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Practical Pharmacognosy
... Citrate calcium is occasionally used as a food ingredient and preservative [5][6][7][8]. Tricalcium citrate and cal citrate are other names for calcium citrate [9]. It is an organic substance that is a member of the tricarboxylic acids derivatives class. ...
... It is an organic substance that is a member of the tricarboxylic acids derivatives class. Three carboxyl groups are typically present in these acids [9,10]. It can also be present in some dietary calcium supplements like Castrate or Citracal, in addition to natural food products. ...
... In terms of mass, calcium makes up 24.1% of calcium citrate (anhydrous) and 21.1% of calcium citrate (tetrahydrate) ( Figure 6). The mineral known as Earlandite is a tetrahydrate form of calcium citrate [9,10] ( Table 1). One of the widely used plant acids is citric acid. ...
In the modern organic chemistry, various methods are now a day widely utilized for isolation of different organic compounds. From the ancient era to the present the various methods of extraction like Maceration, Percolation, Decoction and Soxhlet extraction are widely utilized. Calcium citrate also known as calcium salt of citric acid which is a member of tricarboxylic acid derivatives used occasionally as food ingredients and preservatives but it is well known source of calcium and utilized as calcium supplement. Thus the present study was initiated with aim to isolate, evaluate and estimate the calcium citrate from lemon juice by using decoction method. Calcium chloride was used for the crystallization of calcium isolated from lemon juice. Theoretical and practical yield of calcium citrate after isolation were determined. For further evaluation of isolated calcium citrate basic identification tests like solubility, melting point (MP), loss on drying (LOD) and assay of calcium citrate were done. The present study further proceeded to confirmatory evaluation by UV-Vis spectroscopy and thin layer chromatography (TLC). The basic identification tests found the presence of calcium citrate with M.P in the range of 119°C-121°C with percentage practical yield of 24.02%w/w and LOD was 9.40%. The UV-Vis absorbance shown at λ-Max 0.036 and TLC reported Rf value 0.68 and 0.53 using various polar, semipolar and non polar solvents. As ample amount of calcium citrate was isolated from herbal source i.e. lemon juice, the study reached to the conclusion that instead of synthetic sources, the herbal source can be very useful and economical approach for the isolation of calcium citrate from lemon juice.
... Preliminary phytochemical evaluation was carried out by using standard procedure [17]. ...
... 25 ml of the extract was taken from the above stock solution and concentrated on water bath to similarly, ethanol extracts were prepared for two samples of P.daemia. Linn, as reference Kokate CK and Lohar DR [17,18]. ...
India being a rich and varied flora of medicinal plants since the Vedic period. The present study deals with the scientific validation of P. daemia.Linn with special reference to its pharmacognostical and phytochemical investigations. This is commonly known as P. daemia, figure and is known to have medicinal properties, also even used as home remedies in the rural and the remotest parts of the India Qualitative & Quantitative analysis for nutritional value and amino acid detection for both sample has been estimated & detected TLC finger prints of latex of at 366 nm (before derivatization) & Rf values in TLC finger prints of latex at 254 nm (after derivatization) has been studied for both Samples. Latex is applied externally on chronic infected wounds to alleviate edema, pain and to promote the healing; therefore an attempt has been made to carried out the detailed quality control and assurance of the drug followed by HPTLC profiles, HPTLC profile of P. Daemia latex milk powder observed under 366 nm & 254 nm shows the variety of results A – C (Gautala forest,) B - Aurangabad (M.S.) Sample A, B & C.
... [14] Microscopic characterization of fruit was done by Olympus optical microscope attached to a digital camera Sony. The powder microscopy was done by standard procedures [18,19] and micro chemical tests for histological region were performed according to the standard methods. [15&20-22] An anatomical feature of the description was made with the help of the standard anatomy book. ...
... Loss on drying, [27] pH of 1% aqueous soluble portion of the fruit was calculated at 25°C, [28] Ash values and extractive values were carried out based on the standard protocol. [19] Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) was performed for fruit extracts according to the standard procedure. [29,30] ...
Elaeocarpus tectorius (Lour.) Poir, Synonym: Elaeocarpus oblongus auct. non Gaertn. Elaeocarpaceae, is a tree,
found throughout Western Ghats, South India. The present study indented to establish the pharmacognostical and
physicochemical quality control parameters of E.oblongus fruits to avoid confusion in taxonomic identification.
Physicochemical evaluation of fruit was carried out according to the guidelines of WHO/QCMMP and Indian
Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia. The elemental analysis was done by using Perkin Elmer 5000 an atomic absorption
spectrophotometer. Non glandular unicellular trichomes found to be distinguished character of powder analysis. It
was quantified to be 700 µm long and 400 µm thick at the base. Lerachysclereids were found plenty in powder. The
rosettes type of calcium oxalate crystals were 15 µm in diameter. Cells of the endosperm showing darkly stained
globular bodies and the cotyledon is 170 µm thick. Physio-chemical parameters such as total ash and acid-insoluble
ash (2.66% w/w, 0.66% w/w, respectively), extractive values (aqueous 31.068% w/w and alcoholic 30.94%
w/w), foreign organic matter (0.5% w/w) and loss on drying (12% w/w) were estimated. Qualitative analysis
showed the presence of Fructose, Glucose, Flavanoids and Tannins and Sterols and Phenolic compounds and fatty
acids in the fruit. The quantity of elements (µg/g) in the fruit pulp powder was estimated by elemental analysis. The
result shows Mn-53.5 and Zn – 46.2 were the major contents. While Pd- 14.3, Cu- 7.5 and Cr- 4.9 were minor
contents. This study provided the pharmacognostical profile used to differentiate the other similar looking fruit from
other ones of this genus.
... The presence of active constituents viz. barbaloin, fistucacidin, an optically inactive leucoanthocyanidin, 3,4,7,8,4'-pentahydroxyflavan and anthroquinone glycoside-rhein have been reported from the bark [7] . Earlier studies showed that ethanolic extract of both root and fruit reported for its antidiabetic activity. ...
... In order to determine the presence of various phytoconstituents, a preliminary phytochemical study (color reactions) with plant extracts viz. alcohol and aqueous extracts were performed [8] . ...
KEYWORDS ABSTRACT Animals were treated with alcoholic and aqueous extract of Cassia fistula at a dose level of 400mg/kg bodyweight by standard methods. Blood glucose , glycosylated hemoglobin, triglyceride, LDL, VLDL, HDL, blood urea and cholesterol were measured at the beginning and at the end of the experiment. The extracts have shown potential activity in decreasing the serum glucose level and other complications associated with experimental diabetes. The extracts also showed significant hypoglycemic effect in fasted normal rats (P<0.01). The present study reveals that the bark of Cassia fistula is very promising for developing standardized phytomedicine for diabetes mellitus. Thus the present study supports the traditional claim of the plant for the ailment of various diabetes associated complications.
... Preliminary Phytochemical Screening: The compounds that are responsible for therapeutic effect are usually the secondary metabolites. The preliminary phytochemical analysis (Kokate 1993 (Bauer et al 1966). Three different concentrations of 25mg/ml, 20mg/ml and 15mg/ml respectively were prepared. ...
