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The "double diamond" model of international competitiveness: The Canadian experience
... Through the lens of European integration, these countries have benefited from international financial support in stimulating their competitiveness, support that has been beneficial not only for their domestic development and modernization but also for their ability to enhance international competitiveness. As some authors indicate (Rugman and D'Cruz, 1993;Moon et al., 1998;Rugman et al., 2012), geographical proximity and regional membership may be driving factors for stimulating the increase in national competitiveness, due to the impact of foreign factors. If we take a look at the data provided by the IMD World Competitiveness Yearbook 2021, in our sample Estonia is the highest-ranking economy, occupying the 26 th position in the world. ...
... Passing to the group of advanced factors, we choose as proxies patent applications to the European Patent Office (per million inhabitants), as suggested by Molendowski and Żmuda (2014). We also embrace the point of view of Rugman and D'Cruz (1993) and include inward stock of FDI because they generate positive externalities into the host country and increase the level of competitiveness. ...
... Poter (1990) proposed the "4+2" diamond model in the study of the formation of the international competitive advantage of a country's industry, taking the four basic elements and two key elements as the basis for the formation of the international competitive advantage of the industry, and comprehensively and systematically studying the conditions for the formation of the international competitiveness of the industry [35]. Since then, many scholars have continued to improve diamond models, and diamond models have also developed, including the "multi-factor diamond model" (Cartwright, 1993), the "international diamond model" (Dunning, 1993), the "double diamond model" (Rugman and D'cruz, 1993), the "nine-factor model" (Cho, 1994), the "generalized diamond model" (Moon et al., 1998), and the "new diamond model" (Rui Mingjie, 2006). It improves the applicability of diamond models and promotes the rapid development of research related to the international competitiveness of the industry [36][37][38][39][40][41]. ...
... Since then, many scholars have continued to improve diamond models, and diamond models have also developed, including the "multi-factor diamond model" (Cartwright, 1993), the "international diamond model" (Dunning, 1993), the "double diamond model" (Rugman and D'cruz, 1993), the "nine-factor model" (Cho, 1994), the "generalized diamond model" (Moon et al., 1998), and the "new diamond model" (Rui Mingjie, 2006). It improves the applicability of diamond models and promotes the rapid development of research related to the international competitiveness of the industry [36][37][38][39][40][41]. ...
Taking the international competitiveness of China's aerospace manufacturing industry as the research object (Hereinafter abbreviated as IC-AMI), this paper classifies and sorts out the relevant literature of industrial international competitiveness, China's aerospace manufacturing industry and China’s IC-AMI, and believes that the existing research still has expandable potential. First of all, no scholar has yet conducted a quantitative analysis of the factors influencing China’s IC-AMI. Second, there is a lack of international competitiveness assessment of China's aerospace manufacturing industry based on horizontal comparison. Finally, no scholars have used data from 2008 to study China's IC-AMI.
... Porter and Millar (1985) proposed the "National Diamond Model" based on six sources (including factor conditions, demand conditions, related and supporting industries, firm strategy, structure and rivalry, government, and chance), and applied it to the economic sectors of 10 industrialised countries (Porter and Millar, 1985). Rugman and D'Cruz (1993) developed the "Double Diamond Model" (Rugman and D'cruz, 1993). Other scholars have presented several factors (e.g., human, and physical and governmental factors) affecting national competitiveness in the form of economic development models (Zanakis and Becerra-Fernandez, 2005;Keegan, 2017). ...
... Porter and Millar (1985) proposed the "National Diamond Model" based on six sources (including factor conditions, demand conditions, related and supporting industries, firm strategy, structure and rivalry, government, and chance), and applied it to the economic sectors of 10 industrialised countries (Porter and Millar, 1985). Rugman and D'Cruz (1993) developed the "Double Diamond Model" (Rugman and D'cruz, 1993). Other scholars have presented several factors (e.g., human, and physical and governmental factors) affecting national competitiveness in the form of economic development models (Zanakis and Becerra-Fernandez, 2005;Keegan, 2017). ...
In today’s ever-changing market, startups that can effectively respond to environmental changes and can manage unpredictable events will face intense competition. Human resources play a special role in promoting the competitiveness of startups. This study investigated the effect of high-performance work systems (HPWSs) on the competitiveness of startups through the mediating role of innovation capability maturity. The statistical population of the study consisted of Iranian startups based in Isfahan Province. Data were collected using a standard questionnaire, and the structural equation method was used to data analysis. The results showed that high-performance work systems have a positive and significant impact on the competitiveness of the studied startups through the mediating role of innovation capability maturity and about 47% of the total effect of the high-performance work system on competitiveness of them is explained indirectly by the mediating variable of innovation capability maturity.
... Porter focused only on the national level and did not take into account the international activity of countries and enterprises. Rugman and D'cruz [20] stated that M.E. Porter underestimated the importance of international entities in the worldwide economy. ...
... Porter's single Diamond model, scholars provided some extensions, modifications and corrections [24]. International activity was incorporated into the model as a key element by Rugman, and D'cruz [20], Moon et al. [25] and Jin and Moon [26]. J. Dunning [6] proposed another concept, which enriched Porter's Diamond model with three new elements: foreign direct investment, government policy and pro-competitive activity. ...
In the process of the electrification of the vehicle industry, an important issue is to adapt production to new technological solutions and to achieve a break-even point in the production costs of an electric vehicle in the short term compared to its traditional counterparts. By the end of 2020, 10 million electric cars were sold worldwide. In today's globalized and crisis market realities, it is very difficult for state authorities to build a competitive advantage. Based on the concept of M.E. Porter, generating competitiveness does not take place at the macroeconomic, but at the mezzoeconomic level. The key purposes of this review paper are threefold: firstly, to identify the infrastructure for the production of electric cars (market size, resources) in some major Asian countries, including Indonesia; secondly, to identify the importance of FDI for Indonesia and the essence of their relations with China, and thirdly, to investigate whether Indonesia is able to build a competitive advantage in the form of a regional EV battery chain hub. The Indonesian government should ensure a more sizeable investment in lithium-ion battery production in order to complete a whole downstream supply chain, which includes the synthesis of the remaining high-quality battery materials.
... Competitiveness is a multi-dimensional (Spence & Hazard, 1988) and multifaceted concept having extensive perspectives across various sectors and functions. Various researchers focus on different areas like price competitiveness perspective (Porter, 1990;Rugman & D'Cruz, 1993); socio-cultural perspective (Porter et al., 2001); strategy and management perspective (D'Cruz & Rugman, 1993), etc. Different authors have conceptualized destination competitiveness gaining attention in the area. Few well known models on tourism destination competitiveness, being represented as Ritchie and Crouch (1993); theoretical model (Dwyer et al. 2004;Heath 2002); -flexible specialization‖ model by Poon's (1993); many other models have developed a theoretical and conceptual basis for creating competitive advantage for tourism destination. ...
