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An investigation on the neutraceutical aspects of the Kappaphycus alvarezii
Abstract
Chemical constituents such as heavy metals, lipids, phenol, vitamins, carrageenan, carbohydrates, antioxidants were estimated from Kappaphycus sp. From the studies, it was observed that the carbohydrate available in Kappaphycus sp. is 2.67 gm/100gm. Antioxidant potential of the red algae (Kappaphycus alvarezi) was determined by estimation of vitamin C, vitamin E, selenium and magnesium. The compositions of vitamin C, vitamin E, selenium and magnesium were found to be 0.123gm, 0.243gm, 0.0012gm, 0.0245gm per 100 gm respectively. It was noted that Kappaphycus is exhibited more antioxidant against vitamin E and magnesium. It was observed that total amount of the heavy metals is 30.4ppm. Iodine is the major constituent (56.77ppm) then boron (6.66ppm) and lead (3.45ppm) and nickel (2.43ppm). The composition of cobalt is 1.56ppm, mercury is 1.44ppm and cadmium is 1.02ppm. Very less amount of metals are arsenic (0.897ppm) and tin (0.89 ppm). The total lipid content was observed to be 1.09gms/100gms. The total protein content is as high as 18.78gm/100gm compared to all other substances. From study of vitamins, it was observed that the quantity of vitamin A is 1355.6 IU. Folic acid content is 1.22μg and choline is 0.676μg. Vitamins B1, B2, B3 and B6 are present in lesser quantity. B5 and B12 were observed to be in traces. Fat content in the species are found to be 1.09gm/100gm. Total phenol content is observed to be 4.565gm/100mg. Further, it was observed that the phenolic content is very much less than proteins and it is more than carbohydrates, lipids and fats. Carrageenan content is estimated as 1.095gm/100gm in the species. From the overall study, it can be concluded that the species can serve as functional food with vital nutritional and biological values.
... Further, it is a powerful antioxidant and participates in many physiological processes. The presence of vitamin C is required for the process of collagen production in the body (Rajasulochana & Krishnamoorthy, 2013;Suychinov et al., 2019). In the case of other tested vitamins, a slight increase was reported in the concentration of vitamin B6, B2, B12, PP, and A, but these are not statistically different than the control without bean flours. ...
This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of bean flour on the nutritional value and the yield stress of meat rolls. The main components of meat rolls are minced beef, eggs, bread, milk, and beans, but in the current study, the author mixed bean flour with these active ingredients and evaluated the effect of this on the various nutrient parameters of meat rolls. Four samples of meat rolls were prepared, with 0% to 20% beans flour. Results of the study found that depending on the concentration of beans, the moisture content, level of carbohydrate, and other nutritive parameters of meat roll have changed significantly due to the specific chemical composition of the bean flour. In terms of vitamin composition, significant changes are observed in the content of vitamin C and vitamin B1. The addition of bean flour (up to 15%) to minced rolls gradually increases the yield stress and improving the consistency of the product. According to organoleptic evaluation, the addition of up to 15% of beans has a positive effect on the consistency of the product due to improved water-binding ability. Results of the study suggesting new data related to the impact of bean flour on the nutritional value and consistency of meat rolls. The developed technology and recipe can be used for large scale meat rolls production.
Fatty acids and sterols of gametophytes and sporophytes of Chondrus crispus were isolated and identified. Although chemical variation in the proportions of other natural compounds (eg. different carrageenan type) between gametophytes and sporophytes has already been observed, this is the first comparative study of the lipid composition in both generations. The content of fatty acids and sterols in gametophytes (0.710 and 0.190 mg g-1 dry weight respectively) was higher than in sporophytes (0.622 and 0.113 mg g-1 dry weight). The main fatty acids were palmitic, palmitoleic, oleic, arachidonic and eicosapentaenoic acids. These five fatty acids represented more than 78% of the all fatty acid composition in both generations. In addition unsaturated fatty acids were present in a much greater quantity (>80%) than saturated fatty acids. However, differences in the distribution of fatty acids between the two generations were observed. Gametophytes demonstrated higher amounts of monounsaturated fatty acids while sporophytes had a relatively higher content of saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids. The major sterol in both generations was cholesterol (>94%). Differences were also observed in the sterol distribution between gametophytes and sporophytes, the former containing smaller amounts of 7-dehydrocholesterol and stigmasterol, while the latter had smaller amounts of 22-dehydrocholesterol, campesterol and sitosterol. Gametophytes were lacking 24-methylenecholesterol. Fatty acids and sterol of algal class, families and sometimes even species are characteristic to those particular taxa, and could be useful as chemotaxonomic markers. The results of this study showed that intra-specific variation in algae can be occured.
The experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary vitamin C on survival, growth and tissue ascorbic acid (AsA) concentration of abalone, Haliotis tuberculata and H. discus hannai. Eight purified diets were formulated to provide a series of graded levels of vitamin C (0–800 mg/100 g diet) from either supplemental crystalline AsA (1 level) or AsA coated with hydrogenated vegetable oil (7 levels). The red alga, Palmaria palmata, was used as a control diet. Abalone juveniles of similar size were distributed in a recirculating system using a completely randomized design with 9 treatments and 3 replicates per treatment. They were fed the appropriate diet every 3rd day for a 100-day period. Survival and growth of both abalone species were not significantly affected by the dietary treatments (P>0.05); and no deficiency signs were observed. Tissue AsA concentration, however, increased with the increase in dietary AsA. Abalone fed the diet containing crystalline AsA (200 mg/100 g) had significantly lower levels of carcass AsA than those fed the ascorbate-free diet. P. palmata resulted in a similar (in H. tuberculata) or a higher (in H. discus hannai) tissue AsA level than the purified diet with the highest level of coated AsA. H. tuberculata had a significantly higher mean level of tissue AsA than H. discus hannai.
A new steroid cholest-4-ene-3α, 6β-diol together with the known cholest-4-ene-3-one, lauric acid and o-phthalic acid bis-(2-ethyl nonyl)-ester were isolated from the red alga Acantophora spicifera. The structures of these compounds were established on the basis of their spectral data.
Dried samples of the red algae Solieria filiformis and Agardhiella subulata from Mar Piccolo, Taranto, were extracted by stirring in water at 25 (Cold), 85 (Hot) and 120 (pressure) °C. For each species, six successive cold, three hot and two pressure extractions were performed and analyzed separately. Water-soluble polysaccharides were isolated after treatment with amylase, alcohol precipitation, dialysis and freeze drying. The total, starch-free yields were 27 and 24% of the dry weight for S. filiformis (SF) and A. subulata (AS), respectively. FTIR and NMR spectroscopic analysis showed that the different cold and hot water extracts had a similar structural backbone, which can be characteristic of gelling type carrageenans with a dominant iota repeating structure (DA2S-G4S). However, some irregularities were detected by NMR, which may be attributed to 6-sulphated 4-linked precursor units. The occurrence of such and other irregularities was more frequent in the SF samples, giving a possible explanation for the enhanced extractability in cold water of carrageenan polymers from this species.
This study was carried out to evaluate the effects of graded dietary lipid levels on the survival, growth and body composition of Haliotis tuberculata and H. discus hannai. Six purified diets were formulated to provide approximately 25% protein, and a series of graded lipid levels, from 0.63 to 11.58%, in the form of a mixture of corn oil and menhaden fish oil (1:1). The red alga, Palmaria palmata, was used as a control diet. Abalone juveniles of similar size (H. tuberculata, 588 mg; H. discus hannai, 389 mg) were distributed in a recirculating system using a completely randomized design with 7 treatments and 3 replicates per treatment (20 juveniles/replicate), and fed the appropriate diet every 3rd day for a 100-day period. P. palmata produced similar or better growth performance for both abalone species than the artificial diets. Among the artificial diets, significantly higher weight gains were observed for H. discus hannai at dietary lipid levels ranging from 3.11 to 7.09%, and for H. tuberculata at 3.11%. However, growth in terms of protein gain was best when both species of abalone were fed 3.11 and 5.15% dietary lipid. Soft-body lipid content positively correlated with dietary lipid levels. Inversely, soft-body protein concentrations decreased with the increase of dietary lipid. Overall, H. discus hannai deposited a slightly higher level of lipid, but a lower level of protein than H. tuberculata. There were no significant differences in survival of abalone fed the experimental diets.