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© 2015 Zoological Society of JapanZOOLOGICAL SCIENCE 32: 507–522 (2015)
[REVIEW]
A Taxonomic Catalogue of the Nemerteans (Phylum Nemertea)
of Spain and Portugal
Alfonso Herrera-Bachiller1, Fernando Ángel Fernández-Álvarez2, and Juan Junoy1*
1EU-US Marine Biodiversity Research Group, Instituto Franklin, Universidad de Alcalá and Departamento de
Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad de Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
2 Institut de Ciències del Mar (CSIC), Passeig Maritim, 37-49. 08003 Barcelona, Spain
A literature-based taxonomic catalogue of nemerteans (phylum Nemertea) from Spain and Portugal
is provided, listing 75 species (12 Palaeonemertea, 24 Pilidiophora, and 39 Hoplonemertea) belong-
ing to 34 genera. This is a low species number compared with the approximately 400 species listed
in Europe. This lack of knowledge is mainly due to the low number of researchers interested in the
phylum and the well-known taxonomic difficulties of its study. Geographic records are indicated for
each species, and for some, comments are included on certain biological and taxonomic aspects.
Key words: checklist, Spain, Portugal, ribbon worms, Nemertea
INTRODUCTION
Misidentification of nemertean species is very common
in marine benthic studies, and many specimens collected
are identified only at the phylum level (Junoy and Herrera-
Bachiller, 2010). Since the first nemertean species was
collected off Spain and Portugal, Euborlasia elizabethae
(McIntosh, 1874), identification has been problematic.
McIntosh’s species description suggests: “An allied species
was dredged by Mr. Jeffreys in the “Porcupine” expedition,
1870, off Cape Finisterre, at a depth of 80 fathoms” (McIntosh,
1873–1874: 194). Only a few species were added to the
fauna of these two countries before the end of the 19th cen-
tury (Langerhans, 1880; Bürger, 1895; Richard and Neuville,
1897), whereas neighboring countries constructed more
complete species checklists (e.g. McIntosh, 1873–1874;
Joubin, 1890, 1894; Bürger, 1895). A list of these early
records of the nemerteans of this area was compiled by
Saiz-Salinas (1987).
During the first half of the 20th century, Iberian records
of nemerteans were mainly related to the freshwater genus
Prostoma (Margalef, 1946, 1948). The next records of
marine species did not appear until 1980, when Anadón
(1980a) recorded nine species from Northern Spain. The
number of nemerteans from Spain and Portugal was then
raised to 48 in subsequent studies by this author and col-
leagues (Anadón, 1981a, 1986–1987; Anadón and Lastra,
1986; Vernet and Anadón, 1991a, b, 1994). An additional
three new species were described and added to the cata-
logue in the early 1990s: Tetrastemma fozensis Gibson and
Junoy, 1991, Cephalothrix oestrymnica (Junoy and Gibson,
1991) and Riseriellus occultus Rogers et al., 1993 (Gibson
and Junoy, 1991; Junoy and Gibson, 1991; Rogers et al.,
1993). The number of species has been steadily increasing
since, with the main contribution being the study of the nem-
ertean fauna from the Islas Atlánticas de Galicia National
Park (Junoy and Herrera-Bachiller, 2010).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The geographical range of this catalogue encompasses the
land and waters (continental waters and Economic Exclusive Zone)
of Spain and Portugal, including the Iberian Peninsula, the archipel-
agos of Canary Islands, Balearic Islands, Madeira, the Azores and
other minor islands (e.g. Cíes, Chafarinas, Alborán). The present
catalogue of Spanish and Portuguese nemerteans is largely based
on data obtained from the literature and authors’ records up until the
end of 2014. A search for nemertean photographs on websites spe-
cialising in natural history has revealed several accounts of nemer-
tean species. To increase the knowledge of the distribution of these
species in Spain and Portugal and to make this information avail-
able to the scientific community, these records were collected and
codified as follows: Asturnatura.com (AN), Biodiversidadvirtual.org
(BV), Visualphotos.com (VP), MCZbase (MCZ:IZ), followed by the
number assigned to each photograph on the website. The photo-
graphs included from these websites are up to date as of October
2014. Additional details from these records can be found in the links
provided in Table 1. Additional information and unpublished records
by the authors are included. Locality and information of the habitat
(when available) are provided. As phylogenetic studies have consis-
tently shown that many nemertean families are paraphyletic or poly-
phyletic (e.g. Sundberg et al., 2001, 2009; Thollesson and Norenburg,
2003; Schwartz, 2009; Puerta et al., 2010), this taxonomic category
has not been considered.
RESULTS
Checklist of the Spanish and Portuguese nemerteans
species
This checklist of nemerteans from Spain and Portugal
* Corresponding author. Tel. : +34-91-8854920;
Fax : +34-91-8855080;
E-mail:
juan.junoy@uah.es
doi:10.2108/zs140242
A. Herrera-Bachiller et al.508
includes 75 species (12 Palaeonemertea, 24 Pilidiophora,
and 39 Hoplonemertea) belonging to 34 genera. The bulk of
the list represents marine benthic species, one of them
being a commensal of the ascidian, Ciona intestinalis
(Linnaeus, 1767) (Vieitezia luzmurubeae Junoy et al., 2010),
another a commensal of the bivalve mollusc Scrobicularia
plana (da Costa, 1778) (Tetrastemma fozensis Gibson and
Junoy, 1991), and a third is a crustacean parasite (Carcino-
nemertes carcinophila Kölliker, 1845). Three species occur
in the marine pelagic zone (Dinonemertes grimaldii (Joubin,
1906), Pelagonemertes joubini Coe, 1926, and Pendone-
mertes levinseni Brinkmann, 1917). The checklist also
includes two terrestrial species, Argonemertes dendyi
(Dakin, 1915) and Leptonemertes chalicophora (Graff,
1879), and one freshwater species Prostoma eilhardi
(Montgomery, 1894). The checklist along with the distribu-
tion and habitat of the species of the present catalogue are
shown in Table 2.
Taxonomic catalogue of the Spanish and Portuguese
nemerteans species
Phylum NEMERTEA
Class PALAEONEMERTEA Hubrecht, 1879
Genus Carinina Hubrecht, 1855
Carinina ochracea Sundberg et al., 2009
Carinina ochracea: Alfaya et al. (2014), p. 150, tab. 2; La
Ermita, Villaviciosa Estuary, Asturias, Spain; Fernández-
Álvarez et al. (2015), pp. 590–595; intertidal region in
Table 1. List of codes used in the present study and links where the specimen details can be found.
Code Species Link Location
BV22979 Amphiporus lactifloreus
(Johnston, 1828)
http://www.biodiversidadvirtual.org/insectarium/Amphiporus-
lactifloreus-(Johnston-1828)-(2).-cat22979.html
Concha de Artedo beach,
Cudillero, Asturias, Spain
AN7254 Amphiporus lactifloreus
(Johnston, 1828)
http://www.asturnatura.com/fotografia/fauna/amphiporus-
lactifloreus/7254.html
Los Chalanos beach, Muros
de Nalón, Asturias, Spain
AN9965 Amphiporus lactifloreus
(Johnston, 1828)
http://www.asturnatura.com/fotografia/fauna-invertebrados/
amphiporus-lactifloreus-2/9965.html
Concha de Artedo beach,
Cudillero, Asturias, Spain
AN10514 Baseodiscus delineatus
(Delle Chiaje, 1825)
http://www.asturnatura.com/fotografia/fauna-invertebrados/
baseodiscus-delineatus-2/10514.html
El Rinconín, Gijón, Asturias,
Spain
AN11422 Cephalothrix filiformis
(Johnston, 1828)
http://www.asturnatura.com/fotografia/fauna-invertebrados/
cephalothrix-filiformis-1/11422.html
El Castiellu beach, Pendueles,
Asturias, Spain
AN18201 Cephalothrix simula
(Iwata, 1952)
http://www.asturnatura.com/fotografia/submarina-fotosub/
cephalothrix-simula-3/18201.html
Temperán beach, cangas,
Pontevedra, Spain
VP9670542 Cerebratulus lacteus
(Leydi, 1851)
http://www.visualphotos.com/image/1x9670542/
nemertea_milky_ribbon-worm_cerebratulus_lacteus Galicia, Spain
AN18719 Cerebratulus marginatus
Renier, 1804
http://www.asturnatura.com/fotografia/submarina-fotosub/
cerebratulus-marginatus-1/18719.html Cangas, Pontevedra, Spain
AN10809
Emplectonema echinoderma
(Marion, 1873)
http://www.asturnatura.com/fotografia/fauna-invertebrados/
emplectonema-echinoderma-2/10809.html
Los Chalanos beach, Muros
de Nalón, Asturias, Spain
AN11335
Emplectonema echinoderma
(Marion, 1873)
http://www.asturnatura.com/fotografia/fauna-invertebrados/
emplectonema-echinoderma-1/11335.html
Cape Vilán, Camariñas,
A Coruña, Spain
MCZ:IZ:132536 Leucocephalonemertes
aurantiaca (Grube, 1855) http://mczbase.mcz.harvard.edu/guid/MCZ:IZ:132536 Cabrera, Balearic Islands,
Spain
AN13161 Lineus acutifrons Southern,
1913
http://www.asturnatura.com/fotografia/fauna-invertebrados/
lineus-acutifrons/13161.html
A Lanzada beach, O Grove,
Pontevedra, Spain
AN11454 Lineus bilineatus
(Renier, 1804)
http://www.asturnatura.com/fotografia/fauna-invertebrados/
lineus-bilineatus-2/11454.html
Cape Vilán, Camariñas,
A Coruña, Spain
BV156752 Lineus longissimus
(Gunnerus, 1770)
http://www.biodiversidadvirtual.org/insectarium/lineus-
longissimus.-img156752.html Asturias, Spain
AN11461 Lineus ruber
(Müller, 1774)
http://www.asturnatura.com/fotografia/fauna-invertebrados/
poseidon-ruber-1/11461.html
Cape Vilán, Camariñas,
A Coruña, Spain
MCZ:IZ:45841 Micrura fasciolata
Ehrenberg, 1828 http://mczbase.mcz.harvard.edu/guid/MCZ:IZ:45841 Cabrera, Balearic Islands,
Spain
AN14030 Micrura purpurea
(Dalyell, 1853)
http://www.asturnatura.com/fotografia/fauna-invertebrados/
micrura-purpurea-1/14030.html
Peñarrubia beach, Gijón,
Asturias, Spain
AN13814 Oerstedia dorsalis
(Abildgaard, 1806)
http://www.asturnatura.com/fotografia/fauna-invertebrados/
oerstedia-dorsalis-1/13814.html
Cangas, Pontevedra,
Spain
AN12644
Prosorhochmus chafarinensi
s
Frutos, Montalvo and Junoy,
1998
http://www.asturnatura.com/fotografia/fauna/prosorhochmus-
chafarinensis-1/12644.html
L´illot del Faradell, Cap
de Creus, Girona, Spain
AN12621 Prosorhochmus claparedii
Keferstein, 1862
http://www.asturnatura.com/fotografia/fauna-invertebrados/
prosorhochmus-claparedii-1/12621.html
Las Represas beach, Tapia de
Casariego, Asturias, Spain
MCZ:IZ:135369 Prostoma eilhardi
(Montgomery, 1894) http://mczbase.mcz.harvard.edu/guid/MCZ:IZ:135369 Santolea dam, Castellote,
Teruel, Spain
AN14201 Punnettia splendida
(Keferstein, 1862)
http://www.asturnatura.com/fotografia/fauna-invertebrados/
drepanophorus-spectabilis-1/14201.html
Oia, Pontevedra,
Spain
Spanish and Portuguese nemerteans 509
Table 2. Spanish and Portuguse nemerteans: checklist, distribution and habitat.