... Competitiveness is a multi-dimensional (Spence & Hazard, 1988) and multifaceted concept having extensive perspectives across various sectors and functions. Various researchers focus on different areas like price competitiveness perspective (Porter, 1990;Rugman & D'Cruz, 1993); socio-cultural perspective (Porter et al., 2001); strategy and management perspective (D'Cruz & Rugman, 1993), etc. Different authors have conceptualized destination competitiveness gaining attention in the area. Few well known models on tourism destination competitiveness, being represented as Ritchie and Crouch (1993); theoretical model (Dwyer et al. 2004;Heath 2002); -flexible specialization‖ model by Poon's (1993); many other models have developed a theoretical and conceptual basis for creating competitive advantage for tourism destination. ...
Entrepreneurship has been considered a way of boosting innovation, economic growth and occupational
opportunity. After the steep decline in global oil prices, comparable decrease in oil income is forcing the Omani Government
to reconsider its spending priorities. Still the government is continuing to make a heavy investment in education and
technology aimed at improving the skills of Omani nationals and develops programs to instill the culture of entrepreneurship
among graduates. The importance designated to entrepreneurship promotion within the Sultanate of Oman has made it one
of the most “vogue” regional policy trends of the past few years. Entrepreneurial activity will act as driving force that will
shape the future of society. Recent efforts are being pursued by Government of Oman through Higher Education Institution
(HEI) to inculcate entrepreneurial skills amongst the prospective graduates. But the biggest issue is to find the people
wanting to be self-employed through business start-ups. In this context, this paper shows an application of the Theory of
Planned Behaviour with the aim to assess the factors influencing entrepreneurial intent among prospective graduates in
HEIs. The research design is empirical in nature. Data has been collected from a 322 sample of prospective graduates of
business and non-business discipline in leading universities and colleges in Sultanate of Oman and analyzed with Chi-square,
Friedman test, Anova, Multiple Regression, Correlation, Maan-Whitney U test using SPSS. The results evidence that
attitudes, subjective norms and perceived behavioural control effectively predicts entrepreneurial intent and has a positive
and strong relationship. The results also have valuable implications for the university system and government. Shaping the
entrepreneurial mindset of prospective graduates is one of the most important roles of the contemporary education system.
This study highlights that Omani Government may support Omani graduates to realize their entrepreneurial ambitions,
contribute to the Omani economy and achieve national inclusion.
... This model was employed to explore the potential of AIGC technology in the inheritance of cultural genes and sustainable innovative design of blue and white porcelain. The double diamond model [56] facilitates research across the two stages of "Discovery" and "Validation" to ensure the comprehensiveness and reliability of our research outcomes. The research process framework was developed based on the double diamond model, as shown in Figure 1. ...
Blue-and-white porcelain, as a representative of traditional Chinese craftsmanship, embodies rich cultural genes and possesses significant research value. Against the backdrop of the generative AI era, this study aims to optimize the creative processes of blue-and-white porcelain to enhance the efficiency and accuracy of complex artistic innovations. Traditional methods of crafting blue-and-white porcelain encounter challenges in accurately and efficiently constructing intricate patterns. This research employs grounded theory in conjunction with the KANO-AHP hybrid model to classify and quantify the core esthetic features of blue-and-white porcelain, thereby establishing a multidimensional esthetic feature library of its patterns. Subsequently, leveraging the Stable Diffusion platform and utilizing Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA) technology, a generative artificial intelligence (AIGC)-assisted workflow was proposed, capable of accurately restoring and innovating blue-and-white porcelain patterns. This workflow enhances the efficiency and precision of pattern innovation while maintaining consistency with the original artistic style. Finally, by integrating principles of sustainable design, this study explores new pathways for digital innovation in blue-and-white porcelain design, offering viable solutions for the contemporary reinvention of traditional crafts. The results indicate that AIGC technology effectively facilitates the integration of traditional and modern design approaches. It not only empowers the inheritance and continuation of the cultural genes of blue-and-white porcelain but also introduces new ideas and possibilities for the sustainable development of traditional craftsmanship.
... This model was employed to explore the potential of AIGC technology in terms of both the esthetic reproduction and the sustainable innovative design of Ming-style furniture. The double diamond model [28] facilitates a two-phase research comprising "discovery" and "confirmation" stages, which ensures the comprehensiveness and reliability of our findings. The fundamental process framework of this study, developed based on the double diamond model, is depicted in Figure 1. ...
The present research aims to explore the dual potential of artificial intelligence-generated content (AIGC) technology in the esthetic reproduction of Ming-style furniture and its innovative design while promoting sustainable practices and cultural heritage preservation. For this purpose, a combination of methodologies integrating the principles of grounded theory, empirical research, sustainable design, and design practice and evaluation techniques is employed. The results are as follows: First, the three-level coding method in grounded theory is used to construct a multi-dimensional esthetic feature library of Ming-style furniture, including 6 esthetic feature dimensions and 102 groups of esthetic elements. Second, a set of databases specifically for Ming-style furniture is developed based on the Midjourney platform. The AIGC exclusive toolkit for furniture (MFMP) contains a language package of 61 keywords and a basic formula for Ming-style furniture design. The MFMP toolkit accurately reproduces Ming-style furniture esthetics through empirical validation. Finally, combined with sustainable design principles, a new path is explored in order to utilize the MFMP toolkit for the sustainable and innovative design of new Chinese-style furniture. The research results demonstrate that AIGC enhances traditional and modern furniture design, offering tools for industry growth in a sustainable way and preserving cultural heritage.
... This approach offers guidance to novices and is embedded in many design thinking educational programmes. A popular example of this school of thought is the 'Double Diamond' framework (Rugman & D'cruz, 1993), which is used for co-designing tourism experience systems (Smit et al., 2021). Critics have warned that the Double Diamond approach overlooks that design knowledge is deeply ingrained in practices (Dorst, 2011;Kimbell, 2011). ...
... However, the diamond model does not take into account the characteristics of international and multinational activities (Cartwright, 1993). Rugman and D'cruz (1993) introduced the double diamond model to demonstrate the nature of international competition in the port market. To getan international competitive advantage, the dual diamond model recommends that port managers and decision-makers establish their own national and international diamond mechanisms. ...
This study uses primary data from a survey of 370 observations in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, and adopts the Exploratory Factor Analysis, Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), and Linear Regression Modeling (LRM) with Bootstrap analysis for a reliable test of LRM. Its result shows that factors affecting Seaport competitiveness included Geographical Location, Connectivity, Information Technology, Facilities, Reputation, and Port authority.
... His framework, entrenched in seeking out the reasons for international success in specific industries, stands out for its nuanced approach. At its core, the model delves deep into four intrinsic attributes and supplements these with two external determinants, forming a 'diamond' (Rugman and D'cruz, 1993). Olawale and Smit (2010) sheds light on this interwoven matrix, emphasizing the significance of the collective strength of these determinants. ...