Antimicrobial activity of leaf and leaf callus extract of Andrographis paniculata Wall., was studied using different solvent like chloroform, acetone, ethanol and water against two - gram (+) ve and two - gram (+) ve bacterial strains like Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonus aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli. The antibacterial activity was determined by disc diffusion method. Out of the four - extract used, acetone and ethanol extracts were found to be highly active in both leaf and leaf extracts. It is also found that the zone of inhibition was much higher in callus extracts, when compared to that of leaf extracts.
... Furthermore, the antioxidant properties of Triphala, due to high tannin and polyphenol content, contribute to its gastroprotective effects. [42][43][44][45][46][47] The anti-diabetic potential of Triphala has gained significant attention within the scientific community. Research demonstrates that Triphala can modulate blood sugar levels by inhibiting digestive enzymes such as alphaamylase and alpha-glucosidase, which are responsible for breaking down carbohydrates. ...
... Plant material was screened for the presence of phytoconstituent(s) using different chemical tests. Powder drugs and different extracts were screened for different phytoconstituents [8,9]. ...
... The slide was mounted with glycerine and examined under microscope. [6,7,8,9] . ...
... The compounds that are responsible for therapeutic effect are usually the secondary metabolites. The preliminary phytochemical analysis was carried out by following procedures 2 3 . Three different concentrations of 25mg/ml, 20mg/ml and 15mg/ml respectively were prepared. ...
Antimicrobial activity of leaf and leaf callus extract of Psoralea corylifolia was studied using different solvent like chloroform, acetone, ethanol and water against two-gram (+) ve and two-gram (+) ve bacterial strains like Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and fungal strains Aspergillus niger and Penicillium chrysogenum. The antimicrobial activity was determined by disc diffusion method. Out of the four-extract used, acetone and ethanol extracts were found to be highly active in both leaf and leaf extracts. It is also found that the zone of inhibition was much higher in callus extracts, when compared to that of leaf extracts. Keywords: Psoralea corylifolia, callus extract, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli
... Preliminary Phytochemical Screening: The compounds that are responsible for therapeutic effect are usually the secondary metabolites. The preliminary phytochemical analysis (Kokate 1993) was carried out by following procedures: ...
... The collected plant material was shade dried to retain its vital phytoconstituents and then subjected to size reduction for further extraction process. Preparation of Hydro Alcoholic Extracts 5 The powder of Allium cepha bulbs was charged in to the thimble of a soxhlet apparatus and extracted using 70% ethanol and 30% water for 18 hrs. Appearance of colourless solvent in the siphon tube was the indication of exhaustive extraction and based on that, further extraction was terminated. ...
The epilepsy is one of the most common neurological conditions that show a prevalence rate in 1–2% of the
world population. Although a considerable number of antiepileptic drugs are available for the management /
treatment of epilepsy there is still an urgent need for development of new drugs as alternatives. Allium Cepha
[family: Liliaceae] has been used, as anti epileptic agent in traditional system of medicine in India. However,
there are no reports about its scientific validation for the claimed activity. Hence, the present study was aimed
to explore the possible antiepileptic activity of bulbs extract of Allium Cepha in experimental animal models.
For assessing of antiepileptic activity Pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) and Maximal Electro Shock (MES) induced
convulsive models were used. Diazepam was used as a standard reference for all models. In PTZ and MES
induced convulsion models, high dose, medium dose and low dose of Allium Cepha extract showed significant
anti-epileptic activity by delaying the onset of convulsions and by prolong the onset of clonus and tonic�extensor convulsion. Thus, the result recorded with above experimental models confirms that hydroalcoholic
extract of Allium Cepha bulbs possesses antiepileptic activity.
KEYWORDS
Allium Cepha, Pentylenetetrazole, Maximal Electro Shock, Hydroalcoholic Extract and Anti-epileptic.
... Different extracts (acetone, chloroform, dichloromethane, ethanol, ethyl acetate, petroleum ether, and water) were screened for secondary metabolites, such as carbohydrates, fixed oils, flavonoids, glycosides, proteins, phenolic compounds, and tannins, following methodologies outlined by Khandelwal et al. and Kokate et al. [15,16]. ...
Ziziphus mauritiana Lam. (Indian jujube) is traditionally used to treat asthma, digestive disorders, skin conditions, and ulcers. Despite its wide medicinal applications, comprehensive phytochemical and physicochemical profiling of Z. mauritiana leaves remains limited. The current study aimed to establish a detailed phytochemical and physicochemical profile of Z. mauritiana leaves across different solvent extracts to aid in standardization and quality control. Fresh Z. mauritiana leaves were collected, authenticated, dried, and powdered. Soxhlet extraction was performed using seven solvents: acetone, water, chloroform, dichloromethane, ethanol, ethyl acetate, and petroleum ether. Physicochemical analyses included ash content, extractive values, moisture content, and pH. Qualitative phytochemical screening was conducted to identify bioactive compounds such as carbohydrates, proteins, flavonoids, tannins, and alkaloids. Physicochemical analysis revealed total ash (7.5%), acid-insoluble ash (2.5%), and moisture content (7.3%). Extractive values varied across solvents, with ethyl acetate showing the highest yield (0.76%). Phytochemical screening demonstrated the presence of carbohydrates, proteins, amino acids, steroids, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, tannins, glycosides, and alkaloids, with variation across solvents. Z. mauritiana leaves exhibit a diverse range of bioactive compounds with potential antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities, supporting their traditional medicinal use. Future research should focus on quantifying these compounds using advanced analytical methods and exploring other plant parts for a comprehensive profile.
... Formation of white precipitate indicates the presence of tannins 20 .Detection of saponins by Froth Test: Extracts was diluted with distilled water to 20ml and shaken in a graduated cylinder for 15 minutes. Formation of 1cm layer of foam indicates the presence of saponins21 . ...
Beetroot (Beta vulgaris) is one of the vegetables that are commonly produced in the world.. Literature reveals that Beetroot extract has cardiovascular effect, antioxidant, anti beetroot is thought to be a potent cancer tumors and consider as a powerful agent to fight cancer. minerals and antioxidant activities of minerals using standard methods. While the antioxidant (free radical scavenging activities) was cried out using 2, 2 1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), Phosphomolybdenum results revealed a high moisture content of (72.7%), ash (14.7%), crude fibre (1.03%), fat (1.3%), protein (1.9%) and carbohydrate (8.3%). The phytochemical scre saponins. By using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS), the iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), zin 0.003, 0.13, 0.005, and 0.003) respectively. 20µg/ml in the following decreasing orders vulgaris L. contain appreciable amount
... Freshly prepared extracts were subjected to phytochemical evaluation for the detection of various constituents using conventional protocol. [9][10][11] Quantitative Phytochemical Analysis Total Alkaloid Content [12] 5g of each sample was weighed into a 250 ml beaker and 200 ml of 10% acetic acid in ethanol was added, covered and allowed to stand for 48 hours. After filtration, the extracts were concentrated on a water bath to 1/4 th of the original volume. ...