Species Distribution Habitat
Carinina ochracea Sundberg, Chernyshev, Kajihara, Kånneby and Strand, 2009 Iberian Atlantic Marine benthic
Cephalothrix bipunctata Bürger, 1892 Iberian Mediterranean Marine benthic
Cephalothrix filiformis Johnston, 1828 Iberian Atlantic Marine benthic
Cephalothrix linearis (Rathke, 1799) Macaronesia Marine benthic
Cephalothrix oestrymnica (Junoy and Gibson, 1991) Iberian Atlantic Marine benthic
Cephalothrix rufifrons (Johnston, 1837) Iberian Atlantic Marine benthic
Cephalothrix simula (Iwata, 1952) Iberian Atlantic and Mediterranean Marine benthic
Tubulanus annulatus (Montagu, 1804) Iberian Atlantic and Mediterranean Marine benthic
Tubulanus banyulens is (Joubin, 1890) Iberian Atlantic and Mediterranean Marine benthic
Tubulanus nothus (Bürger, 1892) Iberian Atlantic Marine benthic
Tubulanus polymorp hus Renier, 1804 Iberian Atlantic Marine benthic
Tubulanus superbus (Kölliker, 1845) Iberian Atlantic and Mediterranean Marine benthic
Baseodiscus delineatus (Delle Chiaje, 1825) Iberian Atlantic and Mediterranean. Macaronesia Marine benthic
Cerebratulus aerugatus Bürger, 1892 Iberian Atlantic Marine benthic
Cerebratulus fuscus (McIntosh, 1874) Iberian Atlantic and Mediterranean Marine benthic
Cerebratulus lacteus (Leydi, 1851) Iberian Atlantic Marine benthic
Cerebratulus marginatus Renier, 1804 Iberian Atlantic and Mediterranean. Macaronesia Marine benthic
Cerebratulus roseus (Delle Chiaje, 1841) Iberian Atlantic Marine benthic
Euborlasia elizabethae (McIntosh, 1874) Iberian Atlantic Marine benthic
Leucocephalonemerte s aurantiaca (Grube, 1855) Iberian Atlantic and Mediterranean. Macaronesia Marine benthic
Lineus acutifrons Southern, 1913 Iberian Atlantic Marine benthic
Lineus bilineatus (Renier, 1804) Iberian Atlantic and Mediterranean. Macaronesia Marine benthic
Lineus grubei (Hubrecht, 1879) Iberian Atlantic and Mediterranean. Macaronesia Marine benthic
Lineus hubrechti (Langerhans, 1880) Macaronesia Marine benthic
Lineus longissimus (Gunnerus, 1770) Iberian Atlantic Marine benthic
Lineus mcintoshii (Langerhans, 1880) Macaronesia Marine benthic
Lineus ruber (Müller, 1774) Iberian Atlantic and Mediterranean. Macaronesia Marine benthic
Lineus viridis (Müller, 1774) Iberian Atlantic and Mediterranean Marine benthic
Micrura dellechiajei (Hubrecht, 1879) Iberian Mediterranean Marine benthic
Micrura fasciolata Ehrenberg, 1828 Iberian Atlantic and Mediterranean Marine benthic
Micrura purpurea (Dalyell, 1853) Iberian Atlantic and Mediterranean Marine benthic
Notospermus geniculatus (Delle Chiaje, 1828) Iberian Mediterranean. Macaronesia Marine benthic
Ramphogordius lacteus Rathke, 1843 Iberian Atlantic and Mediterranean Marine benthic
Ramphogordius sanguineus (Rathke, 1799) Iberian Atlantic and Mediterranean Marine benthic
Riseriellus occultus Rogers, Junoy, Gibson and Thorpe, 1993 Iberian Atlantic Marine benthic
Valencinia longirostris Quatrefages, 1846 Iberian Atlantic and Macaronesia Marine benthic
Amphiporus allucens Bürger, 1895 Iberian Mediterranean Marine benthic
Amphiporus lactifloreus (Johnston, 1828) Iberian Atlantic and Mediterranean Marine benthic
Argonemertes dendyi (Dakin, 1915) Iberian Peninsula. Macaronesia Terrestrial
Carcinonemertes carcinophila (Kölliker, 1845) Iberian Atlantic Marine benthic, parasite
of crustaceans
Emplectonema echinoderma (Marion, 1873) Iberian Atlantic and Mediterranean. Macaronesia Marine benthic
Emplectonema gracile (Johnston, 1837) Iberian Atlantic and Mediterranean. Macaronesia Marine benthic
Emplectonema neesii (Örsted, 1843) Iberian Atlantic Marine benthic
Leptonemertes chalicophora (Graff, 1879) Iberian Peninsula. Macaronesia Terrestrial
Nemertopsis bivittata (Delle Chiaje, 1841) Iberian Atlantic and Mediterranean Marine benthic
Nemertopsis flavida (McIntosh, 1874) Iberian Atlantic and Mediterranean Marine benthic
Oerstedia dorsalis (Abildgaard, 1806) Iberian Atlantic and Mediterranean. Macaronesia Marine benthic
Ototyphlonemertes brunnea Bürger, 1895 Iberian Mediterranean Marine benthic
Ototyphlonemertes duplex Bürger, 1895 Iberian Mediterranean Marine benthic
Ototyphlonemertes macintoshi Bürger, 1895 Iberian Atlantic Marine benthic
Ototyphlonemertes pallida (Keferstein, 1862) Iberian Atlantic Marine benthic
Prosorhochmus chafarinensis Frutos, Montalvo and Junoy, 1998 Iberian Mediterranean Marine benthic
Prosorhochmus claparedii Keferstein, 1862 Iberian Atlantic and Mediterranean Marine benthic
Prostoma eilhardi (Montgomery, 1894) Iberian Peninsula Freshwater
Psammamphiporus elongatus (Stephenson, 1911) Iberian Atlantic Marine benthic
Tetranemertes antonina (Quatrefages, 1846) Iberian Mediterranean Marine benthic
Tetrastemma candidum (Müller, 1774) Iberian Mediterranean. Macaronesia Marine benthic
Tetrastemma coronatu m (Quatrefages, 1846) Iberian Atlantic. Macaronesia Marine benthic
Tetrastemma flavidum Ehrenberg, 1828 Iberian Atlantic and Mediterranean. Macaronesia Marine benthic
Tetrastemma fozensis Gibson and Junoy, 1991 Iberian Atlantic Marine benthic, commensal
of Scrobicularia plana
Tetrastemma herouard i (Oxner, 1908) Iberian Atlantic Marine benthic
Tetrastemma longissimum Bürger, 1895 Iberian Atlantic. Macaronesia Marine benthic
Tetrastemma melanocephalum (Johnston, 1837) Iberian Atlantic and Mediterranean. Macaronesia Marine benthic
Tetrastemma quadristr iatum Langerhans, 1880 Macaronesia Marine benthic
Tetrastemma unicolor (Hubrecht, 1879) Macaronesia Marine benthic
Tetrastemma vermiculus (Quatrefages, 1846) Iberian Atlantic and Mediterranean. Macaronesia Marine benthic
Tetrastemma vittigerum (Bürger, 1904) Iberian Mediterranean Marine benthic
Vieitezia luzmurubeae Junoy, Andrade and Giribet, 2010 Iberian Atlantic Marine benthic, commensal
of Ciona and other ascidians
Zygonemertes virescens (Verrill, 1879) Iberian Atlantic and Mediterranean. Macaronesia Marine benthic
Drepanogigas albolin eatus (Bürger, 1895) Iberian Mediterranean. Macaronesia Marine benthic
Drepanophorus spectabilis (Quatrefages, 1846) Iberian Atlantic and Mediterranean Marine benthic
Paradrepanophorus crassus (Quatrefages, 1846) Iberian Atlantic. Macaronesia Marine benthic
Dinonemertes grimaldii (Joubin, 1906) Macaronesia Marine pelagic
Pelagonemertes joubini Coe, 1926 Macaronesia Marine pelagic
Pendonemertes levinseni Brinkmann, 1917 Iberian Atlantic Marine pelagic
A. Herrera-Bachiller et al.510
clean sand, La Ermita, Villaviciosa Estuary, Asturias,
Spain.
Genus Cephalothrix Örsted, 1843
Cephalothrix bipunctata Bürger, 1892
(Fig. 1A)
Cephalothrix bipunctata: Kvist et al. (2014), p. 291, tab. 1;
Embarcadero Beach, Los Escullos, Almería, Spain.
Remarks. This is the second record of the species after its
description by Bürger (1892).
Cephalothrix filiformis (Johnston, 1828)
Procephalothrix filiformis
:
Vernet and Anadón
(1991a), p. 49;
in sand, Patos Beach, Nigrán, Pontevedra, Spain; in very
coarse sand, beneath boulders, Aramar Beach, Luanco,
Asturias, Spain; in sand, beneath boulders, near Piles
Estuary, Gijón, Asturias, Spain; in sandy and muddy bot-
tom, beneath boulders, Villaviciosa Estuary, Asturias,
Spain;
Vernet and Anadón
(1991b), p. 92; in sand, Patos
Beach, Nigrán, Pontevedra, Spain; in very coarse sand,
beneath boulders, Aramar Beach, Luanco, Asturias,
Spain; in sand, beneath boulders, near Piles Estuary,
Gijón, Asturias, Spain; in sandy and muddy bottom,
beneath boulders, Villaviciosa Estuary, Asturias, Spain.
Cephalothrix cf. filiformis: Alfaya et al. (2014), p. 149;
Muros de Nalón, Asturias, Spain; Tapia de Casariego,
Asturias, Spain.
Cephalothrix filiformis: Fernández-Álvarez and Machordom
(2014), table on p. 37; Muros de Nalón, Asturias, Spain;
Tapia de Casariego, Asturias, Spain; Fernández-Álvarez
(2015); among Corallina officinalis, Las Represas
Beach, Tapia de Casariego, Asturias, Spain; among
Corallina officinalis, Los Chalanos Beach, Muros de
Nalón, Asturias, Spain; in gravel under stone, inside a
mucosal tube made of coarse sand, El Castiellu Beach,
Pendueles, Asturias, Spain.