This study aims to structure guidelines for an intervention model from the perspective of Integral Project Management to improve the competitiveness level of cacao associations in south region of Colombia. The research followed a mixed-method approach with a non-experimental cross-sectional design and a descriptive scope. The study employed a stage-based analytical framework which included: identifying the factors influencing the competitiveness of the cacao sector; grouping these factors under the six primary determinants of competitiveness with reference to Porter's Diamond Model; and proposing guidelines for an intervention model to enhance the competitiveness of the studied associations through project management. The first stage was conducted via literature review. The second stage involved primary data collected through surveys and interviews with the associations, members, and cacao sector experts in Huila. The third stage entailed grouping the factors within the main determinants that promote and limit the competitiveness of the cacao sector in the context of Porter's Diamond Model. Based on the analysis of the corresponding restrictive and promoting factors, strategic recommendations were formulated for the various sector stakeholders on the measures that can be adopted to address restrictive factors and maintain promoting factors to enhance and sustain the sector's competitiveness.
... At the national level, M. Porter [Porter, 1990] famously introduced the "diamond" framework, which focused on how to outperform competitors. However, this framework received criticism as being single-sided and thus was modified by IB scholars [Rugman, D'Cruz, 1993;Chang, Rugman, Verbeke, 1998]. ...
The field of international business is constantly evolving, and there is much debate about what exactly constitutes international business and how its definition influences theorizing. Traditionally international business has focused on cross-border activities of multinational enterprises, including foreign direct investment, multinational enterprises’ strategies, and organization, along with the understanding of the process of internationalization. Changes in the global environment have necessitated a broader, multidisciplinary approach to international business theorizing. This paper explores how international business emerged as a field of inquiry and how the interrelated fields such as international management, international entrepreneurship, and international strategy can inform international business theorizing. A more complementary approach would be beneficial rather than treating these fields as distinct ones. Moreover, this paper recognizes the complex nature of the global environment and highlights the myriad of challenges and opportunities it presents for businesses operating internationally. It proposes a future research agenda that considers this intricate global context, and challenges international business scholars to adopt a holistic and multidisciplinary approach to develop comprehensive theories that capture the dynamic and interconnected nature of the complex global business environment.
... The question of how to measure competitionwhether to look at costs and prices, market shares or productivityhas not changed much over time. There are lot many theories by Hamel and Prahalad (1989), Porter (1990), Rugman and D'cruz (1993) and Ambastha and Momaya (2004) at different levels, but still, there is need for alternative thinking for sustainable competitiveness. However, there is a growing realization that evaluating competitiveness should include multidimensional goals such as improving the environment or combating poverty and income inequality in addition to traditional economic measures (Olczyk, 2016). ...
Purpose
It is critical for small and medium-scale enterprises (SMEs) to review and monitor sustainability performance indicators across three dimensions: economic, environmental and social to attain long-term competitiveness. SMEs lack a holistic perspective on sustainability; they are frequently hindered from contemplating environmentally favorable investments beyond what is legally needed. The purpose of this paper is to present a joint Decision-making trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) and NK methodology for developing a process model for introducing and implementing sustainable competitiveness practices for SMEs.
Design/methodology/approach
This study addresses the issue by adopting a sustainable competitiveness practices framework and applying a novel method that integrates DEMATEL and NK model for evaluating and developing the implementation path model for Indian manufacturing SMEs.
Findings
This paper also demonstrates that not only the relational practice itself but also the order in which the relational practices are implemented can be related to performance. According to the authors' preliminary findings, organizations in this study should first implement a social dimension, which includes sustainable leadership, knowledge sharing, etc., then an economic dimension like quality, sustainable innovations, etc., and finally environmental dimensions like green marketing, solid waste reduction, etc., with their management for competitiveness.
Research limitations/implications
These findings offer some preliminary information as well as advice for managers and policymakers looking to integrate sustainable efforts.
Practical implications
This study asserts that not only the interdependent practice but also the sequence of implementation is important and can relate to the performance. The path result shows that the organization develops first sustainable design and product development (economic), sustainable leadership (social) and solid waste reduction (environmental) practices.
Originality/value
There is no such study that develops a process model for introducing and implementing sustainable competitiveness of SMEs which assesses and analyzes the interdependencies across relational behaviors, to the best of authors’ knowledge. The novelty of this work lies in integrating DEMATEL-NK model approach.
... Porter's original model builds on four cornerstones: factor conditions (i.e., workforce and infrastructure), demand conditions (i.e., the sophistication of the domestic market), related and supporting industries (i.e., national clusters of the same industry), and the rivalry context (the state of competition in the industry). In response to work criticizing the missing role of governance in the original model (e.g., Dunning, 1993;Griffiths & Zammuto, 2005;Rugman & D'Cruz, 1993), Fainshmidt et al. (2016) include a fifth factor, governance, in their model. Their study revealed that all five factors can play a role in accomplishing national competitiveness, and accordingly, we included the five factors in our CFI. ...
Research Summary
Recent research has shown that firms' ability to employ complex competitive repertoires can create long‐term competitive advantages. Since research on its determinants has focused on the firm level, we lack an understanding of how country‐level factors impact firms' implementation of complex competitive repertoires. Our cross‐country study addresses this gap by integrating a model of country‐level competitiveness factors with insights from the literature on competitive dynamics and portable governance. We argue that a country context with high‐quality competitiveness factors enables firms to implement complex competitive repertoires. In addition, we hypothesize that firms with foreign investors from countries with high‐quality competitiveness factors can partially compensate for low‐quality factors in firms' domestic context. We found support for our hypotheses in an unbalanced sample containing 1,340 firms from 32 countries.
Managerial Summary
Employing complex competitive repertoires (i.e., diverse and dynamic arrays of competitive actions), such as price reductions or new product introductions, can help firms outcompete their competition. We argue and empirically show that firms' domestic country context, specifically high‐quality governance, factor and demand conditions, related and supporting industries, and strong context for rivalry drive their ability to implement complex repertoires. Moreover, we find that ownership by foreign investors from favorable country backgrounds can partly compensate for firms' weak conditions at home by serving as enabling bridges. Managers who aim to improve their firms' repertoire complexity but are restricted by their domestic country context may consider attracting foreign investors from countries that have what their countries lack.
... The theory of competitive advantage (also known as Michael Porter's diamond model) was put forward by American scholar Mike Porter based on the industrial theory in many fields and the actual situation of many enterprises. He believed that industrial competitiveness was composed of two conditions (government and opportunity) and four influencing factors (production, demand, support, and related industries, industrial structure strategy, and competition), Later, it was optimized and improved by many scholars [1,2]. As the main factors affecting industrial competitiveness, the four influencing factors are interrelated and affect each other to jointly build the core of industrial competitiveness [3]. ...
