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Hemp seed oil: A source of valuable essential fatty acids
... Cannabis seeds are rich in vitamins A, C and E; minerals; and b-carotene and are said to have exceptional nutritional value [3][4][5]. It contains 20-25% protein, 20-30% carbohydrates, 25-35% oil, 10-15% insoluble fiber and a rich set of minerals, especially phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, sulfur and calcium, and a moderate amount of iron and zinc, The latter is an important enzyme co-factor of human fatty acid metabolism [6][7]. Cannabis seeds have long been used as a food ingredient or are ground to produce oil and flour. ...
... In addition to its nutritional value, cannabis seeds have shown positive health benefits, including reduced cholesterol and high blood pressure. It is consumed in food and traditional medicines, and is also used as fodder for birds and fish [3,7]. Hemp oil has a pleasant taste and has a number of advantages over other vegetable oils. ...
... Hemp oil is currently used in personal care products such as lotions, moisturizers, shampoos and lip balms. Highly unsaturated cannabis oil is used in the same way as linseed oil (for example, as a light fuel, in printer ink, as a wood preservative) but is also used as a raw material for detergents and soap [7][8]. The quality of hemp oil is currently being studied to improve the economic and environmental performance of this non-traditional crop through the innovative use of its components or by-products[9-10]. ...
The article considers the physico-chemical composition of cold pressed hemp oil from different varieties to ensure food safety and choose the most promising variety for cultivation in the conditions of Syrdarya region. The content of cold pressing oil in technical cannabis seeds (Cannabis sativa L) from three different varieties of Felina 32, Santica 27 and Rodnik, grown in the Syrdarya region, ranged from 29.1% to 31.70%. The protein, ash and moisture content was 23.44-26.95, 4.95-6.10 and 7.66-8.10 per cent, respectively. Some other physico-chemical results were: moisture 0.10-0.13, iodine number 148-160; density (25°C) 0.9150-0.9250 mg/ml ; acid value 1.22-1.76 mg KOH/g; peroxide value 5.5-7.8 meq O2/kg. It has been found that the investigated fatty acids hemp oils contain Linoleic acid(C18:2((cis-9,12) 54.15-59.48%, palmitic acid(C16:0), Palmitoleic acid ((C16:1(cis-10), stearic acid (C18:0), Acid (Behc8:0), Acid (C20:20:0), Archicic acid (C1:20:0:0:0), Acid (C8:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:8:8:8:0) (C22:1(cis-22:1(cis-13)) и Lignoceric acid (C24:0): 5.85-7.82, 0.10-0.18, 2.78-3.25, 11.80-12.65, 0.55-0.86, 0.20-0.32, 0.02-0.09, и 0.085-0.15 %, respectively. Flavonoids, rutins, quercetin and gallic acid were found to be 0.1-0.8, 0.5-0.12 and 1.2-2.4 mg/l. The following elements of calcium(Cd), iron(Fe), magnesium(Mg), sodium(Na), zinc(Zn), cadmium(Cd), and mercury(Hg) have been identified as 1.1-1.8, 0.4-0.9, 0.3-0.7, 0.08-0.15, 0.06-0.11 mg/100g. The results of this analytical study compared to the results found in the literature on hemp oils showed that technical cannabis (Cannabis sativa L.) for Uzbekistan is a potentially valuable non-traditional oil crop.
... Carbohydrates, fibers and minerals are estimated at 20 %-30 % and 10 %-15 % respectively (Kostić et al., 2013, Anwar et al., 2006. Cannabis achenes also have high levels of vitamins A, C, E, k (Anwar et al., 2006, Turner et al., 1980, Orhan et al., 2000, Moczkowska et al., 2020 and a rich range of minerals such as phosphorus, magnesium, calcium, potassium, iron and zinc (Moczkowska et al., 2020, Latif andAnwar, 2009), some of which play important roles as cofactors for fatty acid metabolism in the human body (Deferne andPate, 2009, Babiker et al., 2021). ...
... Furthermore, the oil content obtained by cold pressing of 3 varieties of cannabis oilseeds grown in Pakistan ranged from 26.90 % to 31.50 % (Anwar et al., 2006). In another study (Latif and Anwar 2009), enzyme-assisted cold pressing oil extraction revealed an oil content of 28 % to 32.80 %, while oil extraction from 51 genotypes of cannabis achenes by supercritical CO2 revealed a yield of 26.30 g/100g to 37.50 g/100g (Deferne, 1996). Also, contents estimated at 21.50 % and 22 % have been determined respectively in other studies relating to the supercritical CO2 extraction of oil from cannabis achenes of different regions (Da Porto et al., 2012b). ...
... These values identified in our work are comparable to those published in studies on the characterization of lipids in the oil of cannabis achenes from the Chefchaouen region (Stambouli et al., 2006, Taaifi et al., 2021. Similarly, the levels of linoleic acid C18: 2 (n-6) and αlinoleic acid C18: 3 (n-3) identified in the oils from our sample of achenes are consistent with published results for cannabis from other regions (Deferne and Pate, 1996, Babiker et al., 2021, Van Name et al., 2020, Lan et al., 2019. Another property of achene oil from the Chefchaouen region is the low content of saturated fatty acids, which consisted mainly of palmitic acid (C16: 1) > stearic acid (C18: 0) > heptadecanoic acid (C17: 0). ...
Abstract: The achenes evaluated had average dimensions of 4.242 ± 0.329 mm long, 3.38 ± 0.294 mm wide, 2.75 ± 0.227 mm thick. They contained an average moisture of 7.614 ± 1.623 and an average mass of 0.01808 ± 0. 0038 g. No significant differences in the yields of the oil obtained by hexane and press extraction (p-value0.05), they varied respectively from 31.36 % ± 0.05 to 36.86 % ± 1.79 and 21.47% ± 2. 45 to 25.04 % ± 0.46. Among the fatty acids in the mechanically extracted vegetable oil from the five achene varieties, the order of abundance of the identified components was the same. The linoleic acids they account for more than 86 % of the total α-predominant fatty acids are linoleic and fatty acids. PUFA/SFA ratio ranged from 5.5 ± 1.58 to 8.96 ± 0.23. The n-6/n-3 ratio varied from 1.53 ± 0.02 to 1.78 ± 0.0. The quotients recorded in our study are likely to be of nutritional interest since a ratio between 1/1 and 2/1 is considered ideal.
Keywords: Cannabis achene, morphometric characters, oil yields, saturated fatty acids (SFA), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA).
... Kapha (water and earth) (7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23). As per Ayurveda, good health depends on equilibrium between these three factors and imbalance may cause disease. ...
... A growing number of agriculture training programs and practices are spreading across farming communit ies to spread knowledge of hemp . Similar to the guidelines set by the Farm Bill in the USA, India's goal for all Industrial hemp (fiber type) grown should contain less than 0.3 percent Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) (2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21). Over the past half a decade, the interest and demand for Industrial (fiber type) hemp-based products is on the rise, as may be seen with the increase in the number of women artisans and weavers in rural Himalayan villages. ...
... Over the past half a decade, the interest and demand for Industrial (fiber type) hemp-based products is on the rise, as may be seen with the increase in the number of women artisans and weavers in rural Himalayan villages. (6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25). Rural Himalayan villages have increased the quantity and quality of indigenous Industrial (fiber type) hemp handloom products, such as shawls, stoles, accessories ( Figure-1, 2. 3) (2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21). ...
This literature review paper is presented as a part of the educational awareness about the Cannabis sativa, particularly the Industrial Hemp (fiber-type). Cannabis sativa was originally a native of India growing as a wild medicinal plant in the Himalayan region. The cultivation and use of Industrial hemp (fiber type) is historically rooted in the Indian subcontinent and this rich heritage of cannabis use dates back to at least two thousand years. Industrial hemp (fiber type) is a versatile commercial crop that has been used for fiber, food, medicinal purposes and building construction material, Hempcrete. Many studies have demonstrated that the nutrient and bioactive composition of hemp contributes to the prevention and treatment of several ailments suggesting its potential as a valuable functional food ingredient. Industrial hemp (fiber type) and medical Cannabis (marijuana type) have primarily been differentiated by their levels of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) production. Industrial hemp (fiber type) can be refined into a variety of commercial items, including paper, artificial hair, rope, textiles, clothing, biodegradable plastics, paint, insulation, biofuel, food, and animal feed. This review sought to highlight these advances in understanding the medical, nutritional, and nutraceutical benefits of industrial hemp (fiber type).
... Kapha (water and earth) (7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23). As per Ayurveda, good health depends on equilibrium between these three factors and imbalance may cause disease. ...
... A growing number of agriculture training programs and practices are spreading across farming communit ies to spread knowledge of hemp . Similar to the guidelines set by the Farm Bill in the USA, India's goal for all Industrial hemp (fiber type) grown should contain less than 0.3 percent Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) (2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21). Over the past half a decade, the interest and demand for Industrial (fiber type) hemp-based products is on the rise, as may be seen with the increase in the number of women artisans and weavers in rural Himalayan villages. ...