The present study was aimed to investigate the preliminary phytochemical screening of the leaves of Ziziphus oenoplia belonging to family Rhamnaceae. The dried leaves of the plant were subjected to successive Soxhlet extraction by continuous hot percolation method using organic solvents of increasing polarity such as petroleum ether, ethyl acetate and ethanol. The aqueous extract was prepared by cold maceration technique. All the extracts were subjected to qualitative phytochemical screening and it showed the presence of active constituents such as alkaloid, flavonoid, phenol and triterpenoid. Quantitative determination of alkaloid was done by Harborne (1973) method, whereas total Phenolic content was determined by Folin-ciocalteu method and total Flavonoid were determined by the aluminium chloride colorimetric method. Heavy metals and inorganic elements are determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry technique. The results obtained shows that the extracts contain medicinally important bioactive constituents and also heavy metals present in the plant extracts were within the permissible limits. This justifies its use in the traditional medicine for the treatment of different diseases such as ulcer, asthma, dysentery and fever.
... [19][20] Preliminary phytochemical screening The powdered roots extracts were subjected to qualitative phytochemical tests for alkaloids, glycosides, carbohydrates, sterols, phenolic compounds and tannins, flavonoids, saponins, proteins and free amino acids. [21][22] ...
Simmondsia chinensis Schneider commonly known as jojoba is a semi-arid evergreen shrub. Jojoba is unique among plants in the fact that its products (seeds) contain about 50 percent by weight oil. Jojoba liquid wax generally used in folk remedies for renal colic, sunburn, chaffed skin, hair loss, headache, wounds and sore throat. However, there are no reports on the roots of this plant. The present investigation deals with the pharmacognostical studies of the roots of the said plant. Pharmacognostical studies include microscopic, physico-chemical constants (ash & extractive values), fluorescence analysis and preliminary phytochemical evaluation.
... In a tarred evaporating dish, 10g of herbal shampoo powder formulations (F1-F9) were maintained at 105° C in a hot air oven. Until a steady weight was achieved, the weight loss was noted every fifteen minutes [31,32]. ...
Objective: The goal was to create a polyherbal powder shampoo with natural components. We are aware that natural agents are safer and more effective than semi-synthetic and synthetic ones. Furthermore, those artificial components could harm or endanger human skin. In addition to encouraging hair development and strengthening and darkening hair, it removes sebum, grime, and dandruff. It does all of these things without harming or destroying hair, and it also serves as a conditioning agent. Based on the traditional system and scientific rationale with contemporary applications, the herbs Acacia concinna (fruits), Sapindus Mukorossi (fruit), Bacopa Monniera (root), Phyllanthus emblica (fruits), Trigonella foenum-graecum (leaves), Camellia sinensis (leaves) and Hibiscus rosa-sinensis (flower) have been chosen to prepare the polyherbal powder shampoo. Methods: After being precisely weighed, the polyherbal powder shampoo was run through sieve number 100. Every component was thoroughly combined using constant trituration. After that, it was used for more research and kept in airtight containers. Organoleptic tests, general powder properties, physicochemical evaluation, ash and alcohol soluble extractives, moisture content determination, pH determination, cleaning action, foaming capacities, dirt dispersion, wetting time, and studies on the nature of hair after wash were all performed on all nine formulations (F1–F9). Results: All the nine formulas (F1–F9) passes the test. Additionally, results within defined limitations were shown by general powder characteristics. The F6 formulation was selected as the best formulation on the basis result observed on Cleaning action and Foaming Index. Also it showed to produce satisfactory results in physicochemical evaluations, pH determination, grease removal ability, foaming capacity, dirt dispersion, wetting time and hair type after washing. Conclusion: The current study verified that the polyherbal powder shampoo was successfully prepared utilizing a mixing method without the need for additional excipients in varying quantities. Since it produced the best results, F6 is the optimized formula.
... The procedure as described by [30,31] was employed in this study to qualitatively analyze for the presence or absence of phytochemical constituents in the plant Acute Oral Toxicity Study Acute oral toxicity study was carried out for crude extract of G. latifolium using the procedure as described by, [32] using Swiss albino mice. ...
... The macro-morphological observations of the collected fruit and root samples were observed under magnifying lens (Kokate, 2010). ...
In the realm of traditional medicine, (Withania somnifera), commonly known as Ashwagandha, has long been revered for its multifaceted benefits, earning it the moniker "Indian Ginseng" or winter cherry within Unani systems. Its reputation precedes it, boasting a spectrum of advantageous properties such as antiviral, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects. Moreover, research suggests its potential efficacy against various cancers including breast, colon, prostate, ovarian, and lung cancer. Similarly, Terminalia bellirica, referred to as Behra, holds its own array of therapeutic potential, addressing maladies ranging from headaches to liver disorders, gastrointestinal discomforts, common colds, and constipation. However, the widespread popularity of these medicinal plants has led to concerns regarding their sustainability. Overexploitation poses a significant risk, potentially depleting these valuable resources. Compounded with this risk is the issue of adulteration or contamination, where other plant parts or species resembling the authentic herbs are utilized, compromising the safety and efficacy of the end the product. In a recent investigation, two samples each of authentic and commercial Withania somnifera and Terminalia bellirica were subjected to rigorous assessment through physiochemical, phytochemical, TLC, and HPLC chromatographic methods. Alarming findings surfaced, revealing instances of adulteration or contamination in both the Ashwagandha and Behra products. Phytochemical analyses and HPTLC profiles of various extracts unveiled the intentional or unintentional addition of undesired herbs or substitutions. These adulterants not only jeopardize the expected therapeutic outcomes but also dilute the potency and safety of the herbal medicines flooding the local markets. This study serves as a clarion call for stringent authentication measures in the procurement and utilization of herbal medicines. High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) emerges as a reliable tool for conf irming adulteration, urging stakeholders to adopt thorough authentication protocols to safeguard public health and preserve the integrity of traditional herbal remedies.
... The presence of steroids was then investigated by adding 5 ml of sulfuric acid to the test tube's sidewalls. Based on the observation, the test is considered positive once the upper layer changes to red and the layer of the sulphuric acid turn to yellow with green fluorescent [10,13]. ...
The demand for natural and effective antimicrobial agents in oral care products has led to the exploration of botanical extracts such as Moringa and Neem. In this study, we aimed to prepare extracts from Moringa and Neem leaves and incorporate them into toothpaste formulations to evaluate their antimicrobial properties against oral pathogens. The antimicrobial activity of the extracts was assessed using well-established agar diffusion assays against a panel of Gram-positive and Gram-negative oral bacteria. Additionally, the pH and consistency of the toothpaste formulations were optimized for usability and stability. Our results demonstrated significant antimicrobial activity of the Moringa and Neem extracts against a range of oral bacteria, including common pathogens associated with dental caries and periodontal diseases. The formulated toothpaste containing these extracts exhibited promising inhibitory effects, suggesting their potential as natural alternatives or adjuncts to synthetic antimicrobial agents in oral hygiene products. This research work contributes to the ongoing exploration of plant-derived compounds for oral health applications.