Additional new records. This species has also been
recorded in El Castiellu Beach, Pendueles, Asturias,
Spain (AN11422).
Cephalothrix linearis (Rathke, 1799)
Cephalothrix linearis: Langerhans (1880), p. 137; on algae,
Madeira, Portugal; Bürger (1895), pp. 538–539, tab. 11,
fig. 20; Madeira, Portugal.
Cephalothrix oestrymnica (Junoy and Gibson, 1991)
Procephalothrix oestrymnicus: Junoy and Gibson (1991),
pp. 185–194, figs. 1–10, tab.1; under boulders in coarse
sand, intertidal, Ensenada de Aguadulce, Foz, Lugo,
Spain.
Cephalothrix oestrymnica: Junoy and Herrera-Bachiller
(2010), p. 315, tab. 2; Islas Atlánticas de Galicia
National Park, Galicia, Spain.
Additional new records. This species has also been
recorded in Punta del Castro, Foz, Lugo, Spain and O
Carreiro, Aguiño, A Coruña, Spain (authors’ records).
Cephalothrix rufifrons (Johnston, 1837)
Cephalothrix rufifrons
:
Anadón
(1980a), pp. 338–339; Feitales
Beach, Nigrán, Pontevedra, Spain; Vernet and Anadón
(1991a), pp. 48–49; Feitales Beach, Nigrán, Pontevedra,
Spain; Junoy and Herrera-Bachiller (2010), pp. 315–
316, fig. 2D, tab. 2; Islas Atlánticas de Galicia National
Park, Spain; Leasi and Norenburg (2014), p. 9, fig. 2;
Spain.
Cephalothrix simula (Iwata, 1952)
(Fig. 1B)
Cephalothrix fasciculus: Fernández-Álvarez (2015), clade
11, figs. 2A, 3, tab. S1; among Corallina officinalis and
mud, San Vicente do Mar, O Grove, Pontevedra,
Spain;
in rocks and
Lithophyllum tortuosum
, Las Represas
Beach, Tapia de Casariego, Asturias, Spain; in sand
under rocks, Los Chalanos Beach, Muros de Nalón,
Asturias, Spain; in Lithophyllum tortuosum, Aramar
Beach, Luanco, Asturias, Spain; among Corallina
officinalis and detritus, Islares Beach, Castro-Urdiales,
Cantabria, Spain.
Cephalothrix
cf.
simula
:
Fernández-Álvarez and Machordom
(2013), pp. 599–605, tab. 1; San Vicente do Mar, O
Grove, Pontevedra, Spain; Las Represas Beach, Tapia
de Casariego, Asturias, Spain; Los Chalanos Beach,
Muros de Nalón, Asturias, Spain; Aramar Beach,
Luanco, Asturias, Spain; Islares Beach, Castro-Urdiales,
Cantabria, Spain; Colera Harbor, Colera, Girona, Spain;
Faradell Islet, Cap de Creus, Girona, Spain; Alfaya et
al. (2014), p. 150, tab. 2; Las Represas Beach, Tapia de
Casariego, Asturias, Spain; Faradell Islet, Cap de
Creus, Girona, Spain; Fernández-Álvarez and
Machordom (2014), pp. 34–37, figs. and text, table on
p. 37; San Vicente do Mar, O Grove, Pontevedra, Spain;
Fig. 1. Live habitus of selected specimens. (A) Cephalothrix
bipunctata Bürger, 1892. (B) Cephalothrix simula (Iwata, 1952). (C)
Baseodiscus delineatus
(Delle Chiaje, 1825).
(D)
Cerebratulus fuscus
(McIntosh, 1874). (E) Euborlasia elizabethae (McIntosh, 1874). (F)
Leucocephalonemertes aurantiaca (Grube, 1855).
Spanish and Portuguese nemerteans 511
Las Represas Beach, Tapia de Casariego, Asturias,
Spain; Los Chalanos Beach, Muros de Nalón, Asturias,
Spain; Aramar Beach, Luanco, Asturias, Spain; Islares
Beach, Castro-Urdiales, Cantabria, Spain; Colera har-
bor, Colera, Girona, Spain.
Cephalothrix simula: Leasi and Norenburg (2014), pp. 10–
12, fig. 2; Mediterranean waters, Spain; Atlantic Ocean,
Spain.
Additional new records. This species has also been
recorded in Temperán Beach, Cangas, Pontevedra,
Spain (AN18201); A Coruña, Spain; Castellón, Spain;
Asturias, Spain; Alicante, Spain; Murcia, Spain and
Almería, Spain (authors’ records).
Genus Tubulanus Renier, 1804
Tubulanus annulatus (Montagu, 1804)
Tubulanus annulatus: Anadón (1980a), pp. 339–340;
Concha de Artedo Beach, Cudillero, Asturias, Spain;
Anadón (1981b), p. 44; Concha de Artedo Beach,
Cudillero, Asturias, Spain; Vernet and Anadón (1991a),
p. 49; beneath boulders, Concha de Artedo Beach,
Cudillero, Asturias, Spain; sampled from 66 m in very
fine sand, continental shelf off Asturias, Spain; García
Raso et al. (1992), p. 229; Cabo de Gata, Almería,
Spain; Templado and Calvo (2006), p. 189; Alborán
Island, Almería, Spain.
Additional new records. This species has also been
recorded in A Coruña, Spain (authors’ records).
Tubulanus banyulensis (Joubin, 1890)
Tubulanus banyulensis: Junoy and Herrera-Bachiller
(2010), p. 323, fig. 2C, tab. 2; Sálvora Island, A Coruña,
Spain; Ons Island, Pontevedra, Spain; Fernández-
Álvarez and Díaz Álvarez (2012a); Las Represas
Beach, Tapia de Casariego, Asturias, Spain; Fernández-
Álvarez and Machordom (2014), pp. 34–37, table on p.
37; Colera harbor, Colera, Girona, Spain; Las Represas
Beach, Tapia de Casariego, Asturias, Spain; Alfaya et
al. (2014), tab. 2; Colera Harbor, Colera, Girona, Spain;
Las Represas Beach, Tapia de Casariego, Asturias,
Spain; Fernández-Álvarez (2015), tab. S1, fig. S2;
Colera Harbor, Colera, Girona, Spain; Las Represas
Beach, Tapia de Casariego, Asturias, Spain.
Additional new records. This species has also been
recorded in Pontevedra, Spain; and A Coruña, Spain
(authors’ records).
Tubulanus nothus (Bürger, 1892)
Tubulanus nothus: Fernández Iglesias (2012), Oia,
Pontevedra, Spain; Fernández-Álvarez and Fernández
Iglesias (2012), Oia, Pontevedra, Galicia, Spain.
Tubulanus polymorphus Renier, 1804
Tubulanus polymorphus: Martínez et al. (2007), p. 101, tab.
VII; Stations J3, J7, J10, J11, I2, I3, I5, I8, I9, G2, G6,
G7, G10, Z3, Z5, Z6, Z7, continental shelf off Guipuzcoa,
Spain.
Additional new records. This species has also been
recorded in A Coruña, Spain (authors’ records).
Tubulanus superbus (Kölliker, 1845)
Tubulanus superbus: Junoy and Herrera-Bachiller (2010),
p. 323, tab. 2; Islas Atlánticas de Galicia National Park,
Galicia, Spain.
Additional new records. This species has also been
recorded in Castellón, Spain; and A Coruña, Spain
(authors records).
Class PILIDIOPHORA Thollesson and Norenburg, 2003
Genus Baseodiscus Diesing, 1850
Baseodiscus delineatus (Delle Chiaje, 1825)
(Fig. 1C)
Baseodiscus curtus: Ocaña Martín et al. (2000), p. 161,
photo 162; Cerro Gordo, Granada, Spain.
Baseodiscus delineatus: Vernet and Anadón (1991a), p.
49; in sand, beneath cobbles and boulders, near Piles
Estuary, Gijón, Asturias, Spain; Vernet and Anadón
(1991b), p. 92; in sand, beneath cobbles and boulders,
near Piles Estuary, Gijón, Asturias, Spain; Wirtz (2009),
p. 46; Madalena, Pico Island, Azores, Portugal.
Eupolia delineata: Bürger (1895), pp. 600–601, tab. 4, figs.
6, 8, 14; Faro, Portugal.
Additional new records. This species has also been
recorded in El Rinconín, Gijón, Asturias, Spain
(AN10514), the Canary Islands, Spain; Almería, Spain;
Alicante, Spain; Murcia, Spain; the Strait of Gibraltar,
Ceuta, Spain and A Coruña, Spain (authors’ records).
Genus Cerebratulus Renier, 1804
Cerebratulus aerugatus Bürger, 1892
Remarks and additional new records. This species has
been recorded in Punta Almina in the Strait of Gibraltar,
Ceuta, Spain (authors’ record). It is the first record for
the species in Spanish and Portuguese waters, having
been previously recorded from Naples (Italy) (Bürger,
1892, 1895, 1904), Saldanha Bay (South Africa)
(Wheeler, 1934), and Humlesäcken and Tjärnö (Sweden)
(Sundberg et al., 2007, 2010).
Cerebratulus fuscus (McIntosh, 1874)
(Fig. 1D)
Cerebratulus fuscus: Bürger (1895), pp. 674–675, tab. 6,
figs. 9, 19; Portugal; Vernet and Anadón (1991a), pp.
49–50; sampled from 66 m and 106 m in very fine sand,
continental shelf off Asturias, Spain.
Micrura fusca: McIntosh (1873–1874), pp. 196–197, pl. VI,
fig. 3; dredged from 1450 m, coast of Portugal.
Additional new records. This species has also been
recorded in the Menorca Channel, Balearic Islands,
Spain; Murcia, Spain; the Strait of Gibraltar, Ceuta,
Spain and A Coruña, Spain (authors’ records).
Cerebratulus lacteus (Leydi, 1851)
Micrura lactea
:
Vernet and Anadón
(1991a), p. 52; sampled
from 586 m in silt, continental shelf off Asturias, Spain.
Additional new records. This species has also been
recorded in Galicia, Spain (VP9670542).
Cerebratulus marginatus Renier, 1804
Cerebratulus marginatus ?: Anadón (1981a), p. 224;
Santander, Cantabria, Spain.
Cerebratulus marginatus: Langerhans (1880), p. 137;
A. Herrera-Bachiller et al.512
Madeira, Portugal; Bürger (1895), pp. 660–663, tab. 6,
fig. 1; Madeira, Portugal; Anadón (1980a), pp. 342–343;
Puntal Beach, Villaviciosa Estuary, Asturias, Spain; Foz
Beach, Navia, Pontevedra, Spain; Anadón (1981b), p.
43, fig. 3; Puntal Beach, Villaviciosa Estuary, Asturias,
Spain; Anadón (1981a), p. 223; Santander, Cantabria,
Spain; Rodríguez Castelo and Mora (1984), p. 21, tab.
2; Ría de Pontevedra, Pontevedra, Spain; Planas et al.