... Over the past half a decade, the interest and demand for Industrial (fiber type) hemp-based products is on the rise, as may be seen with the increase in the number of women artisans and weavers in rural Himalayan villages. (6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25). Rural Himalayan villages have increased the quantity and quality of indigenous Industrial (fiber type) hemp handloom products, such as shawls, stoles, accessories ( Figure-1, 2. 3) (2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21). ...
This literature review paper is presented as a part of the educational awareness about the Cannabis sativa, particularly the Industrial Hemp (fiber-type). Cannabis sativa was originally a native of India growing as a wild medicinal plant in the Himalayan region. The cultivation and use of Industrial hemp (fiber type) is historically rooted in the Indian subcontinent and this rich heritage of cannabis use dates back to at least two thousand years. Industrial hemp (fiber type) is a versatile commercial crop that has been used for fiber, food, medicinal purposes and building construction material, Hempcrete. Many studies have demonstrated that the nutrient and bioactive composition of hemp contributes to the prevention and treatment of several ailments suggesting its potential as a valuable functional food ingredient. Industrial hemp (fiber type) and medical Cannabis (marijuana type) have primarily been differentiated by their levels of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) production. Industrial hemp (fiber type) can be refined into a variety of commercial items, including paper, artificial hair, rope, textiles, clothing, biodegradable plastics, paint, insulation, biofuel, food, and animal feed. This review sought to highlight these advances in understanding the medical, nutritional, and nutraceutical benefits of industrial hemp (fiber type).
... The ratio of LA (from the omega 6 group)/ALA (from the omega 3 group) acids in hemp seeds is 2: 1 (Spano et al. 2020) or 3: 1 (Deferne and David 1996;Rupasinghe et al. 2020). In addition, the presence of omega 9 fatty acids and the rare gamma-linolenic acid, GLA, make hemp seeds undoubtedly fibrous and extremely healthy and nutritious. ...
... Hemp nuts consumed whole or ground, as well as the oil pressed from them, provide EFAs that must be supplied to the human body from the outside, as we cannot synthesize them ourselves (Deferne and David 1996). Polyunsaturated fatty acids stimulate the immune system. ...
... For thousands of years, hemp nuts have served as food for many animal species such as birds, including poultry (methionine beneficial to birds), fish and young mammals (Deferne and David 1996;Rodriguez-Leyva and Pierce 2010). By using hemp nuts-based feeds, poultry farmers can achieve maximum weight gain naturally, without chemical growth promoters. ...
The fibrous hemp Cannabis sativa L. called also: industrial hemp and cannabis, is a plant widespread all over the world, grown mainly for its fiber, used for various purposes. Hemp fruits (also known as seeds or nuts) are mainly used to produce of oil for food, cosmetic and as bird feed. The nuts contain about 30–35% of oil with 80 to 90% of essential fatty acids (EFA), of which 55–56% is linoleic acid (LA) from the omega-6 group and 22–25% α-linolenic acid (ALA) from the omega-3 group, as well as amino acids, participating in the formation of albumin and globulin (edestin), vitamins, and minerals. The article describes in detail: the nutritional value of hemp nuts, the possibilities for the use of hemp nuts, discussion about the cannabinoid content of fibrous hemp nuts, and legislative issues concerning the cultivation of industrial hemp. The paper reviews the literature on the most important nutritional properties of the seeds and products made from the processing of hemp seeds, making it a very versatile raw material used among others in the food industry.
... Hemp seed contained many micronutrients (Callaway, 2004, Vonapartis et al., 2015 like protein (Callaway, 2004, Vonapartis et al., 2015, Deferne and Pate, 1996, House et al., 2010, Silversides and Lefrancois, 2005, albumin (Vonapartis et al., 2015, Callaway, 2004, Matth€ aus and Br€ uhl, 2008, Tang et al., 2006, abundant lipids (Vonapartis et al., 2015, Deferne and Pate, 1996, House et al., 2010, Silversides and Lefrancois, 2005, linoleic acid (LA; omega-6) and alpha-linolenic acid (ALA; omega-3) (Vonapartis et al., 2015, Tang et al., 2006, Ditr oi et al., 2013, Schultz et al., 2020, and also carbohydrates (20-30%) (Callaway, 2004, Deferne andPate, 1996) and fibre (Vonapartis et al., 2015, House et al., 2010, Silversides and Lefrancois, 2005. Moreover, there are more than 500 biochemistry active compounds in the hemp (Atapattu and Johnson, 2020, Knutson, 2020, Rashid et al., 2021. ...
... Hemp seed contained many micronutrients (Callaway, 2004, Vonapartis et al., 2015 like protein (Callaway, 2004, Vonapartis et al., 2015, Deferne and Pate, 1996, House et al., 2010, Silversides and Lefrancois, 2005, albumin (Vonapartis et al., 2015, Callaway, 2004, Matth€ aus and Br€ uhl, 2008, Tang et al., 2006, abundant lipids (Vonapartis et al., 2015, Deferne and Pate, 1996, House et al., 2010, Silversides and Lefrancois, 2005, linoleic acid (LA; omega-6) and alpha-linolenic acid (ALA; omega-3) (Vonapartis et al., 2015, Tang et al., 2006, Ditr oi et al., 2013, Schultz et al., 2020, and also carbohydrates (20-30%) (Callaway, 2004, Deferne andPate, 1996) and fibre (Vonapartis et al., 2015, House et al., 2010, Silversides and Lefrancois, 2005. Moreover, there are more than 500 biochemistry active compounds in the hemp (Atapattu and Johnson, 2020, Knutson, 2020, Rashid et al., 2021. ...
... Hemp seed contained many micronutrients (Callaway, 2004, Vonapartis et al., 2015 like protein (Callaway, 2004, Vonapartis et al., 2015, Deferne and Pate, 1996, House et al., 2010, Silversides and Lefrancois, 2005, albumin (Vonapartis et al., 2015, Callaway, 2004, Matth€ aus and Br€ uhl, 2008, Tang et al., 2006, abundant lipids (Vonapartis et al., 2015, Deferne and Pate, 1996, House et al., 2010, Silversides and Lefrancois, 2005, linoleic acid (LA; omega-6) and alpha-linolenic acid (ALA; omega-3) (Vonapartis et al., 2015, Tang et al., 2006, Ditr oi et al., 2013, Schultz et al., 2020, and also carbohydrates (20-30%) (Callaway, 2004, Deferne andPate, 1996) and fibre (Vonapartis et al., 2015, House et al., 2010, Silversides and Lefrancois, 2005. Moreover, there are more than 500 biochemistry active compounds in the hemp (Atapattu and Johnson, 2020, Knutson, 2020, Rashid et al., 2021. ...
Edible hemp products or superfood refers to Cannabis sativa or industrial hemp. In general, hemp is a rich source of functional metabolites, such as tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cannabidiol (CBD), and other cannabinoids. Hemp has been widely used in food products, such as bread, cookies, meatballs, energy bars, cooking oil, snacks, and crackers. Hemp has been used for development of cosmetics and supplements. However, the use of hemp is far below its potential because of major challenges such as non‐cost‐effective extraction and isolation, stability and toxicity of the extracts, and legislation related to the use of the extracts. This narrative review comprehensively analyses major phytochemicals in hemp and hemp extracts, and also discusses the most common challenges in applications of hemp‐derived phytochemicals and hemp extracts in food and pharmaceutical products like stability, toxicity, legal limitations, isolation/extraction and purification. In addition, this review outlines current applications of hemp extracts and proposes future trends for utilising hemp phytochemicals and extracts in food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical products to increase applications of hemp extracts and their phytochemicals for health benefits.
... Report also shows that oleic acid (C18:1), a mono-unsaturated omega 9 fatty acid makes up 55% to 83% olive oil (Oliveoilsource, 1998). Deferne and Pate [9] found olive oil to contain saturated stearic 16%, oleic acid 76% and monounsaturated linoleic 8%. ...
... Deferne and Pate [9] find olive oil contains saturated stearic 16%, oleic acid 76% and mono-unsaturated linoleic 8%. Report also shows that oleic acid (C18:1), a mono-unsaturated omega 9 fatty acid makes up 55 to 83% olive oil (www.oliveoilsource.com). ...