With the rapid development of science and technology, sports brands are increasingly relying on knowledge-driven technology. This study uses the competitive advantage theory, comparative advantage theory, and knowledge-driven theory, referring to the evaluation principles of scientificity, operability, and effectiveness, and selects Anta, Li Ning, and Adidas as the research objects of knowledge-driven sports brand competitiveness. Using Yaaph12.7 software and multilevel index entropy method, we assign and calculate 4 secondary indexes, 12 tertiary indexes, and 35 4th-level indexes of brand strength, brand potential, brand power, and brand vitality of three brands. In addition, Anta has strong comprehensive strength and good social resources and policy support. Li Ning’s brand potential is the greatest, and the consumer group is younger. Therefore, this study draws the following conclusions: (1) The core competitiveness of knowledge-driven sports brands is the innovation-driven model of brand technology, product R&D, intangible asset value, and brand development. (2) The competitiveness of knowledge-driven sports brands pays more attention to brand potential, brand strength, and brand vitality. (3) The competitiveness of knowledge-driven sports brands needs to be combined with the latest scientific and technological means to realize the integration of brands and information technology, “Internet +,” and big data. (4) The brand size, brand resources, and other brand advantages in the knowledge-driven sports brand competition indicators are not the main influencing factors for showing the core competitiveness. This paper draws the following inspirations from the research conclusions: it is necessary for knowledge-driven sports brands to improve the ability to transform resources and stimulate the vitality of the brand market, optimize the level of brand service to meet market consumption needs, strengthen innovation-driven development and explore innovative development paths, build brand development strategy, cultivate the development of superior technology, accelerate the development of brand quality, and build an applied talent pool.
... One, the model is static (Narula, 1993), and two, the inability of the model to explain certain economies (Rugman & D'Cruz, 1993). Yet, we build upon Porter's (1990) arguments that the country environment is influential in determining firm growth and choices, specifically, in the case of EMFs to improve existing frameworks. ...
Drawing on the model of competitive advantages of nations and the concept of emerging market development heterogeneity, we argue the unique home country institutional and resource environments of emerging market firms influence the propensity of those firms to invest in advanced markets via mergers and acquisitions. Using data of 9157 cross-border M&A transactions originating from 60 emerging markets between 2006 and 2018, we find that level of home country institutional development, capital market development, and technological readiness of EMFs is positively associated with propensity to invest and the scale of investment in advanced markets. However, the level of home country factor market development is negatively associated with the likelihood of EMF investment and the scale of investment in advanced markets.
... Recent research, inspired by firms based in emerging markets, has shown that home institutions can play a significant role in shaping the competitive advantages of companies . Similarly, within the innovation literature, it is argued that sophisticated and demanding customers (at home), in addition to strong regulations, put pressure on firms to innovate to compete and undertake innovations in host markets (Rugman & D'cruz, 1993). However, most of the IB research on innovation has primarily focused on the quality of host institutions (e.g., intellectual property rights regimes) to support MNE subsidiaries' innovation activities (Lai, 1998;Park, 2007). ...
In this study, we argue that foreign subsidiaries of multinational enterprises (MNEs) vary in terms of their engagement in environmental innovation depending on the strength of the MNE's home-ecological institutions. We also propose that the manifestation of this home-institutional effect varies depending on the choice of the subsidiary establishment mode (acquisition vs. greenfield) and over time based on the subsidiaries’ host experience. We test our hypotheses using a sample of foreign subsidiaries in Spain over the period 2003–2015. Our results support the home-institutional effect on subsidiary-level environmental innovation as well as the moderating effects of the subsidiary establishment mode and host experience.
... It has allowed management researchers the opportunity to use alternate frameworks such as competitiveness APP [Momaya (2001)] to better understand the competitiveness of rms. While extensions of frameworks such as the competitiveness diamond [Porter (1990)] À À À such as double diamond [Rugman and D'Cruz (1993)] À À À are very important at the macro-level, alternate frameworks such as competitiveness APP have been tested in several matured and emerging industries (e.g. mature industries such as engineering construction, telecom and automotive [Mittal et al. (2013)] and emerging industries such as software and nanotech [Momaya (2011)]) and have been found to be more useful at the industry and¯rm levels [Ambastha and Momaya (2004); Momaya (2019)]. ...
India — the land of frugal innovation — is striving hard to catch up on its innovation capabilities. However, its inability to achieve balances on multiple fronts even 74 years after its independence indicates the presence of some underlying problems of competitiveness —both at the macro- as well as micro-levels. In this study, we build upon and extend the competitiveness Assets–Processes–Performance (APP) framework and try to diagnose such problems at the micro-level (i.e. firm level). We specifically try to understand the effect of environmentally sustainable practices (ESPs) on the relationship between innovation capabilities and export competitiveness (EC) of firms. Methodologically, we draw insights from both the theoretical (extant literature) as well as the observational (comprised of a purposive sample of select firms) realms. Our findings indicate that firms of Indian origin (FIOs) which are ahead of the rest in terms of their ESPs, fare better in terms of their EC. We propose a conceptual framework, wherein we posit that ESPs can moderate the relationship between innovation capabilities and EC. We also draw implications for theory and practice and discuss the avenues for future research.
... One of the first models was created by Porter's "Diamond" and "Five structural forces" dedicated to describing competitiveness in business. Although some scholars considered his framework academically uncompleted, poorly organized for measuring the competitiveness of including fields (Rugman & D'Cruz, 1993;Meliản & Garcia-Falcon, 2003;Dunning, 1993), it becomes standard sample for researching competitiveness among the scientist during 1990-2000 (Enright & Newton, 2004;Ivanova, Arcelus & Srinivasa, 1998). ...
... uluslararasr bagarryr yakalamasrmn altrnda yatan nedenleri ve mekanizmalan ya da ulusal rekabet giici.inii gekillendiren belirleyicileri modellegtirdi[i Elmas Modeli (Diamond Model), Kanada ve Meksika gibi ticari bloklarrn iginde yer alan iilkeler igin yeterli olmadr[r elegtirisini almtqtrr' Rugman ve D'Cruz (1993) Kanada (Liu ve song, 1997) ve Tiirkiye (Oz, 2002) (Porter, 1998: 87). porter (1998: 88) yerel bcjliimleme yaplsrnln ulusal firmalann dikkatini ve rjnceliklerini qekillendirmede daha onemli roli.iniin ...
... Several studies based on Porter's diamond model noted that it failed to adequately explain the industry or nation under consideration, especially with regards to smaller economies. 9,10 The criticisms mainly focused on Porter's treatment of ''Multinational Enterprises'' (MNEs), inbound ''Foreign Direct Investment'' (FDI), and the role of the government. ...
... For example, Dunning introduced the concept of transnational corporations' commercial activities in his improved Potter-Dunning Model [17]. Rugman and Cruz explored the synergies of the Canadian Diamond Model and the American Diamond Model in their study of Canada's competitive advantage [18]. Cho developed a Nine Factors Model based on nine factors that can be classified into three categories: physical, human, and governmental [19]. ...
