found. In power values, there were significantly differences at only 60% and 70% of 1RM values (p <0.05). Lastly, there were significant differences between the two variations of lifting in all loads except 60% of 1RM (p<0.05). As for the determination of the optimal load in
selected exercises, another part of the study, the optimal load for Hang Power Clean was determined in 80% of 1RM and Mid-thigh High Pull in 70% of 1RM. In conclusion, according to the findings, it is clear that Olympic lifting variations produce high data in terms of force, power and rate of peak force development. As a result of X
the answers to the questions sought in the study, the data revealed that Olympic lift variations for power development are ideal exercises for maximal power output, rate of force development, maximal power output, such as optimal load differences between exercises and speed-strength and strength-speed in athletes training. It is thought that they will be able to make performance contributions with these data in their training plans for their development.
... In addition, weightlifting exercises are also often used as part of strength and conditioning programs to increase strength and power qualities (Suchomel et al., 2015). The rationale for including weightlifting exercises into these programs is that they exhibit certain kinematic and kinetic similarities to jumping and landing exercises, which are prominent in lots of sports (Hackett, Davies, Soomro, & Halaki, 2015;MacKenzie, Lavers, & Wallace, 2014;Tricoli, Lamas, Carnevale, & Ugrinowitsch, 2005). ...
The purpose of this study was to investigate the validity of a smartphone app to measure biomechanical barbell parameters during the snatch. Ten collegiate NCAA division I athletes performed two repetitions each at 40, 50, 60, 70, and 80% of their 1-repetition maximum snatch. Barbell motions were simultaneously recorded with a motion capture system and the smartphone app. The motion capture system recorded the 3-D position of a reflective marker attached to the end of the barbell while the smartphone app was used to record sagittal plane video and track the shape of the weight plate from which the barbell center was derived. Peak forward (PFD) and backward (PBD) displacements and peak vertical displacement (PVD) and velocity (PVV) were calculated from both sets of data. Significant, strong to very strong Pearson’s product-moment correlation coefficients between both systems were noted for all parameters (r = 0.729-0.902, all p < 0.001). Small significant biases between systems were observed for PVD (ES = 0.284, p< 0.001) and PFD (ES = 0.340, p< 0.01), while trivial to small, non-significant biases were observed for PBD (ES = 0.143) and PVV (ES = -0.100). Analysis of the biases indicated that the measured parameters diverged slightly as their magnitudes increased, although the coefficient of determination of the residuals (r2) were lower than 0.10 in all cases. Collectively, the results suggest that the app can provide biomechanical data of barbell motions similar to a 3-D motion capture system.
... A final consideration when implementing plyometric exercises in training is the other types of training that may be prescribed concurrently. A meta-analysis indicated that PT may produce similar vertical jump adaptations compared with weightlifting [173]; however, two studies that have compared the two training methods suggested that greater adaptations were produced as a result of training with weightlifting movements [174,175]. It should be noted that greater improvements in performance have been shown when PT is combined with other resistance training methods compared with using PT alone [176][177][178]. ...
The purpose of this review was to provide a physiological rationale for the use of eccentric resistance training and to provide an overview of the most commonly prescribed eccentric training methods. Based on the existing literature, there is a strong physiological rationale for the incorporation of eccentric training into a training program for an individual seeking to maximize muscle size, strength, and power. Specific adaptations may include an increase in muscle cross-sectional area, force output, and fiber shortening velocities, all of which have the potential to benefit power production characteristics. Tempo eccentric training, flywheel inertial training, accentuated eccentric loading, and plyometric training are commonly implemented in applied contexts. These methods tend to involve different force absorption characteristics and thus, overload the muscle or musculotendinous unit in different ways during lengthening actions. For this reason, they may produce different magnitudes of improvement in hypertrophy, strength, and power. The constraints to which they are implemented can have a marked effect on the characteristics of force absorption and therefore, could affect the nature of the adaptive response. However, the versatility of the constraints when prescribing these methods mean that they can be effectively implemented to induce these adaptations within a variety of populations.
... However, treatment effects on CMJ are most likely trivial" in CG and very likely "trivial" in PG. Many studies have shown that Olympic lifts effectively increase vertical jumping performance [4,35,36]. A strong association between CMJ by dynamic force movements was reported [37]. ...
Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of plyometric and pull training added an Olympic weightlifting training program (twice a week for 8 wk) on performance and selected strength characteristics in junior male weightlifter. Material: The participants [n = 34; age: 16.03 ± 0.9 y; mass: 74.78 ± 14.86 kg; height: 170.53 ± 6.81 cm] were randomized into a pull (n = 11), a plyometric (n = 12), and a control (n= 11) groups. The groups trained 6 days a week during the 8-week study period. The pull group performed four pull exercises and the plyometric group performed four plyometric exercises added to Olympic weightlifting program for 2 days a week, and the control group performed an Olympic weightlifting program alone. Analysis of variance and Magnitude-based inferences used to determine whether a significant difference existed among groups on snatch clean and jerk total (SCT), squat (SQ), back strength (BS), countermovement jump (CMJ), 30 sec. repeated jump height (RJH) and peak barbell velocity (PV). Results: The ANOVA showed a time × group interaction for SCT, BS and RJH. The MBI indicated positive changes for SCT in control group, for BS in pull group and for RJH in plyometric group. The results for the PV decrease in plyometric and pull group indicated no significant time × group interaction, but there was a significant main effects. ASK "Inserisci l'aim" \* MERGEFORMAT ASK \* MERGEFORMAT Conclusions: The results of this study showed that the addition of pull or plyometric training to an Olympic weightlifting program interfered with weightlifting performances.
... Weightlifters are required to generate high peak forces, rates of force development and impulse in order to adequately accelerate the barbell to lift more than their opponents, consequently resulting in high power outputs [24][25][26]. The importance of weightlifting movements and their derivatives to train lower body muscular power for optimising the force-velocity profile of athletes [23,27] as well as for enhancing performance in different sporting tasks such as vertical and horizontal jumps [28][29][30][31][32], sprinting and change of direction [31,32] has been extensively investigated and reported. Furthermore, previous research findings support that weightlifting exercises and their derivatives may train an athlete's ability to 'absorb' a load during impact activities [13,23,33], which, hypothetically, might be important for training deceleration [33]. ...