... The mixture was heated in the water bath for 1~2 h. Soap formation or partial alkali neutralization denotes the presence of fixed oil 26 . ...
This study has aimed to evaluate the Acacia nilotica seed extract as a natural antioxidant and membrane stabilizer , as well as screening phytochemicals contained in the extract that may underline these activities. Anti-oxidant activity was evaluated using Phospho-molybdenum and DPPH antioxidant assays; membrane stabilization was evaluated using HRBC-MS assay, whereas phytochemicals were detected using qualitative analytical tests. Acacia nilotica hydro-methanolic extract exhibited potent, concentration (4-512 μg/mL)-dependent antioxidant activity indicated by Phospho-molybdenum and DPPH antioxidant assays, with IC50 values of 100.5 and 33.19 μg/mL, respectively. In addition, the extract exerted membrane stabilizing effects in a concentration (4-512 μg/mL)-dependent manner, with an IC50 value of 41.47 μg/mL. Phytochemical analysis of the plant extract clarified the active biological constituent(s) underlying these effects, including tannins, sap-onins, gums, flavonoids, anthraquinone glycosides, carbohydrates and proteins. These data may suggest Aca-cia nilotica extract, according to in vitro assays, as a highly potent antioxidant and membrane stabilizer derived from nature and could be applied as an adjunct therapy in disease conditions associated with inflammation and oxidative stress.
... The phytochemical screening of triphala and trikatu in all four solvent (Aqueous, Methanol, Acetone, Hexane) were carried out according to different phytochemicals were estimated qualitatively and quantitatively by using following procedure (5)(6)(7)(8) . ...
Triphala and Trikatu both are widely used traditional herbal formulation used in ayurveda for improving digestive disorders, respiratory disorders and in skin disease. Nature has been a source of medicinal agents since times immemorial. The importance of herbs in the management of human ailments cannot be over emphasized. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to characterize the phytochemicals profile for various secondary metabolites using HPTLC of Triphala and Trikatu extract. HPTLC studies to explore medicinally active phyto-constituents present in different solvent extracts in these polyhedral formulations.
... Numerous techniques were used to analyse the phytochemicals of the various plant extracts (Kokate, 1994;Houghton and Raman, 1998;Overton, 1963). The existence of different varieties of secondary metabolites such as terpenoid phenolic groups, alkaloids and flavonoids were explored. ...
... The presence of various phytochemical constituents such as tannins, saponins, alkaloids, flavonoids and terpenoids in C. sappan extract was performed based on the standard procedure (16). Briefly, each 20 mg/mL of the extract was subjected to identify the presence of tannins using ferric chloride test, saponins using frothing test, alkaloids using Dragendorff reagent, flavonoids using Shibita's reaction test, and terpenoids using Salkowski test. ...
Synthesis of metal nanoparticles using plant extracts is environmentally friendly and of increasing interest. However, not all plant extracts can meet successfully on the synthesis. Therefore, searching for the high potential extracts that can reduce the metal salt precursor in the synthesis reaction is essential. The present study explores the synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs) using Caesalpinia sappan heartwood extract. Phytochemical analysis and determination of the total phenolic content of the extract were performed before use as a reducing agent. Under the suitable synthesized condition, a color change in the color of the solutions to brown confirmed the formation of CuONPs. The obtained CuONPs were confirmed using ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, photon correlation spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, energy dispersive X-ray, and Fourier transform infrared analysis. The synthesized CuONPs investigated for antioxidant, antiglycation, and antibacterial activities. CuONPs possessed antioxidant activities by quenching free radicals with an IC50 value of 63.35 µg/mL and reducing activity with an EC range of 3.19-10.27 mM/mg. CuONPs also inhibited the formation of advanced glycation end products in the bovine serum albumin/ribose model with an IC50 value of 17.05 µg/mL. In addition, CuONPs showed inhibition of human pathogens, including Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and Gram-negative Escherichia coli, and prevention of biofilm formation and biofilm eradication, with maximum inhibition of approx. 75%. Our findings suggest that C. sappan extract can be used to obtain highly bioactive CuONPs for the development of certain medical devices and therapeutic agents.
... Certain pharmacological analyses have established that the galls of Q. infectoria had possess antidiabetic, anti-Parkinsonism, antiviral [13], local anesthesia [14], antifungal [15], anti-bacterial [16], and larvicidal properties [17]. It has been investigated that the crucial constituents of Q. infectoria found to have moderate amounts of ellagic acid and free gallic acid and some number of tannins nearly 50%-70% [18][19][20]. The idea of traditional knowledge-driven sophisticated drug discovery can help in phytochemicals to be explored as a novel drug molecule discovery approach is a new avenue with a lot of possibilities [21]. ...
The present study aimed to evaluate the phytochemicals in Quercus infectoria ethanolic extract and to test the cytotoxic effect on an oral cancer cell line KERATIN-HeLa cells (KB cells). The cytotoxic potential of tannins extracted from Q. infectoria was tested by cell cycle analysis, transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta expression, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) by fluorescent activated cell sorte, Caspase 3, and Caspase 9 expression by ELISA in KB cell lines treated with the extract. Specific protein (Bcl-2) and the gene expression in the KB cell line upon tannin treatment were detected by western blot and RT-PCR technique. The Caspase 3 and 9 enzymatic activity was carried out using the ELISA method. Virtual screening and molecular docking analysis were conducted to know the binding affinity against the targets matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), NF-kB, and RhoA, which are targets of oral cancer cells. Preliminary screening of Q. infectoria indicates it primarily contains tannins and glycosides. The IC50 value of the ethanolic extract was determined to be 76.82 μg/ml. Analysis of the cell cycle revealed that the extract induced dose-dependent arrest in the G0/G1 phase. It is also revealed that KB cell treatment with the extract led to downregulation of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2. Moreover, TGF beta expression was downregulated, and Caspase 3 and Caspase 9 were up-regulated in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, the extract induced mitochondrial membrane potential and MMP induction. Virtual screening and molecular docking revealed that tannins have a favorable binding affinity against MMP-2, NF-kB p65, and RhoA. The study identified that “6-O-digalloyl-1,2,3,4 tetra-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose,” a gallotannin in Q. infectoria, is responsible for the anti-cancer activity. The results of our study found that Q. infectoria extracts have anti-proliferative and apoptotic induction activity, which can help in novel drug discovery and development to alleviate cancer.
... Alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, steroids, triterpenoids, saponins, glycosides, gum and mucilages and fixed oils were screened in variousextracts by using standard procedures [18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25] . ...