To ensure energy security and tackle global challenges, such as climate change and environmental degradation, governments have formulated and implemented various public policies to encourage the development and utilization of renewable energy worldwide. This article focuses on potential approaches to evaluating and promoting the international competitiveness of Group 20's (the G20's) renewable energy industry. By developing a revised Diamond Model in relation to Porter's theory of industry competitive advantage, it provides an analytical framework for assessing the national renewable energy competitiveness of the G20 members, makes an in-depth investigation into the main driving factors for renewable energy industry, and presents a sound competitiveness assessment of the present and future of the G20's renewable energy industries, such as solar, wind, hydropower, and biomass energy. Based on the international analysis of the G20, the study also proposes a set of policy recommendations to support decision makers in the evaluation and choice of strategies for enhancing national renewable energy competitiveness. Our findings could better serve both policy makers and industrial end-users as a useful reference for international efforts to approach the sustainability of global energy use.
... According to critics, the home-based diamond can be enhanced by a stronger diamond of a more powerful trading partner. Critics pointed out that Porter's diamond model can only be relevant when analyzing the competitiveness of a big economy [16]; it was suggested that for small open economy, consideration should also be given to the fact that a country can tap into foreign country's diamond to enhance its own diamond [28]; the role of FDI and cross-border alliance in the process of enhancing and upgrading the A. M. Mahirwe, L. Wei home base factors was of great significance [22] [23]. Subsequently, other models were suggested to explain the competitiveness of countries in a more comprehensive way. ...
This paper explores the dairy industry cluster in Rwanda and its competitive
advantage basing on the Porter’s diamond model. Additionally, this study
identifies other factors critical to the competitiveness of the dairy industry
cluster in Rwanda and includes them to the diamond model to create a multiple
diamond model. This study argues that the direction taken to increase
milk supply in Rwanda by increasing the number of cattle farmers through
the government program known as “One cow per poor family” is not suitable
in that it exerts more pressure on already scarce resources such as land. In
fact, this study suggests that given the challenges facing the dairy industry,
more emphasis should be put on improving efficiency and increasing productivity
in the value chain. This study proposes the multiple-diamond model
which extends Porter’s Diamond model to include other factors central to the
competitiveness of the dairy industry cluster in Rwanda. To test the effect of
the proposed multiple-diamond determinants, ARDL test was run. The findings
confirmed the effect of trade openness on the dairy cluster industry
competitiveness. Development assistance and milk cattle were found to have a
negative and significant effect on the dairy cluster industry competitiveness
while FDI inflow and market sophistication were found to have non-significant
effect. The study concludes by providing recommendations for future studies
in this field.
The re-emergence of conflicts in developing countries is the subject of a complex and hardly consensual literature. The final aim of this article is to assess the direct and indirect effects of conflicts on global competitiveness observed. Thus, starting from the different dimensions of security fragility (internal conflicts, external conflicts), we specify and estimate a dynamic panel data model of a sample of 66 developing countries by the system generalized method of moments (S-GMM) over the period 2001–2019. Two main results emerge. Firstly, both internal and external conflicts contribute significantly to improving global competitiveness in DC’s. Secondly, the results of the mediation analysis show that the effect of conflicts on global competitiveness is mediated by the Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) diffusion channel, in particular mobile phone, Internet, fixed telephone and broadband in DC’s. The originality of this article is based on taking into account the global indicator of conflicts, particularly in terms of internal conflicts (civil wars, civil disorder, terrorism), external conflicts (cross-border conflicts, foreign pressures, wars) and analysis of mediation to determine the level of involvement of each transmission channel in this process of strengthening competitiveness. However, we suggest in addition to the quantitative and qualitative amelioration of technological infrastructures, the consolidating strategies for mitigating inter- and intra-country conflicts, favourable to improve global competitiveness and economic resilience in DC.
To obtain innovative concepts in design, designers often need to retrieve and use interdisciplinary knowledge. Concept-Knowledge (C-K) theory emphasizes the role of knowledge and introduce the Knowledge (K) space and Concept (C) space, employing operators to transform the contents between these spaces. Some studies, based on this theory, have successfully provided designers with different forms of knowledge to stimulate concept generation. However, the amount of knowledge provided in these studies is limited, and they fail to offer convenient methods for knowledge retrieval and reasoning, making it challenging to meet the needs of conceptual design across different fields. This paper proposes an enhanced C-K method leveraging large language models (LLMs) to help designers retrieve knowledge and uncover potentially new concepts. Our method redefines the C space and K space within the context of LLMs, dividing the properties of Concept into function, appearance, and technology, and requiring the knowledge to correspond to these properties, thereby facilitating a structured connection between concepts and knowledge. Based on this definition, we achieved flexible knowledge retrieval and concept ideation leveraging LLMs. We also conducted a case study on wearable devices to validate our method. The results showed that our method helped designers to retrieve professional knowledge and inspired them to create feasible and innovative concepts.
Der vorliegende Beitrag gibt einen Überblick über die zentralen Theorien und Konzepte des Internationalen Managements. Aufbauend auf einem Abriss zur institutionellen Entwicklung des Internationalen Managements werden die inhaltlichen Schwerpunkte der Disziplin vorgestellt. Betrachtet man die Herausforderungen, vor denen das Internationale Management als Wissenschaftsdisziplin steht, zeigen sich zahlreiche Parallelen zu anderen Teildisziplinen innerhalb der Betriebswirtschafts- und Managementlehre.
Drawing on the institution‐based view of intellectual property (IP) rights, we argue that ‘distance’ in IP protection strength of MNEs’ home and host countries reduces the ability of MNEs to innovate at foreign subsidiary locations. We contend that this logic applies in both directions – i.e. (1) downward direction, when MNEs originating from stronger IP protection regimes innovate in weaker IP protection regimes, and (2) upward direction, when MNEs originating from weaker IP protection regimes innovate in stronger IP protection regimes. Furthermore, we suggest that the negative effect of IP protection distance on foreign subsidiary innovation performance will be moderated by internal (strategic) and external (institutional) conditions, such as the subsidiary experience, subsidiary ownership type (full vs. partial), cultural distance and the extent of scientific labor in the host country. We test the above relationships using a very large panel dataset consisting of MNE subsidiary‐level data in the manufacturing industry for 15,246 subsidiaries of 11,284 parent firms, representing 47 home countries and 31 host countries and covering a total of 91,347 observations for the period 2005‐2013. Our findings show that (1) the adverse effect of IP protection distance on subsidiary innovation performance applies in both directions; (2) the effect is more intense in case of the downward direction; and (3) the moderating effects vary depending on the direction of IP protection distance.