Fatty acids are the major components of lipids; and the physical, chemical and physiological properties of a lipid class depend primarily on its fatty acid composition. Gas chromatography method can be used for the identification of microbiological degraded fatty acids in vegetable oils as methyl ester. The use of GC for FAME Quantification determination with flame ionization detectors has been effectively used for some time. It is highly sensitive, high accuracy and high reproducibility. It has advantages over Mass Spectrometry (MS) when analyzing n-6 and n-3 fatty acid metabolism as it is able to distinguish between structurally similar fatty acids as it uses retention time for labeling as opposed to atomic mass. MS is able to identify fatty acids within a sample but unable to distinguish double bond positions in stereoisomers and therefore unable to tell certain fatty acids apart. Although GC/MS and other technical methods have been developed to quantitate C8-C26 chain-length FAs, the GC analysis of FAs with FID remains the most frequently used method (Jumat et al., 2006). This study monitored the breakdown of olive oil by the lipase of Candida parapsilosis which was grown in two different mineral salt medium, one consisting of (g/L) of KH 2 PO 4 , 7.584; K 2 HPO 4-, 0.80; MgSO 4 .7H 2 O, 0.80; CaCl 2 , 0.16; (NH 4)2NO 3 , 0.80; FeSO 4 ¬, 0.16; and olive oil 2%, PH maintained at 7.0. The second one is also a modification of the first medium consisting (g/L) of KH 2 PO 4 , 7.584; K 2 ¬ HPO 4 ¬ , 0.80; MnSO 4 .4H 2 O,0.80; NaCl, 0.16; (NH 4)2NO 3 , 0.80; Fe 2 (SO 4) 3 , 0.08; and olive oil, 2%, pH maintained at 7.0 was studied over 25 days. The fatty acid profiles of the oils and methyl esters were determined by chromatography analyzer. The olive oil was analyzed for the fatty acids commonly present in it which are Myristic, Palmitic, Stearic, Oleic, Linoleic, Linolenic, Behenic and Lignoceric, having specific carbon number and their values in approximate percentage C14:0 (0.4), C16:0 (14.0), C18:0 (5.5), C18:1 (76.4), C18:2 (3.4), C18:3 (0.1), C22:0 (0.1) and C24:0 (0.1) respectively. Of all the fatty acid, oleic acid percentage is high in olive oil containing considerable amount of 76.4%. The lipase of Candida parapsilosis reduced the fatty acid by 6.7% after 20 days in the media used. Hence the lipase from Candida parapsilosis had potential for degradation of fatty waste, a potential microbial isolate to be used for bioremediation processes.
... Other authors reported similar contents (from 27.1 g to 39.7 g) of this fatty acid in hemp oil (Budin et al., 1995;Zubr, 1997;Eidhin et al., 2003b;Zubr, 2003;Abramovic and Abram, 2005). The content of ALA in hemp oil shown by literature data is in the range of 15-25 g (Calloway and Laakkonen, 1996;Deferne and Pate, 1996;Matthäus et al., 2006), which is similar to that determined in this study. Nevertheless, it should be noted that the high content of ALA fatty acid is responsible for the susceptibility of the oil to oxidative rancidification (Ghafoor et al, 2017). ...
Oilseeds play a key role in the nutrition of monogastric animals. The aim of the study was to analyze the basic chemical composition of various seeds: canola ( Brassica napus L. var. napus ), camelina ( Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz), hemp ( Cannabis sativa L.), soybean ( Glycine max (L.) Merr.), nettle ( Urtica dioica L. ), grape ( Vitis vinifera L.), sunflower ( Helianthus annuus L.), and wheat germ ( Triticum aestivum L.) and determine the fatty acid profile of oils extracted from these seeds. The nettle seeds had the highest crude ash content (12.96 g·100 g ⁻¹ dry matter, P=0.014). The soybean seeds were characterized by the highest crude protein content (38.02 g·100 g ⁻¹ dry matter, P=0.021). The sunflower seeds contained the highest ether extract content (53.1 g·100 g ⁻¹ dry matter, P=0.019) and the lowest crude fiber levels (2.23 g·100 g ⁻¹ dry matter, P=0.031). In terms of the fatty acid profile, the wheat germ oil had the highest level (P=0.023) of saturated fatty acids (SFAs). whereas the grape and hemp oils had the highest level (P=0.032) of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), with predominance of linoleic acid, i.e. 71.3 and 64.2 g·100 g ⁻¹ ether extract, respectively (P=0.004). The camelina oil exhibited the highest amount of α-linolenic acid from the PUFA family (33.9 g·100 g ⁻¹ ether extract, P<0.001). The most favorable values of the atherogenic (P=0.009) and thrombogenic (P<0.001) indices were determined for the camelina, sunflower, and hemp oils. The analyzed seeds and oils used as feed material constitute an important source of linoleic and α-linolenic fatty acids, protein, and energy, partially or completely meeting the demand for these nutrients in the diets for monogastric animals. Continued research on the use of the analyzed seeds and oils in animal nutrition to increase production efficiency and support animal health may lead to their wider use in the husbandry sector.
... Research shows that 2-3 tablespoons of hemp seeds can supply approximately 11 g of protein [90]. Other studies suggest that hemp seeds contain 20-25% proteins of biological value equivalent to a hen's egg [75], 25-35% lipids, 20-30% carbohydrates and 10-15% insoluble fibres and minerals such as phosphorus, potassium, sodium, magnesium, sulfur, calcium, iron and zinc [17,25]. They also contain essential amino acids such as methionine, lysine and cysteine [29]. ...
Background
The growing demand for eco-friendly food and industrial products have renewed interest in industrial hemp which is a low-cost, biodegradable, sustainable, and multi-purpose plant. Many countries in Europe and Asia have changed their laws to take advantage of the tremendous benefits that industrial hemp present. However, the development of the sector in Scotland is very slow due to stringent laws. The goal of the present study is to present policymakers with economic data on the current and potential market opportunities for industrial hemp, trends in new product development, and the state of the hemp supply chain. This study entails desk-based research primary and secondary data analysis. Primary data were collected from farmers in Aberdeenshire and Scottish borders, and secondary data were collected from the FAOSTATS Office of National Statistics and the Global New Product Database.
Results
The results of this study show that the opportunities from hemp seed and fibre are vast: hemp can sequester more carbon dioxide than traditional crops can, improve soil biodiversity, extract toxins from soil through phytoremediation, be used as an eco-friendly insecticide and pesticide, and provide an excellent source of protein, fibre and micronutrient vitamins and minerals, as well as a range of bioactive phytochemicals. The GNPD reveals that over 4000 hemp-based products have been launched worldwide. However, the supply chain for Scottish-grown hemp faces significant bottlenecks. The sector lacks a well-established market route, faces a high licensing costs, lacks hemp seed-pressing centres, etc.
Conclusion
This study is relevant because it is the first study to provide a comprehensive analysis of the industrial hemp sector in Scotland. This study makes time-bound recommendations to grow the hemp sector in Scotland, which include regular extension services, easy access to licences for production, the establishment of a hempseed and fibre processing plants, and seed production centre.
... Kenevir tohumu, insan vücudunun oluşumunu gerçekleştiremediği ve dışardan besinlerle alınması gerekli olan dokuz temel aminoasidi içerisinde barındırmaktadır. Kenevir tohumunun kalp sağlığı açısından oldukça faydalı olduğu ve arginin aminoasidi içerdiği bilinmektedir (Deferne & Pate, 1996). Kenevir tohumu tüketiminin zengin besin içeriğine sahip olması nedeniyle kabızlık, kolesterol yüksekliği ve dermatolojik hastalıklara faydalı olduğu bilinmektedir (Yan vd., 2015). ...
Anahtar Kelimeler Endüstriyel kenevir Gastronomik ürün Ürün geliştirme Kırsal kalkınma Öz Bu çalışmada ekim izni bulunan Zonguldak'ta endüstriyel kenevirin yağı, unu, kenevir kalbi ve tohumu kullanılarak sosyo-ekonomik ve kültürel gelişmeye katkı sağlayacak gastronomik ürünler geliştirmek ve çeşitlendirmek, çeşitlendirilen ürünlerin tüketiciler arasında beğeni düzeylerini ortaya çıkarmak amaçlanmıştır. Araştırma kapsamında, endüstriyel kenevirden farklı tüketim alanları için 10 çeşit gastronomik ürün geliştirilmiştir. Geliştirilen gastronomik ürünlerin beğeni düzeylerini ortaya koymak için deneysel analiz yöntemine başvurularak eğitim almış olan 40 kişilik panelist grup tarafından duyusal analizler gerçekleştirilmiştir. Elde edilen duyusal veriler SPSS 22.0 programında analiz edilerek, geliştirilen gastronomik ürünlerin beğeni düzeyi ortalamaları ve beğeni yüzde frekansları saptanmıştır. Sonuç olarak panelistler tarafından en çok beğenilen ilk üç gastronomik ürün sırasıyla; kenevir vinaigrette soslu domatesli kenevir bruschetta, kenevir kalpli fırınlanmış helva ve kenevir kalpli çikolata olmuştur. Bu sonuçlar, endüstriyel kenevirin gıda sektöründe inovatif ve katma değerli ürünler geliştirmek için önemli bir kaynak olduğunu göstermektedir. Elde edilen sonuçlar neticesinde endüstriyel kenevirin besleyici özellikleri ve çok yönlü kullanım olanakları hem tüketici taleplerini karşılama hem de kırsal kalkınmayı destekleme potansiyeline sahip olduğunu göstermektedir. Keywords Abstract Industrial hemp Gastronomic product Product development Rural development Makalenin Türü Araştırma Makalesi This study aims to develop and diversify gastronomic products that will contribute to socioeconomic and cultural development in Zonguldak, where hemp cultivation is permitted, using industrial hemp oil, flour, hemp hearts, and seeds. Additionally, the study aims to reveal the level of appreciation among consumers for these diversified products. Within the scope of the research, 10 types of gastronomic products were developed from industrial hemp for different consumption areas. In order to reveal the appreciation levels of the developed gastronomic products, sensory analyses were carried out by a group of 40 panelists who were trained by applying the experimental analysis method. The sensory data obtained were analyzed in the SPSS 22.0 program and the appreciation level averages and appreciation percentage frequencies of the developed gastronomic products were determined. As a result, the first three gastronomic products that were liked the most by the panelists were; tomato bruschetta with hemp vinaigrette sauce, baked halva with hemp hearts and chocolate with hemp hearts. The results indicate that industrial hemp, with its nutritional properties and diverse applications, has the potential to both meet consumer demands and support rural development.