(1984), p. 166; Ensenada de Campelo, Pontevedra,
Spain; Vernet and Anadón (1991a), p. 50; Foz Beach,
Navia, Pontevedra, Spain; Villaviciosa Estuary, Asturias,
Spain; in shelly sand and gravel, El Camello Beach,
Santander, Cantabria, Spain; continental shelf off
Asturias, Spain; García Raso et al. (1992), pp. 43, 229;
Cabo de Gata, Almería, Spain; Junoy and Herrera-
Bachiller (2010), p. 316, fig. 2F, tab. 2; Islas Atlánticas
de Galicia National Park, Galicia, Spain; Alfaya et al.
(2014), tab. 2; Villaviciosa Estuary, Asturias, Spain.
Additional new records. This species has also been
recorded in Cangas, Pontevedra, Spain (AN18719).
Cerebratulus roseus (Delle Chiaje, 1841)
Cerebratulus roseus: Langerhans (1880), p. 138; Madeira,
Portugal; Anadón (1986–1987), pp. 41–42; Puntal
Beach, Villaviciosa Estuary, Asturias, Spain; Vernet and
Anadón (1991a), pp. 50–51, fig. 3; Villaviciosa Estuary,
Asturias, Spain; continental shelf off Asturias, Spain.
Genus Euborlasia Vaillant, 1890
Euborlasia elizabethae (McIntosh, 1874)
(Fig. 1E)
Borlasia elizabethae: McIntosh (1873–1874), pp. 193–194,
pl. VII, figs. 1–2; dredged from 146 m, Cape Finisterre,
A Coruña, Spain.
Remarks and additional new records.
This species has also
been recorded in Cangas, Pontevedra, Spain (authors’
records). Despite its big size, this species was not regis-
tered in more than a century. The lack of additional
records suggests that the species is very uncommon.
Genus Leucocephalonemertes Cantell, 1996
Leucocephalonemertes aurantiaca (Grube, 1855)
(Fig. 1F)
Micrura aurantiaca: Riedl (1959), p. 538; Getaria, Bizkaia,
Spain; Anadón (1981a), pp. 219–221, fig. 1; Aramar
Beach, Luanco, Asturias, Spain; Anadón (1981b), p. 43,
figs. 1–2; Asturias, Spain; Lombas and Anadón (1985),
p. 114, tab. II; Aramar Beach, Luanco, Asturias, Spain;
Vernet and Anadón (1991a), p. 52; in crevices,
beneath boulders, Aramar Beach, Luanco, Asturias,
Spain; Strand (2002), p. 102, tab. 2; Porto Pim, Horta,
Faial, Azores, Portugal.
Additional new records. This species has also been
recorded in Murcia, Spain; Balearic Islands, Spain
(MCZ:IZ:132536); Alicante, Spain; Girona, Spain; the
Strait of Gibraltar, Ceuta, Spain and Pontevedra, Spain
(authors’ records).
Genus Lineus Sowerby, 1806
Lineus acutifrons Southern, 1913
Lineus acutifrons: Junoy and Herrera-Bachiller (2010), pp.
316–317, fig. 2J, tab. 2; Islas Atlánticas de Galicia
National Park, Galicia, Spain; Puerta et al. (2010), pp.
2363–2378; Frouxeira Beach, Valdoviño, A Coruña,
Spain; Ladeira Beach, Corrubedo, A Coruña, Spain; A
Lanzada Beach, O Grove, Pontevedra, Spain; América
Beach, Nigrán, Pontevedra, Spain; Andrade et al.
(2012), p. 157, tab. 1; Ladeira Beach, Corrubedo, A
Coruña, Spain.
Additional new records.
This species has also been
recorded in A Lanzada Beach, O Grove, Pontevedra,
Spain (AN13161) and A Coruña, Spain (authors’ records).
Lineus bilineatus (Renier, 1804)
(Fig. 2A)
Cerebratulus bilineatus
:
Langerhans
(1880), p. 137; Madeira,
Portugal.
Lineus bilineatus: Bürger (1895), pp. 631–633, tab. 5, fig.
15; Madeira, Portugal;
Anadón
(1980a), p. 342; associ-
ated with
Diopatra neapolitana
, Puntal Beach, Villaviciosa
Estuary, Asturias, Spain; Vernet and Anadón (1991a),
p. 50; in sandy and muddy bottom and in empty tubes
of Diopatra neapolitana, Villaviciosa Estuary, Asturias,
Spain; Junoy and Herrera-Bachiller (2010), p. 317,
tab. 2; Islas Atlánticas de Galicia National Park, Galicia,
Spain; Alfaya et al. (2014), tab. 2; Colera, Girona,
Spain; Fernández-Álvarez and Machordom (2014),
table on p. 37; Colera, Girona, Spain.
Additional new records. This species has also been
recorded in Cape Vilán, Camariñas, A Coruña, Spain
(AN11454).
Fig. 2. Live habitus of selected specimens. (A) Lineus bilineatus
(Renier, 1804). (B) Lineus grubei (Hubrecht, 1879). (C) Micrura
fasciolata Ehrenberg, 1831. (D) Micrura purpurea (Dalyell, 1853).
(E) Notospermus geniculatus (Delle Chiaje, 1828).
Spanish and Portuguese nemerteans 513
Lineus grubei (Hubrecht, 1879)
(Fig. 2B)
Cerebratulus grubei: Langerhans (1880), p. 138; Madeira,
Portugal.
Additional new records. This species has also been
recorded in Los Chalanos Beach, Muros de Nalón,
Asturias, Spain and in the Strait of Gibraltar, Ceuta,
Spain (authors’ records).
Lineus hubrechti (Langerhans, 1880)
Cerebratulus hubrechti
:
Langerhans
(1880), p. 138; Madeira,
Portugal.
Lineus longissimus (Gunnerus, 1770)
Lineus marinus: Maluquer (1917), p. 221; Santander,
Cantabria, Spain; Rioja (1917), pp. 491, 494; near Piles
Estuary, Gijón, Asturias, Spain; Anadón (1981a), p.
224; Santander, Cantabria, Spain.
Lineus longissimus: Bürger (1895), p. 631; Spain; Anadón
(1980a), p. 340; near Piles Estuary, Gijón, Asturias,
Spain; Aramar Beach, Luanco, Asturias, Spain; Areas
Fofas Beach, Nigrán, Pontevedra, Spain; Patos Beach,
Nigrán, Pontevedra, Spain; Los Feitales Beach, Nigrán,
Pontevedra, Spain; Anadón (1980b), p. 114, tab. 1;
Areas Fofas Beach, Nigrán, Pontevedra, Spain; Anadón
(1981b), p. 43; Luanco, Asturias, Spain; Verdicio,
Asturias, Spain; Gijón, Asturias, Spain; Villaviciosa,
Asturias, Spain; Vernet and Anadón (1991a), p. 51; in
sand, beneath boulders, Areas Fofas Beach, Nigrán,
Pontevedra, Spain; associated with Sabellaria alveolata,
Patos Beach, Nigrán, Pontevedra, Spain; in crevices,
beneath boulders and Gelidium latifolium, rocky shore in
Aramar, Luanco, Asturias, Spain; beneath boulders,
near Piles Estuary, Gijón, Asturias, Spain; in shelly sand
and gravel, El Camello Beach, Santander, Cantabria,
Spain; Rogers et al. (1993), p. 220, fig. 1; in mud banks
or among roots of Spartina sp., Foz Estuary, Lugo,
Spain; Sundberg and Strand (2007), p. 118, tab. 1;
among coralline algal turfs, Foz Estuary, Foz, Lugo,
Spain; Kensler (1965), list on p. 856; Cabo Carvoeiro,
Ericeira, Cascais, Cabo de Espichel, Cabo de Sines,
Sagres and Albufeira, Portugal; Menéndez Valderrey
(2004); Concha de Artedo Beach, Cudillero, Asturias,
Spain; Junoy and Herrera-Bachiller (2010), p. 317, fig.
2I, tab. 2; Islas Atlánticas de Galicia National Park, Gali-
cia, Spain; Alfaya et al. (2014), tab. 2; Las Represas
Beach, Tapia de Casariego, Asturias, Spain; Fernández-
Álvarez and Machordom (2014), pp. 34–37, figs. and
text, table on p. 37; San Vicente do Mar, O Grove, Pon-
tevedra, Spain; Tapia de Casariego, Asturias, Spain;
Muros de Nalón, Asturias, Spain; Aramar Beach,
Luanco, Asturias, Spain.
Additional new records. This species has also been
recorded in Asturias, Spain (BV156752); the Strait of
Gibraltar, Ceuta, Spain and A Coruña, Spain (authors’
records).
Lineus mcintoshii (Langerhans, 1880)
Cerebratulus mcintoshii: Langerhans (1880), p. 138;
Madeira, Portugal.
Lineus ruber (Müller, 1774)
Lineus obscurus: Langerhans (1880), p. 137; Madeira,
Portugal.
Lineus gesserensis: Bürger (1895), pp. 622–623; Madeira,
Portugal; Kensler (1964), list on p. 954; no specific
locality, between Collioure, France and Punta Cañones,
Girona, Spain.
Lineus ruber: Anadón et al. (1982), pp. 689,700,703,704,
tabs. II,V,VI, fig. 5; San Cibrao, Cervo, Lugo, Spain;
Polo et al. (1982), p. 347; San Cibrao, Cervo, Lugo,
Spain; Vernet and Anadón (1991a), p. 52; in very
coarse sand, beneath boulders, Bañugues Beach,
Luanco, Asturias, Spain; Aramar Beach, Luanco,
Asturias, Spain; Vernet and Anadón (1991b), p. 92; in
very coarse sand, beneath boulders, Bañugues Beach,
Luanco, Asturias, Spain; Aramar Beach, Luanco,
Asturias, Spain; Alfaya et al. (2014), tab. 2; Cape Vilán,
Camariñas, A Coruña, Spain.
Poseidon ruber: Junoy and Herrera-Bachiller (2010), pp.
320–321, fig. 2E–L, tab. 2; Islas Atlánticas de Galicia
National Park, Galicia, Spain.
Additional new records. This species has also been
recorded in Cape Vilán, Camariñas, A Coruña, Spain
(AN11461) and the Strait of Gibraltar, Ceuta, Spain
(authors’ records).
Lineus viridis (Müller, 1774)
Lineus viridis: Anadón (1980a), pp. 341–342; Areas Fofas
Beach, Nigrán, Pontevedra, Spain; Patos Beach,
Nigrán, Pontevedra, Spain; Anadón (1981b); Galicia,
Spain; Strand (2002), p. 102, tab. 2; Porto da Feteira,
Feteira, Faial, Azores, Portugal; Madalena Harbor,
Madalena, Pico, Azores, Portugal.
Poseidon viridis: Junoy and Herrera-Bachiller (2010), pp.
320–321, fig. 2L, tab. 2; Islas Atlánticas de Galicia
National Park, Galicia, Spain; Fernández-Álvarez
(2013), Las Represas Beach, Tapia de Casariego,
Asturias, Spain.