How does regional economic integration affect the risk exposure of multinational enterprises (MNEs)? Investigating firm regionalization patterns, I uncover evidence of the regional risk paradox: as MNEs regionalize to exploit the lower risk environment offered by regional economic integration initiatives, they ultimately increase their regional risk exposure by deepening their commitment and embeddedness in regional business networks. Informed by the Theory of the Regional Multinationals and by theories of regional integration, I employ a social network lens to investigate the evolving structure of business relationships in regions governed by different regional integration frameworks. I then explore the implications of these evolving relationship network structures on the transformation of regional business risk. I find that moderately integrated regions lower transaction costs to moderately low levels, thus encouraging moderate MNE regionalization. This leads to moderate MNE embeddedness in loosely coupled regional business networks and a moderate increase in regional risk. By contrast, deeply integrated regions lower regional administrative distance to very low levels and encourage intense MNE regionalization. This leads to deep MNE embeddedness in tightly coupled regional business networks and a significant increase in regional risk.
This study critically explores the link between internationalisation theories and outward foreign direct investment (FDI) – a linkage which is well documented in the literature. Numerous studies have established that the internationalisation process recognises both firm- and market-specific aspects, which greatly determine the direction of outward FDI in terms of volume and pattern. In this interaction, path dependency is determined by the intensity of overlapping aspects or linkages, from firm-level heterogeneity and host market aspects that direct investment patterns in terms of the latter, to the volumes of firm-level adjustments. Firm-level heterogeneity comprises those traits, which enable an individual firm to make an investment decision, select a market-entry strategy and create the competitive advantages that will sustain its investments. Macro-level or country-specific aspects encompass those traits or characteristics of host markets, which encourage FDI on the part of multinational enterprises (MNEs).
SMEs must carry out an analysis of the micro and macro environment that is necessary to counteract threats. Then internal and external factors must be identified to evaluate opportunities, threats, strengths, and weaknesses to establish a correlation between causes and effects, to determine the current situation of the enterprise, and to find areas of improvement. The information analysis is performed using tools applied and tailored to the development of this model, such as PESTEL and Porter's five forces, CAM (competitiveness analysis matrix), EFE and EFI analysis matrix, SWOT analysis, strategic maps, and the balanced scorecard.
Bu çalışmada Türk tekstil ve hazır-giyim sektörünün uluslararası pazarlardaki rekabet gücünün araştırılması amaçlanmaktadır. Türkiye’nin lokomotif sektörlerinden olan Türk tekstil ve hazır-giyim sektöründeki rekabet olgusu, diğer sektörlerle kıyaslandığında ülke ekonomisindeki yeri, istihdam ve ihracattaki payı nedeni ile son derecede önemli bir konumda bulunmaktadır. İlk olarak, tekstil ve hazır giyim sektörünün hem ulusal düzeyde hem de uluslararası düzeydeki mevcut durumunun belirlenmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Daha sonra ise, sektörün rekabet gücünü oluşturan göstergeler Porter’ın ortaya koyduğu “elmas modeli” üzerinden incelenmiştir. Türk tekstil ve hazır-giyim sektörünün uluslararası rekabet gücü, girdi ve talep koşulları, ilgili ve destekleyici endüstriler, firma stratejisi/rekabet yapısı ve devletin rolü boyutları üzerinden incelenecektir.
The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.
이 연구는 복지와 국가경쟁력과의 관계를 검증하고자 한다. 복지지출이 프로그램에 따
라 국가경쟁력에 미치는 효과가 동일하지 않고 차별적일 것이라는 전제에 기반하여 복지
라는 개념 하에 포괄되는 다양한 프로그램을 살펴보고, 이들의 구성, 특히 사회투자형 복
지와 국가경쟁력과의 관계를 살펴보았다.
OECD 사회지출 데이터와 IMD의 국가경쟁력지수를 활용해 OECD 30개국의 2000년
부터 2007년까지의 결합시계열자료를 구축하고, 복지변수를 국가경쟁력 모델에 추가하여
회귀분석을 실시하였다. 분석 결과, 전체 복지의 규모는 국가경쟁력에 유의미한 영향을
주지 못했으며, 사회투자형 복지정책은 국가경쟁력과 양의 관계를 맺고 있는 것으로 나타
났다. 이 결과는 복지와 경제가 사회투자형 복지정책을 매개로 선순환 구조를 이룰 수 있
음을 강하게 시사하고 있다.
Girişimcilik, ekonominin büyümesinde ve gelişmesinde önemli rolü olan ve toplumsal yenilikçiliği ön plana çıkaran bir harekettir. Bireylerin yaşamlarında edindikleri yenilikçi fikirlerin ekonomik bir amaçla iş haline dönüşmesinin sonucu olarak tanımlanabilecek bir terimdir. Bu hareket, toplumların girişimcilik düzeylerini ölçmek için geliştirilen “Girişimcilik Endeksi” verilerine göre gelişmiş ekonomilerde çok daha yaygın bir şekilde görülmektedir. Bunun nedeni, gelişmiş ekonomilerdeki güçlü finansal yapı, iş yapabilme kolaylığı, altyapı gibi gerekli ortamı oluşturmayı teşvik edici unsular olduğu düşünülebilir. Ancak girişimciliğe yatkınlık sadece somut ekonomik yatırımlarla değil aynı zamanda karakteristik insan özelliklerine göre de belirleyici olabilir. Yaşayış biçimleri, kültürel yatkınlıklar, sosyal ilişkiler gibi topluma ve bireye özgü özellikler de girişimciliğin temelini oluşturabilmektedir. Örneğin, dünyada her yıl en fazla yeni işletme kurulan ülkelerden biri olan ABD’de sosyal etkileşimin yoğun olduğu yaşayış biçimlerinin iyi iş ilişkileri kurmayı ve girişimciliği etkilediği ya da dünyada en fazla teknolojik yeniliklerin yapıldığı ülkelerden biri olan Japonya’da kültürel yatkınlıkların yeni fikirler geliştirilmesinde etkili olduğu varsayılabilir. Bu kitabın amacı, Türk toplumunun eskiden beri en iyi oldukları sektörlerden biri olan tekstil ve giyim sektörünü girişimcilik açısından ele almak ve bu konuda sektör temsilcilerine rehberlik etmektir. Kitap altı bölümden oluşmaktadır. Birinci bölümde, Türk tekstil sektörü ve ekosistemi hakkında bilgi verilmiştir. İkinci bölümde, girişim sermayesi, melek yatırımcı ve kitlesel fonlama gibi üç farklı finansman tekniği hakkında bilgiler verilmiştir. Üçüncü bölümde, girişimcilerin yeni fikirlerini bir ürün olarak hayata geçirmesi, hizmet düzeyini ve müşteri potansiyelini belirlemesi, tanıtma ve markalaşması amacıyla girişimci pazarlamasına yer verilmiştir. Dördüncü bölümde, Türkiye’de genç girişimciliğin desteklenmesi adına genç girişimci kazanç istisnası ve prim teşviki uygulamalarına yer verilmiştir. Beşinci bölümde, tekstil mühendisliği öğrencilerinin nazarından tekstil ve giyim sektöründeki çalışma koşulları, öğrencilerin kariyer beklentileri ve sektörün durumu incelenmiştir. Son bölümde ise Türk tekstil ve hazır-giyim sektörünün uluslararası rekabet düzeyi, girdi ve talep koşulları, ilgili ve destekleyici endüstriler, firma stratejisi/rekabet yapısı ve devletin rolü boyutları üzerinden incelenmiştir.