... Similar to the present one, previous studies indicate that hemp flour is rich in fiber, protein, fat, ash, antioxidants and phenolic substances and mineral substances (Andre, Hausman, & Guerriero, 2016;Gambuś et al., 2020;Liliana, Livia, & Laura, 2018;Rusu et al., 2021;Teleszko, Zając, & Rusak, 2022). Hemp seed oil contains a high percentage (70-80%) of unsaturated fat, of which up to 70% is composed of linoleic (essential) fatty acids (Deferne & Pate, 1996;Russo & Reggiani, 2013). Hemp seed protein has a nutritionally relevant amino acid content. ...
In the present research, the use of hemp flour in gluten-free cake production for celiac patients was investigated. Samples were produced by adding hemp flour at varying ratios (25%, 50%, 75%, 100%) to the gluten-free flour mixture, and physical, chemical, and sensorial analyses were performed. The addition of hemp flour to the formulation resulted in a variation in ash content ranging from 3.50% to 7.08%, while the fat content varied between 22.64% and 37.04%. The dietary fiber content increased by 5.00% to 9.55%, and the protein content increased by 9.96% to 17.89%. Furthermore, the total phenolic content increased to 188.30 mg GAE/g, and the antioxidant content showed an increase ranging from 49.92% to 82.16%. Whereas the nutritional value of gluten-free cake samples increased with the use of hemp flour, adding over 50% to the formulation resulted in adverse effects on physical and sensorial properties. As a result of the research, it was concluded that hemp flour is usable in gluten-free cake samples in terms of increasing the nutritional value and obtaining a new product, but it should not be used at a rate of over 50%.
... Hemp seed oil is being used for food and medicinal purposes. The presence of essential fatty acids is found to show health improvement (Deferne & Pate, 1996;Kriese, Schumann et al., 2004). A study by Mikulcová et al. (2017) investigated on the formulation, characterization and antibacterial properties of hemp seed oil and its emulsions. ...
Hemp seeds are gaining increasing attention in the realm of research due to their multifaceted nutritional and pharmaceutical properties. Notably, these seeds offer a rich source of protein, carbohydrates, polyunsaturated fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals, making them a valuable addition to one’s diet therefore, growing interest
among researchers globally. A comprehensive literature review was conducted on the prominent databases Scopus, Elsevier, and PubMed using the keywords "Hempseed," "Phytochemistry," "Nutraceuticals," and their food and feed applications. Studies suggest that these compounds exhibit therapeutic potential against conditions such as epilepsy, certain neurological disorders (Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s diseases), and cardiovascular issues. Additionally, hemp seeds possess other notable properties, such as anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory effects. They are also used as a dietary supplement to alleviate headaches, insomnia, high cholesterol levels, and premenstrual syndrome symptoms in women. Hempseed oil, powder, and flour are utilized to enhance the phenolic activity and antioxidant properties of food products. Additionally, hempseed cake, generated after cold pressing, boasts a high protein concentration, making it a valuable feed for ruminants. However, further research and clinical trials are necessary to fully understand and harness the potential of hemp seeds for functional foods and nutraceutical applications.
... The myriad of reported benefits attributed to omega-3 PUFA include anticancer, antiinflammatory and anti-thrombotic properties. Additionally, dietary omega-3 PUFA aids in increasing general metabolic rates and promoting the burning of fat (Deferne & Pate, 1996;Erasmus, 1999). Samples of non-dairy creamer were packed in closed polypropylene plastic bags for physical and chemical quality analysis in a laboratory setting. ...
A study was conducted to develop non‐dairy creamer production with a modified fatty acid profile having high levels of omega‐3 and 6, by using raw materials collected from the Republic Foods industrial non‐dairy creamer plant. The non‐dairy creamer formulation aimed to maintain a balanced 1:1:1 ratio of polyunsaturated, monounsaturated and saturated fatty acids. The ingredients used included palm olein, stearin, RBD palm oil, rice bran oil, soybean oil, coconut oil and palm kernel oil. The mixture proportions tested were determined using Design Expert software, for in total 20 different formulations. From these, six formulations were selected based on their fatty acid profiles, which closely approximated the desired 1:1:1 ratio of polyunsaturated, monounsaturated and saturated fatty acids. To complement the physicochemical results, a quality control and research officer from Republic Foods industrial conducted a comprehensive evaluation of various properties of the non‐dairy cream samples intended for use in coffee. It is noteworthy that formulation number 20 received the highest scores across all tested properties. This formulation had 50.53% palm olein, 1.00% stearin, 1.00% RBD palm oil, 1.00% rice bran oil, 44.47% soybean oil, 1.00% coconut oil and 1.00% palm kernel oil. This combination results in a fatty acid ratio of 1:1:0.8 (PUFA:MUFA:SFA) at the least production cost. The developed non‐dairy creamer exhibited the highest total energy content, namely 519 kilocalories/100 g, when compared with commercial brands. However, after a storage period of 90 days, the peroxide value reached 6.18 ± 0.22 mEq kg⁻¹ of fat, which is below the FDA standard limit of 10.0 mEq kg⁻¹ fat. This trend in peroxide value increase over the 90‐day storage period aligns with the behaviour of TBA, which also showed an upward trend during storage.
... In addition to the annual necessity of providing sowing seed for hemp fiber and seed production, hemp seeds were pressed to express their oil in much the same way as flax, and used for cooking as well as lubrication, waterproofing cloth, and as lamp fuel. Nutritious hemp seeds rich in protein as well as omega-3 and omega-6 essential fatty acids (19) were traditionally eaten raw and roasted, used in porridge and often baked into breads that Turkish people recall made them feel relaxed and drowsy. Roasted hemp seeds (çedene) are used as an ingredient in sweet halva desserts served at ceremonial occasions (11) . ...
Cannabis sativa L. has been grown in Anatolia since ancient times and commercial cultivation persists on a limited scale today. Valued for its durable fiber and nutritious seed, hemp was an important subsistence crop in many rural households. Throughout the Ottoman Empire hemp cordage, fabrics and oakum were maritime necessities and internationally traded commodities. During the twentieth century commercial hemp fiber and seed production levels fluctuated due to regulatory and market forces, eventually leading to a steady decline commencing in the 1980s. Hemp production in Turkey only survives today in specialized market settings, although recently production has increased. Historical data largely gleaned from Turkish language sources is presented along with personal communications and field observations.
... Furthermore, significant are the moderate to high concentrations of tocopherols and tocotrienols, phytosterols, phospholipids, carotenes, and minerals found in hemp seed oil (6). Hemp seed oil is nutritionally better than similar seed oils since it contains gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) (7). In this study, hemp oil was microencapsulated in gelatin and gum Arabic polymers in an experimental set formed with the help of RSM. ...
In this study, hemp oil was microencapsulated with gelatin (GE) and gum arabic (GA) polymers by complex coacervation method. The effects of three parameters (stirring speed 1000.0–1500.0 rpm, temperature 50–60 °C, surfactant concentration 0.3–0.7 w/v%) selected in the response surface methodology (RSM) on the encapsulation efficiency were investigated. The obtained results were maximized by multiple response prediction, and the release characteristics were investigated in n-hexane at different times (1 min, 3 min, 5 min, 7 min, 10 min, 30 min, 60 min, 120 min, 240 min, 360 min, 720 min, 1440 min, 2160 min, 2880 min). When the release results were examined, it was observed that the microcapsules started with a rapid release, and the release value remained constant as time progressed. Obtained microcapsules were examined under optical microscope and scanning electron microscope (SEM) devices under special conditions. The microcapsules were observed to be smooth and round in shape under the optical microscope.
... Currently, GF bakery products deliver lower protein, fiber and mineral content and elevated glycaemic index (GI) than glutencontaining foods (Stantiall and Serventi, 2018;USDA, 2020), hence the role of the fortification with the inclusion of non-cereal plant ingredients appear to be of primary importance (Montemurro et al., 2021). With contents of approximately 20-25 % protein and 10-15 % fiber (Deferne and Pate, 1996), hemp seed flour is valued primarily for its nutritional properties as well as for the health benefits associated with it. Moreover, the protein digestibility-corrected amino acid score value for hemp proteins is positioned in the same range as the major pulse protein sources (e.g., beans, lentils), and above cereal products, including whole Table 4 Nutritional characterization of bread made using 15 % of chestnut and chestnut: hemp (70:30 w/w) type II sourdough fermented with Leuconostoc mesenteroides 12MM1 (B-12MM1), Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides DSM20193 (B-DSM20193), and Weissella cibaria P9 (B-P9) and unfermented dough (B-CT). ...