Remarks. Some of the specimens recorded by Anadón as
L. viridis are now considered to be R. occultus (Anadón,
pers. comm.).
Genus Micrura Ehrenberg, 1831
Micrura dellechiajei (Hubrecht, 1879)
Micrura dellechiajei: Junoy and Herrera-Bachiller (2012),
pp. 424–426; Menorca Channel, Balearic Islands,
Spain; Alborán Sea, Almería, Spain; Kvist et al. (2014),
p. 291, tab. 1; Alborán Island, Almería, Spain.
Micrura fasciolata Ehrenberg, 1831
(Fig. 2C)
Micrura fasciolata: Vernet and Anadón (1991a), p. 52;
sampled from 150 m in very coarse sand and boulders,
continental shelf off Asturias, Spain; Fernández-Álvarez
(2012); Girona, Spain; Alfaya et al. (2014), tab. 2;
Faradell Islet, Cap de Creus, Girona, Spain; Fernández-
Álvarez and Machordom (2014), table on p. 37;
Faradell Islet, Cap de Creus, Girona, Spain.
Additional new records. This species has also been
recorded in the Menorca Channel, Balearic Islands,
Spain; Cabrera, Balearic Islands, Spain (MCZ:IZ:45841);
A. Herrera-Bachiller et al.514
Alborán Sea, Almería, Spain and A Coruña, Spain
(authors’ records).
Micrura purpurea (Dalyell, 1853)
(Fig. 2D)
Micrura purpurea: Anadón (1986–1987), pp. 42–43; Aramar
Beach, Luanco, Asturias, Spain; Vernet and Anadón
(1991a), p. 53; in crevices, beneath boulders, with
Gelidium latifolium, Aramar Beach, Luanco, Asturias,
Spain; Junoy and Herrera-Bachiller (2010), p. 317, fig.
2H, tab. 2; Islas Atlánticas de Galicia National Park,
Galicia, Spain; Alfaya et al. (2014), p. 149; Los Chalanos
Beach, Muros de Nalón, Asturias, Spain; Fernández-
Álvarez and Machordom (2014), table on p. 37; Muros
de Nalón, Asturias, Spain.
Additional new records.
This species has also been recorded
Peñarrubia Beach, Gijón, Asturias, Spain (AN14030); the
Alborán Sea, Almería, Spain; the Strait of Gibraltar, Ceuta,
Spain and A Coruña, Spain (authors’ records).
Genus Notospermus Huschke, 1830
Notospermus geniculatus (Delle Chiaje, 1828)
(Fig. 2E)
Lineus geniculatus: Ramos (1985), p. 143; Tabarca Island,
Alicante, Spain; Riser (1991), p. 434; Canary Islands,
Spain; Calvín Calvo (1995), pp. 111, 341–342;
Mediterranean Spanish waters, Spain.
Notospermus geniculatus: Templado and Calvo (2006), p.
189; Alborán Island, Almería, Spain; Kvist et al. (2014),
p. 291, tab. 1; Cabrera, Balearic Islands, Spain.
Additional new records. This species has also been
recorded in Fuerteventura, Canary Islands, Spain;
Alborán Sea, Almería, Spain and the Strait of Gibraltar,
Ceuta, Spain (authors’ records).
Genus Ramphogordius Rathke, 1843
Ramphogordius lacteus Rathke, 1843
Lineus lacteus: Anadón (1980a), pp. 340–341; associated
with Sabellaria alveolata and Lineus viridis, Patos
Beach, Nigrán, Pontevedra, Spain; Anadón (1980b), p.
112, tab. 1; associated with Sabellaria alveolata and
Lineus viridis, Patos Beach, Nigrán, Pontevedra, Spain;
Anadón (1981b), p. 44; Galicia, Spain; Anadón and
Lastra (1986), p. 217; Vigo Estuary, Pontevedra, Spain;
Vernet and Anadón (1991a), pp. 50–51; in pebble,
beneath cobbles and boulders, Los Feitales Beach,
Nigrán, Pontevedra, Spain; inside the
Sabellaria alveolata
reefs, Patos Beach, Nigrán, Pontevedra, Spain; Vernet
and Anadón (1994), pp. 417–422; under cobbles and
boulders, Los Feitales Beach, Nigrán, Pontevedra,
Spain; inside Sabellaria alveolata reefs, Patos Beach,
Nigrán, Pontevedra, Spain.
Ramphogordius lacteus: Fernández-Álvarez and
Machordom (2014), table on p. 37; Muros de Nalón,
Asturias, Spain;
Herrera-Bachiller and Junoy
(2014), pp.
1–2; Embarcadero Beach, Los Escullos, Almería, Spain.
Additional new records. This species has also been
recorded in A Coruña, Spain (authors’ records).
Ramphogordius sanguineus (Rathke, 1799)
Lineus sanguineus: Vernet and Anadón (1991a), p. 52; in
pebble, beneath cobbles and boulders, Los Feitales
Beach, Nigrán, Pontevedra, Spain; in very coarse sand,
beneath boulders, Bañugues Beach, Luanco, Asturias,
Spain; Aramar Beach, Luanco, Asturias, Spain; Vernet
and Anadón (1991b), p. 92; in pebble, beneath cobbles
and boulders, Los Feitales Beach, Nigrán, Pontevedra,
Spain; in very coarse sand, beneath boulders, Bañugues
Beach, Luanco, Asturias, Spain; Aramar Beach,
Luanco, Asturias, Spain; Runnels (2013), p. 31;
Armintza, Bizkaia, Spain.
Ramphogordius sanguineus Girard, 1853: Schwartz
(2009), p. 277; Armintza, Bizkaia, Spain.
Ramphogordius sanguineus: Junoy and Herrera-Bachiller
(2010), p. 321, fig. 2M, tab. 2; Islas Atlánticas de Galicia
National Park, Galicia, Spain; Alfaya et al. (2014), tab.
2; Colera harbor, Colera, Girona, Spain; Fernández-
Álvarez and Machordom (2014), pp. 34–37, figs. and
text, table on p. 37; San Vicente do Mar, O Grove,
Pontevedra, Spain; Las Represas Beach, Tapia de
Casariego, Asturias, Spain; Los Chalanos Beach, Muros
de Nalón, Asturias, Spain; Aramar Beach, Luanco,
Asturias, Spain; Islares Beach, Castro-Urdiales, Cantabria,
Spain; Colera Harbor, Colera, Girona, Spain.
Additional new records. This species has also been
recorded in A Coruña, Spain (authors’ records).
Genus Riseriellus Rogers et al., 1993
Riseriellus occultus Rogers et al., 1993
Lineus gesserensis: Anadón (1974), p. 76, figs. 1–23; asso-
ciated with Sabellaria alveolata, Areas Fofas Beach,
Nigrán, Pontevedra, Spain; Patos Beach, Nigrán,
Pontevedra, Spain.
Lineus viridis
:
Anadón
(1980b), p. 112, tab. 1; associated with
Sabellaria alveolata
, Patos Beach, Nigrán, Pontevedra,
Spain; Areas Fofas Beach, Nigrán, Pontevedra, Spain.
Riseriellus occultus: Rogers et al. (1993), pp. 219–238,
figs. 1–5; in mud banks or among Spartina roots, Foz
Estuary, Foz, Lugo, Spain; Montalvo et al. (1996), p.
84; in consolidated mud among roots of Spartina sp.
and in muddy sands with Zostera noltii, Foz Estuary,
Foz, Lugo, Spain; Montalvo et al. (1998a), p. 248; in
consolidated mud among roots of Spartina sp. and in
muddy sands with Zostera noltii, Foz Estuary, Foz,
Lugo, Spain; Montalvo et al. (1998b), p. 122; in consol-
idated mud among roots of Spartina sp. and in muddy
sands with Zostera noltii, Foz Estuary, Foz, Lugo, Spain;
Junoy et al. (2000), p. 236; in consolidated mud among
roots of Spartina sp. and in muddy sands with Zostera
noltii, Foz Estuary, Foz, Lugo, Spain; Sundberg and
Strand (2007), p. 118, tab. 1; Foz Estuary, Foz, Lugo,
Spain.
Remarks and additional new records. In the early works
of Anadón (1974, 1976) this species was identified as L.
gesserensis. Later, the same specimens were referred
to as L. viridis (Anadón, 1980b). However, these speci-
mens should be identified as R. occultus (N. Anadón,
pers. comm.). This species has also been recorded in A
Pobra do Caramiñal, A Coruña, Spain (authors’ records).
Genus Valencinia Quatrefages, 1846
Valencinia longirostris Quatrefages, 1846
Spanish and Portuguese nemerteans 515
Valencinia longirostris: Langerhans (1880), p. 137;
Madeira, Portugal; Bürger (1895), pp. 609–612, tab. 4,
figs. 15, 38; Madeira, Portugal; Vernet and Anadón
(1991a), p. 53; sampled from 106 m in very fine sand,
continental shelf off Asturias, Spain.
Class HOPLONEMERTEA Hubrecht, 1879
Subclass MONOSTILIFERA Brinkmann, 1917
Genus Amphiporus Ehrenberg, 1831
Amphiporus allucens Bürger, 1895
Amphiporus allucens: Bilecenoglu et al. (2013), pp. 464–
465, fig. 2; Cabo de Gata National Park, Almería, Spain;
Fernández-Álvarez and Alfaya (2014), p. 38; Cabo de
Gata National Park, Almería, Spain.
Amphiporus lactifloreus (Johnston, 1828)
Amphiporus lactifloreus: Kensler (1964), list on p. 954; no
specific locality, between Collioure, France and Punta
Cañones, Girona, Spain; Kensler (1965), list on p. 856;
Cabo Carvoeiro, Ericeira, Cascais, Cabo de Espichel,
Cabo de Sines, Sagres and Albufeira, Portugal; Cabo
Trafalgar, Tarifa, Gibraltar, Fuengirola, Almuñecar and
Almería, Spain; Anadón (1981a), pp. 221–222, fig. 1;
Gijón, Asturias, Spain; Vernet and Anadón (1991a), p.
53; in very coarse sand, beneath boulders, Aramar
Beach, Luanco, Asturias, Spain; in sand, beneath boul-
ders, near Piles Estuary, Gijón, Asturias, Spain; Vernet
and Anadón (1991b), pp. 92–93; in very coarse sand,
beneath boulders, Aramar Beach, Luanco, Asturias,
Spain; in sand, beneath boulders, near Piles Estuary,
Gijón, Asturias, Spain; Alfaya et al. (2014), tab. 2; Los
Chalanos Beach, Muros de Nalón, Asturias, Spain;
Fernández-Álvarez and Machordom (2014), table on
p. 37; Muros de Nalón, Asturias, Spain.
Additional new records. This species has also been
recorded in Los Chalanos Beach, Muros de Nalón,
Asturias, Spain (AN7254) and Concha de Artedo Beach,
Cudillero, Asturias, Spain (AN9965, BV22979).
