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Antibacterial and antifungal activity of Terminalia Arjuna leaves extract with special reference to flavonoids
... Packaging produced palpable effects on colour and appearance of the studied products as significant (P < 0.05) higher scores were recorded for sausages packaged in T 2 and T 3 edible films on all days of storage (except day 0). This might be attributed to the compounds of T. arjuna having strong antioxidant properties (Debnath et al., 2013;Nema et al., 2012). Interaction between lipid oxidative processes and discoloration in meat seem well established (Faustman, Sun, Mancini, & Suman, 2010). ...
... A significant (P < 0.05) effect of the film was also observed on texture of the products. Significant (P < 0.05) higher scores for the sausages packaged in T 2 and T 3 edible films on day 7 and onwards could be due to antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of T. arjuna (Chatha, Hussain, Asad, Majeed, & Aslam, 2014;Debnath et al., 2013;Nema et al., 2012). Similar results were reported by Chatli et al. (Chatli et al., 2014) who observed significantly higher texture scores for chevon chunks wrapped in bioactive films impregnated with nisin and cinnamaldehyde. ...
... Significant (P < 0.05) higher scores were recorded for flavour and overall acceptability for the products packaged in T 2 and T 3 edible films which might be attributed to the constituents of T. arjuna having strong antioxidant and antimicrobial properties (Chatha, Hussain, Asad, Majeed, & Aslam, 2014;Debnath et al., 2013;Nema et al., 2012). Bitter compounds can be produced during lipid oxidative processes, lipolysis and proteolysis and such occurrence have been reported to affect the flavour of meat products during storage (Mahajan, Bhat, & Kumar, 2015). ...
The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of calcium alginate edible films incorporated with Terminalia arjuna on the lipid oxidative stability and storage quality of chevon sausages. Chevon sausages were aerobically packaged in the edible films containing different concentrations of T. arjuna viz. T1 (0.0%), T2 (0.50%) and T3 (1.0%) and were stored under refrigerated (4±1 °C) conditions. A significant improvement was observed in the lipid oxidative stability and microbial quality of the products. Products packaged in T2 and T3 films exhibited significantly (P < 0.05) lower values for TBARS (mg malonaldehyde/kg), microbial counts (log cfu/g) and FFA (% oleic acid). Higher (P < 0.05) sensory scores were also observed for the products packaged in T2 and T3 films. This study shows that application of a bioactive edible film incorporated with T. arjuna is an effective strategy in retarding the lipid oxidation and storage changes in meat products.
... However, counts of the treated products (T 1 , T 2 and T 3 ) were significantly (p < 0.05) lower as compared to control. Significantly (p < 0.05) lower counts of the treated products may be attributed to the phenolic compounds and other constituents of T. arjuna which may have antifungal properties [5,49]. Kaur et al. [47] reported significantly lower yeast and mould counts for the chicken nuggets incorporated with pomegranate seed powder, grape seed extract and tomato powder in comparison to control during storage. ...
... The scores for appearance and colour were significantly (p < 0.05) higher for the treated products (T 1 , T 2 and T 3 ) in comparison to control on all days of storage with highest values observed for T 3 . This might be attributed to the colour pigments and phenolic compounds and other constituents of T. arjuna which are said to have antioxidant and antimicrobial proper-ties [5,49]. Bhat et al. [51] also reported the higher scores for the chicken sausages incorporated with Ocimum sanctum Linn (Tulsi) in comparison to control during storage. ...
... The sausages containing 0.25% extract (T 1 ) and 0.50% extract (T 2 ) showed significantly (p < 0.05) higher scores on day 28 and 42 with highest scores for 0.50% extract (T 2 ) in comparison to all other products. Higher scores for products containing 0.25% extract (T 1 ) and 0.50% extract (T 2 ) may be correlated with comparatively lower TBARS values, FFA values and microbial counts due to the antioxidant, antimicrobial and antifungal properties of T. arjuna [5,28,49]. Several studies [47,48,54] have reported significantly (p < 0.05) higher scores for meat products incorporated with different natural antioxidant sources. ...
The study was conducted to explore the possibility of utilization of Terminalia arjuna as a novel natural preservative in meat products by using chevon sausages as a model system. Chevon sausages were prepared by incorporating different levels of T. arjuna viz. T1 (0.25%), T2 (0.50%) and T3 (0.75%) and were assessed for various lipid oxidative stability and storage quality parameters under refrigerated (4±1°C) conditions. T. arjuna showed a significant (P<0.05) effect on the lipid oxidative stability as the treated products exhibited significantly (P<0.05) lower TBARS (mg malonaldehyde/kg) values in comparison to control. A significant (P<0.05) effect was also observed on the microbial stability as T. arjuna incorporated products showed significantly (P<0.05) lower values for total plate count (log cfu/g), psychrophilic count (log cfu/g), yeast and mould count (log cfu/g) and FFA (% oleic acid) values. Significantly (P<0.05) higher scores were observed for various sensory parameters of the products incorporated with T. arjuna during refrigerated storage. T. arjuna successfully improved the lipid oxidative stability and storage quality of the model meat product and may be commercially exploited as a novel preservative in muscle foods.
... The bark of T. arjuna is anti-dysentric, antipyretic, astringent, cardiotonic, lithotriptic, anticoagulant, hypolipidemi, antimicrobial [7] and antiuremic [8] agent. Many useful phytoconstituents have been isolated from T. arjuna which included triterpenoids for cardiovascular properties, tannins and flavonoids for its anticancer, antimicrobial properties and so on [9] . The powder of the bark acts as a diuretic in cirrhosis of liver and gives relief in symptomatic hypertension [10] . ...
... Zone of inhibition of T. arjuna bark extract were compared with standards like chloramphenicol for antibacterial activity. The results showed that the remarkable inhibition of the bacterial growth was against the tested organisms [9] . ...
... Several studies have described the antioxidant properties of different parts of various medicinal plants which are rich in phenolic compounds [23,24] . T. arjuna is a widespread medicinal plant used in the pharmacological system of medicine to care for various degenerative diseases [9] . In this present study, preliminary phytochemical analysis revealed a large amount of phytosterol, lactones, flavonoids, phenolic compounds and tannins and glycosides present in methanol extract of T. arjuna bark. ...
To investigate phytochemical screening, antimicrobial activity and qualitative thin layer chromatographic separation of flavonoid components, antioxidant activity and total flavonoid compound of Terminalia arjuna.
For phytochemical screening, some common and available standard tests were done. Antimicrobial bioassay was done through agar well diffusion method. Detection of antioxidant activity and flavonoid compounds were done through thin layer chromatography. Total antioxidant activity was measured by 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) in colorimetric method. Aluminum chloride colorimetric method was used for total flavonoid determination.
Phytochemical screening showed the active compounds presence in high concentration, such as phytosterol, lactones, flavonoids, phenolic compounds and tannins and glycosides. The antimicrobial activity of extract showed that greater inhibition zone against Gram negative bacteria than Gram positive bacteria. This methanolic extract showed a promising antioxidant activity, as absorption of DPPH redicles decreased in DPPH free radical scavenging assay. Flavonoids components having antioxidant property present in the methanol extract at a level of 199.00 mg quercetin equivalent/g of dried methanol extract in colorimetric method.
The Terminalia arjuna bark extract revealed the presence of bio-active constituents which are known to exhibit medicinal as well as physiological activities.
... The bark of T. arjuna is antidysentric, antipyretic, astringent, cardiotonic, lithotriptic, anticoagulant, hypolipidemi, antimicrobial [2] and antiuremic [3] agent. Various phyto-constituents have been isolated from T. arjuna, which included triterpenoids for cardiovascular properties, tannins and flavonoids for its anticancer, antimicrobial properties and so on [4] . ...