This review examines the literature on weightlifting overhead pressing derivatives (WOPDs) and provides information regarding historical, technical, kinetic and kinematic mechanisms as well as potential benefits and guidelines to implement the use of WOPDs as training tools for sports populations. Only 13 articles were found in a search of electronic databases, which was employed to gather empirical evidence to provide an insight into the kinetic and kinematic mechanisms underpinning WOPDs. Practitioners may implement WOPDs such as push press, push jerk or split jerk from the back as well as the front rack position to provide an adequate stimulus to improve not only weightlifting performance but also sports performance as: (1) the use of WOPDs is an additional strategy to improve weightlifting performance; (2) WOPDs require the ability to develop high forces rapidly by an impulsive triple extension of the hips, knees and ankles, which is mechanically similar to many sporting tasks; (3) WOPDs may be beneficial for enhancing power development and maximal strength in the sport population; and, finally, (4) WOPDs may provide a variation in training stimulus for the sports population due to the technical demands, need for balance and coordination. The potential benefits highlighted in the literature provide a justification for the implementation of WOPDs in sports training. However, there is a lack of information regarding the longitudinal training effects that may result from implementing WOPDs.
... Thus, SW exercises do not have a significant effect on CMJ. However, in previous studies, a strong positive relationship was shown between Olympic weightlifting and its derivatives and sports movements, particularly for vertical jump [8,19,20]. In previous studies examining the training effect of CW exercises [21,22], some important changes have been identified on CMJ. ...
One of the most widely used Olympic weightlifting derivatives, hang snatch and clean, is believed to be one of the most effective ways to improve the performance of athletes in sports that require power, strength, and speed. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of split-style hang snatch, and clean and jerk training (twice a week for 6 wk) on leg stiffness, vertical jump, agility, and sprint performance in volleyball players. The participants (n=34 collegiate female volleyball players) were randomized into training (n=17, age=15.63±1.3 years, height=166.05±5.7 cm, body weight=63.45±2.97 kg) and control groups (n=17, age=15.23±1.83 years, height=167.46±5.69 cm, body weight=60.46±4.14 kg). The variables included spike jump, counter movement jump, time to 5-m sprint and 20-m sprint, change of direction, and leg stiffness. The effects of split-style hang snatch and clean and jerk training on the measured variables were assessed by magnitude-based inferences. Generally, the increases in the measured variables were higher in the training group. The probability of an increase in leg stiffness was very likely (precision, 98.9%, d=0.722); 5-m sprint increase very likely (99.7%, d=−1.544); 20-m sprint increase very likely (99.9%, d=−0.774); and the probability of increase in change of direction was found to be likely, (85.4%, d=−0.385). The increases in countermovement jump were insignificant. We conclude that split hang snatch and clean and jerk exercises improve leg stiffness, spike jump, time to 5-m and 20-m sprint, and change of direction in female volleyball players.
... While time was spent with similar exercises (e.g., back squat, floor press), more time was spent with the Clean and Jerk and Snatch exercises and plyometrics (e.g., box jumps, jumping rope). Performing these exercises may elicit greater improvements in muscular power when compared to other training programs that include traditional resistance exercises [31]. Future research should include measures of muscular power in addition to traditional strength measures following HIFT. ...
The purpose of this study was to characterize high-intensity functional training (HIFT) in physically inactive adults. Four men and 10 women who were inexperienced with HIFT and not performing regular physical activity performed HIFT 3 days/week for 8 weeks. Health and fitness measures were assessed before and after the intervention. Resting heart rate (73 ± 12 vs. 68 ± 11 bpm) and resting diastolic blood pressure (71 ± 7 vs. 65 ± 6 mmHg) were reduced, while resting systolic blood pressure remained unchanged. Absolute VO2max (2.53 ± 0.68 vs. 2.69 ± 0.66 L/min) and relative VO2max (32.51 ± 8.84 vs. 34.31 ± 8.63 mL/kg/min) were improved. Lean body mass (48.20 ± 13.37 vs. 49.26 ± 13.81 kg) was increased, but fat mass was unchanged. Performance on the leg press (164.61 ± 54.35 vs. 201.62 ± 67.50 kg), bench press (39.12 ± 20.15 vs. 46.43 ± 21.18 kg), YMCA bench press (26 ± 13 vs. 37 ± 16 reps), one-minute sit-up (25 ± 9 vs. 32 ± 10 reps), and sit-and-reach (30.36 ± 11.36 vs. 32.14 ± 9.66 cm) were all increased. High-intensity functional training may be useful for improving health-related physical fitness parameters in physically inactive adults.
... 23,24 Plyometric exercises and Olympic lifts are examples of exercises that assist in improving explosive power. 38 Only three coaches used plyometric exercises including variations of jumping activities and one coach used Olympic lifts and its variations to train fast bowlers. The majority of the coaches omitting power development exercises is concerning; therefore, future coach training programmes should include education on the importance of power development exercises. ...
Fast bowlers have the highest injury rates in cricket; therefore, reducing these injuries is a priority for coaches and the support staff. Improving physical conditioning and monitoring bowling workload are primary preventative strategies to reduce overuse injuries. The objective of this study was to investigate practices of cricket coaches in Australia on (1) strength and conditioning and (2) bowling workload management of junior and non-elite fast bowlers. A web-based survey was sent to 548 male Level Two cricket coaches registered with Cricket New South Wales, Australia. One hundred and seventy (31%) coaches responded to the survey. A majority (70%) of the coaches were working with cricketers under the age of 19 years. Only 39 (23%) engaged fast bowlers in resistance training exercises. Coaches under the age of 40 years were more likely to prescribe resistance training (χ² = 5.77, df = 1, p = 0.016) than coaches over the age of 40. Lower back, abdominal and gluteal muscles were the most commonly targeted muscle groups. Sit-ups, core work and squats were the most common exercises prescribed. Most (92%) coaches were aware of current national fast bowling workload recommendations. However, only 18 (13%) coaches prescribed the currently recommended workloads. The results indicate that coaches training junior and sub-elite cricketers need more awareness on of the importance of engaging fast bowlers in resistance training and monitoring bowling workloads. Understanding current training practices of coaches can assist in the development of injury prevention programmes for junior fast bowlers and educational programmes for coaches.