Genus Argonemertes Moore and Gibson, 1981
Argonemertes dendyi (Dakin, 1915)
Geonemertes dendyi: Moore and Moore (1972), pp. 33–34,
fig. 2; Nordeste, São Miguel Island, Azores Islands,
Portugal; Lagoa do Congro, São Miguel Island, Azores
Islands, Portugal.
Nemertean A: Mateos and Giribet (2008), pp. 235–241,
tabs. 1–2, figs. 2–3; Fragas do Eume Natural Park,
Pontedeume, A Coruña, Spain.
Remarks. Argonemertes is a terrestrial genus. According to
Mateos and Giribet (2008), the individuals collected in
their work were assigned to three morphospecies (A, B,
and C) on the basis of external morphology, pigmentation
and eye number and disposition. Under these criteria,
morphospecies A strongly resembled A. dendyi (Dakin,
1915). We assume that Nemertean A is A. dendyi.
Genus Carcinonemertes Coe, 1902
Carcinonemertes carcinophila (Kölliker, 1845)
Carcinonemertes carcinophila
:
Junoy and Herrera-Bachiller
(2010), pp. 314–315, fig. 2K, tab. 2; Islas Atlánticas de
Galicia National Park, Galicia, Spain
Remarks. This species, parasitizing different crustaceans,
appears uncommon in Spanish and Portuguese waters.
Only one specimen was observed on a female of Xantho
hydrophilus (Herbst, 1790) after examination of a large
set of crabs (authors’ data).
Genus Emplectonema Stimpson, 1857
Emplectonema echinoderma (Marion, 1873)
Nemertes echinoderma
:
Langerhans
(1880), p. 140; Madeira,
Portugal.
Eunemertes echinoderma: Bürger (1895), pp. 545–546,
tab. 2, figs. 3,11; Madeira, Portugal.
Emplectonema echinoderma: Vernet and Anadón (1991a),
p. 53; in sand, beneath boulders, Bañugues Beach,
Luanco, Asturias, Spain; Vernet and Anadón (1991b),
p. 93; in sand, beneath boulders, Bañugues Beach,
Luanco, Asturias, Spain; Fernández-Álvarez and
Machordom (2014), table on p. 37; Muros de Nalón,
Asturias, Spain.
Additional new records.
This species has also been recorded
in Los Chalanos Beach, Muros de Nalón, Asturias, Spain
(AN10809); Cape Vilán, Camariñas, A Coruña, Spain
(AN11335); Almería, Spain; Alicante, Spain; and Alborán
Sea, Almería, Spain (authors’ records).
Emplectonema gracile (Johnston, 1837)
(Fig. 3A)
Nemertes gracilis: Langerhans (1880), p. 140; Madeira,
Portugal.
Fig. 3. Live habitus of selected specimens. (A) Emplectonema
gracile (Johnston, 1837). (B) Emplectonema neesii (Örsted, 1843).
(C) Nemertopsis bivittata (Delle Chiaje, 1841). (D) Zygonemertes
virescens (Verrill, 1879). (E) Tetranemertes antonina (Quatrefages,
1846). (F) Drepanophorus spectabilis (Quatrefages, 1846). (G)
Paradrepanophorus crassus (Quatrefages, 1846).
A. Herrera-Bachiller et al.516
Eunemertes gracilis: Bürger (1895), pp. 543–544, tab. 2,
fig. 1, tab. 29, fig. 3; Madeira, Portugal.
Emplectonema gracilis: Román and Pérez (1979), p. 12,
tab. 3; ría de Arousa, Pontevedra, Spain.
Emplectonema gracile: Kensler (1964), list on p. 954; no
specific locality, between Collioure, France and Punta
Cañones, Girona, Spain; Kensler (1965), list on p. 856;
Cabo Carvoeiro, Ericeira, Cascais, Cabo de Espichel,
Cabo de Sines, Sagres and Albufeira, Portugal; Cádiz,
Cabo Trafalgar, Tarifa, Gibraltar, Fuengirola, Almuñecar
and Almería, Spain; Vernet and Anadón (1991a), p. 54;
among Corallina officinalis, rocky shore in Aramar,
Luanco, Asturias, Spain; among Mytillus edulis, El
Camello Beach, Santander, Cantabria, Spain; Vernet
and Anadón (1991b), p. 93; among Corallina officinalis,
rocky shore in Aramar, Luanco, Asturias, Spain; among
Mytillus edulis, El Camello Beach, Santander, Cantabria,
Spain; Junoy and Herrera-Bachiller (2010), p. 316, fig.
2G, J, tab. 2; Islas Atlánticas de Galicia National Park,
Galicia, Spain; Alfaya et al. (2014), tab. 2; Faradell
Islet, Cap de Creus, Girona, Spain; Fernández-Álvarez
and Machordom (2014), table on p. 37; San Vicente do
Mar, O Grove, Pontevedra, Spain; Tapia de Casariego,
Asturias, Spain; Muros de Nalón, Asturias, Spain;
Aramar Beach, Luanco, Asturias, Spain; Islares Beach,
Castro-Urdiales, Cantabria, Spain; Colera, Girona,
Spain.
Additional new records. This species has also been
recorded in Lugo, Spain; the Strait of Gibraltar, Ceuta,
Spain; and Huelva, Spain (authors’ records).
Emplectonema neesii (Örsted, 1843)
(Fig. 3B)
Emplectonema neesii: Herrera-Bachiller et al. (2014), pp.
1–3, fig.1, tab. 1; among the byssus threads of Mytillus
galloprovincialis, Ribeira’s marina, Ribeira, A Coruña,
Spain.
Genus Leptonemertes Girard, 1893
Leptonemertes chalicophora (Graff, 1879)
Geonemertes chalicophora: Moore and Moore (1972), pp.
31–36, figs. 1–3; Ribeiro Seco, Madeira, Portugal; Boca
da Encumeada, Madeira, Portugal; collected by Brinck
and Dahl, Casa das Queimadas, Madeira, Portugal; col-
lected by Brinck, El Lomo del Marqués, Tenerife Island,
Canary Islands, Spain; Ribeira Quente, São Miguel
Island, Azores Islands, Portugal; Furnas, São Miguel
Island, Azores Islands, Portugal; Povoaçao, São Miguel
Island, Azores Islands, Portugal; Nordeste, São Miguel
Island, Azores Islands, Portugal; collected by Brinck and
Dahl, Ribeira dos Flamengos, Horta, Faial Island,
Azores Islands, Portugal; collected by Brinck and Dahl,
Porta da Boca da Ribeira, Ribeirinha, Faial Island,
Azores Islands, Portugal; collected by Brinck and Dahl,
Central Plateau, Flores Island, Azores Islands, Portugal;
collected by Brinck and Dahl, Caldeira comprida, Flores
Island, Azores Islands, Portugal; Bacallado (1984), pp.
90–91; Tenerife Island, Canary Islands, Spain; Gomera
Island, Canary Islands, Spain; La Palma Island, Canary
Islands, Spain.
Nemertean B: Mateos and Giribet (2008), pp. 235–241,
tabs. 1–2, figs. 2–3; Fragas do Eume Natural Park,
Pontedeume, A Coruña, Spain; Serra del Corredor, Can
Rimbles creek river forest, Canyamars, Barcelona,
Spain; Serra del Corredor, Canyamars creek river for-
est, Canyamars, Barcelona, Spain; Montseny Natural
Park, Tordera river forest, Montseny, Barcelona, Spain.
Remarks. Leptonemertes is a terrestrial genus. According
to Mateos and Giribet (2008), the individuals collected in
their work were assigned to three morphospecies (A, B,
and C) on the basis of external morphology, pigmenta-
tion and eye number and disposition. Under these
criteria, morphospecies B resembled Leptonemertes
chalicophora (Graff, 1879) while morphospecies C was
similar to depigmented L. chalicophora. We assume
that Nemertean B is L. chalicophora.
Genus Nemertopsis Bürger, 1895
Nemertopsis bivittata (Delle Chiaje, 1841)
(Fig. 3C)
Eunemertes peronea: Kensler (1964), list on p. 954; no
specific locality, between Collioure, France and Punta
Cañones, Girona, Spain; Kensler (1965), list on p. 856;
Cabo Carvoeiro, Ericeira, Cascais, Cabo de Espichel,
Cabo de Sines, Sagres and Albufeira, Portugal; Cádiz,
Cabo Trafalgar, Tarifa, Gibraltar, Fuengirola, Almuñecar
and Almería, Spain.
Nemertopsis bivittata: Junoy and Herrera-Bachiller
(2010), p. 317, fig. 2A, tab. 2; Islas Atlánticas de Galicia
National Park, Galicia, Spain; Fernández-Álvarez and
Machordom (2014), table on p. 37; Tapia de Casariego,
Asturias, Spain; Muros de Nalón, Asturias, Spain;
Aramar Beach, Luanco, Asturias, Spain; Islares Beach,
Castro-Urdiales, Cantabria, Spain; Colera, Girona,
Spain.
Nemertopsis cf. bivittata: Alfaya et al. (2014), tab. 2;
Faradell Islet, Cap de Creus, Girona, Spain.
Additional new records. This species has also been
recorded in the Chafarinas Islands, Spain and the Strait
of Gibraltar, Ceuta, Spain (authors’ records).
Nemertopsis flavida (McIntosh, 1874)
Nemertopsis flavida: Junoy and Herrera-Bachiller (2010),
pp. 317–320, fig. 2B, tab. 2; Islas Atlánticas de Galicia
National Park, Galicia, Spain.
Additional new records. This species has also been
recorded in Alicante, Spain; Valencia, Spain; A Coruña,
Spain and the Strait of Gibraltar, Ceuta, Spain (authors’
records).
Genus Oerstedia Quatrefages, 1846
Oerstedia dorsalis (Abildgaard, 1806)
Oerstedia dorsalis: Riedl (1959), p. 565; Madeira, Portugal;
Getaria, Bizkaia, Spain; Junoy and Gibson (1992), pp.
169–172; Ensenada de Aguadulce, Foz, Lugo, Spain;
Strand and Sundberg (2005a), pp. 147–149, tab. 2,
figs. 1–2; Faial, Azores, Portugal; Sundberg et al.
(2009), pp. 558–565, figs. 1, 3, 4, tabs. 1–3; Azores
Islands, Portugal; Cádiz, Spain; Blanes, Girona, Spain;
Ferrol, A Coruña, Spain; Junoy and Herrera-Bachiller
(2010), p. 320, fig. 3H, tab. 2; Islas Atlánticas de Galicia
National Park, Galicia, Spain; Fernández-Álvarez and
Spanish and Portuguese nemerteans 517
Díaz Álvarez (2012b); Las Represas Beach, Tapia de
Casariego, Asturias, Spain; Alfaya et al. (2014), tab. 2;
Colera harbor, Colera, Girona, Spain;
Fernández-Álvarez
and Machordom (2014), table on p. 37; Colera, Girona,
Spain.
Additional new records. This species has also been
recorded in Cangas, Pontevedra, Spain (AN13814) and
the Strait of Gibraltar, Ceuta, Spain (authors’ records).