... Mineralized osteoblasts with extracellular calcium deposits are bright orange-red in color, whereas cells without extracellular calcium deposits are slightly reddish in color. Increased TA extract concentration resulted in increased calcium deposits in UMR-106 cells (Fig. 2 [4] . The preliminary phytochemical analysis of methanol extract of T. arjuna bark revealed the presence a large amount of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, phytosterol, glycosides and tannins. ...
Bark extract of Terminalia arjuna (TA) possesses potent medicinal properties and therefore, used to cure various ailments in Ayurveda for over 2,500 years. We analyzed the phytochemicals contained in the methanol extract by common and available standard tests. The phytochemical screening revealed that the major bioactive components of the plants are terpenoids, polyphenols, saponins, tannins, alkaloids, flavonoids, carbohydrates, proteins, steroids and glycosides. Cytotoxicity, alkaline phosphatase activity and mineralization potential were assessed using UMR 106 cells. Increased alkaline phosphatase and calcium release were observed in TA extract compared with control. The observed osteoblastogenic induction effect of TA extract holds promise for its development as a bio supplement in bone tissue engineering research.
... Leaf extracts in different solvent exhibited antifungal activity against genus Aspergillus except that of petroleum ether (table 2). Similar work on leaf extract carried out by different researchers has produced synonymous findings [24,25]. Bark extract in almost all (except chloroform extract against P. aeruginosa and all fungal strains) displayed significant (p < 0.01) antibacterial antifungal activity ( fig. 3) which was in accordance with the findings of other research workers [23,24,25]. ...
... Similar work on leaf extract carried out by different researchers has produced synonymous findings [24,25]. Bark extract in almost all (except chloroform extract against P. aeruginosa and all fungal strains) displayed significant (p < 0.01) antibacterial antifungal activity ( fig. 3) which was in accordance with the findings of other research workers [23,24,25]. The fruit extract demonstrated maximum antimicrobial among all the plant part extracts. ...
The soxhlet extracts of fruits, bark, and leaf of Terminalia arjuna were obtained using different solvent viz. water, methanol, ethanol, acetone, chloroform and petroleum ether and were analyzed for their phytochemical, antibacterial and antifungal activity. The phytochemical activity of leaf, bark and fruit extract of T. arjuna were performed using all six solvent. Results clearly indicate the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, cardiac glycosides, proteins, phytosterols, flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids, saponins, and phenols/ polyphenols. Moreover, proteins, flavonoids, tannins, and phenols were present in almost all leaf, bark and fruit extracts of T. arjuna. Antibacterial activity of the crude extract was studied against two each of gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial strains along with three fungal strains. All microbial strains (Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus and Candida albicans) were procured from IMTech Chandigarh. Antimicrobial activity was performed using the disc diffusion method. The antibiogram of bark extract in methanol, acetone and petroleum ether showed significant (p < 0.01) antimicrobial activity. Similarly, significant antimicrobial activity (p < 0.01) was observed within the chloroform and aqueous extract of fruits. Maximum antibacterial and antifungal activity was found to be present in the aqueous extract of fruit indicating its probable significance in the reduction of infectious diseases within the feeding livestock population. © 2018, Association of Biotechnology and Pharmacy. All rights reserved.
... Its stem, bark and leaves possess glycosides, large quantities of flavonoids, tannins and minerals. Flavonoids have been detected to exert antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and lipid-lowering effects whereas glycosides are cardiotonic, thereby making T. arjuna distinctive amongst currently used medicinal plants (Nema et al. 2012). The bark of T. arjuna is used in India as a cardioprotective agent in hypertension and ischaemic heart diseases. ...
... The bark of T. arjuna is used in India as a cardioprotective agent in hypertension and ischaemic heart diseases. It possesses various biological activities such as hypolipidaemic, anticoagulant, antihypertensive, antiviral, antithrombotic, antifungal, hepatoprotective (Manna et al. 2006), antibacterial (Nema et al. 2012), antifertility (Seshadri & Venkataraghawan 1981) and hypocholesterolaemic (Gupta et al. 2001). Recently, antioxidant activity of T. arjuna bark extract has been reported (Singh et al. 2011). ...
An activity-guided isolation and purification process was used to identify the l,l-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical-scavenging components of the food plant (Terminalia arjuna) of Antheraea mylitta. Dry leaves of T. arjuna were extracted with different solvents and tested for their antioxidant activity against DPPH(•). The acetone-water (8:2) extract expressed strong DPPH radical-scavenging activity, and was subjected to column chromatography over silica gel. Gallic acid, apigenin, luteolin, quercetin, epicatechin, ellagic acid and 1-O-β-galloyl glucose were isolated as active components and characterised by using different spectroscopic techniques.
... (Škrovánková et al., 2012;Chanda and Dave, 2009;Lee et al., 2003). "Terminalia arjuna is a commonly used medicinal plant in traditional medicine, known for its role in treating various degenerative diseases" (Jain et al., 2009;Nema et al., 2012). "This study aimed to assess the antioxidant properties of hydromethanolic bark extract of Terminalia arjuna. ...
The qualitative phytochemical analysis and in vitro antioxidant activity of the hydromethanolic bark extract of Terminalia arjuna (TAE) was investigated to understand its pharmacological and medicinal importance using various in vitro antioxidant assays, including total antioxidant capacity and reducing power. The bark of Terminalia arjuna was collected from the Medicinal Plants Research and Development Centre, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, India and authenticated. Qualitative biochemical analysis showed the presence of numerous phytochemicals in TAE. Antioxidant activities were evaluated using standard antioxidants like ascorbic acid for comparison. The extract consistently exhibited strong antioxidant activity in a concentration-dependent manner. The hydromethanolic bark extract of Terminalia arjuna showed notable total antioxidant capacity of 133.04 mg ascorbic acid equivalents per g of extract. The reducing power increased progressively with concentration, ranging from 0.045 at 20 μg/mL to 0.355 at 200 μg/mL. These findings support the potential of bioactive compounds for developing safe and cost-effective herbal treatments and thus could prevent many radical-related ailments. Further investigation may also promote environmentally sustainable practices.
... The plates were allowed to stand for few minutes and let the samples diffuse for some time and then incubated at 37 ºC for 24 hours. After the incubation period, inhibitory zones were measured using a scale, and their diameters were recorded in millimeters [13] . ...
Due to its nutritional benefits, wine is a popular alcoholic beverage that is widely recognized, consumed, and flavored. Wine can be fortified with particular ingredients that may be good for our health to improve its nutritional value. Rhizomes of ginger are widely utilized in the food, beverage, and confectionary sectors as flavorings and are consumed all over the world. Terpenes and oleoresin are just two of the many active components found in ginger. In the lab raisins, sugar and yeast were used to try to make wine from ginger rhizome. 21 days were spent fermenting it at 250C. The alcohol was then detached from its sediments and keep for around 300 days to mature. The ginger wine’s hue, pH, acidity, brix, and alcohol content were noted. When the wine sample underwent phytochemical analysis, different components including flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, carbohydrates and proteins were discovered to be present. In comparison to ethanol and ginger extracts, wine had the largest zone of inhibition when its antibacterial ability was evaluated against the test pathogens. As a result, ginger can be useful for the creation of an herbal wine due to its significant phytochemical components are preserved in the wine and can therefore be made in big quantities as a heath beverage.
... With the above information in mind, the bark of T. arjuna was selected for this analysis. It is a popular medicinal plant that is used in the pharmacological system of medicine to treat a variety of degenerative diseases Nema et al., [12]. ...