Species of Indigofera (Leguminosae) genus used as traditional medicines in different parts of the world, some of them are not studied for its chemical diversity. The present study was aimed to characterize the phytochemical potential of Indigofera Viscosa leaf. Nonpolar to polar solvents were used to successively extract the phytochemicals by using soxhlet apparatus. The extracts were tested for the secondary metabolite screening. Major bioactive compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, steroids, triterpenoids were detected from various extracts. Ethanol extract showed high positive results in the test of such biochemicals, so this extract only used for further study. High amount of total phenolic content was noted in the quantification of secondary metabolites. FTIR analysis indicated the presence of metabolically active alcohols, phenols, carboxylic acids, amino acids, alkynes, esters, nitro compounds, aromatic amines, etc. GC-MS analysis revealed that presence of 15 major compounds in leaf, most of them are well-known for their biological activities. The compound milbemycin B may highly present in the leaf sample because of its large area percentage.The present study will be helpful to the quality assessment of herbal remedies containing Indigofera species and chemotaxonomic justification of the species. Further investigations are required to study the biological activities of the plant in crude as well as elute form of extracts.
... Physiochemical parameters, including ash value, moisture content, foreign matter, fluorescence analysis, and extractive value, were determined according to standard procedures 24,26 . ...
... The compounds that are responsible for therapeutic effect are usually the secondary metabolites. The preliminary phytochemical analysis (Kokate 1993) was carried out by following procedures: ...
Antimicrobial activity of leaf extract of Rauwolfia tetraphylla L., was studied using different solvent like chloroform, acetone, ethanol and water against bacterial strains like Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonus aeruginosa and fungal strains Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger and Penicillum chrysogenum. The antimicrobial activity was determined by disc diffusion method. Out of the four-extract used, acetone and ethanol extracts were found to be highly active against Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans. The MIC values were obtained by serial dilution method.
... To identify the constituents in the different plant extracts, specific qualitative phytochemical tests were performed. [14] In vitro Assay ...
The aim of present work is to evaluate the analgesic and anti-anxiety activity of Elytraria acaulis & Callistemon viminalis using hydroalcoholic extract in albino rats. For evaluation of analgesic activity hot plate method & Tail immersion method were used for finding analgesic activity. The animals dived into 6 groups and administered drug for test-1 Elytraria acaulis 200 mg/kg, test-2 Elytraria acaulis400mg/kg, test-3 Callistemon viminalis 200mg/kg/1ml, test-4 Callistemon viminalis 400mg/kg hydroalcoholic extract, standard drug Ibuprofen 10mg/kg/1ml and for control group saline 1ml/kg given before half-hour of the activity. The results showed that the (Elytraria acaulis 400 mg/kg, ibuprofen 10 mg/kg showed significant results for the activity (P<0.01) in both model hot plate method and tail immersion method. For evaluation of anti-anxiety activity performed on two models Actophotometer method and light and dark methods animals are divided into 06 groups and administered drug for test-1 Elytraria acaulis 200mg/kg, test-2 Elytraria acaulis400mg/kg, Test-3 Callistemon viminalis 200mg/kg/1ml, test-4 Callistemon viminalis 400mg/kg hydroalcoholic extract, Standard drug Diazepam 10 mg/kg, control group saline 01 ml/kg administered half an hour before the activity. The results showed that the Ethanolic extract of the Elytraria acaulis 200 mg/kg, Elytraria acaulis 400mg/kg, diazepam 10 mg (p.o.) showed the significant results P<0.01 in both the Actophotometer method and light and dark method.
Bael (A. marmelos) is an important medicinal herb which has been and extensively used in Ayurveda, Siddha and other medicinal systems. The aim of this study is to evaluate the pharmacological activity of leaves part of the plant Aegle marmelos. Ethanolic extract of Aegle marmelos leaves prepared by successive extraction technique. This research carroed out to find out the Percentage Yield of Extract of Aegle marmelos, determination of LD50 of the EEAML as per OECD guidelines and to investigate the anti-depressant effect of Aegle marmelos leaves extract using tail suspension test (TST) and forced swim test (FST) parameters at dose levels of 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg respectively in albino swiss mice. Aegle marmelos leaves extract showed significant antidepressant activity probably due to GABA facilitatory action of phytoconstituents such as flavonoids, tannic acid, marmesinin, phenols, saponin etc. Results suggested that cortisol and corticosterone responded differently to severe stressors with cortisol being a quicker responder than corticosterone. Keywords: Aegle Marmelos, phytoconstituents, Anti-depressant activity
The potential efficiency of leaf and stem extracts of Schinus molle and Schinus terebinthifolius against Fusarium solani in addition to the phytochemical screening of both species was studied. Extracts were prepared using different solvents (water, ethanol, methanol and acetone). Fusarium solani was isolated and identified from naturally diseased sweet pea (Lathyrus odoratus) plants. According to the pathogenicity tests, the highest pathogenic isolate was used to test the antifungal activity of each extracts with different concentrations on mycelial growth of F. solani in vitro. The effect differed according to the extract type and concentration. The potential antifungal activity of ethanol extracts appeared highly significant when used with leaves, regardless of plant species, whereas acetone was effective when used with stems. The highest reduction of F. solani growth was obtained by ethanol and aqueous extracts of S. terebinthifolius leaves, ethanol extract of S. molle leaves, acetone extract of both S. molle and S. terebinthifolius stems, respectively. Effect of extracts at 64 mg/ml on damping-off incidence of artificially infected L. odoratus under greenhouse conditions was studied as well. The highest reduction of the disease was achieved by leaf extracts of S. terebinthifolius followed by S. molle. These results were attributed to the presence of alkaloid, phenolics, flavonoids, and tannins in leaves and stems of both plant species as revealed by the phytochemical screening. Significant negative correlation was detected between in vitro inhibition percentage of F. so-lani and the field incidence of damping-off in L. odoratus plants. These results suggest that extracts from S. molle and S. terebenthefolius, especially ethanol leaf extracts and acetone stem extracts, are promising naturally derived antifungal agents for F. solani and other plant pathogenic fungi.
Achyranthes aspera Linn. is a well-known plant drug in Ayurvedic, Unani-Tibbi, Siddha, Allopathic, Homeopathic, Naturopathic and Home Remedies. The present study deals with the pharmacognostic evaluation of root part of Achyranthes aspera Linn. (Amaranthaceae). Macroscopic and microscopic examinations of root part, observations and differential microchemical test has been carried out for the authentication of the samples. Physiochemical values such as the Moisture contents, percentage of total ash, acid insoluble ash, acid soluble ash, extractive values like petroleum ether-soluble extractives, ethanol-soluble extractives and water-soluble extractives were calculated as well as colour reactions of powder and extract with different chemicals were performed. The extracts were subjected to qualitative screening test for various constituents. The phytochemical tests revealed the presence of sterols, proteins, flavanoids tannins and carbohydrates. These observations will help in the Pharmacognostical identification and standardization of the drug in the crude form and also to distinguish the drug from its adulteration.