... Weightlifting training, a more specialized form of resistance training, has received far less attention than traditional strength and plyometric training in youth populations. Though there is one meta-analysis demonstrating the positive effect of weightlifting training on vertical jump performance 43 , a lack of studies precludes any similar analyses with youth. Weightlifting interventions in youth athletes incorporate the snatch, clean and jerk and the various derivatives of each, in addition to common resistance training movements such as squats, presses and pulls [44][45][46] . ...
Long-term athletic development is important to prepare youth for sport and an active lifestyle. Several models have provided general frameworks for long-term athletic development from different perspectives that consider factors such as when to sample and specialize and what physical qualities to train and when. More recently, more specific models of long-term athletic development have emerged that focus on both specific modes of training and specific fitness qualities. This includes models focused on the development of speed, agility, power, and endurance as well as models devoted to resistance training, plyometric training, and weightlifting. These models incorporate factors such as technical competency, developmental stage, maturation, and training age to describe the long-term progression of athletic development. A challenge for the coach is to understand how these models inform one another and how they integrate into practice to allow the use of multiple modes of training to develop multiple components of fitness simultaneously throughout childhood and adolescence. This review will examine how information from various models can be integrated to maximize the physical long-term athletic development of youth.
... Die Vorteile der Gewichtheberübungen im Krafttraining für andere Sportarten liegen in der hohen kinematischen Übereinstimmung mit Sprungbewegungen (Arabatzi & Kellis, 2009;Canavan, Garrett & Armstrong, 1996), den explosiven schnellkräftigen Bewegungen (Hori, Newton & Nosaka, 2005;Suchomel, Comfort & Stone, 2015) sowie der Tatsache, dass gesamte Muskelschlingen in den unteren Extremitäten über die volle Bewegungsamplitude beansprucht werden. Im Ergebnis konnte bereits belegt werden, dass ein Training mit Gewichtheberübungen die Sprint-und Sprungleistung verbessern kann (Channell & Barfield, 2008;Hackett, Davies, Soomro & Halaki, 2016;Hoffman, Cooper, Wendell & Kang, 2004;Hori, Newton, Andrews, Kawamori, McGuigan & Nosaka, 2008 (Findikoglu, Alemdaroglu, Köklü, Kocak & Erol, 2001;Osternig, 1986). Für Gewichtheber wurde als Folge der sportartspezifischen Anpassung ein isokinetisch gemessenen BSV im Kniegelenk von 0,51 für das linke Knie und 0,53 für das rechte Knie bei 60 °/s ermittelt sowie eine Zunahme des BSV bei einer höheren Winkelgeschwindigkeit (300 °/s) (Liu, Huang & Lin, 2004). ...
Weightlifters show a smaller decrease of the isokinetic torque in the knee extension
than in the knee flexion when joint angular velocity increases. With respect
to this fact there is no increase in the ratio of the knee flexor to the knee extensor
strength with increasing joint angular velocity. The torques of the right and the
left knee do not differ at each of the joint velocities tested. When comparing the
weightlifters to sportsmen from other sports, weightlifters have larger torques for
extension only at higher joint velocities while they have always smaller torques
for flexion. The weightlifting-specific neuromuscular adaptations of knee joint actuators
have to be considered in strength training of other sports when using
weightlifting exercises.
... Reference compound talents guiding ideology, talent demands and characteristics of the subject as catalyst, professional teaching method will want to roll the link, control and management of teaching content, teaching objectives, teaching methods, teaching evaluation and organization, the challenge of talent cultivation of innovative new generation theory and the reform practice teaching. Secondly, on the basis of the level of physical education, teaching, group compound teaching project teaching, the teaching goal is to determine the educated body basic quality, sports ability, basic understanding of basic level information, and then using the target management and standard evaluation system [5][6]. Compound teaching has its sensitive and free characteristics, which not only helps to train the students' independent spirit and innovative thinking, but also can fully display the teacher's leading role. ...
Анотація. Багато юнаків та дівчат приходять до секції, спортивних клубів та тренажерних залів, аби вивчити базові вправи важкої атлетики, але стикаються з відсутністю методики навчання важкоатлетичних вправ. Мета. Проаналізувати та обґрунтувати на практиці авторську методику вивчення техніки ривка штанги для спортсменів, які самостійно займаються важкою атлетикою. Методи. Аналіз наукової літератури, матеріалів мережі Інтернет, педагогічні спостереження, біомеханічний аналіз структури руху штанги. Результати. Запропоновано авторську методику вивчення техніки ривка штанги для тих, хто самостійно займається важкою атлетикою. Програма занять становить 20 тренувальних занять із комплексом підвідних, імітаційних та спеціально-підготовчих вправ. Авторською вона вважається тому, що навчання техніки ривка здійснюється не за традиційним принципом «знизу–вгору» (з помосту до фази фіксації штанги на випростаних руках), а у напряму згори–вниз (із фази фіксації штанги на випростаних руках, до стартового положення атлета на помості). Програма містить ряд нових, інноваційних рухових дій (вправ), взятих із багаторічної тренувальної практики одного із авторів статті, що до сьогодні не вивчались та не описувались у навчально-методичній літературі з важкої атлетики. Вона пройшла апробацію під час багаточисельних семінарів (вебінарів) з важкої атлетики зі спортсменами у багатьох країнах світу та отримала позитивні відгуки від тих, хто самостійно займається за цією програмою. Ключові слова: методика навчання, ривок, біомеханічний аналіз, відеозапис вправ, авторська програма, самостійні заняття, важка атлетика.