Terminalia arjuna is potential medicinal plant for the well-being of humans and animals since ancient times. Nowadays, synthetic antibiotics are widely used to fight microbial infectious diseases; the agar well diffusion method was used in this in vitro antibacterial study. A total of six microbial strains were tested for the antibacterial potential of bark extracts in solvents such as aqueous,chloroform and ethanol. Proteus mirabilis, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Klebsiella pneumonia, Streptococcus mutans, and Staphylococcus aureus were acquired from a well-known research organization (ATCC). Finally, an aqueous extract of T. arjuna bark was found to have maximum zones of inhibition (8 mm) against P. mirabilis. Also, the chloroform extract of T. arjuna bark was found to have maximum zones of inhibition (8 mm) against K. pneumonia. Whereas, the ethanolic extract of T. arjuna was found to have significant inhibition zones against all the microbial strains. This ethanolic extract was subjected to GC-MS analysis based on the activity of zones of inhibition. In this GC-MS analysis we detected almost fifteen phyto-components and the majority of these phyto-components are alkaloids and flavonoids.
... Zone of inhibition of Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad extract was compared with standards like ampicillin for antibacterial activity. The results showed that the remarkable inhibition of the bacterial growth was against the tested organisms [14] . ...
Citrullus colocynthis (L.) an important herbal to the tribal not founded as vivid day up till now. Except few fragmentary findings no investigation in respect to phytochemical screening. And antibacterial activity of the present day has not been done keeping this point in mind phytochemical screening and anti-bacterial activity recently done against four bacteria (S. typhi, P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae, B. subtilis) using Acetone, Ethanol, and Aqueous as solvent extracts. Flavonoids as marker of phytochemicals identified for best results where Acetone extracts for B. subtilis and Ethanol extract for P. aeruginosa showed excellent results rather than extract in aqueous solution.
... The Rakta Prasadaka, Varnaya (good for skin color), Vranaropaka (wound healing), and Twaka Prasadaka actions of Arjuna pacify the locally accumulated Dosha and help in mitigating the external manifestation of the disease. The flavonoid components present in Arjuna have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antibacterial properties [17,18] which help to fight the root cause of acne vulgaris. Honey was used for making a paste with Arjuna Twaka powder because in different studies honey has shown antiseptic, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, healing, and cleansing properties. ...
Introduction: Acne vulgaris has always been one of the most burning problems of the young population. Acne vulgaris like presentation in Ayurveda has been described as Shalmali thorn like eruptions on the face due to vitiation of Kapha, Vata, and Rakta under the heading of Mukhadushika. Very less scientific data is available depicting the effect of Ayurvedic intervention in such cases. Main Clinical Finding: Present case reports a 26 years old female having multiple acne for the past 6 months. She had papules and pustule with itching, pain, and blackish spots on cheeks. Diagnosis: Condition was diagnosed as Acne vulgaris (Ayurvedic diagnosis – Pitta-Kapha dominant Tridoshika Mukhadushika). Interventions: The patient was treated with Kaishor Guggulu, Raktaprasadakahima, and the local application of Terminalia arjuna powder mixed with honey daily for 1 month. Outcome: The patient had relief in all the symptoms after 15 days of treatment with no new eruptions. Complete remission of the disease was observed after 1 month of treatment with the improved skin condition. Conclusion: This case study demonstrates the potential and usefulness of Ayurveda in the management of acne vulgaris.
... 12,13 Many useful phytoconstituents have been isolated from Terminalia arjuna which included triterpenoids for cardiovascular properties, tannins and flavonoids for its anticancer, antimicrobial properties and so on. 14 ...
Phytosomes are a newly introduced novel drug delivery system and novel botanical formulation to induce lipophilic molecular complexes to enhance absorption and bioavailability of phytoconstituents. Terminali aarjuna phospholipid complex and it’s tablet formulations targeted for cardiovascular systems was prepared. Our study aims is for improving the cardioprotective activity by formulating Terminalia arjuna phospholipid complex tablet by using solvent evaporation method. and characterized by various parameters like solubility studies, particle size determination, infrared absorption (FTIR), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), entrapment efficiency etc. as well as by applying QbD approach various general characteristics such as entrapment efficiency etc were also done. A QbD- based approach using a Box-Behnken design was done to obtain a response surface design expert software 9.0.5 to systematically study the combined influence of the formulation and process variables such as the phospholipids-drug ratio(X1, w/w), the reaction temperature(X2, °C), and the reaction time (X3, hrs) on a critical quality attributes (CQAs) of the product i.e., the entrapment efficiency. Using this design, the experimental trials were carried out at all 15 possible combinations. The preliminary investigation of the influence of factors revealed that all the tested variables, i.e., the phospholipids to drug ratio, the reaction temperature and the reaction time had a significant influence on the entrapment efficiency of the prepared phytosomes. The study revealed that the entrapment efficiency of Terminalia arjuna Phytosomes was found to be 83.0-97.9 %w/w.
... Unhealthy diet, tobacco use, excessive use of alcohol and physical inactivity are the contributing factors for heart attack, strokes and other CVDs. 2 The factors causing this dysfunction are attributed to generation of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), increased inflammation and necrosis of the cardiac muscles. [3][4][5] Isoproterenol 4-[1-hydroxy-2-(isopropylamino) ethyl]benzene-1,2-diol hydrochloride is a synthetic catecholamine and -adrenergic agonist which causes MI by inducing necrosis and oxidative stress in myocardial muscles in rats when administered in supra-maximal doses. 6,7 The standard medicine used to treat MI is Propranolol. ...
The article indicates the effectiveness of one cardiotonic ayurvedic medicine Partharishtam on animal model.
... Thin layer chromatography was performed on a sheet of aluminium foil, which was coated with a thin layer of adsorbent material i.e. aluminium oxide (Nema et al., 2012). The composition of the developing solvent used for methanol extracts was toluene: ethyl acetate: methanol in the ratio of 4:0.5:0.5. ...
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to screen the antibacterial activities of methanol and petroleum ether extracts of Jatrophapodagrica leaves. METHODS The leaves were collected, dried, ground and extracted using Soxhlet apparatus with methanol and petroleum ether as solvents. The plant extracts were tested for antibacterial activity against bacterial pathogens using the well diffusion method viz. Escherichia coli, Klebsiella sp., Pseudomonas sp., Bacillus sp., Proteus sp. Further, Thin layer chromatography (TLC) analysis was done for the methanol and petroleum ether extracts. GC-MS analysis was also conducted to gain the knowledge of the compounds that present in the extracts which can be responsible for the antimicrobial potential of the extracts. Furthermore to validate the antibacterial results molecular docking studies were performed using Auto Dock 4.0 followed by interpretation of the results with PyMol and Ligplot plus softwares. RESULTS The results obtained suggested that these extracts have significant antibacterial properties and can be used to make herbal applications.
... Its leaves, bark, and fruits are used in extracting active compounds such as ethyl gallate, gallic acid, arjunolic acid, ellagic acid, and flavones, which are investigated for their antibacterial properties and hence can be used against periodontal bacteria. [7,8] ...
Background and Aims: Periodontitis is irreversible plaque-mediated damage to gums and its supporting structures. Plaque is a niche of complex organisms forming biological associations for their attachment and sustenance, forming the basis for periodontal diseases. There is a vast diversity in oral microbiota, depending on the site. Dentition creates natural surfaces and barriers for the diversification of bacteria. For instance, periodontal bacteria differ between supra and subgingival tissues. The plaque mounted on the subgingival area chiefly houses gram-negative anaerobes such as Treponema denticola, Tannerella forsythia, and Porphyromonas gingivalis. The current study aims to compare and contrast the antimicrobial potential of Terminalia arjuna with commercially available mouth rinses against clinical isolates of periodontal bacteria based on the well-diffusion method.
Materials and Methods: Preparation of Terminalia arjuna bark extract was done. For the detection of periodontal bacteria, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Treponema denticola, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used. The well-diffusion method was used to test the antimicrobial activity.
Results: The aqueous extract of Terminalia arjuna showed minimum zone of inhibition of 23.33 ± 0.577 for Porphyromonas gingivalis and 24.33 ± 0.577 for Treponema denticola while the commercially available mouthwashes M1, M2, M3showed 29.33 ± 0.577, 29.33 ± 0.577, 24.33 ± 0.577, respectively towards Porphyromonas gingivalis and 29.66 ± 0.577, 27.33 ± 0.577, 25.66 ± 0.577, respectively towards Treponema denticola The results depicted nearly equal efficacy of Terminalia arjuna aqueous extract similar to those of commercial mouthwashes against the test bacteria.