Tekstil ifade edildiği zaman, sanayi dalları içerisinde en eski sektörlerden birisi olmaktadır. Hitit ve Asur medeniyetlerinden beri tekstil faaliyeti devam etmektedir. Bu sebepledir ki, tekstil sektörü geçmişten günüme kadar gelişimine devam etmiş, özellikle sanayi devrimi sonrası seri üretim ile daha bir ivme kazanmıştır. Finansal piyasaların gelişim gösterdiği
20. Yüzyıldaki tekstil sektörüne sağlanan desteklerle sektördeki varlığını güçlü bir şekilde sürdürmüştür.
Çalışmamızda tekstil ve giyim sektörü üzerine literatür taraması gerçekleşmiş olup, sektörün gelişiminde önemli bir payı olduğu düşünülen, girişim finansmanına değinilmektedir. Girişimcilik söylendiği zaman karşımıza çıkan girişim sermayesi, melek yatırımcı ve kitlesel fonlama gibi üç farklı finansman tekniği hakkında bilgiler verilecek olup, bu finansman teknikleri ile tekstil ve giyim sektörü hakkında gelişmeler detaylandırılmaktadır. Girişim finansmanı tekniğinin dışında konunun genel hatları ile değerlendirilmesi adına, bankacılık sektörünün, bu sektöre karşı vermiş olduğu teşvikler ve destekler ele alınmaktadır. Ayrıca, son zamanda meydana gelen Korona virüs ile birlikte bu sektörle ilgili yapılan yeni finansman paketi de açıklanmaktadır. Böylece, girişim finansmanına geniş bir açıdan bakılarak, konu her yönü ile incelenmiş olmaktadır.
Girişimcilik, ekonominin büyümesinde ve gelişmesinde önemli rolü olan ve toplumsal
yenilikçiliği ön plana çıkaran bir harekettir. Bireylerin yaşamlarında edindikleri yenilikçi fikirlerin ekonomik bir amaçla iş haline dönüşmesinin sonucu olarak tanımlanabilecek bir terimdir. Bu hareket, toplumların girişimcilik düzeylerini ölçmek için geliştirilen “Girişimcilik Endeksi” verilerine göre gelişmiş ekonomilerde çok daha yaygın bir şekilde görülmektedir. Bunun nedeni, gelişmiş ekonomilerdeki güçlü finansal yapı, iş yapabilme kolaylığı, altyapı gibi gerekli ortamı oluşturmayı teşvik edici unsular olduğu düşünülebilir. Ancak girişimciliğe yatkınlık sadece somut ekonomik yatırımlarla değil aynı zamanda karakteristik insan özelliklerine göre de belirleyici olabilir. Yaşayış
biçimleri, kültürel yatkınlıklar, sosyal ilişkiler gibi topluma ve bireye özgü özellikler de girişimciliğin temelini oluşturabilmektedir. Örneğin, dünyada her yıl en fazla yeni işletme kurulan ülkelerden biri olan ABD’de sosyal etkileşimin yoğun olduğu yaşayış biçimlerinin iyi iş ilişkileri kurmayı ve girişimciliği etkilediği ya da dünyada en fazla teknolojik yeniliklerin yapıldığı ülkelerden biri olan Japonya’da kültürel yatkınlıkların yeni fikirler geliştirilmesinde etkili olduğu varsayılabilir. Bu kitabın amacı, Türk toplumunun eskiden beri en iyi oldukları sektörlerden biri olan tekstil ve giyim sektörünü girişimcilik açısından ele almak ve bu konuda sektör temsilcilerine rehberlik etmektir. Kitap altı bölümden oluşmaktadır. Birinci bölümde, Türk tekstil sektörü ve ekosistemi hakkında bilgi verilmiştir. İkinci bölümde, girişim sermayesi, melek yatırımcı ve kitlesel fonlama gibi üç farklı finansman tekniği hakkında bilgiler verilmiştir. Üçüncü bölümde, girişimcilerin yeni fikirlerini bir ürün olarak hayata geçirmesi, hizmet düzeyini ve müşteri potansiyelini belirlemesi, tanıtma ve markalaşması amacıyla girişimci pazarlamasına yer verilmiştir. Dördüncü bölümde, Türkiye’de genç girişimciliğin desteklenmesi adına genç girişimci kazanç istisnası ve prim teşviki uygulamalarına yer verilmiştir. Beşinci bölümde, tekstil mühendisliği öğrencilerinin nazarından tekstil ve giyim sektöründeki çalışma koşulları, öğrencilerin kariyer beklentileri ve sektörün durumu incelenmiştir. Son bölümde ise Türk tekstil ve hazır-giyim sektörünün uluslararası rekabet düzeyi, girdi ve talep koşulları, ilgili ve destekleyici endüstriler, firma stratejisi/rekabet yapısı ve devletin rolü boyutları üzerinden incelenmiştir.
Girişimcilik, ekonominin büyümesinde ve gelişmesinde önemli rolü olan ve toplumsal
yenilikçiliği ön plana çıkaran bir harekettir. Bireylerin yaşamlarında edindikleri yenilikçi fikirlerin ekonomik bir amaçla iş haline dönüşmesinin sonucu olarak tanımlanabilecek bir terimdir. Bu hareket, toplumların girişimcilik düzeylerini ölçmek için geliştirilen “Girişimcilik Endeksi” verilerine göre gelişmiş ekonomilerde çok daha yaygın bir şekilde görülmektedir. Bunun nedeni, gelişmiş ekonomilerdeki güçlü finansal yapı, iş yapabilme kolaylığı, altyapı gibi gerekli ortamı oluşturmayı teşvik edici unsular olduğu düşünülebilir. Ancak girişimciliğe yatkınlık sadece somut ekonomik yatırımlarla değil aynı zamanda karakteristik insan özelliklerine göre de belirleyici olabilir. Yaşayış biçimleri, kültürel yatkınlıklar, sosyal ilişkiler gibi topluma ve bireye özgü özellikler de girişimciliğin
temelini oluşturabilmektedir. Örneğin, dünyada her yıl en fazla yeni işletme kurulan ülkelerden biri olan ABD’de sosyal etkileşimin yoğun olduğu yaşayış biçimlerinin iyi iş ilişkileri kurmayı ve girişimciliği etkilediği ya da dünyada en fazla teknolojik yeniliklerin yapıldığı ülkelerden biri olan Japonya’da kültürel yatkınlıkların yeni fikirler geliştirilmesinde etkili olduğu varsayılabilir. Bu kitabın amacı, Türk toplumunun eskiden beri en iyi oldukları sektörlerden biri olan tekstil ve giyim sektörünü girişimcilik açısından ele almak ve bu konuda sektör temsilcilerine rehberlik etmektir. Kitap altı bölümden oluşmaktadır. Birinci bölümde, Türk tekstil sektörü ve ekosistemi hakkında bilgi verilmiştir. İkinci bölümde, girişim sermayesi, melek yatırımcı ve kitlesel fonlama gibi üç farklı finansman tekniği
hakkında bilgiler verilmiştir. Üçüncü bölümde, girişimcilerin yeni fikirlerini bir ürün olarak hayata geçirmesi, hizmet düzeyini ve müşteri potansiyelini belirlemesi, tanıtma ve markalaşması amacıyla girişimci pazarlamasına yer verilmiştir. Dördüncü bölümde, Türkiye’de genç girişimciliğin desteklenmesi adına genç girişimci kazanç istisnası ve prim teşviki uygulamalarına yer verilmiştir. Beşinci bölümde, tekstil mühendisliği öğrencilerinin nazarından tekstil ve giyim sektöründeki çalışma koşulları, öğrencilerin kariyer beklentileri ve sektörün durumu incelenmiştir. Son bölümde ise Türk tekstil ve hazır-giyim sektörünün uluslararası rekabet düzeyi, girdi ve talep koşulları, ilgili ve destekleyici endüstriler, firma stratejisi/rekabet yapısı ve devletin rolü boyutları üzerinden incelenmiştir.