Vertical jump height is a widely used variable in sport science and physical education. This narrative review summarizes various numerical methods used to calculate vertical jump height. In force plate technology, the jump height is most commonly calculated using the flight time (FT) or the takeoff velocity (TOV), which provide only the distance traveled in the air and neglect the center of mass (CoM) elevation before the jump. However, CoM is already elevated before the takeoff, mainly due to plantar flexion of the ankles. Double integration methods can be used to circumvent this issue. In field-based testing, the “heel lift constant” can be added to flight height to more accurately determine the jump height according to the biomechanical definition (the vertical difference in body’s CoM between standing position and the apex of the jump). A high degree of caution should be used when comparing the data from previous studies.
Amaç: Araştırmanın amacı, temel halter eğitimi kapsamında antrenman yapan sedanter bireylerin, belirlenen fiziksel parametrelerine etkisini araştırmaktır. Materyal & Metot: Araştırmada ön-test, ara-test, son-test desenli, deneysel araştırma modeli kullanıldı. Araştırma grubu Bayburt ilinde yaşayan sedanter, daha önce halter branşı eğitimi görmemiş, sakatlık veya rahatsızlık engeline sahip olmayan, yaş ortalamaları 25,36±5,58 (yıl) olarak, boy ortalamaları 169,07±8,42 (cm) olarak, vücut ağırlıkları 65,10±13,71 (kg) olarak tespit edilen 10 erkek (%71,4) ve 4 kadın (%28,6) gönüllü katılımcıdan oluşmaktadır. Bulgular:
Purpose: The aim of the research is to investigate the effect of sedentary individuals training within the scope of basic weightlifting training on the determined physical parameters. Material & Method: Experimental research model with pre-test, mid-test and post-test design was used in the research. The research group was a sedentary person living in Bayburt, never trained in weightlifting, had no disability or disability, mean age was 25.36±5.58 (years), mean height was 169.07±8.42 (cm), body weight It consists of 10 male (71.4%) and 4 female (28.6%) volunteer participants whose weight was determined as 65.10±13.71 (kg). Findings: While a significant difference was found in male participants' back and leg strength, sit-reach flexibility, right hand thumb grip strength, left hand thumb grip strength, right hand grip strength, left hand grip strength and vertical jump measurements (p<0.05) , body weight, body mass index and body fat percentage measurement values were not statistically significant (p>0.05). A significant difference was found in the variables of back and leg strength, left sit-reach flexibility, right hand grip strength and vertical jump of female athletes (p<0.05). On the other hand, no statistically significant difference was found between body weight, body mass index, body fat percentage, right sit-reach flexibility, right hand thumb grip strength, left hand thumb grip strength and left hand grip strength values (p. >0.05). Result: As a result, weightlifting training has an effective training on the change of physical parameters of back and leg strength, sit-reach flexibility, right hand thumb grip strength, left hand thumb grip strength, right hand grip strength, left hand grip strength and vertical jump of sedentary individuals. It can be said to be a type.
يهدف البحث الى التعرف على تأثير استخدام تمرينات القوة غير المتوازنة على جانبي الجسم من خلال (التمرينات الارضية – الرفعات الاوليمبية) على دقة و ضباطة التصويب في كرة اليد و استخدم الباحثون المنهج التجريبي لمجموعتين تجريبيتين باستخدام القياسات القبلية و البعدية على عينة مكونة من 20 لاعب كرة اليد المعتمدين من الاتحادات الرياضية تحت 18 سنة وكانت اهم النتائج تفوق المجموعة التجريبية الأولى (التمرينات غير المتوازنة) المطبق عليها برنامج التمرينات غير المتوازنة المقترح على المجموعة التجريبية الثانية (التمرينات المتوازنة) المطبق عليها برنامج التمرينات المتوازنة المقترح ، حيث أثر برنامج التمرينات غير المتوازنة بصورة إيجابية في تحسين القدرات البدنية والقوة القصوى (1RM) ودقة التصويب والاختبار المهارى قيد البحث عن برنامج التمرينات المتوازنة المقترح.
The research aims to identify the effect of the use of unbalanced strength exercises on both sides of the body through (ground exercises - Olympic lifts) on the accuracy and control of Shooting in handball, the researchers used the experimental method of two experimental groups using pre- and post-measurements on a sample consisting of 20 accredited handball players from sports federations under 18 years old , it was the most Important result it the first experimental group (unbalanced exercises) applied to the proposed unbalanced exercise program outperformed the second experimental group (balanced exercises) to which the proposed balanced exercise program applied, as the unbalanced exercise program positively affected the improvement of physical abilities and maximum strength (1RM) Accuracy of shooting and skill testing are in search of the proposed balanced exercise program.
Changes in Physical Fitness Factors and Some Anthropometric Indices of Inactive Young Women Following Eight Weeks of Cross-Fit Training
The purpose of this study was to examine the changes in squat jump (SJ) and
countermovement jump (CMJ) force–time curve characteristics following 10 weeks of training with either load-matched weightlifting catching (CATCH) or pulling derivatives (PULL) or pulling derivatives that included force- and velocity-specific loading (OL). Twenty-five resistance-trained men were randomly assigned to the CATCH, PULL, or OL groups. Participants completed a 10 week,
group-specific training program. SJ and CMJ height, propulsion mean force, and propulsion time were compared at baseline and after 3, 7, and 10 weeks. In addition, time-normalized SJ and CMJ force–time curves were compared between baseline and after 10 weeks. No between-group differences were present for any of the examined variables, and only trivial to small changes existed within each group. The greatest improvements in SJ and CMJ height were produced by the OL and PULL groups, respectively, while only trivial changes were present for the CATCH group. These changes were underpinned by greater propulsion forces and reduced propulsion times. The OL group displayed
significantly greater relative force during the SJ and CMJ compared to the PULL and CATCH groups, respectively. Training with weightlifting pulling derivatives may produce greater vertical jump adaptations compared to training with catching derivatives.