Conclusion: Antibacterial tests of Terminalia arjuna bark extracts showed promising results even at low concentrations. Hence, it can be an alternative to commercially available mouthwashes, which suffer from having numerous drawbacks ranging from burning sensation while in use to yellowing of teeth surfaces. Herbal medicines are considered to be much safer than other synthetic formulations and possess wide acceptance by people. Hence, this study forms a basis for future studies in this area.
... The presence of tannin which is useful to produce the natural colour for the tree. The natural dyes are extracted from the bark of Terminalia tree which is used for dyeing the cotton fabrics (Nema R et al., 2012). The barks were cleaned up with water and dried with direct sunlight. ...
Dyeing of textiles impart aesthetic appearance to the apparels. Around 90% of textiles were dyed for various reasons. Out of 90%, majority of textiles are dyed with synthetic dyes due to its good all round fastness properties. Due to the global warming, the people try to go back to the natural dyeing methods. But, the natural dyes are poor in fastness properties and the colours available in natural dyeing is also limited. The synthetic dyes used in industry create lots of issues like, environmental issues and colour removal in effluent. Nowadays, the development of natural dyes are enormous, every day, the new natural dyes are invented. In this paper, various natural dyes extracted from the bark of the trees, Pinus Brutia Ten, Mangrove tree, Eucalyptus camaldulensis tree, Walnut tree, Albizia Lebbeck (Siris tree), Terminalia arjuna (Marutha Maram) are described.
... Zone of inhibition of C. difformis bark extract were compared with standards like chloramphenicol for antibacterial activity. The results showed that the remarkable inhibition of the bacterial growth was against the tested organisms [17]. ...
... 10 Economically important part of Arjuna is bark. Many useful phytoconstituents have been isolated from T. arjuna which included triterpenoids with cardiovascular properties, tannins and flavonoids for its anticancer, antimicrobial properties, 11 and ellagic acid for its mutagenic activity. 12 The powder of the bark acts as a diuretic in cirrhosis of the liver and gives relief in symptomatic hypertension. ...
Aim
The present study was undertaken to establish the best procurement time for Arjuna ( Terminalia arjuna (Roxb. ex DC.) Wight & Arn.) by analyzing the seasonal variation in bioactive secondary metabolite in the bark with quantitative high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) as well as comparative pharmacognosy by taking consideration of Ayurvedic literature. In Ayurveda, it is mentioned that for all the herbs, the best-suited procurement time is Sharad Ritu, especially for bark. 1,2 Therefore, to validate the time of collection, the present study has been planned.
Materials and methods
Arjuna bark from the same habitat in all six seasons described in Ayurveda, i.e., Shishir (January–February), Vasant (March–April), Grishma (May-June), Varsha (July–August), Sharad (September–October), and Hemant (November–December), has been collected. Authentication of the source of the collected plant material was done and the accession number was given by the herbarium of NVARI, Jhansi. Identification and comparative pharmacognosy in each season at the macroscopic and microscopic levels along with powder microscopy of the useful part of the plant per the standard procedures was done at NVARI Jhansi. The extraction of the economically important plant bark and the quantitative HPLC analysis of the extracted material in all six seasons and comparison of HPLC analysis of different seasons were carried out at Captain Srinivasa Murthy Research Institute of Ayurveda and Siddha Drug Development (CSMRIASDD), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
Results
The present study showed that internal microscopical features remained the same throughout the year. A selected marker compound, ellagic acid, was quantified in
each season by HPLC. The extractive value was found to be maximum, e.g., 1.7698 g of hydro-alcoholic extract in the Sharad Ritu sample. HPLC estimation showed that the abundance of ellagic acid is more in the Sharad Ritu sample, e.g., 0.0826 to 0.1103. Results indicated that a maximum concentration of bioactive secondary metabolite, i.e., ellagic acid, is in the Sharad Ritu sample.
Conclusion
Findings suggest that if Arjuna [ Terminalia arjuna (Roxb. ex DC.) Wight & Arn.] barks are collected in Sharad Ritu, then it will provide better therapeutic results.
... [18,19] Flavonoids and triterpenoids have marked antimicrobial activity. [20] Antibacterial activity of Pulsatilla nigricans may be due to the presence of flavonoids and triterpenoids. Moreover, a previous study showed that protoanemonin from Pulsatilla nigricans is the main constituent responsible for its antibacterial activity. ...
Objectives: In homoeopathic system of medicine, mother tinctures are prescribed for several diseases especially for septic conditions and cure of many illnesses. This study was done to evaluate the antibacterial and antioxidant potential of ten commonly used homoeopathic mother tinctures. Materials and Methods: Ten prepared mother tinctures were tested against five clinically important human pathogenic bacteria (Salmonella typhi [S.T], Escherichia coli [E.C], Bacillus subtilis [B.S], Staphylococcus aureus [S.A], and Pseudomonas aeruginosa [P.A]) by broth micro-dilution method with ciprofloxacin as positive control. Antioxidant activity was estimated by 2,2-diphenyl 1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) inhibition assay. Ascorbic acid was taken as positive standard in antioxidant activity. Results: All mother tinctures showed more or less antibacterial activity. Cinchona officinalis had maximum activity (89% inhibition) against Salmonella typhi than all the tested mother tinctures. Pulsatilla nigricans showed the highest inhibition of DPPH (85%) among other tested plant mother tinctures. Conclusion: This study reveals that the above-tested mother tincture has antibacterial and antioxidant potential against the particular microorganism and 2,2- diphenyl 1-picrylhydrazyl (DPHH), respectively.
... The bark of T. arjuna is anti-dysenteric, antipyretic, astringent, cardiotonic, litho-triptic, anticoagulant, hypolipidemic, antimicrobial and antiuremic agent (29)(30)(31). Many useful phytoconstituents have been isolated from T. arjuna which included triterpenoids for cardiovascular properties, tannins and flavonoids for its anticancer, antimicrobial properties and so on (32). In studies on mice, its leaves have been shown to have analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties (33). ...
Aswagandharishtam is classical medicine for diseases pertaining to nervous system and digestive system prepared by a number of plants and plant parts. The present work is to know the types of biomolecules present in it by GC MS analysis. Aswagandharishtam was procured from standard Ayurvedic outlet and was subjected to Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry after due processing.The GC MS analysis of Aswagandharishtam has shown some promising molecules like Prostaglandin A2, Cholesterol, Piperine, Gentamicin a, d-Mannose, Eugenol, Pipradrol among others, which have activities similar to that of Aswagadharistham. This is a preliminary report where some clue about the various types of biomolecules present in Aswagandharishtam was obtained. Further work is on to prove the efficacy of this medicine by other parameters. Published by Oriental Scientific Publishing Company.
... If has medicinal quality: its barks acts as anti-dysenteric anti-pyretic, astringent, cardiotonic, lithotriptic , anticoagulant, hypolipidemi, antimicrobial [4] and antiuremic [5] agent. Phytoconstituents like triterperoids for cardiovascular properties, tannins and flavonoids for it anticancer, antimicrobial properties have been obtained from Terminalia arjuna [6]. Its bark powder is diuretic in cirrhosis of liver and relieves symptoms of hypertension [7]. ...
... This protection was suggested to be in part due to the intake of some advantageous nutrients including phytochemicals which were the most abundant antioxidants in our diets. TA is a widespread medicinal plant was used in the pharmacological system of medicine to care for various degenerative diseases [20]. The bark of TA is promising source of natural useful therapeutic agents and also it was contained different types of phytocompounds which have antioxidant activity, in my previous work [6]. ...
Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant property of the isolated phytocompounds from TA (Terminalia arjuna) bark and in vivo study for nephro-protective and oxidative stress reducing activity in experimentally induced albino male rats.Methods: Fractions from methanol crude TA extract were collected by column chromatography and F27, F28, F29 fractions were selected on the basis of antioxidant property by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging assay. The in vivo study performed by 30 albino male rats which were randomly divided into five groups: Group I (control)were taken normal food and water, Groups II (uremic) were injected acetaminophen intraperitoneally at the dose of 500 mg/kg/d for 10 d, Group III, IV and V(extract treatment) acetaminophen intraperitoneally at the dose of 500 mg/kg/d for 10 d with co-administered orally of methanol fraction F27, F28, F29 at the dose of 100 mg/kg/d for 15 d respectively.Results: After scarification of rats, the uremic marker plasma urea (80%), creatinine (85%) were elevated and antioxidant enzyme marker such as plasma SOD and catalase level were significantly increased (p<0.05)in Group IV compared to Group II. The total phenolic content of the F28 methanolic fraction was (815.48±8.11) mg gallic acid equivalent/g of extract. For isolation of available compound by 1H NMR study in F28 methanol fraction of TA bark was arjunoside IV which contained olefinic proton (a pair of carbon atom linked with double bond).Conclusion: Among the three methanolic fraction of TA bark, F28 was shown best antioxidative, nephron-protective and oxidative stress reducing property.
... T. arjuna is a tree belonging to family Combretaceae. Its different parts (stem, leaves, and bark) are rich source of flavonoids, triterpenoids, glycosides, tannins, saponins and minerals (Nema et al., 2012). R. serpentina (family Apocynaceae) root contains almost 50 indole alkaloids. ...
The aim of the current study was to evaluate interactions among polyphenols from different plants and their effect on antioxidant potential. Different mixtures of plant extracts of Crataegus oxyacantha (C), Elettaria cardamomum (Cr), Terminalia arjuna (T) and Rauvolfia serpentina (R) were prepared and evaluated for total phenolics, flavonoid contents, and antioxidant activity. A correlation was also established between total phenolics, flavonoids and antioxidant activity. Comparative evaluation revealed that phenolics, flavonoids and antioxidant activity were found high in plant extracts mixtures than individual plants. Highest phenolics (580±1.12mg GAE/g), flavonoids (67.10±0.11mg CE/g) and antioxidant activity (IC50 0.109mg/ml) was observed with ratio 1:1:1:2 of plant mixture C, Cr, T, R. A weak linear positive correlation was found between antioxidant activity, total phenolic and flavonoid contents. A negative correlation was observed among IC50 value, total phenolics and flavonoid contents. Investigation through RP-HPLC revealed the presence of different potent phenolics in plants understudy. More antioxidant potential of extracts in combinations as compared to that of individual plants was clear corroboration of synergism. The ratio (1:1:1:2) of the studied plants in combination, that showed the highest free radical potential, was another expected better pharmacological prospect. This formulation can bring maximum relief against free radical-Associated diseases.
... The various parts such as bark, leaves, and fruits are used in traditional medicine system for various ailments. The bark powder has been found to possess various medicinal properties including cardioprotective properties, anti-ischemic, antioxidant [14], hypercholesterolemia effect [15], antimicrobial [16,17], anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and antinociceptive activity [18]. It is also useful to cure obesity, hypertension, and hyperglycemia [19]. ...
Objective: The objective of this study is to evaluate the in vitro antibacterial and antioxidant prospective of Terminalia arjuna (leaves). The most active extracts were examined for their chemical composition and cytotoxicity. Methods: The antibacterial activity of five different extracts were examined against 8 bacterial strains (5 Gram-positive and 3 Gram-negative) using resazurin-based microtiter dilution assay (RMDA) and disk-diffusion assay. The antioxidant potential of five extracts was demonstrated using 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay and superoxide radical scavenging assay. Chemical composition and cytotoxicity were assessed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and hemolytic assay, respectively. Results: According to RMDA, the acetone extract (AE) exhibited highest antibacterial activity. The AE showed highest activity against Salmonella enterica ser. typhi and Bacillus cereus with minimum inhibitory concentration, i.e., 195.31 μg/ml. In DPPH assay, AE showed the highest radical scavenging activity with inhibition concentration50 23.09 μg/ml. In GC-MS analysis, the principal compound in AE was celidoniol (8.72 %). According to the results of hemolytic assay, the AE showed non-toxic behavior upto 500 μg/ml. Conclusion: The present investigation represents T. arjuna as an incredible herb. The AE was found to possess promising antibacterial and antioxidant properties.
... The thick white-to-pinkish-grey bark of T. arjuna has a wide spectrum of biological activity like anti-dysentric, antipyretic, astringent, cardiotonic, lithotriptic, anticoagulant, hypolipidemi, antimicrobial [15] and antiuremic [16] agent. Many active constituents include tannins, triterpenoidsaponins (arjunic acid, arjunolic acid, arjungenin, arjunglycosides), flavonoids (Argonne, arjunolone, luteolin), Gallic acid, ellagic acid, oligomericproanthocyanidins (OPCs), phytosterols, calcium, magnesium, zinc, and copper [17,18,19] was identified in T. arjuna. Wild and cultivated Fruit (Seed) and Bark (Stem) are used in Ayurveda, Folk, Homoeopathy, Siddha, Tibetan, Unani and Western system of medicine with estimated annual trade of 2000 -5000 metric ton / annum (NMPB). ...
Low genetic diversity among five cultivated populations of Terminalia arjuna was revealed using DNA fingerprints generated by ten commercially available random (RAPD) primers i.e. RPI01 to RPI10. Out of ten primers, eight primers generated total 79 bands with 87.34 percentage of polymorphism, while primer RPI02 and RPI08 did not show amplification. Applied all 8 primes having a good polymorphic informativeness among the populations (mean PIC = 0.355 ± 0.032 and Ho = 0.463 ± 0.018). Higher genetic variation, gene diversity (H), Shannon's Information index (I) and Percentage of polymorphic bands (PPB) among populations (H = 0.290 ± 0.162, I = 0.440 ± 0.221 and PPB = 87.34%) was observed compared to within populations (maximum H = 0.165 ± 0.212, I = 0.239 ± 0.304 and PPB = 39.24%, minimum H = 0.026 ± 0.104, I = 0.038 ± 0.150, PPB = 06.33%). Low average gene diversity (π = 0.075 ± 0.062) within population, higher pairwise Fst (ranged from 0.498 to 0.844) among the population and Analysis of Molecular Variance (AMOVA) shown adequate genetic variation among population (Pv = 75.57%) but serious low genetic variation within populations (Pv = 24.43, ΦST = 0.756). Among the populations of T. arjuna the higher relative differentiation (GST = 0.7843) with restricted gene flow GST (Nm) = 0.1375 was observed. Unbiased measures of genetic distance and phylogram revealed that all locations have their once genetic identity and they arranged in their respective clusters. Lowest distance was shown by accession collected from JNKVV and TFRI Jabalpur.
... The leaves extract of this plant is used in medicinal preparations for the treatment of AIDS, amenorrhoea, scrofulous infections, syphilis, sores and nervous diseases [2][3]. Ethanol extract of the leaves is also used as antiplasmodial, antiparasitic, antiviral and antimicrobial [3][4][5][6][7][8]. Terminalia plants are known to contain several acidic triterpenes, some of which showed analgesic, immunosuppresant, hepatoprotective and antimibrobial activities. ...
Phytochemical investigation of the root extract of Terminalia glaucescens afforded three known compounds, ellagic acid 1, arjungenin 2, hypatic acid 3 and and a new triterpenoid named glaucescic acid, 2a,3a,6a,23-tetrahydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid 4. The structure and relative configuration of this new compound was elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic data, especially 2D NMR techniques.