The nutritional quality of gluten-free (GF) products is usually improved by using flours derived from alternative grains (e.g., pseudocereals and legumes), additives and hydrolysates, leading to long ingredient lists in the labels, that conflict with current customer expectations. In this work, chestnut, carob, and hemp flours were used as mixed ingredients for making a gluten-free type-II sourdough. Three exopolysaccharides-producer lactic acid bacteria, belonging to Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Weissella cibaria, and Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides, were used, and the fermentation processes (6 log10 cfu/g, 25 °C, 16 h) optimize to maximize the EPS synthesis (15.70 ± 2.1 mg/kg). The chestnut-hemp (70:30) type-II sourdough was included in a rice/corn gluten-free bread recipe also containing psyllium flour as structuring agent. Although the fortification with unfermented flours already led the achievement of 6 g/100 g of fiber (high fiber, Regulation EC n. 1924/2006) and content of magnesium higher than the daily reference intakes, the use of type-II sourdoughs led to a further structural, sensory, and nutritional improvements (e.g., decreasing the main anti-nutritional factor phytic acid). This work demonstrated that the use of ad-hoc selected ingredients and optimized protocol can be used to produce a GF and "clean label" bread with optimal nutritional features and appreciable sensory and structural properties.
... Hemp (Cannabis Sativa L.) is an annual crop cultivated mainly for its use as medicinal, food, oil, and fiber sources. Hempseeds contain about 30% protein, 30% oil, and 25% fiber (Deferne & Pate, 1996). The protein fraction contains all the essential amino acids (Aluko, 2017). ...
Hemp (Cannabis Sativa L.) is an annual crop cultivated mainly for its use as medicinal, food, oil, and fiber sources. Hempseeds contain about 30% protein, 30% oil, and 25% fiber. The objective of this study is to obtain a high protein concentrate with controlled use of mechanochemical process such as ball milling in combination with extraction pH. Use of ball milling reduced the particle size and broke open the plant cell wall, which was previously reported to increase the yield, solubility, foaming capacity, and hydrophobicity. In our study, the defatted hempseeds were ball milled, and the protein was extracted at pH 8, 9, and 10 followed by isoelectric point precipitation at pH 4.5. The extraction pH and ball milling introduced a significant change in yield and protein functional properties such as surface activity, solubility, hydrophobicity, zeta potential, droplet size, emulsion stability, water holding capacity, and oil holding capacity. According to the surface activity results, the amount of amphiphilic protein decreased with increasing extraction pH. The results indicated that ball milling significantly improved the solubility of proteins extracted at pH 8. As the extraction pH increased, the water holding capacity was increased due to reduced particle size and higher solubility. This study shows that adjustment of extraction parameters can increase the yield and optimize functionality by using ball milling. Depending on the designated use of hemp seed protein, the extraction process can be designed to target the most profitable functional properties.
... Furthermore, it contains biological compounds of two essential fatty acids, stearidonic acid and gamma-linolenic acid. Hempseed oil's health benefits are linked to the high content of phytosterols and the high percentage of unsaturated fats (about 80%) in its fatty acid profile [122]. ...
Currently, there are increased interests in growing grain and fiber hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) as well as in large-scale hemp products. Cannabis has been grown/utilized for thousands of years as a fiber, grain, and drug/medicinal plant. However, the strict control of cannabis cultivation to combat illegal use, the spread of new yarns and oilseeds, and the advent of cheap synthetic fibers caused a decreased/eliminated hemp production. Hemp has been banned in most of the world for more than seven decades; it missed out on the Green Revolution and the adoption of new technologies and varieties, creating a knowledge gap. After the 2014 and 2018 Farm Bill in the USA, hemp became legal and the land grand universities launched research programs. The ability to utilize the entire plant for multiple purposes creates opportunity for the market to value hemp products. Hemp production technology varies depending on the type of hemp cultivated (grain, fiber, or cannabinoids), soil characteristics, and environmental factors. Hemp has the potential to be a very sustainable and ecologically benign crop. Hemp roots have a significant potential for absorbing and storing heavy metals such as lead, nickel, cadmium, and other harmful substances. In addition, hemp has been proven to be an excellent carbon trap and biofuel crop. Hemp has the ability to successfully suppress weeds, and it is generally regarded a pesticide-free crop. The purpose of this paper is to examine historic and recent industrial hemp (grain and fiber) literature, with a focus on hemp agronomy and utilization.
... The composition in hemp seeds of fatty acids, polyphenols, phytosterols, proteins and fibers, and precisely the presence of insoluble fibers in addition to a wide variety of minerals represented by phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, sulfur and calcium, as well as modest amounts of iron and zinc (an important enzyme cofactor for immunity and food absorption), widely justifies its biological proprieties and importance for human nutrition [106,107]. ...
For more than a century, Cannabis was considered a narcotic and has been banned by lawmakers all over the world. In recent years, interest in this plant has increased due to its therapeutic potential, in addition to a very interesting chemical composition, characterized by the presence of an atypical family of molecules known as phytocannabinoids. With this emerging interest, it is very important to take stock of what research has been conducted so far on the chemistry and biology of Cannabis sativa. The aim of this review is to describe the traditional uses, chemical composition and biological activities of different parts of this plant, as well as the molecular docking studies. Information was collected from electronic databases, namely SciFinder, ScienceDirect, PubMed and Web of Science. Cannabis is mainly popular for its recreational use, but it is also traditionally used as remedy for the treatment of several diseases, including diabetes, digestive, circulatory, genital, nervous, urinary, skin and respiratory diseases. These biological proprieties are mainly due to the presence of bioactive metabolites represented by more than 550 different molecules. Molecular docking simulations proved the presence of affinities between Cannabis compounds and several enzymes responsible for anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antiepileptic and anticancer activities. Several biological activities have been evaluated on the metabolites of Cannabis sativa, and these works have shown the presence of antioxidant, antibacterial, anticoagulant, antifungal, anti-aflatoxigenic, insecticidal, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, neuroprotective and dermocosmetic activities. This paper presents the up-to-date reported investigations and opens many reflections and further research perspectives.
... Hemp seed has been a good source of nutrients with its polyunsaturated fatty acids content, it has been consumed as oil and food and has been a good source of feed for birds and fish (Anwar et al., 2006). Hemp oil is used in light body oils, lipid-enriched creams, moisturizers, personal care products such as shampoos and lip balms because of the polyunsaturated fatty acids and g-linolenic acid it contains (Oomah et al., 2002;Deferne and Pate, 1996;. Stems began to be preferred in body and parts of animal litter, construction materials and automotive sector (Aytaç et al., 2017;Eren, 2018). ...
... This is why C. sativa oil is a better source of polyunsaturated fats (PUFAs) than olive oil. It has the right amount of both types of fats (Deferne and Pate, 1996). Cannabis sativa seed oil has a pleasant taste and a perfect and balanced ratio of omega 3 and omega 6 fatty acids, which are called polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) (Fischedick et al., 2010). ...
... The ratio of unsaturated fatty acids Omega-3 and Omega-6 in hemp oil is the ideal ratio for the human body (3:1). It is balanced for human health and meets the recommendations of the World Health Organization [5][6][7]. ...