Nagao, H and Ishii, Y. Characteristics of the shrug motion and trapezius muscle activity during the power clean. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2019-Although the shrug motion and trapezius muscle activity are commonly considered as important in Olympic weightlifting exercises, there are no data on the shrug motion in Olympic weightlifting. Providing objective data on shrug motion and upper trapezius muscle (TZ) activity during power clean (PC) will help coaches properly evaluate technique and select accessory exercises. The purpose of this study was to clarify the role of the shrug motion and TZ activity during PC. Twenty trained men performed the PC at 50, 70, and 90% of 1 repetition maximum (1RM). Kinematics motion data and TZ surface electromyography were recorded. The range of motion of the shrug angle (sROM) and scapular adduction angle (aROM) were calculated during each phase of the PC. The TZ activity of each phase was evaluated by the root-mean-square of TZ activity (TZ%RMS), normalized by the maximal voluntary contraction. In the first pull and transition phases, TZ%RMS was significantly larger (p < 0.05; η = 0.10, 0.11) at 90% 1RM than at 50% 1RM. In the second pull phase, the sROM and aROM were significantly larger (p < 0.01; η = 0.19, 0.19) at 50% 1RM than at 90% 1RM, and the TZ%RMS was significantly larger (p < 0.01; η = 0.30) at 50% 1RM than at 70% 1RM and 90% 1RM, and at 70% 1RM than at 90% 1RM. Trapezius muscle activity appears to work to maintain scapular position, especially in the first pull and transition phases. In the second pull phase, the TZ was aggressively contracted to elevate the scapula and pull the barbell, but the sROM decreased as the load increased.
The sports video analysis system in sports training can improve the ability of motion analysis and improve the training quality of sports training video playback. In view of the shortcomings of the current motion video analysis system, a new sports training video analysis system is proposed. The overall design of the video analysis system of the sports training system is analyzed, and the detailed design of the system is analyzed. Finally, the performance of the system is tested. The results show that the system can accurately analyze the video and image information of sports training. The accuracy of the key frame extraction is high and the recall rate is high. It can be used to guide the training of sports training.
The purpose of the present study was to develop an effective testing battery for female field hockey by using anthropometric, physiological, and skill-related tests to distinguish between regional representative (Rep, n = 35) and local club level (Club, n = 39)female field hockey players. Rep players were significantly leaner and recorded faster times for the 10-m and 40-m sprints as well as the Illinois Agility Run (with and without dribbling a hockey ball). Rep players also had greater aerobic and lower body muscular power and were more accurate in the shooting accuracy test, p < 0.05. No significant differences between groups were evident for height, body mass, speed decrement in 6 X 40-m repeated sprints, hand-grip strength, or pushing speed. These results indicate that %BF sprinting speed, agility, dribbling control, aerobic and muscular power, and shooting accuracy can distinguish between female field hockey players of varying standards. Therefore talent identification programs for female field hockey should include assessments of these physical parameters.
Abstract The purpose of this study was to compare the kinetics, kinematics, and muscle activation patterns of the countermovement jump, the power clean, and the jump squat with the expectation of gaining a better understanding of the mechanism of transfer from the power clean to the vertical jump. Ground reaction forces, electromyography, and joint angle data were collected from 20 trained participants while they performed the three movements. Relative to the power clean, the kinematics of the jump squat were more similar to those of the countermovement jump. The order in which the ankle, knee, and hip began extending, as well as the subsequent pattern of extension, was different between the power clean and countermovement jump. The electromyography data demonstrated significant differences in the relative timing of peak activations in all muscles, the maximum activation of the rectus femoris and biceps femoris, and in the activation/deactivation patterns of the vastus medialis and rectus femoris. The greatest rate of force development during the upward phase of these exercises was generated during the power clean (17,254 [Formula: see text]), which was significantly greater than both the countermovement jump (3836 [Formula: see text]) and jump squat (3517 [Formula: see text]) conditions (P < .001, [Formula: see text]).
Four Olympic-style weightlifters and six athletes from other sports volunteered to perform maximal and submaximal vertical jumps with countermovement and/or snatch lifts on a Kistler force plate to compare the kinetics of the two activities at different levels of effort. Parameters studied included maximum vertical ground reaction force generated during a snatch lift or jump for both maximal and submaximal efforts and force duration at magnitudes greater than 50, 80 and 90 percent of max during the propulsion phase of each activity. Results indicated that in both activities, as the level of performance (intensity) increased, maximal propulsion force magnitudes generally decreased, whereas the duration of force at higher percentages of maximum increased. Qualitative similarities in the temporal pattern of vertical ground reaction force for each activity were observed in both unweighting and propulsion phases. Use of a double knee bend lifting technique accounted for an unweighting phase during the snatch lifts. Data indicated that the athletes used adjustments in temporal pattern of propulsive force application, rather than an increase in the magnitude of force generated for maximal versus submaximal efforts in both activities. Athletes who require improved jumping ability may benefit from utilizing Olympic lifting movements as part of their strength training program due to the applied overload and the similarities found between the propulsive force patterns of each activity.
(C) 1992 National Strength and Conditioning Association
This study examined the relative effectiveness of two leading forms of athletic training in enhancing dynamic performance in various tests. Thirty-three men who participated in various regional level sports, but who had not previously performed resistance training, were randomly assigned to either a maximal power training program, a combined weight and plyometric program, or a nontraining control group. The maximal power group performed weighted jump squats and bench press throws using a load that maximized the power output of the exercise. The combined group underwent traditional heavy weight training in the form of squats, and bench press and plyometric training in the form of depth jumps and medicine ball throws. The training consisted of 2 sessions a week for 8 weeks. Both training groups were equally effective in enhancing a variety of performance measures such as jumping, cycling, throwing, and lifting.