... [7][8][9] Many useful phytoconstituents have been isolated from T. arjuna which included triterpenoids for cardiovascular properties, tannins and flavonoids for its anticancer, antimicrobial properties and so on. 10 In studies on mice, its leaves have been shown to have analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. 11 Akshatha have reviewed the various medicinal effects of bark of Madhuca longifolia. ...
The present work envisages in understanding the bio molecules present in Partharishtam by GC MS analysis and to find its
antioxidant activity. Partharishtam is prepared by processing the bark of Terminalia arjuna, flowers of Madhuca indica and
Woodfordia fruticosa, fruits of Vitis vinefera, jaggery and water. Partharishtam was subjected to GC MS analysis after suitable
preparation. Major bio molecules such as Glycerol tricaprylate (RT value - 33.104: % Area - 11.44), Piperine (RT Value - 33.900: %
Area - 6.22), Pyrazole (RT Value - 32.807: % Area - 5.400) were present among other compounds like 2-(3-chlorophenoxy)- N’- (2,4-
dicholorobenzylidine) acethydrazide (RT value - 32.307: % Area - 8.83), Methyl 2 - (4-chlorophenyl)-6-metoxy-7-chlorocinchoninate
(RT value - 31.817: % Area - 1.70), 1,3-dipentyl-heptabarbital (RT value - 35.003: % Area - 4.44), 2-Pyrididone, 3,5-diiodo-n-methyl-1-
Dimethyl derivative(RT Value - 31.633: % Area- 1.65), Stanzolol (RT value – 29: % Area - 0.15). The various antioxidant studies of
Partharishtam have indicated moderate activities when compared with standards in various methods applied. The medicinal
properties of the molecules present in Partharishtam and its antioxidant properties could substantiate well with the claim that
Partharishtam is a potent cardio tonic formulation.
... The plant parts such as stem bark, leaves and fruits of T. arjuna are used in indigenous system of medicine for different ailments. The bark powder has been found to possess cardioprotective properties, anti-ischemic, antioxidant action [5] , hypercholesterolemia effect [6] , fungicidal and antibacterial [7] , antimicrobial [8] , Anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory and antinociceptive activity [9] , It is also useful to cure obesity, hypertension and hyperglycemia [10] . The higher antioxidant potential of T. arjuna stem bark is due to the presence of higher amount of phenolic and flavonoids [11] . ...
Terminalia arjuna Roxb. (Family-Combretaceae) is commonly known as Arjun tree and valued for its medicinal uses. In the present investigation, the detailed pharmacognostic study of T. arjuna stem bark (TASB) is carried out to lay down the standards which could be useful in forthcoming experimental studies. The study includes microscopy, proximate analysis and physicochemical evaluation. Atomic absorption spectroscopic analysis of TASB revealed the presence of heavy metals within the recommended safety range. Qualitative phytochemical analysis of the methanolic extract of TASB (MeOH-TASB) confirmed the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, tannins, flavonoids, phenols, saponins and steroids in the extract. The UV-Vis and FTIR spectroscopic analysis of MeOH-TASB indicated the presence of aromatic phytoconstituents as predominant ingredient of the extract. The chemical fingerprinting of MeOH-TASB was performed by using TLC and GC-MS analysis which showed bands/peaks of different phytoconstituents. Findings of this study provide reference information on TASB for its quality evaluation. Introduction The plant kingdom is a treasure house of potential drugs and in the last few decades there has been an exponential growth in the field of herbal medicine. It is getting popularize in developing and developed countries owing to its natural origin and lesser side effects [1]. According to World Health Organization (WHO) more than 80% of the world's population relies on herbal medicine for their primary healthcare needs [2]. Herbal formulation involves use of fresh or dried plant part. Thus appropriate identification of the plant material is very much necessary. Proper identification of the starting material is an essential prerequisite to ensure quality, safety and efficacy [3]. In herbal technology, pharmacognostic studies play important role as it provides standardization parameters which will help to prevent adulterations in the original plant material and ensures plant identity. This information will help in authentication of the plants and ensures reproducible quality of herbal products which will result in safety use and retaining effectiveness of natural products [4]. The plant Terminalia arjuna Roxb. Commonly known as Arjuna, a common tree for its important phyto constituents belongs to the family combretaceae. It has been grown in most parts of India and used in Ayurvedic formulations since ancient times. The plant parts such as stem bark, leaves and fruits of T. arjuna are used in indigenous system of medicine for different ailments. The bark powder has been found to possess cardioprotective properties, anti-ischemic, antioxidant action [5] , hypercholesterolemia effect [6] , fungicidal and antibacterial [7] , antimicrobial [8] , Anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory and antinociceptive activity [9] , It is also useful to cure obesity, hypertension and hyperglycemia [10]. The higher antioxidant potential of T. arjuna stem bark is due to the presence of higher amount of phenolic and flavonoids [11]. The T. arjuna based phytochemicals are considered as one of the best heart tonic [12] therefore, it can be used on daily bases as tonic for healthy cardiovascular system. An ethano pharmacological importance and increasing demand of T. arjuna stem bark in several herbal formulations may leads to adulteration. Therefore, the main objective of this study is validation of earlier information on pharmacognostic studies of T. arjuna stem bark (TASB) and to supplement some information with regards to its identification, characterization and standardization to ensure the quality and purity of TASB material.
... These compounds together with other phenolic structures of plant origin have been reported as scavengers of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and are seen as promising therapeutic drugs for free radical pathologies 47,48,49 . Many useful phytoconstituents have been isolated from TA which is responsible for antioxidant and anticancer properties of this plant 50 . Triterpenoids are mainly responsible for cardiovascular properties. ...
Benzoic acid, one of the major components of aqueous bark extract of Terminalia arjuna protects against Copper-Ascorbate induced oxidative stress in human placental mitochondria through antioxidant mechanism(s): an in vitro study ABSTRACT Background: Very recently, we have shown that a number of compounds isolated from plants and their parts having medicinal importance are capable of providing protection against copper-ascorbate induced oxidative stress mediated damages in isolated mitochondria in vitro. The results demonstrated that these compounds appear to be potentially effective in ameliorating mitochondrial dysfunction associated with oxidative stress. In the present study, we investigated, in individual experiments, the protective effects of the aqueous bark extract of Terminalia arjuna (TA) or benzoic acid, as its major constituent, against copper-ascorbate induced oxidative stress mediated damages to mitochondria obtained from human placenta, in vitro. Methods: In this study, the antioxidant property of TA was established by hydroxyl radical, superoxide radical and nitric oxide scavenging activities. The composition of the aqueous bark extract of TA was analyzed by GC-MS analysis. Human placental mitochondria were used as a model organelle to investigate whether the aqueous bark extract of TA or benzoic acid protects against copper-ascorbate-induced oxidative stress, in vitro, by spectro-photometrically measuring the levels of biomarkers of oxidative stress, the activities of antioxidant enzymes and the enzymes associated with energy metabolism, and evaluating the status of morphology of mitochondria through studies using scanning electron microscopy. Results: In separate experiments, aqueous bark extract of TA or benzoic acid were found to protect against copper-ascorbate-induced alterations in the level of biomarkers of oxidative stress in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, the activities of antioxidant enzymes also were protected from being altered by aqueous bark extract of TA or benzoic acid. The alterations in conjugated diene level, tryptophan and di-tyrosine fluorescence, mitochondrial swelling, thiolase activity and NADH autofluroscence, mitochondrial membrane potential and morphology were found to be protected when the mitochondria were co-incubated with copper-ascorbate and the aqueous bark extract of TA or with copper-ascorbate and benzoic acid in a dose-dependent manner. Although the aqueous bark extract of TA or benzoic acid independently can protect the placental mitochondrial from copper-ascorbate-induced oxidative stress mediated damages but the degree of protection provided by benzoic acid was found to be more compared to the aqueous bark extract of TA. Conclusion: Based on these findings it can be concluded that the aqueous bark extract of TA containing benzoic acid as its major constituent may serve as a potential medicinal resource for future use in situations associated with oxidative stress.