The traditional system of medicine is so ingrained in our culture that, about 75% of the Indian population depends on this indigenous system for relief. With such a huge section of an ever increasing population relying on herbal remedies, it is imperative that the plant products which have been in use for such a long time be scientifically supported for their efficacy. Diabetes a metabolic disorders is most frequent occurring disease in India. The present paper deals with the investigation of standardization parameters of Eugenia jambolana (Bark), Phyllanthus niruri (Whole plant), Momordica charantia Linn. (Seeds) and Nyctanthes arbor-tristis (Leaves). In these study physicochemical parameters, extraction and preliminary photochemical screening was reported. Keywords: Herbs, Diabetes, Standardization Parameters
The spice known as Chrysobalanus icaco L. (Chrysobalanaceae) was found near the coast of the Niger Delta in Nigeria. A survey on the ethnobotany of C. icaco seeds was conducted in Warri, Abraka, Delta State, Ezetu village, and Onitsha. Standard techniques were used to determine the pharmacognostic profile, phytochemical screening, physiochemical parameters, and elemental analysis. The findings showed that the Ezetu village people utilized the seeds traditionally for stomachache, anti-diarrhea, and post-child delivery. Histochemical analysis revealed the presence of tannins and proteins in the seed. The seed powder's physicochemical parameters are as follows: pH (1 g/100 ml distilled water) (6.00±0.00) and pH (10 g/100 ml), water-soluble ash (1.5±0.00%), alcohol soluble ash (1.0±0.00%), acid insoluble acid (0.25±0.00%), acid soluble ash (1.0±0.00%), and sulfated ash (2.0±0.00%). The seed oil's physicochemical properties were: density (0.936±0.0%), refractive index (1.491±0.00%), iodine value (15.9±0.01%), peroxide value (25.31±0.01%), acid value (29.44±0.00%), and ester value (34.75±0.21%). The elements discovered in the seed included lead, copper, nickel, chromium, cadmium, potassium, sodium, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, iron, and zinc. Phytochemicals found in the extract include reducing sugars, proteins, amino acids, fats, oils, alkaloids, tannins, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, cholesterol, steroids, terpenoids, triterpenoids, phytosterols, saponins, and cardiac glycosides. Quantitative phytochemical results include total phenolics (11.63±0.03), total flavonoids (2.35±0.06), total alkaloids (5.50±0.03), and total tannins (12.48±0.01). Consequently, it is possible to verify the authenticity of the seeds using these pharmacognostic features.
Background: Herbal phytochemicals play an important role in the treatment of various dreadful diseases. Psoralea corylifolia is an annual herbaceous plant widely grown in India and other countries Secondary metabolites of P. corylifolia play a crucial role in various skin disorders like psoriasis, eczema and vitiligo as per literary and current reported studies. Various studies have indicated that the seeds of P. corylifolia possess antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. Aim: To evaluate the physicochemical and phytochemical analysis of P. corylifolia. Methods: Psoralen, which is the main active chief constituent present in P. corylifolia, has great therapeutic potential for managing psoriasis. The utilisation of such constituents in Novel Drug Delivery System (NDDS) like micro-emulsions, nano-emulsions, phytosomes, etc. leads to enhanced therapeutic potential. But before proceeding, the formulation development quality control standardisation of every drug is a must for the effective performance of the drug. The standardisation of herbal drugs plays a crucial role in their enhanced therapeutic value. All the standardisation parameters of herbal drugs are widely available in various pharmacopoeias as well as in the Ayurvedic formulary. This article is an attempt to revalidate the physicochemical evaluations of P. corylifolia seeds along with the High-Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) profiling by using potent phytochemical markers. Results: The phytochemical investigation of the extract of P. corylifolia shows the presence of alkaloids, tannins, triterpenoids, glycosides, flavonoids etc. Conclusion: Based on findings, it is concluded that prepared extract can be utilised for further activities like formulation development where the extract can play an important role as compared to simple powder.
The work deals with Pharmacognostic, physicochemical and preliminary phytochemical analysis of Hibiscus cannabinus L., (Malvaceae). The macroscopic and microscopic characteristics were observed namely physical constant values, ash values, and micro-chemical analysis. The presence of lignified cells, pericyclic fibers, stone cells, cuticles, calcium oxalate crystal, as seen in the powders of leaves. Physical constants like foreign organic matter, moisture content, ash content, acid-insoluble ash and water-soluble ash extractive values were determined the extracts shows presence of steroids, flavonoids, carbohydrates, alkaloid, glycosides, phenols, and tannins by phytochemical screening. The above study will highlighted characterize the pharmacognotical, physicochemical and preliminary phytochemical parameters of Hibiscus cannabinus Linn.
The present study investigated the neuroprotective properties of whole plants of Grewia bilamellata Gagnep. extract (GBEE) against cerebral ischemia by harnessing both In vivo studies in a rat model and In silico studies focusing on nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibition. High-resolution liquid chromatography‒mass spectrometry (HR LC‒MS) analysis identified 32 phytochemicals in the GBEE, 15 of which adhered to Lipinski’s rule of five. These compounds exhibited diverse physicochemical properties and high binding affinity to NOS, with cleomiscosin D showing the greatest potential. In vivo, GBEE had significant neuroprotective effects on bilateral common carotid artery occlusion/reperfusion (BCCAO/R) in rats, especially at doses of 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg body weight. GBEE treatment improved brain function, as evidenced by EEG normalization, substantial reductions in cerebral infarction size, mitigated neuronal loss, and the restoration of regular histological arrangement in the CA1 hippocampal area of the brain. Furthermore, GBEE enhanced antioxidant defenses by augmenting the activity of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), reducing malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, and restoring reduced glutathione (GSH) levels. These effects were accompanied by a decrease in nitric oxide (NO) levels, indicative of attenuated oxidative and nitrosative stress. Collectively, our findings suggest that GBEE is a promising natural therapeutic agent that may prevent or alleviate ischemic brain injury through a multifaceted mechanism involving NOS inhibition and attenuation of the oxidative stress response. This study highlights the therapeutic potential of GBEE and warrants further research into its mechanism of action and possible clinical applications.
The Chemistry inside Spices & Herbs: Research and Development brings comprehensive information about the chemistry of spices and herbs with a focus on recent research in this field. Experts in phytochemistry have contributed chapters with the aim to give the reader deep knowledge about phytochemical constituents in herbal plants and their benefits. These in-depth reviews cover the biochemistry and biotechnology of spices and herbs, herbal medicines, biologically active compounds and their role in therapeutics among other topics. Chapters which highlight natural drugs and their role in different diseases and special plants of clinical significance are also included. Volume 4 covers these topics: the potential use of Indian spices in managing viral infections, the chemical, functional, and nutritional properties of Coriander, traditional uses, chemical components, and pharmacological properties of Sphaeranthus indicus, Copaiba oleoresins phytochemisty and the pharmacological properties of oils from Copaifera species. Additionally, the pharmacognostic profile of Nardostachys jatamansi is discussed, along with insights into the medicinal herb Bush Onion (Afrostyrax lepidophyllus) and its nutritional and medicinal values. Various aspects of plant essential oils, including their chemistry, extraction methods, and medicinal properties, and plant proteases are also covered in detail. This book is an ideal resource for scholars (in life sciences, phytomedicine and natural product chemistry) and general readers who want to understand the importance of herbs, spices and traditional medicine in pharmaceutical R & D and clinical research.