(C) 1996 National Strength and Conditioning Association
Explosive leg power is a key ingredient to maximizing vertical jump performance. In training, the athlete must use the most effective program to optimize leg power development. The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of three training programs - squat (S), plyometric (P) and squat-plyometric (SP) - in increasing hip and thigh power production as measured by vertical jump. Forty-eight subjects were divided equally into four groups: S, P, SP or control (C). The subjects trained two days a week for a total of seven weeks, which consisted of a one-week technique learning period followed by a six- week periodized S, P or SP training program. Hip and thigh power were tested before and after training using the vertical jump test, and the alpha level was set at 0.05. Statistical analysis of the data revealed a significant increase in hip and thigh power production, as measured by vertical jump, within all three treatment groups. The SP group achieved a statistically greater improvement (p < 0.0001) than the S or P groups alone. Examination of the mean scores shows that the S group increased 3.30 centimeters in vertical jump, the P group increased 3.81 centimeters and the SP group increased 10.67 centimeters. The results indicate that both S and P training are necessary for improving hip and thigh power production as measured by vertical jumping ability.
(C) 1992 National Strength and Conditioning Association
The purpose of this study was to determine whether ballistic resistance training would increase the vertical jump (VJ) performance of already highly trained jump athletes.
Sixteen male volleyball players from a NCAA Division I team participated in the study. A Vertec was used to measure standing vertical jump and reach (SJR) and jump and reach from a three-step approach (AJR). Several types of vertical jump tests were also performed on a Plyometric Power System and a forceplate to measure force, velocity, and power production during vertical jumping. The subjects completed the tests and were then randomly divided into two groups, control and treatment. All subjects completed the usual preseason volleyball on-court training combined with a resistance training program. In addition, the treatment group completed 8 wk of squat jump training while the control group completed squat and leg press exercises at a 6RM load. Both groups were retested at the completion of the training period.
The treatment group produced a significant increase in both SJR and AJR of 5.9+/-3.1% and 6.3+/-5.1%. respectively. These increases were significantly greater than the pre- to postchanges produced by the control group, which were not significant for either jump. Analysis of the data from the various other jump tests suggested increased overall force output during jumping, and in particular increased rate of force development were the main contributors to the increased jump height.
These results lend support to the effectiveness of ballistic resistance training for improving vertical jump performance in elite jump athletes.
The purpose of the present study was to develop an effective testing battery for female field hockey by using anthropometric, physiological, and skill-related tests to distinguish between regional representative (Rep, n = 35) and local club level (Club, n = 39) female field hockey players. Rep players were significantly leaner and recorded faster times for the 10-m and 40-m sprints as well as the Illinois Agility Run (with and without dribbling a hockey ball). Rep players also had greater aerobic and lower body muscular power and were more accurate in the shooting accuracy test, p < 0.05. No significant differences between groups were evident for height, body mass, speed decrement in 6 × 40-m repeated sprints, handgrip strength, or pushing speed. These results indicate that %BF, sprinting speed, agility, dribbling control, aerobic and muscular power, and shooting accuracy can distinguish between female field hockey players of varying standards. Therefore talent identification programs for female field hockey should include assessments of these physical parameters.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships among jumping performances and speed parameters during maximum speed phase in sprinters. Twenty-one men sprinters volunteered to participate at the beginning of the preparation training phase. All tests-including 100-m sprint running, squat jump (SJ), countermovement jump (CMJ), drop jump (DJ), 60-second repetitive jump (RJ), standing long jump (SLJ), standing triple jump (STJ), standing quintuple jump (SQJ), and standing 10-stride jump (STENJ)-were done on switching mats. Flight (FT) and contact times (CT) during the vertical jump tests and 10-m split times during 100-m sprint running were measured by a 2-channel precision timing system (PTS) connected to the mats. The trace marking method was used for measuring the stride length (SL) through 60 m in 100-m sprint running. Stride frequency (SF), maximum velocity (Vmax), jump height for all vertical jumps, and lower-body power in DJ and RJ were calculated. Statistical analysis showed that the highest significant correlation was found between Vmax and DJ height (r = 0.69; p < 0.05). However, the lowest significant correlation coefficient was found between SL at maximum velocity phase of sprint running and SJ (r = 0.39; p < 0.05). In conclusion, DJ height is demonstrated to be a more effective way to reflect Vmax during sprint running than the other vertical and horizontal jump tests at the beginning of the preparation training phase.
In this study, we examined gender and age differences in physical performance in football. Thirty-four elite female and 34 elite male players (age 17 +/- 1.6 to 24 +/- 3.4 years) from a professional football club were divided into four groups (n=17 each) according to gender and competitive level (senior males, senior females, junior males, and junior females). Players were tested for specific endurance (Yo-YoIR1), sprint over 15 m (Sprint-15 m), vertical jump without (CMJ) or with (ACMJ) arm swing, agility (Agility-15 m), and ball dribbling over 15 m (Ball-15 m). The Yo-YoIR1 and Agility-15m performances showed both a gender and competitive level difference (P < 0.001). Senior and junior males covered 97 and 153% more distance during the Yo-YoIR1 than senior and junior females, respectively (P < 0.001). Gender but not age differences were found for Sprint-15 m performance (P < 0.001). No difference in vertical jump and Ball-15 m performances were found between senior and junior males (P > 0.05). More marked gender differences were evident in endurance than in anaerobic performance in female players. These results show major fitness differences by gender for a given competitive level in football players. It is suggested that training and talent identification should focus on football-specific endurance and agility as fitness traits in post-adolescent players of both sexes.
The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of a ballistic resistance training program of Olympic lifts with those of a traditional resistance training program of power lifts on vertical jump improvement in male high school athletes. Twenty-seven male student athletes were recruited from a high school football program at a small, rural school in the Southeast. The subjects were divided into an Olympic training group (OT, n = 11), a power training group (PT, n = 10), and a control group (n = 6). Analysis of variance was used to determine whether a significant mean difference existed among groups on vertical jump improvement after 8 weeks of group-specific training. Effect size of vertical jump improvement between groups, and correlations between strength and vertical jump performance, were also examined. There was no significant mean difference (p >or= 0.05) among OT, PT, and control groups, but large effect sizes between OT and control (d = 1.06) and PT and control (d = 0.94) demonstrate that both OT and PT are effective in improving vertical jump performance in male high school athletes. Moderate to high correlations were noted between squat score and vertical jump after adjusting for body weight (r = 0.42) and between power clean and vertical jump after adjusting for body weight (r = 0.75). Findings from the current study indicate that Olympic lifts as well as power lifts provide improvement in vertical jump performance and that Olympic lifts may provide a modest advantage over power lifts for vertical jump improvement in high school athletes.