... The bark contains a very high level of flavonoids compared to other commonly used plant items. Flavonoids detected from its bark are arjunolone, flavones, bicalein, quercetin, kempferol and pelorgonidin [4][5][6]. Traditionally in ayurvedic medicine, T. arjuna powder with a dose of 1 to 2 g/day and an average powder size of about 50 μm is used for the patients. T. arjuna is also known to reduce lipid levels. ...
This paper presents evidence-based results of clinical trial on the use of nanosized particles in homoeopathic Terminalia arjuna tincture. Dynamic light scattering technique demonstrates that homoeopathic tincture is a mixture of particles varying from micron to nanometre sizes. The process of succussion, homogenization and filtration brings down the particles of source material to nanosize as a ‘top-down’ process. As compared to the conventionally used micron-sized T. arjuna powder, the results show significant clinical improvement due to the presence of nanoparticles in tincture by the above method. Similar results were reconfirmed on experiments with bacterial cultures. From clinical trials, it has been confirmed that the dose of medicine required by the patient is significantly reduced with the reduction in particle size. No toxicity was observed even after giving medicine for more than 8 weeks. Size-dependent sensitivity of the drug can help to tackle the problem of drug resistance in bacteria.
... All over the world, Republic of Angola is recognized for its remarkable plants biodiversity, which can be explored in a rational way for humankind benefits. Several species from the Angolan flora, tradi-tionally selected for medicinal uses, have been the target of current investigations searching for therapeutically effective drugs with antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antifungal properties (Nema et al., 2012;Kennedy and Wightrman, 2011;Silva et al., 2011;Lulekal et al., 2008;Atawodi, 2005). ...
Long distance of 2510 km long river basin, originating from Bhagirathi from Gangotri glacier in Uttarakhand, The Ganga is the most sacred river of India which is symbolic of purity and moksha and plays a crucial role in the growth of Indian civilization and economy. The river Ganga which is often called "Holy Ganga" or "Mother Ganga" has been exposed to many anthropogenic pollutants for several decades, and due to that it has grasped a serious and evolving problem. Anthropogenic sources include industrial release, domestic wastes, and municipal sewage. Pollution due to religious activities such as religious bathing and idol immersion is also a major concern. According to earlier studies, the 12 municipal towns located along the Ganga river basin leading to Haridwar, discharge nearly 89 million liters of municipal sewage into the river. High amounts of inorganic and organic pollutants are coming from industrial effluents from different industries. These industrial organic and inorganic pollutants are very serious issues for human health as they are carcinogenic and mutagenic to humans which ultimately cause neurological and physiological and other disorders. Like yoga, India can offer numerous plant-based treatments to the world that can benefit the whole on a larger basis. Learning from old-age traditions of Ayurveda, various trees and herbs along the plains of river Ganga are customarily used by many local and rural people in meeting their day-today needs and health care. The study highlights some of the potential plant species like
Long distance of 2510 km long river basin, originating from Bhagirathi from Gangotri glacier in Uttarakhand, The Ganga is the most sacred river of India which is symbolic of purity and moksha and plays a crucial role in the growth of Indian civilization and economy. The river Ganga which is often called “Holy Ganga” or “Mother Ganga” has been exposed to many anthropogenic pollutants for several decades, and due to that it has grasped a serious and evolving problem. Anthropogenic sources include industrial release, domestic wastes, and municipal sewage. Pollution due to religious activities such as religious bathing and idol immersion is also a major concern. According to earlier studies, the 12 municipal towns located along the Ganga river basin leading to Haridwar, discharge nearly 89 million liters of municipal sewage into the river. High amounts of inorganic and organic pollutants are coming from industrial effluents from different industries. These industrial organic and inorganic pollutants are very serious issues for human health as they are carcinogenic and mutagenic to humans which ultimately cause neurological and physiological and other disorders. Like yoga, India can offer numerous plant-based treatments to the world that can benefit the whole on a larger basis. Learning from old-age traditions of Ayurveda, various trees and herbs along the plains of river Ganga are customarily used by many local and rural people in meeting their day-to-day needs and health care. The study highlights some of the potential plant species like Achyranthes aspera, Acorus calamus, Aegle marmelos, Ajuga bracteosa, Arisaema tortuosum, Aristolochia indica, Asparagus racemosus, Ficus religiosa, Gloriosa superba, Helminthostachys zeylanica, Hemidesmus indicus, Tephrosea purpurea, Terminalia chebula, Tinospora cordifolia, Terminalia bellirica and Withania sominifera etc., that can be combinedly used with modern medical science with the vast invaluable knowledge to provide the effective and affordable treatment for various diseases caused by polluted water of Ganga.
BACKGROUND
Myocardial Ischemia Reperfusion (I/R) injury- a paradoxical challenge associated with contemporary methods of successful resuscitation triggers uncontrolled apoptosis induced by the concomitant oxidative stress. Adaptive mechanisms incorporating the upregulation of cytoprotective genes like Nrf2 protects cells from apoptotic changes and dysfunction under stress conditions. Partharishta an Ayurvedic formulation with all its individual ingredients being potent antioxidants, is thought to bring a positive result in reducing oxidative stress in cardiac tissues. Therefore the study aims to evaluate the antioxidant activity of the formulation Partharishta via the expression of Nrf2 gene in ischemia induced H9c2 rat cardiomyoblast cells when preconditioned with Partharishta .
METHODS
Partharishta was prepared in accordance with the Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI). To evaluate the extent of cell viability the Partharishta pretreated H9C2 cell lines were subjected to MTT Assay. As confirmatory assays for antioxidant activity, an invitro ROS measurement assay and Reverse transcriptase PCR Analysis to confirm the expression of Nrf2 gene against oxidative stress was conducted.
RESULTS
On MTT Assay the cells pretreated with 25µg/ml of dessicated Partharishta provided an average cell viability of 85.12%. The confirmatory Assays conducted in the cells at this concenteration showed that the ROS production is relatively low and the Nrf2 gene against oxidative stress was expressed in these cells.
CONCLUSION
These findings of the present in-vitro study reveal that the formulation Partharishta possess significant antioxidant as well as the free radical scavenging activity and therefore may be considered as one of the good sources of natural cardioprotective formulation.
After every homeopathic prescription result, we notice changes in the individual’s health state wich can help the homeopathic physician to evaluate and conduct the case in it’s evolution. Systemized by Kent, the prognosis are described, in great number, in Hahnemann’s written. This work intent to assemble, in didactic way, the concepts and opinions from both authors, bringing up the agreements and disagreements related to the issue, once that this indistinctly mix induce to important doctrines mistakes. We hope that this model, product of long studies and discussions, could be very useful to our colleagues, either in the academic teaching or the homeopathic clinic. // Resumen: Después de toda prescripción homeopática efectiva, se observan cambios en el estado de salud del individuo que pueden y deben orientar al clínico homeópata en la evaluación de la evolución y conducción del caso. Sistematizados por James Tyler Kent, los pronósticos homeopáticos también se describen en su mayoría en los escritos de Samuel Hahnemann. Este trabajo busca reunir, de forma didáctica y sistemática, los conceptos y las opiniones de ambos autores, evidenciando las concordancias y las discordancias en relación al tema referido, que pueden inducir a errores doctrinales relevantes si se mezclan indistintamente. Esperamos que este modelo de estudio de los pronósticos en Homeopatía, producto de largos debates y discusiones, pueda ser utilizado en la enseñanza y en la clínica homeopática de los demás colegas.