For the time being, the use of cannabis for medical purposes is more and more relevant. A review of literary sources shows that Ukrainian varieties of hemp are insufficiently studied. Therefore, the variety "Glesia" was chosen for the study, as it is the most promising Ukrainian variety. Fatty oil from hemp seeds is the leading pharmaceutical and food product produced from this raw material in Ukraine. During its production, the pomace remains, which is used for feeding animals. At the same time, it still contains many other BAS and can be a valuable raw material for creating pharmaceutical products. Therefore, developing technologies for the complex processing of this raw material is an urgent task of modern pharmaceutical science. The aim of this work was a phytochemical study of biologically active substances of hemp seeds, hemp seed oil and hemp pomace in order to develop the new phytoremedies. Materials and methods. Non-narcotic hemp seeds of the "Glesia" variety, hemp seed oil and hemp pomace were the objects of research. The elemental analysis was made using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry - iCAP 7000 Duo; the study of amino acids was made using ion exchange chromatography; the study of fatty acids was made using gas-liquid chromatography. In addition, the content of vitamin E (α-, β- and γ-tocopherols) was studied using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV detection; the content of protein was studied using A.I. Ermakov method in O.O. Sozinov and F.O. Poperelia modification. Research results. The analysis of the qualitative characteristics of the obtained fatty oils shows that all indicators met the requirements of the State Standard of Ukraine. For the first time, the transition of macro- and microelements from hemp seeds of the "Glesia" variety into fatty oil was determined, and their residue in the pomace was established. The content of 16 amino acids was determined. The content of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in oil samples was established. The content of α- β- γ-tocopherol in hemp seeds, hemp oil and hemp pomace was investigated using GC / MS. It was found that the protein content in the pomace was in the range of 32.8 – 34.6 %. Conclusions. We conducted a complex study of biologically active substances of non-narcotic hemp seeds of the "Glesia" variety that was harvested in 2019 and 2020, the hemp oil and hemp pomace. It was established that the content of macro- and microelements in the studied raw material of Cannabis sativa L. corresponds to the following order: Ca> Mg> Si> Fe> Al> Mn> Zn> Sr> B> Cu> Ba> Cr and Ni> Se> Co> Mo> Cd> Be> I> Pb. The content of 16 amino acids was determined. Of them, 7 amino acids are essential (leucine, valine, threonine, lysine, methionine, isoleucine, phenylalanine), 2 amino acids are essential for children (histidine and arginine), and 7 amino acids are replaceable (alanine, tyrosine, proline, glycine, glutamic and aspartic acids). It was found that the main fatty acids of all samples were linoleic, oleic and linolenic. The content of α- and γ-tocopherol predominated in the studied samples. Hemp seeds of the "Glesia" variety and hemp pomace contain protein. The protein content in the pomace ranged from 32.8 to 34.6 %
... Hemp is a valuable addition to food [112]. Several applications of hemp in food, beverage and feed are shown in Table 5. Hemp seeds are a source of plant-based protein containing methionine, lysine and cysteine containing 20-25% protein, 25-35% lipids, 20-30% carbohydrates, 10-15% insoluble fibers, vitamins D and E and minerals such as phosphorus, potassium, sodium, magnesium, sulfur, calcium, iron and zinc [8,[113][114][115][116][117]. Hemp flour increased the antioxidant properties of bread, with a darker color in bread products compared to the control ( Figure 5) [113], and is also used to make gluten-free bread [118]. ...
Hemp (Cannabis sativa Linn) is a high-yielding annual crop farmed for its stalk fiber and oil-producing seeds. This specialized crop is currently experiencing a revival in production. Hemp fiber contains pectin, hemicellulose and lignin with superior strength, while hemp seed oil contains unsaturated triglycerides with well-established nutritional and physiological properties. Therefore, focus on the utilization of hemp in various industries is increasing globally. This study reviewed recent applications of hemp components, including fiber and extract, in food, textile and packaging applications. Hemp fibers mainly consisting of cellulose derivatives have superior strength to be used as reinforcements in thermoplastic packaging and paper. Combined physical and chemical modifications of hemp fibers improved mechanical and barrier properties of composite materials. Physically and chemically processed hemp extracts have been used in food and non-food applications. Functional foods containing hemp oils deliver nutrients by their unsaturated lipids. High-quality hemp fiber with several fiber modifications has been applied in garments. Innovative applications of hemp components and by-products are increasing, thereby facilitating utilization of green sustainable biomaterials.
... There are also hemp seed-derived food products such as protein powder, flour, and butter, which have been derived due to their high protein content of approximately 25% [125,138]. Improved nutritional values and sensory acceptability have been demonstrated in the development of food products such as ready-to-eat snack, energy bar, and gluten-free bread supplemented with defatted hemp cake, hemp flour, and hemp protein concentrate [139][140][141]. ...
Plants represent a significant part of the human diet. Humans have utilized every part of plants for survival, and seeds are no exception. Seeds offer high protein, unsaturated fats, fibre, essential vitamins, and minerals for various food applications. They are also a promising reservoir of bioactive compounds, where various phytochemicals, such as polyphenolic compounds, capable of maintaining and improving well-being, are present in abundant quantities. Plants from Malvaceae and Cannabaceae families are known for their fibre-rich stems that benefit humankind by serving numerous purposes. For many centuries they have been exploited extensively for various commercial and industrial uses. Their seeds, which are often regarded as a by-product of fibre processing, have been scientifically discovered to have an essential role in combating hypercholesterolemia, diabetes, cancer, and oxidative stress. Maximizing the use of these agricultural wastes can be a promising approach to creating a more sustainable world, in accordance with the concept of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
... Fresh hemp oil is green, as chlorophyll occurs naturally in mature seeds (Oomah et al., 2002), and its health benefits are associated with the predominance of unsaturated fatty acids in its fatty acid profile (B80%) and a high content of phytosterols, as pointed out by Deferne and Pate (1996). Hemp oil has the highest proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids and the most complete and balanced essential fatty acid profile known in the plant kingdom (Lachenmeier & Walch, 2005). ...
With global warming and the economic crisis threatening agricultural production in the Mediterranean basin, there are new challenges and opportunities for renewing plant material. Industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) has great potential as a multifunctional crop for many different environments. Although hemp is a controlled and multifaceted crop, today, its production is amply undergoing resurgence. The European Union directives restricted its expansion; however, with the renewal in hemp interest and an increase in its cultivation, the hemp industry in Europe has increased in recent decades. This review addresses hemp as a sustainable high-yielding crop that is well adapted to most European conditions, with suitable environmental and agronomic benefits. Specifically, this multiuse crop is able to supply raw material to a large number of traditional and innovative industrial applications, which will be enhanced if the market shows a continuous increasing demand for it. That is, hemp cultivation is perceived as a promising option in terms of crop diversification; particularly in the Mediterranean semiarid region, its implementation remains limited, which reduces the progress of hemp value chains at a larger scale. We concluded that although more knowledge is needed regarding the agronomic practices for cultivating hemp, there is a large amount of evidence that in the coming years, the global market of products made from hemp could be significantly augmented. Thus, hemp can rebuild its reputation with huge opportunities as a promising raw material and a leading crop for sustainable agriculture.
... It contains around 80% polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and essential amino acids, especially arginine [5]. These polyunsaturated essential fatty acids, and easily digestible complete protein properties of hempseeds provide nutritional benefits to humans and animals [10]. It has an ideal omega 6 to omega 3 essential fatty acids ratio for optimal human health [5,11]. ...
Hempseed meal (HSM) is the byproduct of hemp seeds and is rich in crude protein and
fiber, making it an ideal candidate as a feedstuff for ruminants. The objective of the present study
is to evaluate the effects of feeding different levels of HSM on the carcass traits of crossbred Boer
goats. Forty castrated goat kids (approximately six months, 25.63 ± 0.33 kg) were assigned to one
of four treatments (n = 10) in a completely randomized design. Goats were fed pelleted diets (50%
forage and 50% concentrate) with additional supplementation of HSM: control with 0%, 10%, 20%,
and 30% of the total diets. Goats were harvested and processed after a 60-day feeding trial. There
were no significant differences (p > 0.05) in the mean values of dressing percentages, carcass weights,
body wall thickness, and ribeye area among treatments. Marbling scores and percentages of moisture,
fats, proteins, and collagen in the muscles showed no significant differences (p > 0.05) among the
treatments. Results suggest that including up to 30% of HSM in the diet of growing meat goats does
not affect their carcass traits.
... OBs are also responsible for protecting the lipids against degradation (Nikiforidis 2019). Some of these lipids are of high nutritional quality, e.g., lipids from microalgae and hemp seed OBs are rich in omega-3 fatty acids (Deferne and Pate 1996;Spolaore et al. 2006). In addition, OBs contain other lipid-soluble bioactive components, such as antioxidants and carotenoids, that may have beneficial effects on human health (da Silva and Jorge 2014). ...
Plants store triacylglycerols in the form of oil bodies (OBs) as an energy source for germination and subsequent seedling growth. The interfacial biomaterials from these OBs are called OB membrane materials (OBMMs) and have several applications in foods, e.g., as emulsifiers. OBMMs are preferred, compared with their synthetic counterparts, in food applications as emulsifiers because they are natural, i.e., suitable for clean label, and may stabilize bioactive components during storage. This review focuses mainly on the extraction technologies for plant OBMMs, the functionality of these materials, and the interaction of OB membranes with other food components. Different sources of OBs are evaluated and the challenges during the extraction and use of these OBMMs for food applications are addressed.
Relevance . In recent years, this crop, which is cultivated in order to obtain oil and fiber, is gradually gaining its abundance, increasing the acreage. In many agro-industrial enterprises, hemp is being introduced into crop rotations, and plants for its processing are being built. This culture plays a huge national economic importance and finds its application in various industries. One of the main elements of cannabis cultivation technology is the use of highly productive varieties.
Methodology . The laying of field experiments, related observations and records were carried out in accordance with existing methodological guidelines for conducting field and vegetation experiments with cannabis.
Results . The most optimal variety for the conditions of the Southern forest-steppe zone of the Republic of Bashkortostan is the Nadezhda variety. This variety is superior to the others (Vera and Omegadar-1) in terms of quality and quantity. For example, from the 2021–2022 studies on biomorphometric indicators, it follows that Nadezhda achieved the best indicators for: plant height (194.50 cm and 194.33 cm), technical stem length (160.60 cm and 162.45 cm), inflorescence length (33.90 cm and 31.88 cm), stem diameter (0.8–0.9 cm), the number of internodes (8–9 pcs.), the average length of internodes (12.5 cm and 19.87 cm). The weight of 1000 seeds was 17.01 g and 18.10 g, oil content — 32.89% and 33.72%, yield — 0.88 t/ha and 1.71 t/ha. The greatest results in 2022 are associated with agrometeorological conditions.