The purpose of this study was to determine the importance of leg strength and stiffness relative to i) 100 m sprint performance, ii) mean speed on the three phases of the 100 m race (30-60-100 m) and iii) the speed differences between these phases.
Nineteen regional to national level male sprinters competed in a 100 m race. Video analysis was used to determine mean velocity parameters. Two subgroups were created since some of the runners decreased their velocity during the third phase (G1), whereas others maintained or accelerated it (G2). Leg strength (concentric half-squats - counter movement jump) and stiffness (hopping) were determined. Simple (r) and multiple regressions (R) were used.
The mean performance over 100 m was 11.43 sec (10.72-12.87 sec). The concentric half-squats were related to 100 m (r=0.74, p<0.001) and to the mean speed of each phase (R=0.75, p<0.01). The counter movement jump was related to 100 m (r=0.57, p<0.05) and was the predictor of the first phase (r=0.66, p<0.01). The hopping test was the predictor of the two last phases (R=0.66, p<0.05). Athletes who had the greatest leg stiffness (G1) produced the highest acceleration between the first and the second phases, and presented a deceleration between the second and the third ones.
The concentric half-squats test was the best predictor in the 100 m sprint. Leg stiffness plays a major role in the second phase.
Cochrane Reviews have recently started including the quantity I 2 to help readers assess the consistency of the results of studies in meta-analyses. What does this new quantity mean, and why is assessment of heterogeneity so important to clinical practice?
Systematic reviews and meta-analyses can provide convincing and reliable evidence relevant to many aspects of medicine and health care.1 Their value is especially clear when the results of the studies they include show clinically important effects of similar magnitude. However, the conclusions are less clear when the included studies have differing results. In an attempt to establish whether studies are consistent, reports of meta-analyses commonly present a statistical test of heterogeneity. The test seeks to determine whether there are genuine differences underlying the results of the studies (heterogeneity), or whether the variation in findings is compatible with chance alone (homogeneity). However, the test is susceptible to the number of trials included in the meta-analysis. We have developed a new quantity, I 2, which we believe gives a better measure of the consistency between trials in a meta-analysis.
Assessment of the consistency of effects across studies is an essential part of meta-analysis. Unless we know how consistent the results of studies are, we cannot determine the generalisability of the findings of the meta-analysis. Indeed, several hierarchical systems for grading evidence state that the results of studies must be consistent or homogeneous to obtain the highest grading.2–4
Tests for heterogeneity are commonly used to decide on methods for combining studies and for concluding consistency or inconsistency of findings.5 6 But what does the test achieve in practice, and how should the resulting P values be interpreted?
A test for heterogeneity examines the null hypothesis that all studies are evaluating the same effect. The usual test statistic …
The present study investigates the effects of power training on mechanical efficiency (ME) in jumping. Twenty-three subjects, including ten controls, volunteered for the study. The experimental group trained twice a week for 15 weeks performing various jumping exercises such as drop jumps, hurdle jumps, hopping and bouncing. In the maximal jumping test, the take-off velocity increased from 2.56 (0.24) m.s(-1) to 2.77 (0.18) m.s(-1) ( P<0.05). In the submaximal jumping of 50% of the maximum, energy expenditure decreased from 660 (110) to 502 (68) J.kg(-1).min(-1) ( P<0.001) while, simultaneously, ME increased from 37.2 (8.4)% to 47.4 (8.2)% ( P<0.001). Some muscle enzyme activities of the gastrocnemius muscle increased during the training period: citrate synthase from 35 (8) to 39 (7) micromol.g(-1) dry mass.min(-1) ( P<0.05) and beta-hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase from 21 (4) to 23 (5) micromol.g(-1) dry mass.min(-1) ( P<0.05), whereas no significant changes were observed in phosphofructokinase and lactate dehydrogenase. In the control group, no changes in ME or in enzyme activities were observed. In conclusion, the enhanced performance capability of 8% in maximal jumping as a result of power training was characterized by decreased energy expenditure of 24%. Thus, the increased neuromuscular performance, joint control strategy, and intermuscular coordination (primary factors), together with improved aerobic capacity (secondary factor), may result in reduced oxygen demands and increased ME.
Twenty members of an National Collegiate Athletic Association Division III collegiate football team were assigned to either an Olympic lifting (OL) group or power lifting (PL) group. Each group was matched by position and trained 4-days.wk(-1) for 15 weeks. Testing consisted of field tests to evaluate strength (1RM squat and bench press), 40-yard sprint, agility, vertical jump height (VJ), and vertical jump power (VJP). No significant pre- to posttraining differences were observed in 1RM bench press, 40-yard sprint, agility, VJ or in VJP in either group. Significant improvements were seen in 1RM squat in both the OL and PL groups. After log10-transformation, OL were observed to have a significantly greater improvement in Delta VJ than PL. Despite an 18% greater improvement in 1RM squat (p > 0.05), and a twofold greater improvement (p > 0.05) in 40-yard sprint time by OL, no further significant group differences were seen. Results suggest that OL can provide a significant advantage over PL in vertical jump performance changes.
A high level of strength is inherent in elite soccer play, but the relation between maximal strength and sprint and jumping performance has not been studied thoroughly.
To determine whether maximal strength correlates with sprint and vertical jump height in elite male soccer players.
Seventeen international male soccer players (mean (SD) age 25.8 (2.9) years, height 177.3 (4.1) cm, weight 76.5 (7.6) kg, and maximal oxygen uptake 65.7 (4.3) ml/kg/min) were tested for maximal strength in half squats and sprinting ability (0-30 m and 10 m shuttle run sprint) and vertical jumping height.
There was a strong correlation between maximal strength in half squats and sprint performance and jumping height.