Terminalia chebula Retz (Fam. – Combretaeae) is a medicinal plant widely found in India, Burma, and Sri Lanka. It is considered as king of medicine in Tibet and has wound healing, hypocholsteremic, hypolipidemic, anticoagulant, antihypertensive, antithrombotic, antiviral, antifungal, antioxidant, anthelmintic, and antibacterial properties. The ethanolic extract of fruits of T. chebula and Terminalia belerica showed a broad spectrum of antibacterial (Staphylococcus aureus) and antifungal activities. Several types of explants (cotyledons, leaves, and shoot) were used for transformation of T. chebula by Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Maximum response was showed by cotyledon and hypocotyl explants for transformation of plants. The callus induction was obtained from swollen cotyledons in Murashige and Skoog culture medium supplemented with acetosyringone. The transformed callus showed twofold growth in comparison to non‐transformed callus.
Complimentary or natural antioxidant type of
alternative medicine is developed worldwide to treat male
infertility. The aim of this study is to the extraction of T.
arjuna bark and activity against human sperm DNA damage
in asthenoteratospermic smoker’s subjects—an in vitro
study. All preliminary and antioxidant assays (DPPH, H2O2,
and total antioxidant, reducing power activity) were done. T.
arjuna bark metal analysis was done with AAS. On the other
hand, patients were asked to fill a direct questionnaire about
smoking history; 25 infertile smokers were identified as
asthenoteratospermic; 34 fertile non-smokers (control) were
assessed for semen parameters by CASA, seminal plasma
Zinc analysis by AAS, DNA fragmentation by colorimetric
method and semen genomic DNA damage inhibition by
modified non-enzymatic salting out extraction method. Most
of the antioxidants are highly present in the aqueous extract;
meanwhile, the major content in this extract is zinc 16 lg/g
(Ca = 0.5 lg/g; Se = 2.2 lg/g and Mg = 1.6 lg/g) along
with FT-IR peaks which also confirmed the metal presence.
The semen parameters in smokers that were noticed are low
sperm count and morphological changes. Meanwhile, in the
seminal plasma of smokers, zinc and DNA fragmentation
results were positively correlated with sperm morphology
(p\0.001). Repaired DNA bands were noticed in the
in vitro study of aqueous T. arjuna bark, in smokers’ semen.
T. arjuna bark will act as cryo protector as well as great zinc
supplementary to maintain sperm motility and morphology
in smokers.
Terminalia is a genus of Combretaceous plants extensively distributed in tropical and subtropical areas. Numerous species of this genus have been utilized for medicinal purposes because of their valuable phytoconstituents. This study aimed to compare between the phytoconstituents of the hydroalcoholic extract (HAE) of Terminalia bentzone (T. bentzoe) leaves as polar extract and its petroleum ether extract (PEE) as a nonpolar extract. Concerning this, total phenolics, flavonoids, proteins and carbohydrate content of the HAE were estimated. HPLC analysis of HAE revealed identification of nine phenolic acids, two flavonoids and one anthocyanin, they were gallic, ellagic, pyrogallol, catechin, chlorogenic acid, synergic acid, pyrocatechol, cinnamic acid, paraqumaric acid, caffeic acid, quercetin and rutin arranged according to the order of elution. Colum chromatographic separation of HAE resulted in the isolation of six compounds for the first time named: gallic acid1, ellagic2 methyl gallate3 catechin4, rutin5 and quercetin6. On the other hand, the PEE was fractionated to saponifiable and unsaponifiable fractions and both fractions were analysed by GC/MS. The GC/MS analysis of the saponifiable fraction revealed the identification of thirty-seven compounds as fatty acid methyl esters representing 83.51% of the total fraction, methyl hexadecanoate (39.98%) constitutes the major fatty acid methyl ester followed by methyl octadecanoate (6.62%). The analysis of the unsaponifiable fraction disclosed the presence of forty-nine compounds representing 72.32% of the total compounds, where butylated hydroxyl toluene (10.03%) constitutes the major compound. Both HAE and PEE were evaluated for their in vitro antioxidant potential by DPPH and β-carotene methods. The HAE superiors PEE in its antioxidant potentiality. Correspondingly, the HAE was subdued for further investigation embracing its in vivo antioxidant and antihyperlipidemic activities. © 2016, International Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemical Research. All rights reserved.
Abrus precatorious, Terminalia arjuna and Terminalia chebula are one of the most important medicinal plants used for therapeutic purpose. The present study was carried out to investigate antibacterial, antifungal and cytotoxic activity and also deals with phytochemical analysis of selected plants, Abrus precatorious, Terminalia arjuna and Terminalia chebula. The ethanolic extracts of seeds of all selected plants were tested for the presence of various phytoconstituents such as tannins, terpenoids, alkaloids, flavanoids, phlobatannins, cardiac glycosides and steroids. The antibacterial activity was tested against Bacillus Subtilis (ATCC 6633), Streptococcus Aureus (ATCC 6538), Streptococcus Abony (ATCC 6017), Escherichia coli (ATCC 8739), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 9027) by the agar well diffusion method. The ethanolic extracts of seeds of selected plants were tested against fungi like Alternaria solani, Aspergillus niger, Lasiodiploidia theobromeae, Rhizopus spp. and Candida Albicans by pour plate method. The cytotoxic effect of the ethanolic extract of seeds and methanolic extract of leaves of all the plants were evaluated on c2c12 (Mouse, Muscle cell line) and HEK293T (Human embryonic kidney cell line) by MTT assay.
The current investigation was design to develop safer, efficacious and viable cardioprotective and antilipidemic herbal mixture to control cardiovascular diseases as new alternatives of synthetic drugs. Four medicinally valuable plants Terminalia arjuna (T), Rauvolfia serpentina (R), Elettaria cardamomum (C) and Crataegus oxyacantha (Cr) were selected for this study. Mixture of plants T, R, C, Cr was prepared with ratio 1:2:1:1 respectively. Both preventive and curative effects of plant mixture were studied. In preventive mode of treatment, rabbits were pretreated with plant mixture after that cardiotoxic compound was given. In curative mode of treatment, first cardiotoxicity was induced in rabbits then these cardio-intoxicated rabbits were treated with plant mixture. Cardiac marker enzymes, lipids profile and antioxidant enzymes were determined in experimental animals. Rabbits administrated with salbutamol (G-II) showed a significant (P<0.05) increase in cardiac marker enzymes, lipids and decrease in antioxidant enzymes as compared to positive control. However, pre and post administration of plant mixture appreciably restored their levels. Histopathological examination also confirmed the preventive and curative cardioprotective effects of plant mixture. As treatment of rabbits with plant mixture significantly ameliorated cardiotoxicity by bringing back myocardial biochemical parameters towards the normal levels. Therefore it can be optimally used in herbal preparations for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases with fewer side effects.
Charakasamhita (1000 BC) categorized the major bodily pathogenic factors under three varieties i.e., Vayu, Pitta and Kapha and Rajas and Tamas as the causative factors of mental diseases. Sushruta includes Rakta (blood) as the fourth variety of pathogenic factor. He has introduced grouping of drugs according Dosha (vitiators) known as Vata, Pitta and Kapha and Vagbhata followed this classification. It is a general observation that none of the Ayurvedic classics introduced a group for alleviating Raktadosha (Raktasamshamana Varga). Charaka enumerated specific diseases called by individual doshas under Nanatmaja Vyadhis i.e., Atmaja Vyadhis due to only one Dosha without being combined with any other Dosha and explicitly avoided classification Raktaja nanatmajavyadhi since he has not given individual vitiator status to Rakta which is a dependent Dhatu of Pitta. It was noted that Raktadhatu in diminution causes roughness, dryness and creaks in the skin and lessened luster. A list of diseases due to vitiation of Rakta was furnished under Shonitaja roga and Raktapradoshaja Vikaras. Certain diseases are described basing on Raktadosha e.g., Raktajagulma, Raktajakrimi etc. Keeping this in view, an attempt is made to formulate a group namely Raktasamshamana Varga which is applied as a broad spectrum group for the management of Raktapradoshaja Vyadhi
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