Due to the differences in economic and social conditions among the Belt‐and‐Road (B&R) countries, resources exchange might bring significant effect on companies and organizations in these countries. In recent years, vigorously developing university education and attracting more outstanding international students have become important means for “B&R” countries to expand education market and enhance international influence. However, there is limited research discussing the impact of “B&R” on the internationalization of higher education. Taking the sponsoring country (China) of the “B&R” strategy as an example, this article explores the impact of this strategy on Chinese universities' expansion in the education market, and further analyzes the important relevant factors from the perspectives of international competitiveness. The findings show that the B&R Initiative has a significant impact on the expansion of Chinese universities in overseas markets along the route. Furthermore, we have found “push” factors related to China's macro and micro environments, and “pull” factors associated with countries along the B&R route.
Fields of strategy, competitiveness, and international business research are evolving steadily as more vexing challenges emerge and demand innovation. Key objective of this study is to longitudinally review literature on competitiveness and innovation to identify future sustainable directions. We adapt a systematic literature review approach to discern patterns in individual fields and at the intersection. This, complemented by review of patterns of trends in contributions by select countries and longitudinal experiential view of more than a quarter century of journey of author across select countries, provided new insights. We use the insights to evolve high-potential future topics for research, clustered by contexts, theory, and practices. This review—at the interfaces of theory and practice, and fields across disciplines—will help readers understand the gaps and explore opportunities for research projects in new directions. Synthesis of findings at the interface would facilitate pathways to further research and practice to enhance competitiveness across levels and sustainability.
With the development of the economy, many countries or regions worldwide are implementing or planning to implement high-speed railway (HSR) projects. However, the great international demand has attracted fierce competition in the HSR industry. The purpose of this study is to recognize and explain the determinants of international competitive advantages in the HSR industry. A questionnaire survey was used to obtain the relevant data from the international HSR industry. A group of 24 variables was identified through a literature review and verified by a pilot study. According to the international questionnaire survey, the 24 variables were categorized into 6 factors using exploratory factor analysis: Technology Conditions, Industrial Integrality, Firms Coopetition, Demand Conditions, Capital & Economics, and International Reputation. By comparing these to the framework of the existing Diamond Model, a new model, i.e., the Hexagonal Diamond Model, which describes the determinants of international competitive advantages in the HSR industry, was proposed. Finally, the post-survey interviews were performed using a Strength, Weakness, Opportunity, and Threat (SWOT) analysis on the major HSR industrial systems to validate the Hexagonal Diamond Model. This paper presents a novel model for the determinants of international competitive advantage in the HSR industry. The identified variables and the model are of great significance for both practitioners and researchers to enhance their understanding of international competitiveness in the HSR industry.
Tourism becomes an increasingly competitive market. The challenge of destinations relies on the capacity to reinvent oneself. This paper analyses le concept of tourism destination as a strategic tool for tourism development. We propose a form of territorial organization based on quintuple helix model. This one allows to ensuring the necessary agility for the success of a tourist mutation.
Participation of a country in global value chains is highly dependent on types of interaction with its major trading partners. The purpose of current research is to uncover the US influence on the Canadian pharmaceutical industry insertion into global value chains. The first part of the analysis is devoted to key trends of the US and Canadian pharmaceutical industries development under the expansion of global value chains. As a result, the following hypotheses are investigated: (1) Canada’s participation in pharmaceutical value chains is mostly regional other than global; (2) Canada’s regional value added is primarily generated through cooperation with the US pharmaceutical sector; (3) dominant positions of the US corporations on the world as well as Canadian pharmaceutical markets stifle Canada’s integration into global value chains. The second part of the research describes the quantitative approach to the hypotheses testing. For instance, data from the World Input-Output Database is used to calculate the origin of value added based on the geography and product type (national and foreign value added in the exports of final and intermediate goods). The final part of the paper deals with the data interpretation and contains conclusions. Namely, it was found that pharmaceutical GVCs in North America are in fact regional for most countries and Canada is not the exception (first hypothesis proved). Further, foreign value added content of Canadian pharmaceutical exports is primarily generated in the US (second hypothesis proved). At the same time, the last hypothesis has not gained support in current research. The share of foreign value added growth during the period of 2002–2014. Thus, it can be stated that Canada has a positive experience of integration into GVCs under dominant trading partner.
How much do borders matter? National governments and international organizations have done much to reduce the artificial barriers that impede trade and other cross-border flows, but are we yet in a position where borders can be considered inconsequential, at least in an economic sense? The impact of decreased border obstacles will likely be most pronounced for firms in former border areas, who are confronted with markets, competitors, and other influences from which the border previously insulated them. Among these influences are technological and economic spill-over effects, which may become more pronounced as the border no longer poses an impenetrable barrier. In border regions, the removal of obstacles at borders could lead to cross-border homogenization such that both profit from integration, or both lose as economic activity relocates to other “core” regions. It is also possible though that one such region becomes a “core” region and acts as a magnet to attract economic activities from the other region, leading to an increased divergence between the two regions.
Low-carbon tourism represents a sustainable way to make tourist destinations more competitive and efficient. Therefore, tourist destination competitiveness has to consider natural resources preservation and environmentally sustainable development. Many cities have become more attractive through upgrading their quality of services, investing in low-carbon policies, and consequently, improving their competitiveness. In these contexts, innovation and technology were used to provide benefits to the tourist as well as to the resident like in the “smart city” model. Many tourist destinations are exposed to very high levels of competition, so it becomes really significant to change policy and strategy ameliorating environmental standards to maintain profit margins. The purpose of this chapter is to study the low-carbon tourists' destination competitiveness. It intends to contribute to the literature analyzing this topic and explaining how low-carbon goods and services can determine the competitiveness of a tourist destination.
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