Among Siddha's internal medicine dosage forms, "Legiyam" stands out as a widely recognized medicinal confectionary. This preparation involves heating decoctions, juices, milk, and sugar to form a syrupy consistency. Drug powders and other ingredients are added, and the mixture is cooled before incorporating ghee and honey. "Vaankumaria legiyam," a classic Siddha polyherbal formulation in confectionary form, contains various herbal ingredients known for addressing numerous health concerns, including digestion, diabetes, and skin issues.Commercially available formulations often lack proper standardization, leading to safety and efficacy concerns. In this context, the present study aims to prepare an in-house Siddha formulation using standard raw materials outlined in the Siddha Pharmacopoeia of India. Comparative phytochemical studies was conducted using modern analytical techniques such as AAS, FTIR, HPTLC, and GCMS. The Vaankumari legiyam formulations were tested for heavy metals and trace elements, revealing concentrations below regulatory limits. High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analyzed the phytochemical profile, confirming the product's authenticity. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) identified and quantified volatile organic compounds, confirming the in-house preparation's reproducibility in capturing aromatic and volatile constituents. These tests confirmed the product's safety for human consumption.The current research has shed light on the potential phytoconstituents responsible for the formulations’ claimed therapeutic effects and facilitates quality assessment. The comprehensive analysis of both marketed and in-house formulations of Vaankumari legiyam through various techniques, including phytochemical, physicochemical, AAS, HPTLC, FTIR, and GCMS, has demonstrated consistent and equal results.
Premna barbata Wall. ex Schauer is a widely used therapeutic plant belonging to family Lamiaceae and is distributed in various parts of India. Different parts of the plant were used traditionally in various ailments like arthritic pain, dropsy, herpes complex disease, etc. In the present study, systematic pharmacognostic study, preliminary phytochemical screening, HPTLC fingerprinting profile and in vitro antioxidant studies of the plant were carried out. The stembark was greyish brown in colour having rough, softly corky texture. Transverse section study and powdered microscopy revealed useful diagnostic features. The loss on drying of plant material was 5.43 ± 0.35% w/w. The total ash, water-soluble ash, and acid insoluble ash were found to be 11.66 ± 0.34, 09.00 ± 0.28 and 02.50 ± 0.12% w/w, respectively. P. barbata stem bark extractive values were found to be 08.00 ± 0.35, 06.00 ± 0.41% w/w alcohol soluble (Hot, Cold), and 13.00 ± 0.54, 11.00 ± 0.11% w/w water soluble extractives (Hot, Cold), respectively. The preliminary phytochemical screening confirms the presence of proteins, carbohydrates, steroids/triterpenoids, alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, and phenolic compounds in different solvent extracts. HPTLC chromatogram gives the idea about the number of phytochemicals present in the different extracts of Premna barbata. Among the different extracts, the ethyl acetate extract (EAE) showed significant antioxidant activity. These results provide major evidence that the Premna barbata have antioxidant potential. The investigation carried out will provide complete pharmacognostic profile of stem bark of Premna barbata and hence will be useful for correct recognition of the species for upcoming studies.
In traditional Indian medicine, the whole plant of Leptadenia pyrotechnica (Asclepiadaceae) is said to have a strong diuretic effect. The aim of this study was to evaluate the diuretic potential of the hydroalcoholic extract of Leptadenia pyrotechnica (HALPE) in rats. Group I, control (0.5% CMC saline, 10 ml/kg, b.w.), group II, furosemide (10 mg/kg b.w.) as a standard drug, and different concentrations of L.P. (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg b.w.) were administered intraperitoneally (n = 5 per treatment group) to hydrated rats, and their urine output was monitored at 6 h, 12 h, and 18 h after drug administration. The diuretic effect of the extract was highly significant compared to control animals. Halpe at a dose of 400 mg/kg shows a significant increase in urine volume with increased urine output. This study suggests that the active component of L.P. had a diuretic effect similar to that of furosemide. These results confirm the traditional use of Leptadenia pyrotechnica as a diuretic agent. Since ancient times, medicinal plants, sometimes called herbs, have been used in various traditional medical procedures. Leptadenia pyrotechnica is a plant commonly known as the chimp. It is traditionally used in rural areas for the treatment of many diseases, such as antifungal, antibacterial, anticancer, antioxidant, wound healing, anthelmintic, atherosclerosis, hypolipidemia, diuretic, diabetes, and hepatoprotective. In rural areas, this plant is also used as medicine and as a vegetable. First, the plants are dried and turned into powder, which is then used as a paste for ringworm, antifungal, wound treatment, and new plants for many other diseases.
Objective: Habb-e-Bukhar is a specific medication regimen in the traditional unani system for treating fever caused by conditions such as elephantiasis and intestinal diseases. It acts as both an Antipyretic and Diaphoretic to address acute fever. Methods: The current research aims to analyze the qualitative and quantitative composition of Habb-e-Bukhar to assess the primary and secondary metabolites present in the sample extract. The study utilized a range of advanced analytical methods such as FTIR, AAS, HPLC, and GC-MS analysis. The sample was prepared through the maceration method, and an initial phytochemical screening revealed the presence of Alkaloids, Carbohydrates, Volatile oils, Flavonoids, Glycosides, Steroids, and triterpenoids. Results: The Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy reveals the identification of functional groups at specific wavenumbers: 3960.26 for Amide, 3687.85 for Alcohol, 2765.05 for Aliphatic, and 2099.54 for Alkynes; as well as, at wavelength of 1641.55 denoting the presence of Alkenes (C=C). Moreover, findings from the Atomic Absorption spectrometer suggest that the drug contains notable levels of certain heavy metals, such as chromium at 0.00642 ppm, lead at 10.00 ppm, and argon at three ppm detected with precision in their respective wavelengths. Conclusion: The GC-MS technique was utilized to detect and characterize the phytochemicals found in the ethanolic extract. The findings indicated the existence of seven constituents.
Hedyotis scandens Roxb. (Family Rubiaceae) is used as a medicinal plant in many communities including Mizoram, northeast India. However, there is little evidence of its therapeutic potential, and scientific proof of its antioxidant capacity is not available to our knowledge and hence, the present study aims to explore the phytoconstituents and curative property of Hedyotis scandens Roxb methanolic leaf extract. Free radical scavenging activity was carried out in vitro. In a concentration-dependent manner, the Hedyotis scandens methanolic leaf extract suppressed the production of ABTS, DPPH and Nitric oxide. The IC 50 for DPPH was 35.7±0.14µg/ml, for ABTS it was 50.03±0.12µg/ml and for Nitric oxide the IC 50 was 83.61±0.2µg/ml. The presence of compounds such as alkaloid, tannin, flavonoid, and carbohydrate was revealed by phytochemical screening of the plant extract. The total phenolic content was 27.17±0.27 GAE mg/g whereas the total flavonoid content was 29.92±0.3 QE mg/g. The total antioxidant potential of the plant was found to be 98.03±0.14 AE mg/g. Concentration-dependent reducing activity against potassium ferricyanide was seen in the ferric reducing power assay. Antibacterial activity was conducted with two assays and the plant extract showed highest activity against Micrococcus luteus with an inhibition zone of 11.3±0.3mm for 10mg/ml and 15.3±0.3mm for 20mg/ml followed by Escherichia coli at 8.3±0.3mm for 10mg/ml and 10.6±0.3mm, Bacillus subtilis with inhibition zone of 7.3±0.3mm for 10mg/ml and 10.3±0.3mm for 20mg/ml. However, the plant extract did not have any activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Objective
To evaluate the antifertility activity of hydroalcoholic extract of Delonix regia (Boj. ex Hook.) Raf. leaves and seeds which are traditionally being used by Yanadi tribe to treat dysmenorrhea.