Background: Cannabis sativa var indica is the variety grown in the northern reliefs of Morocco, exclusively for resin and narcotics production. Despite the extensive research on the botany, phytochemistry,and pharmacology of Rif's cannabis, there is limited comparative research on the fruits and oils of different strains cultivated in the region. Objective: This study examined the biometric, germinative and physicochemical properties of three cannabis strains grown in the Western Rif region of Morocco.Materials and methods: three cannabis strains (Beldiya, Khardala and Critical) were characterized by their biometric parameters (weight, length and width), germinative and physicochemical properties. Results:The study revelated that there are notable differences in the biometric properties and germination ratesof the achenes of the strains studied. Additionally, significant variations were observed between the strains with regards to their oil yield, as well as the levels of polyphenols and flavonoids. The results also revealed a correlation between biometric parameters, germination rate and phytochemical content.
Conclusion: The oils of all strains studied were extra virgin, and the Beldiya strain's fruit oil was found to be particularly rich in polyphenols and flavonoids, making it a potentially useful ingredient in nutrition and health applications. Overall, this study provides useful information for researchers and growers interested
in the cultivation and use of cannabis fruits and oils in various industries.
Key words: Biometry, Cannabis strains, fruit, germination, oil, Rif.
Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) is a plant widely used by humans for textiles, food, and medicine. Thus, this study aimed to characterize the chemical profiling of 12 hemp seed extracts from Thai (HS-TH) and foreign (HS-FS) samples using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Their antibacterial activity and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity were assayed. Linoleic acid (17.63–86.53%) was a major component presented in Thai hemp seed extracts, while α,β-gluco-octonic acid lactone (30.39%), clionasterol (13.42–29.07%), and glyceryl-linoleate (15.12%) were detected as the main metabolites found in foreign hemp seed extracts. Furthermore, eight extracts from both Thai and foreign hemp seed exhibited antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, and Cutibacterium acnes, with MIC values ranging from 128 to 2048 µg/mL. Interestingly, the ethanol extract of Thai hemp seed (HS-TH-2-M-E) showed superior α-glucosidase inhibition (IC50 value of 33.27 ug/mL) over foreign species. The combination between Thai hemp species (HS-TH-2-M-E) and acarbose showed a synergistic effect against α-glucosidase. Furthermore, the docking investigation revealed that fatty acids had a greater impact on α-glucosidase than fatty acid esters and cannabinoids. The computational simulation predicts a potential allosteric binding pocket of guanosine on glucosidase and is the first description of gluco-octonic acid’s anti-glucosidase activity in silico. The findings concluded that Thai hemp seed could be used as a resource for supplemental drugs or dietary therapy for diabetes mellitus.
In this study, the production and optical characterization of ZnO films were carried out using ultrasonic chemical techniques. ZnO films were produced on glass substrates using three different solution sources. The effect of the solution source on the optical properties of the produced films was investigated. Some optical parameters such as optical band gap, Urbach energy, refractive index, and dielectric constants of ZnO films were calculated using different methods. The effects of both the methods used and the solution sources used on the optical parameters of ZnO films were investigated. It has been determined that different solution sources cause significant changes in the band structure, optical band gap, reflection, and transmittance values of the films. In addition, by examining the photoluminescence properties of ZnO films, some defects in the structure of the films and the transitions between these defects were determined. As a result, the optical analysis results of the use of different solution sources for the properties desired to be imparted to ZnO films according to the usage area are discussed.
K enevir yetiştiriciliği ve kullanımına son yıllarda artan bir ilginin olması yeni bir olgu olmayıp, insanlar 5000 yıldan fazla bir süredir kağıt, elyaf, ilaç, kozmetik ve giysi yapımı için kenevir yetiştiriciliği yapmaktadır. Endüstride ve eski tıp uygulamalarında oldukça öne çıkan bu bitkiden elde edilen tıbbi bileşiklerin modern tıp alanında da artan bir ilgi ile kullanılmasına başlanmıştır. Kenevir pazarı son on yılda hızlı bir büyüme gerçekleştirmiştir. Tahminlere dayalı olarak dünyada bu endüstrinin gelişimi, 2018 yılında 12.581 milyar dolardan 2024 yılına kadar 36.903 milyar dolarlık bir pazara hakim olacağı tahmin edilmektedir(1,2). Kenevir bitkisinin yapısında fitokanabinoidler, terpenoidler, flavonoidler, karbonhidrat-lar, yağ asitleri ve bunların esterleri, amidler, aminler, fitosteroller ve fenolik bileşikler dahil olmak üzere 750 den fazla biyoaktif bileşik bulunmaktadır(3). Kenvirin kök dokulu kısmı olan lif kısmı %80-83 selüloz, %17-20 lignin içermekte olup sigara kağıdı ve biyokompo-zitlerin üretiminde kullanılmaktadır. Bitkinin odunsu iç kısmı olan kenevir kabuğu ise, tüm bitki sapının %50-60'ını oluşturur ve %35 selüloz, %18 hemiselüloz, %21 lignin içerir. Bu kısımlar hayvan yatağı olarak değerlendirilmektedir(4). Kenevir tohumları ağırlıklı olarak %95 oranında hayvan beslenmesinde, çoğunlukla da kuşların beslenmesinde kullanılmak-tadır. Kalan %5'lik kısım ise gıda olarak tüketilmektedir. Tohumların soğuk preslenmesiyle üretilen kenevir tohumu yağı, vücut bakımı için kozmetik alanında ve gıda olarak pazara sunulmaktadır. Kenevir tohumu yağından çok daha fazla miktarda kanabinoid içeren ve genellikle sağlık ürünlerinin bir bileşeni olarak pazara sunulan tomurcuk ve yaprakların distilasyonu ile elde edilen kenevir yağı ile karıştırılmaması gerekir(5). Kenevir tohumu ve tohum küspesinin iyi bir protein, lif ve yağ kaynağı olması dünyada önemli besin kaynaklarından sayılmıştır. 1930'lardan sonra üretiminin yasaklanması kenevir ve tohumunun insan ve hayvanların potansiyel bir gıda olarak tüketmesini engellemiştir. Son yirmi yılda çıkarılan yasalar sayesinde %0.2 den daha düşük THC içeriğine sahip kenevir, endüstriyel ürün olarak hem insanların hem de hayvanların beslenmesinde kenevir tohumu gibi ürünler kullanılmaya başladı. Farklı kenevir çeşitleri nedeniyle kenevirin bes-leyici içeriği değişebilse de, hem kenevir tohumu hem de kenevir tohumu küspesi zengin protein kaynakları, çoklu doymamış yağlar, vitaminler ve faydalı mineraller içermektedir (6). Sunulan bu derlemede kenevirin ruminant ve nonruminant hayvanların beslenmesinde kullanımının önemi hakkında bilgi verilmiştir.
The oil content of hemp seeds is controlled by the genotype and in the conducted studies did not depend on the growing technology; however, this factor had a synergistic effect with others. The protein content of hemp seeds during the years of research did not depend on weather conditions. Like other quality indicators, it had a slight variation, which indicates the significant role of the genetic characteristics of the varieties. On average, over the years of research, the protein content of the variants grown according to conventional technology was 25.2%, and
according to transitional technology, it was 0.03% higher, which was within the limits of statistical error. The or�ganic technology ensured the protein content at the level of 25.3%, and the use of the BioStymix-Niva microbial biodegrader - biodestructor contributed to the further growth of the indicator to 25.4%. The oil content of hemp
seeds is not limited by other important characteristics, such as the yield of the hemp stems or the fiber content. Only the Glyana variety showed inverse correlations with plant height, hemp stems and seed productivity, they were of medium strength (r = -0.60 – -0.43). In the Zolotoniski 15 variety, only one inverse relationship was
recorded, i.e. plant height (r = -0.57). No correlation was established between protein content and oil content in seeds. Correlations may change depending on other factors of cultivation, including weather conditions, elements
of technology, etc., but the evaluation of varieties for cultivation according to these characteristics can significantly increase the efficiency of the production of cannabis products.
Fossil fuel supplies are becoming scarce as a result of the growing world’s population. The increasing use of fossil fuels also pose a threat to ecosystem. Renewable energy sources should be revived in order to meet future energy demands, and minimize the adverse effects on environment. Biofuels and biochemicals can be made from a wide variety of lignocellulosic biomass, which has been studied for decades. Several useful bioproducts can now be made from hemp's lignocellulosic biomass (cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, protein, and others). Hemp has considerable commercial potential as it can be used in biorefinery applications for the production of bioethanol, biodiesel, biohydrogen, biogas, organic acids, biomaterials, bio-oil and various pharmaceutical and nutraceuticals compounds. Effective conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to value-added bioproducts for biorefinery and other potential applications relies on a wide range of pretreatment processes. This article aims to highlight recent developments in hemp lignocellulosic conversion technologies for biorefinery applications and other value-added products development with the goal of bolstering future industries in a manner that is more environmentally friendly and secure.