Genus Ototyphlonemertes Diesing, 1863
Ototyphlonemertes brunnea Bürger, 1895
Ototyphlonemertes brunnea: Envall and Norenburg
(2001), p. 161, appendix 2; Barcelona, Spain.
Ototyphlonemertes duplex Bürger, 1895
Ototyphlonemertes duplex: Herrera-Bachiller and Junoy
(2014), pp. 1–4, figs. 1–2; Embarcadero Beach, Los
Escullos, Almería, Spain.
Ototyphlonemertes macintoshi Bürger, 1895
Ototyphlonemertes macintoshi: Andrade et al. (2012), p.
158, tab. 1; Mindelo, Vila do Conde, Porto, Portugal.
Ototyphlonemertes pallida (Keferstein, 1862)
Ototyphlonemertes pallida: Kvist et al. (2014), p. 291, tab.
1; Mindelo, Vila do Conde, Porto, Portugal.
Genus Prosorhochmus Keferstein, 1862
Prosorhochmus chafarinensis Frutos et al., 1998
Prosorhochmus chafarinensis: Frutos et al. (1998), pp.
293–298, figs. 1–3; among the encrusting alga
Lithophyllum lichenoides, Isabel II Island, Chafarinas
Islands, Spain; Alfaya et al. (2014), tab. 2; Colera har-
bor, Colera, Girona, Spain; Fernández-Álvarez and
Machordom (2014), table on p. 37; Colera, Girona,
Spain.
Additional new records. This species has also been
recorded in Faradell Islet, Cap de Creus, Girona, Spain
(AN12644) and the Strait of Gibraltar, Ceuta, Spain
(authors’ records).
Prosorhochmus claparedii Keferstein, 1862
Prosorhochmus claparedi: Kensler (1964), list on p. 954;
no specific locality, between Collioure, France and
Punta Cañones, Girona, Spain.
Prosorhochmus claparedii: Anadón (1980a), pp. 343–344;
over Patella intermedia in rocky shore, Ría de San
Esteban, San Esteban de Pravia, Asturias, Spain; Vernet
and Anadón (1991a), p. 54; in pebble, beneath cobbles
and boulders, Los Feitales Beach, Nigrán, Pontevedra,
Spain; in rocky shore, San Esteban de Pravia, Asturias,
Spain; Maslakova and Norenburg (2008), p. 1222, tab.
1; Armintza, Bizkaia, Spain; Junoy and Herrera-
Bachiller (2010), p. 321, fig. 3A, tab. 2; Punta Corveiro,
Cortegada Island, Villagarcía de Arousa, Pontevedra,
Spain; Fernández-Álvarez and Machordom (2014),
table on p. 37; Muros de Nalón, Asturias, Spain; Tapia
de Casariego, Asturias, Spain.
Additional new records. This species has also been
recorded in Las Represas Beach, Tapia de Casariego,
Asturias, Spain (AN12621); Cantabria, Spain and A
Coruña, Spain (authors’ records).
Genus Prostoma Dugès, 1828
Prostoma eilhardi (Montgomery, 1894)
Prostoma eilhardi: Rallo (1980); Ebro river, Puente Arenas,
Valdivielso, Burgos, Spain; Gamo (1986), pp. 373–375;
Henares and Torote rivers, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid,
Spain; Giribet and Carranza (1994), pp. 170–172;
Riera de Calders, Bages region, Barcelona, Spain; pond
in the Palau Reial gardens, Barcelona, Spain;
Mateos
and Giribet
(2008), pp. 235–241, tab. 2, fig. 2; Barcelona,
Spain.
Prostoma cf. graecense: Alfaya et al. (2014), tab. 2;
Laguna Blanca, Villahermosa, Ciudad Real, Spain.
Remarks and additional new records. Prostoma is a
freshwater genus; both P. clepsinoides and P.
graecense have been cited in the Iberian Peninsula by
Margalef (1946, 1948, 1955) and Alfaya et al. (2014),
but after the discussion of Giribet and Carranza (1994),
only P. eilhardi can be considered as valid. This species
has also been recorded in Santolea dam, Castellote,
Teruel, Spain (MCZ:IZ:135369).
Genus Psammamphiporus Gibson, 1989
Psammamphiporus elongatus (Stephenson, 1911)
Psammamphiporus elongatus: Herrera-Bachiller et al.
(2008), pp. 43–50, figs. 2–4, tab. 2; Altar Beach, Foz,
Lugo, Spain; Esteiro Beach, Viveiro, Lugo, Spain; San
Román Beach, Viveiro, Lugo, Spain; Frouxeira Beach,
Valdoviño, A Coruña, Spain; Baldaio Beach, Carballo, A
Coruña, Spain; Seiruga Beach, Barizo, A Coruña,
Spain; Traba Beach, Laxe, A Coruña, Spain; Carnota
Beach, Carnota, A Coruña, Spain; Louro Beach, Louro,
A Coruña, Spain; Xuño Beach, Xuño, A Coruña, Spain;
Ladeira Beach, Corrubedo, A Coruña, Spain; A Lanzada
Beach, O Grove, Pontevedra, Spain; América Beach,
Nigrán, Pontevedra, Spain;
Junoy and Herrera-Bachiller
(2010), p. 321, figs. 2G, 3I, tab. 2; Islas Atlánticas de
Galicia National Park, Galicia, Spain; Andrade et al.
(2012), p. 158, tab. 1; intertidal in fine sand, Vilar Beach,
Corrubedo, Ribeira, A Coruña, Spain.
Genus Tetranemertes Chernyshev, 1992
Tetranemertes antonina (Quatrefages, 1846)
(Fig. 3E)
Tetranemertes antonina: Kvist et al. (2014), p. 291, tab. 1;
Alborán Island, Almería, Spain.
Additional new records. This species has also been
recorded in the Strait of Gibraltar, Ceuta, Spain (authors’
records).
Genus Tetrastemma Ehrenberg, 1831
Tetrastemma candidum (Müller, 1774)
Tetrastemma candidum: Bürger (1895), p. 586, tab. 3, figs.
13, 19; Madeira, Portugal; Leasi and Norenburg
(2014), fig. 4; Atlantic waters, Spain; Azores Islands,
Portugal.
Tetrastemma sp.: Kvist et al. (2014), p. 291, tab. 1, fig. 2M;
Cabrera, Balearic Islands, Spain.
Additional new records. This species has also been
recorded in the Strait of Gibraltar, Ceuta, Spain (authors’
A. Herrera-Bachiller et al.518
records).
Tetrastemma coronatum (Quatrefages, 1846)
Tetrastemma coronatum: Riedl (1959), p. 557; Madeira,
Portugal; Getaria, Bizkaia, Spain; Strand (2002), p. 102,
tab. 2; Porto da Feteira, Feteira, Faial, Azores, Portugal;
Strand and Sundberg (2005a), pp. 147–150, tab. 2,
figs. 1–2; Faial, Azores, Portugal; Strand and Sundberg
(2005b), pp. 204–206, tabs. 1, 3, figs. 1, 3–5; Faial,
Azores, Portugal; Leasi and Norenburg (2014), p. 3,
fig. 4; Azores, Portugal.
Additional new records. This species has also been
recorded in the Strait of Gibraltar, Ceuta, Spain (authors’
records).
Tetrastemma flavidum Ehrenberg, 1831
Tetrastemma flavidum: Langerhans (1880), p. 139;
Madeira, Portugal; Joubin (1894), p. 158; Cap de
Creus, Girona, Spain; Bürger (1895), p. 585; tab. 3,
figs. 3, 20; Madeira, Portugal; Riedl (1959), pp. 559–
560; Madeira, Portugal; Getaria, Bizkaia, Spain; Cap de
Creus, Girona, Spain; Strand and Sundberg (2005b),
pp. 204–206, tabs. 1, 3, figs. 1, 3–5; Cádiz, Spain.
Additional new records. This species has also been
recorded in the Strait of Gibraltar, Ceuta, Spain (authors’
records).
Tetrastemma fozensis Gibson and Junoy, 1991
Tetrastemma fozensis: Gibson and Junoy (1991), pp. 225–
240; Foz Estuary, Lugo, Spain; Thiel and Francés
Zubillaga (1998), p. 258; Santoña Estuary, Santoña,
Cantabria, Spain; Oriñón Estuary, Castro Urdiales,
Cantabria, Spain; Plentzia Estuary, Plentzia, Bizkaia,
Spain, Guernika-Lumo, Bizkaia, Spain, Hendaye Estuary,
Hondarribia, Gipuzkoa, Spain; García-Pérez and
Anadón (2004), pp. 581–586; Villaviciosa Estuary,
Asturias, Spain; Junoy and Herrera-Bachiller (2010),
pp. 321–322, tab. 2, fig. 3D; Punta Corveiro, Cortegada
Island, Villagarcía de Arousa, Pontevedra, Spain;
Alfaya et al. (2014), tab. 2; Villaviciosa Estuary,
Asturias, Spain.
Remarks and additional new records. This species has
been observed as both free-living and symbiotic in the
mantle cavity of the bivalve Scrobicularia plana. This
species has also been recorded in Combarro, Pontevedra,
Spain (authors’ records).
Tetrastemma herouardi (Oxner, 1908)
Tetrastemma herouardi: Junoy and Herrera-Bachiller
(2010), p. 322, tab. 2, fig. 3F; Islas Atlánticas de Galicia
National Park, Galicia, Spain.
Additional new records. This species has also been
recorded in the Strait of Gibraltar, Ceuta, Spain (authors’
records).
Tetrastemma longissimum Bürger, 1895
Tetrastemma sp.: Alfaya et al. (2014), tab. 2; Lobadiz
Beach, Ferrol, A Coruña, Spain.
Tetrastemma longissimum: Vernet and Anadón (1991a), p.
54; in shelly sand and gravel, El Camello Beach,
Santander, Cantabria, Spain; Vernet and Anadón
(1991b), p. 93; in shelly sand and gravel, El Camello
Beach, Santander, Cantabria, Spain; Strand (2002), p.
102, tab. 2; Madalena harbor, Madalena, Pico, Azores,
Portugal; Strand and Sundberg (2005a), pp. 147–150,
tab. 2, figs. 1–2; Pico, Azores, Portugal; Strand and
Sundberg (2005b), pp. 204–206, tabs. 1, 3, figs. 1, 3–
5; Pico, Azores, Portugal; Leasi and Norenburg (2014),
fig. 4; Azores, Portugal.
Tetrastemma melanocephalum (Johnston, 1837)
Tetrastemma melanocephalum: Langerhans (1880), p.
139; Madeira, Portugal; Bürger (1895), pp. 581–582,
tab. 3, figs. 4, 10; Madeira, Portugal; Richard and
Neuville (1897), p. 81; Alborán Island, Almería, Spain;
Kensler (1964), list on p. 954; no specific locality,
between Collioure, France and Punta Cañones, Girona,
Spain; Kensler (1965), list on p. 856; Cabo Carvoeiro,
Ericeira, Cascais, Cabo de Espichel, Cabo de Sines,
Sagres and Albufeira, Portugal; Cádiz, Cabo Trafalgar,
Tarifa, Gibraltar, Punta Chullera, Fuengirola, Almuñecar
and Almería, Spain; Anadón (1981a), pp. 222–223, fig.