Methods
Three experimental animal models, including anti-implantation, early abortifacient, and estrogenic activity in female rats, were used for evaluation of the antifertility activity of both extracts at two dose levels (250 and 500 mg/kg, orally). There were five groups in the anti-implantation and early abortifacient activity while six groups in estrogenic activity including the standard. The number of implants, resorptions, vaginal cornification, body weight, uterus weight, and biochemical parameters were measured.
Results
At doses 250 and 500 mg/kg, the leaf extract was found to have strong anti-implantation action. The extract administered at the same doses also caused a significant rise in the number of resorptions, showing early abortifacient activity, increased uterine weight, and altered numerous biochemical parameters. Meanwhile, the seed extract only displayed slight anti-implantation activity at both levels.
Conclusions
Based on these preliminary findings, we can conclude that the leaf extract outperformed the seed extract in terms of antifertility activity, exhibiting potent estrogenic, anti-implantation and early abortifacient activities in a dose-dependent manner. These findings are consistent with the literature study and corroborate to the antifertility activity of the plant.
Anti-acne herbal formulations are used to treat acne vulgaris and also have the added benefit of not having any side effects, unlike synthetic medications. Acne is a bacterial-induced inflammatory skin disease caused by blockages in the pilosebaceous and inflammation. Antibiotics, both topical and systemic, are always used to treat acne, however antibiotic resistance can impair the success rate of acne treatment. The creation of effective therapeutic medicines relies heavily on medicinal plants. So, natural medicines are more acceptable because they are believed to be safer and have fewer adverse effects than manufactured ones. In the global market, herbal formulations are in high demand. The goal of this study is to produce and characterize herbal anti-acne face gel that contains neem (Azdirachta indica) extract, liquorice root (Glycyrrhiza glabra) extract, orange peel (Citrusaurantium var. sinensis) extract, and palash (Butea monosperma) flower extract. Although there are a variety of topical herbal formulations for acne on the market, we recommend creating a polyherbal formulation using a variety of herbal and synthetic ingredients. The plant has been found to have antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties in the literature. The prepared extract was screened to identify the presence or absence of various active principles like phenolic compounds, carbohydrates, flavanoids, glycosides, saponins, alkaloids, protein and amino acid. Polymers in various proportions were used to create several formulations ranging fromF1 to F8. Colour, appearance, consistency, washability, pH, and spreadability and stability of prepared formulations (F1 to F8) were all examined.
(PDF) Development and Characterization of Polyherbal Anti-acne face gel using Liquorice and Palash extract. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/377115037_Development_and_Characterization_of_Polyherbal_Anti-acne_face_gel_using_Liquorice_and_Palash_extract [accessed Jan 08 2024].
Background: Cannabis (Bhanga) has been extensively explored in research for therapeutic benefits. Out of 80+ phyto-cannabinoid detected till date; out of which Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), Cannabidiol (CBD) and Cannabinol (CBN) are therapeutically important. Psychotropic concern about cannabis is a majorly attributed to THC presence. For reducing intoxicant effect, Ayurveda recommends processing (Shodhana) of cannabis. Objectives: To evaluate impact of cannabis leaves processing techniques through pharmacognosy, photochemistry and chromatography. Material and methods: Four different processing methods; namely water-immersion (Jala-nimajjana) (JN), water-wash (Jala-prakshalana) (JP), boiling in cow’s milk (Godugdha-Swedana) (GS) and boiling in decoction of Acacia arabica (Babbul twak Kwatha-Swedana) (BKS) were performed as mentioned in Ayurveda classics. Water and ethanol extract of respective sample and processing media were prepared. Processed samples were evaluated for physicochemical, qualitative and chromatographic studies (HPTLC) and comparative evaluation was done against markers THC, CBD and CBN. Results: Processed samples showed variation in physico-chemical parameters. Functional groups like carbohydrates, phenols and steroids retained after processing in all samples. Additionally; protein and tannin groups were found in samples processed by GS and BKS method. Processing of cannabis reduced THC, CBD and CBN from samples and which transferred to media as quantified through HPTLC. In GS method, no maker visualized through HPTLC. This may be due to changes in nature of molecules caused by boiling. Reduction of THC found highest in JP (31%) followed by JN (18%) and BKS (16%) method. Conclusion: Processing showed changes in physicochemical parameters of cannabis leaves and reduces its THC content;thus; reducing its intoxicant effect without altering presence of functional group.
Background: Cascabela thevetia (L.) Lippold, a popular member of family Apocynaceae, (Yellow Oleander), being one of the preferred weapons for suicides in villages of India is grown in garden and roadside ways as a tree a. Pharmacologically active constituents include terpenoids, fla-vonoid, steroids and glycosides in seeds. Purpose: To identify the different alkaloids present in the seeds of Cascabela thevetia (L.) Lippold, and to evaluate the extent of severity of the toxic components (alkaloids) eubequitiously omnipotent in the aqueous decoction in different eukaryotic genomes. The other purpose lies in identifying this plant seed's potency as a ready source of active but varied levels of phytochemicals that could be exploited as future "novel bioactives" as therapeutic leads in drug discovery. Results: Some important alkaloids viz., Hordenine, Ismine, Trisphaeridine, Crinine, Galanthamine, Anhydrolycorine, Assoanine, Galanthine, Incartine, Lycorine and Galwesine, are being identified in the dried seed powder of Cascabela thevetia (L.) Lippold. In addition to the presence of Carbohydrates, proteins, tannins, phenolics, terpenoids and alkaloids in the dried seed powder. The aqueous extract was found to produce significant root length inhibition in pretreated germinating Lathyrus sativus L. seeds with serially diluted concentrations (5mg, 10 mg, 20 mg, 30 mg and 40 mg/ ml respectively). There was significant occurrence of abnormal cells in the aforementioned doses of pre-treated seeds in Lathyrus sativus L., and Allium sativum L., root tip cells. There was significant induction of almost all types of clastogenic and aneugenic chromosomal aberrations. The said pre-treatments induced significant increase in nuclear budding, double nucleus, nuclear bridges, micronuclei followed by karyorrhexis and karyolysis. There was high frequency of occurrence of giant cells and apoptotic cells. At 40 mg/ml pre-treatment root tip cells there were higher degree of apoptotic responses showing nuclear fragmentations and dislodged nucleolus showing shifting on one corner of the cell in vacuolated cells. Conclusions: So it might be conclusively inferred that the seeds of Cascabela thevetia (L.) Lippold, is highly toxic for germinating plant root cells. Implications: Strict regulation and monitoring is highly needed to keep this ornamental plant from the reach of commercial cash crops including pulse crops for better safety and prevent genotoxicity.
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