The world population growth trend and the necessity to provide a nutritionally balanced diet and to reduce greenhouse gas emissions require relevant production increases of vegetables, as well as the transition to a diet higher in plant rather than animal proteins (Banovic et al. Appetite 125:233–243, 2018; Hayes et al. Child Obes 14(1):11–17, 2018). Aiming at either addressing environmental concerns and meeting nutritional deficiencies and recommendations, staple foods fortification has been recently identified as an effective and promising intervention (Mannar and Hurrell. Food fortification in a globalized world. 1st ed. Academic Press, Cambridge, 2018). To date, several studies investigated the nutritional value of additional ingredients to be used as wheat-substituting in cereal-based products.Legumes and pseudo-cereals, side-streams of the cereal industry including bran, germ, and brewer’s spent grain, are excellent sources of proteins with high biological value or dietary fibers, and supply relevant levels of vitamins, minerals, oligosaccharides, and phenolic compounds.Nevertheless, the high content of fibers, the absence of gluten, and the peculiar sensory characteristics may impair their high nutritional values worsening the technological and organoleptic profiles of the products. Moreover, the presence of anti-nutritional factors (ANF) further limited the use of such ingredients by the food industry.Different biotechnological options, such as air fractionation, roasting, soaking, germination, and fermentation were already proposed to decrease the ANF level, and to improve technological properties and sensory profile of non-wheat flours and cereal side-streams. Among these options, sourdough fermentation, often driven by the use of selected lactic acid bacteria (LAB) has largely been recognized as a suitable tool to improve the overall quality of these alternative matrices. Fermented ingredients can thus be used for staple food fortification, exploiting more of their potential.KeywordsBranGermBrewer’s spent grainLegumesPulsesPseudo-cerealsSourdoughFermentation
Long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids such as eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids play an important role in brain growth and development, as well as in the health of the body. These fatty acids are traditionally found in seafood, such as fish, fish oils, and algae. They can also be added to food or consumed through dietary supplements. Due to a lack of supply to meet current demand and the potential for adverse effects from excessive consumption of fish and seafood, new alternatives are being sought to achieve the recommended levels in a safe and sustainable manner. New sources have been studied and new production mechanisms have been developed. These new proposals, as well as the importance of these fatty acids, are discussed in this paper.
The article analyzes the useful properties of hemp seeds and lists the main food products made from them. It has been analyzed under what conditions the production and sale of food products is possible at the enterprise in accordance with the current state of regulation of requirements for the quality management system.
Kenevir ilaç ve sanayi
With changing dietary habits and increasing awareness of the nutraceutical role of dietary foods, the demand for natural plant proteins and interest in non-traditional protein sources in the food industry are increasing. Industrial hemp, belonging to the plant family Cannabaceae, is cultivated for its fibre and edible seeds. Due to its nutritional value, it has also been used in the food industry and medicine. In particular, hemp seed proteins have drawn considerable attention in both scientific and industrial fields because of their excellent nutraceutical values, superior digestibility, low allergenicity and diverse techno-functional properties. In this review, we provide a summary of the current research progress on the extraction and purification processes, physiochemical properties, nutraceutical functions, and applications of hemp seed proteins. Perspectives in the application of advanced technologies for hemp seed bioactive peptide mining are also discussed. This review provides up-to-date insights into the nutraceutical values, health benefits, and future applications of this emerging plant source protein.
Hemp is one of the most complete plants for industrial and consumer purposes. In pharmaceutical industry, cannabidiol (CBD) extracts are gaining increasing attention due to their therapeutic properties. There is a lack of information about their inorganic constituents, as well as assessment of these elements that are essential and/or potentially toxic towards humans. The inorganic elements quantified in the hemp samples by ICP OES were: Mg (5–8000); Ca (10–1780); P (39–17500) and K (6500–14000) mg kg⁻¹. The microelements obtained were: Mo (0.03–1.1); Ba (0.09–2.4); Sr (0.21–7.8); Cr (0.30–0.62); Ni (0.81–1.0); Na (1.4–11.1); Cu (19.5–24.0); Mn (0.66–152); Zn (51–96) and Fe (111–168) mg kg⁻¹. The elements levels are related to the manufacturing processes of the hemp products, being below the tolerable upper daily intake levels. For the seeds samples, the inorganic constituents levels were: Ca (313–1164); Mg (4498–6734); K (7500–12104) and P (9623–13636) mg kg⁻¹. The microelements levels were: Mo (0.46–1.3); Cr (0.48–1.9); Ba (0.48–11.0); Ni (0.66–3.7); Sr (4.6–22.0); Cu (10.2–14.2); Na (11.1–87.0); Mn (38−83); Zn (62–82) and Fe (92–112) mg kg⁻¹. Hemp seeds also represent an excellent source of trace elements essential to health. The CBD extracts, showed low levels of inorganic constituents, that there was no risk to human health. The nutritional order established for the Cannabis-based products as it follows: hemp protein > shelled seeds > peeled seeds > hemp butter > hemp oil and CBD extracts.
Bast fiber is a natural fiber collected from the bast surroundings of certain dicotyledonous angiosperm plant stems. It is composed of cellulose and hemicellulose compounded with a mixture of lignin or pectin. Bast fiber plants are generally annual, nonedible crops with a short life cycle. Its continuous fiber supply with easy maintenance makes it one of the important crops that has gained interest in different industrial applications as well as extensive utilization in phytoremediation. This chapter aims to summarize the detailed aspects, uses, and phytoremediation potential of six widely used bast fiber crops: jute (Corchorus olitorius L.), kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.), hemp (Cannabis sativa L.), flax (Linum usitatissimum L.), nettle (Urtica dioica L.), and ramie (Boehmeria nivea (L.) Gaud.). It also aims to discuss the pros and cons of using bast fiber crops in phytoremediation. The majority of bast fiber crops have multipurpose utilities that provide 100% utilizable raw material for commercial purposes with fully biodegradable waste and no harmful residue. They holds great potential in developing a bio-based economy.
Günümüzde, teknolojik gelişmeler ve nüfus artışı sonucunda, ekolojik çevre zarar görmekte ve doğal kaynakların sınırsız ve bilinçsiz bir şekilde tüketilmesi, ekosistem hizmetlerinin sürekliliğini tehlikeye atmaktadır. Bu sorunlar, insanları doğadan ayrı ve ondan üstün gören modern kent planlama ve tasarım paradigmasından kaynaklanmaktadır. Son yıllarda, bu sorunların çözümlenmesine yönelik, kentsel planlama ve tasarım sürecinde, sürdürülebilir gelişme kavramı gündeme gelmiştir. Sürdürebilirlik sosyal, ekonomik ve çevresel olmak üzere üç önemli bileşenden oluşmaktadır. Sürdürülebilir gelişmenin en önemli boyutu doğal kaynak kullanımı ve çevresel yönetim olarak tanımlanabilmektedir. Bu bağlamda, ekolojik kent olgusu öne çıkmaktadır. Ekolojik kentlerdeki planlama ve tasarım yaklaşımlarının amacı, sürdürülebilir kalkınma çerçevesinde, doğayı ve doğal varlıkları sömürmeden, insan ekosistemi ile doğal ekosistem arasındaki dengeyi sağlamaktır. Dünyada, ekolojik kentlerde birçok tasarım yaklaşımları önerilmiş ve uygulanmıştır. Kent mobilyaları, ekolojik kent yapısının önemli bir parçasıdır. Bu çalışmada, ekolojik kent mobilyalarının tasarımında, daha dengeli bir insan-çevre ilişkisine dayanan, peyzajın önemini vurgulayan ve kentleri dinamik sosyo-ekolojik sistemler olarak kavrayan yaklaşımlar önerilmektedir. Çalışmada, “Ekolojik kent” kavramı detaylı olarak incelenmiş ve bu kentlerin ilke ve hedefleri açıklanmıştır. Daha sonra, ekolojik anlayışla tasarlanan kent mobilyaları kapsamlı ve ayrıntılı bir şekilde ele alınmıştır. İçerik analizi sonucunda uygulanan eko-tasarım örnekleri bir araya getirilmiş ve ekolojik kent mobilyalarının tasarımı için öneriler geliştirilmiştir. Çalışmada, kentsel mobilyaların tasarım ilkeleri ekolojik, işlevsellik, verimlilik, dayanıklılık, sadelik ve esneklik olmak üzere altı ilke üzerinden tanımlanmış ve örnekler ile somutlaştırılmıştır. Sonuç olarak, kent mobilyalarının tasarımında ekolojik tasarım ilkelerinin tanımlanması, kentlerin sürdürülebilir gelişmelerine katkı sağlayacağı düşünülmektedir.
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