Maximal strength in half squats determines sprint performance and jumping height in high level soccer players. High squat strength did not imply reduced maximal oxygen consumption. Elite soccer players should focus on maximal strength training, with emphasis on maximal mobilisation of concentric movements, which may improve their sprinting and jumping performance.
Weightlifting exercises can be effective for enhancing athletic performance. This article provides a biomechanical and physiological discussion as to why weightlifting exercises are useful to improve athletic performance and how they may be integrated into a training program.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the force-velocity response of the neuromuscular system to a variety of concentric only, stretch-shorten cycle, and ballistic bench press movements. Twenty-seven men of an athletic background (21.9 +/- 3.1 years, 89.0 +/- 12.5 kg, 86.3 +/- 13.6 kg 1 repetition maximum [1RM]) performed 4 types of bench presses, concentric only, concentric throw, rebound, and rebound throw, across loads of 30-80% 1RM. Average force output was unaffected by the technique used across all loads. Greater force output was recorded using higher loading intensities. The use of rebound was found to produce greater average velocities (12.3% higher mean across loads) and peak forces (14.1% higher mean across loads). Throw or ballistic training generated greater velocities across all loads (4.4% higher average velocity and 6.7% higher peak velocity), and acceleration-deceleration profiles provided greater movement pattern specificity. However, the movement velocities (0.69-1.68 m.s(-1)) associated with the loads used in this study did not approach actual movement velocities associated with functional performance. Suggestions were made as to how these findings may be applied to improve strength, power, and functional performance.
The focus of this study was to determine if adding hang clean (HC) to a structured weight training program can make an improvement in countermovement vertical jump (VJ). This study used high school athletes over a 6-wk period without incorporating any plyometric or jump training exercises. Six high school weight training classes performed strength training exercises 2 d·wk-1. All six classes performed the same upper body lifts and lower body auxiliary lifts. High school student athletes (n = 173) were randomly assigned to three groups. The control group (SQG) performed 6 sets of squat (SQ) in addition to the lifts that all classes performed. Another group (CSG) performed 3 sets of HC and 3 sets of SQ. The remaining group (HCG) performed 6 sets of HC and no SQ. Pre- and postassessments of VJ were recorded at the beginning and at the end of the 6-wk study using a Vertec. The findings indicate a significant difference in VJ improvement between both the CSG (3.8 ± 4.2cm) and HCG (2.7 ± 3.0cm) when compared to the SQG (0.7 ± 2.2cm). Thus, the study supported the hypothesis with larger gains in VJ height for athletes who performed HC over athletes who performed only the SQ. There was also a significant difference between the CSG and HCG leading to the recommendation to strength and conditioning coaches to implement HC equally with SQ to maximize VJ.
IntroductionIndividual studiesThe summary effectHeterogeneity of effect sizesSummary points
The neuromechanical determinants of sprint running performance have been investigated in team sports athletes and non-elite sprinters. The aim of this study was to quantify the relationships between kinetic and performance parameters, obtained in loaded and unloaded vertical and horizontal jumps, and sprinting in elite athletes. Twenty-two sprinters performed squat jumps, countermovement jumps, horizontal jumps and jump squats with different loads on a force platform, in addition to a 50-m sprint. Results indicated that jumping height and distance in vertical and horizontal jumps are more strongly correlated (R ≈ 0.81) to sprinting speed than the respective peak forces (R ≈ 0.36). Furthermore, the optimum load generating the maximum power in the jump squat is also highly correlated to sprint performance (R ≈ 0.72). These results reveal that vertical and horizontal jump tests may be used by coaches for assessing and monitoring qualities related to sprinting performance in elite sprinters.
Effect size helps readers understand the magnitude of differences found, whereas statistical significance examines whether the findings are likely to be due to chance. Both are essential for readers to understand the full impact of your work. Report both in the Abstract and Results sections.
This study was done to determine the kinematic and kinetic relationships between the squatting vertical jump and the Olympic hang snatch lift. Kinematic data were analyzed via the Peak 3-D system; kinetic data were analyzed via the AMTI force plate system. Two genlocked video cameras recorded performance. The subjects were 7 male varsity athletes from an NCAA Div. I school. Ground reaction force data of the lower extremities and angular displacements of the left hip, knee, and ankle joints were collected. The moments of power and force and the angular displacements were analyzed. Results revealed similar kinetic features between the squatting vertical jump and the hang snatch lift during the propulsive phase. However, angular displacements of the left hip, knee, and ankle were statistically dissimilar between both exercises during the propulsive phase. On the basis of the similar kinetic features, Olympic-style lifting may be beneficial in improving power.
(C) 1996 National Strength and Conditioning Association
To determine the effects of a sprint-specific plyometrics program on sprint performance, an 8-week training study consisting of 15 training sessions was conducted. Twenty-six male subjects completed the training. A plyometrics group (N = 10) performed sprint-specific plyometric exercises, while a sprint group (N = 7) performed sprints. A control group (N = 9) was included. Subjects performed sprints over 10-and 40-m distances before (Pre) and after (Post) training. For the plyometrics group, significant decreases in times occurred over the 0-10-m (Pre 1.96 +/- 0.10 seconds, Post 1.91 +/- 0.08 seconds, p = 0.001) and 0-40-m (Pre = 5.63 +/- 0.18 seconds, Post = 5.53 +/- 0.20 seconds, p = 0.001) distances, but the improvements in the sprint group were not significant over either the 0-10-m (Pre 1.95 +/- 0.06 seconds, Post 1.93 +/- 0.05 seconds) or 0-40-m distance (Pre 5.62 +/- 0.14 seconds, Post 5.55 +/- 0.10 seconds). The magnitude of the improvements in the plyometrics group was, however, not significantly different from the sprint group. The control group showed no changes in sprint times. There were no significant changes in stride length or frequency, but ground contact time decreased at 37 m by 4.4% in the plyometrics group only. It is concluded that a sprint-specific plyometrics program can improve 40-m sprint performance to the same extent as standard sprint training, possibly by shortening ground contact time.
(C) 2000 National Strength and Conditioning Association