2b; El Camello Beach, Santander, Cantabria, Spain;
over Gelidium latifolium, Aramar Beach, Luanco,
Asturias, Spain; Anadón (1988), p. 28; Cape Peñas,
Asturias, Spain; Vernet and Anadón (1991a), p. 54; in
crevices, beneath boulders and Gelidium latifolium,
Aramar Beach, Luanco, Asturias, Spain; Arias and
Drake (1994), p. 156, tab. 3; Bay of Cádiz, Cádiz,
Spain; Strand and Sundberg (2005a), pp. 147–150,
tab. 2, figs. 1–2; Blanes, Girona, Spain; Galicia, Spain;
Strand and Sundberg (2005b), pp. 204–206, tabs. 1, 3,
figs. 1, 3–5; Blanes, Girona, Spain; Junoy and Herrera-
Bachiller (2010), p. 322, fig. 3E, tab. 2; Islas Atlánticas
de Galicia National Park, Galicia, Spain; Alfaya et al.
(2014), tab. 2; Lobadiz Beach, Ferrol, A Coruña, Spain;
Fernández-Álvarez and Machordom (2014), table on
p. 37; San Vicente do Mar, O Grove, Pontevedra, Spain;
Tapia de Casariego, Asturias, Spain; Muros de Nalón,
Asturias, Spain; Aramar Beach, Luanco, Asturias,
Spain; Islares Beach, Castro-Urdiales, Cantabria, Spain;
Colera, Girona, Spain; Leasi and Norenburg (2014),
pp. 10–13, fig. 4; Mediterranean waters, Spain.
Additional new records. This species has also been
recorded in the Strait of Gibraltar, Ceuta, Spain (authors’
records).
Tetrastemma quadristriatum Langerhans, 1880
Tetrastemma quadristriatum: Langerhans (1880), p. 139;
Madeira, Portugal.
Tetrastemma unicolor (Hubrecht, 1879)
Oerstedia unicolor: Langerhans (1880), p. 140; Madeira,
Portugal.
Tetrastemma unicolor: Bürger (1895), pp. 578–579;
Madeira, Portugal.
Tetrastemma vermiculus (Quatrefages, 1846)
Tetrastemma vermiculatum: Langerhans (1880), p. 139;
Madeira, Portugal.
Tetrastemma vermiculus: Bürger (1895), pp. 589–590, tab.
3, figs. 17–18; Madeira, Portugal; Riedl (1959), p. 563;
Spanish and Portuguese nemerteans 519
Madeira, Portugal; Junoy and Gibson (1992), pp. 169–
172; Ensenada de Aguadulce, Foz, Lugo, Spain; Strand
and Sundberg (2005a), pp. 147–150, tab. 2, figs. 1–2;
Cádiz, Spain; Strand and Sundberg (2005b), pp. 204–
206, tabs. 1, 3, figs. 1, 3–5; Cádiz, Spain; Junoy and
Herrera-Bachiller (2010), p. 322, tab. 2, fig. 3C; Islas
Atlánticas de Galicia National Park, Galicia, Spain;
Leasi and Norenburg (2014), pp. 10, 13, fig. 4;
Mediterranean waters, Spain.
Additional new records. This species has also been
recorded in the Strait of Gibraltar, Ceuta, Spain (authors’
records).
Tetrastemma vittigerum (Bürger, 1904)
Tetrastemma vittigera: Kvist et al. (2014), p. 291, tab. 1, fig.
2I; Cabrera, Balearic Islands, Spain.
Genus Vieitezia Junoy et al., 2010
Vieitezia luzmurubeae Junoy et al., 2010
Tetrastemma vittigerum: Junoy and Herrera-Bachiller
(2010), p. 322, tab. 2, fig. 2B; Islas Atlánticas de Galicia
National Park, Galicia, Spain.
Vieitezia luzmurubeae: Junoy et al. (2011), pp. 616–629,
tabs. 1–2, figs. 1–2; inside Phallusia mamillata, Catía
Beach rocks, Aguiño, A Coruña, Spain; from mussel
raft, Ría de Arousa, Pontevedra, Spain; from algae,
Abra Beach, Pontevedra, Spain; from gravel and shell
sediment, Faro Island, Cíes Islands, Pontevedra, Spain;
from algae and sediment, Pedra dos Bois, Sálvora
Island, A Coruña, Spain; Andrade et al. (2012), p. 159,
tab. 1; collected by Junoy, inside the tunicate Ciona
intestinalis
from a mussel raft, Ría de Arousa, Pontevedra,
Spain;
Alfaya et al.
(2014), tab. 2; Cape Vilán, Camariñas,
A Coruña, Spain; Lobadiz Beach, Ferrol, A Coruña,
Spain.
Additional new records. This species has also been
recorded in the Strait of Gibraltar, Ceuta, Spain (authors’
records).
Genus Zygonemertes Montgomery, 1897
Zygonemertes virescens (Verrill, 1879)
(Fig. 3D)
Zygonemertes virescens: Strand (2002), p. 102, tab. 2;
Porto Pim, Horta, Faial, Azores, Portugal; Porto da
Feteira, Feteira, Faial, Azores, Portugal; Madalena har-
bor, Madalena, Pico, Azores, Portugal; Strand and
Sundberg (2005a), pp. 148–150, tab. 2, figs. 1–2;
Cádiz, Spain.
Additional new records. This species has also been
recorded in Pontevedra, Spain; Murcia, Spain; Alicante,
Spain; and the Strait of Gibraltar, Ceuta, Spain (authors’
records).
Subclass POLYSTILIFERA Brinkmann, 1917
Order REPTANTIA Brinkmann, 1917
Genus Drepanogigas Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1926
Drepanogigas albolineatus (Bürger, 1895)
Drepanogigas albolineatus: Templado and Calvo (2006),
p. 189; Alborán Island, Almería, Spain; Wirtz (2006), pp.
75–76, fig. 1; on sandy bottom during a night dive,
Caniçal, Madeira, Portugal.
Genus Drepanophorus Hubrecht, 1874
Drepanophorus spectabilis (Quatrefages, 1846)
(Fig. 3F)
Drepanophorus spectabilis: Andrade et al. (2012), p. 157,
tab. 1, fig. 1f, g; collected by Giribet and Rouse, under
rocks, Punta Santa Anna, Blanes, Girona, Spain; Alfaya
et al. (2014), p. 150, tab. 2; Colera, Girona, Spain;
Fernández-Álvarez and Machordom (2014), table on
p. 37; Colera, Girona, Spain.
Remarks and additional new records. The external
appearance of D. spectabilis is very similar to Punnetia
splendida, an species that according to Stiasny-Wijnhoff
(1934) is not found further south than the English Channel.
Future genetic studies may reveal the real identity of
these Polystilifera species with similar colour pattern.
This species has also been recorded in Oia, Pontevedra,
Spain (AN14201) and the Strait of Gibraltar, Ceuta,
Spain (authors’ records).
Genus Paradrepanophorus Stiasny-Wijhoff, 1926
Paradrepanophorus crassus (Quatrefages, 1846)
(Fig. 3G)
Cerebratulus assimilis: Langerhans (1880), p. 138;
Madeira, Portugal.
Drepanophorus crassus: Bürger (1895), pp. 572–574, tab.
3, figs. 25, 32; Madeira, Portugal; Anadón (1980a), p.
344; Aramar Beach, Luanco, Asturias, Spain; Anadón
(1981b), pp. 42, 44, photo 3; Asturias, Spain.
Paradrepanophorus crassus: Vernet and Anadón (1991a),
p. 55; in crevices, beneath boulders and Gelidium latifo-
lium, Aramar Beach, Luanco, Asturias, Spain; Junoy
and Herrera-Bachiller (2010), p. 320, tab. 2, fig. 3L;
Islas Atlánticas de Galicia National Park, Galicia, Spain;
Andrade et al. (2012), p. 158, tab. 1; under stones,
Ribeira, A Coruña, Spain; Alfaya et al. (2014), tab. 2;
Colera, Girona, Spain; Fernández-Álvarez and
Machordom (2014), table on p. 37; Colera, Girona,
Spain.
Order PELAGICA Brinkmann, 1917
Genus Dinonemertes Laidlaw, 1906
Dinonemertes grimaldii (Joubin, 1906)
Planktonemertes grimaldii: Joubin (1906), pp. 4–9, figs. 1–
5; out of Villafranca, Azores, Portugal.
Dinonemertes grimaldii: Brinkmann (1917), pp. 53–55;
pelagic, between 0–3000 m, “Princesse Alice” Expedition,
Azores, Portugal.
Genus Pelagonemertes Moseley, 1875
Pelagonemertes joubini Coe, 1926
Pelagonemertes joubini: Hernández Martín and Gibson
(2000), pp. 1–12, pl. 1. fig. 2; trawled from a depth of
1000 m., Morrojable, Fuerteventura, Canary Islands,
Spain.
Genus Pendonemertes Brinkmann, 1917
Pendonemertes levinseni Brinkmann, 1917
Pendonemertes levinseni: Brinkmann (1917), pp. 17–21,
text-figs. 2–4, pl. IV, figs. 15–22, pl. V, figs. 1–3; pelagic,
from a depth of 2260 m., “Michael Sars” Expedition,
Station 25B, Portugal.
A. Herrera-Bachiller et al.520
CONCLUSION
Except for two terrestrial and one freshwater species,
the bulk of this nemertean catalogue is comprised of marine
species. There are more nemertean studies along the
Iberian Atlantic than the other two areas considered in this
study, the Spanish Mediterranean and Macaronesia. Thus,
a large percentage of known marine species occur in the
Iberian Atlantic (54 species, 75% of marine species listed).
In the Iberian Mediterranean and Macaronesia, 39 (54%)
and 27 (37%) species are found respectively. As shown in
Fig. 4, the Iberian Atlantic and Mediterranean coast have 28
species in common.
The diversity of Spanish and Portuguese nemerteans
appears low compared to the nemertean fauna of other
European habitats, likely due to the small number of studies
conducted to date. Future nemertean taxonomic studies will
almost certainly aid in raising the known number of species,
and therefore also increase our understanding of the true
diversity of this group of invertebrates.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors wish to thank the Organizing Committee of the 8th
International Conference on Nemertean Biology and many col-
leagues and friends that have been studying nemerteans in the
islands and the Iberian Península over the time. This research has
benefited from funds from the Instituto de Estudios Ceutíes, Ceuta,
Spain. The study was also supported by the Franklin Institute,
Universidad de Alcalá. Authors also thank Dr. Frutos, who collabo-
rated in an earlier version of this catalogue.
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(Received October 28, 2014 / Accepted February 19, 2015)
