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Ethnomedicinal uses of Eclipta prostrta Linn
Abstract
Present communication records ethnomedicinal uses of Eclipta prostrta (L.) Linn. gathered from 5 districts of western Uttar Pradesh. It also presents the results of the screening of 5 Eclipta prostrta crude extracts for antibacterial activity against 18 human pathogenic bacteria. Standard methods of ethnobotanical explorations were followed and first hand information was collected by interviewing traditional medicine men/wise women. Antibacterial activity was determined by Standard Disk Diffusion method. A total of 33 claims were recorded from the study area. An attempt has been made to correlate the ethnomedicinal claims, gathered in this study with the already known pharmacological properties and antibacterial activity of crude extracts of this species. Ethyl acetate and methanol extracts showed antibacterial activity against maximum number of bacteria tested, followed by aqueous, benzene and petrol extracts.
... Dried plant (Decoction) Hemoptysis and hematemesis [13] Philippines Decoction of dried herb or tincture Dysentery and haematuria urine [13] Medicated tea or tinctures Household remedies for sprain and dermatitis [13] Plant juice fever, liver problems, urinary and spleen trouble [14] Nepal Plant paste wound, skin diseases [14] Plant extraction is prescribed with cow milk 3 times daily for 15 days before each meal Acidity [15] India ...
... Leaf extract with the extract of other plants is given orally twice a day for three months Alopecia [15] India ...
... Leaf paste is used to the affected parts Allergy, athlete's foot and ringworm [15] Pakistan ...
Eclipta alba (L.) Hassk, family: Asteraceae (Bhringaraja) is traditionally used in medicaments in Asian countries including Sri Lanka. Pharmaceutical products containing Eclipta alba (E.alba) have been used for different kinds of diseases and it had been mentioned in different types of prescriptions in Authentic texts in Ayurveda (Samhitha Grantha). Objective of this review is to discuss about the pharmacological activities and provides an integrated, synthesized overview of the current state of knowledge on E. alba with Ayurvedic and traditional knowledge. Data collected from Ayurveda texts, research papers, peer-reviewed indexed scientific journals, and authentic websites. E. alba is a small branched perennial herb, found in sandy and clay soils as waterlogged areas. E. alba has hepatoprotective, hair growth promoting, antidiabetic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, neuropharmacological, antioxidant, antimicrobial, cardiovascular, immunomodulatory, anti-epilepsy, anti-venom, anticancer, antiulcer, anthelmintic, and anti-hyperlipidemic properties. The reason for these properties is stated to be its major chemical compounds such as wedelolactone, dimethyl wedeloctone, ecliptic, etc. Therapeutic actions such as relieving swelling (Sothahara), relieving pains (Vedana Sthapana), purifying wounds (Vrana shodhana), wound healing (Vrana ropaṇa), giving normal colour to body parts (Sa-varṇakaraṇa), improving vision (Chakshushya), promoting hair growth (Keshavardhana), giving normal black to hair (Kesha ranjana) etc. have been mentioned in Samhitha Grantha and Ayurveda pharmacopeia.
... These phytochemicals impart pharmacological activities against several common diseases. Leaves of E.alba mixed with onion bulb and need leaves, this preparation is using to treat hair fall and premature greying of hairs (Dixit and pandey 1984;Khanna and Mudgal 1994;Khan and Khan 2008). Leaf extract mixed with honey is treating for spleen enlargement (Khan and Khan 2008). ...
... Leaves of E.alba mixed with onion bulb and need leaves, this preparation is using to treat hair fall and premature greying of hairs (Dixit and pandey 1984;Khanna and Mudgal 1994;Khan and Khan 2008). Leaf extract mixed with honey is treating for spleen enlargement (Khan and Khan 2008). Leaf decoction used to treat asthma, cough and respiratory problems (Dixit and Pandey 1984;Deng and Fang, 2012;Vashistha and Kaur 2013). ...
... Root powder Constipation. Wagner et al., (1986); Jain (1991) Whole plant Whole plant decoction High blood pressure Murthy et al., (1992); Khan and Khan (2008) ...
It is about the collection of information on plants and their uses in different aspects of India.
... On that account, the herb is conventionally used for treating hepatitis, weakness and pain of joints and knees, gray hairs, renal disease, dizziness, hemorrhages, tinnitus (China Pharmacopoeia Commission 2015). The use of this plant is almost similar in India and Bangladesh, E. prostrata has great medicinal value in both the countries and used for skin disease (e.g., burns and wounds), jaundice, respiratory disorders, diabetes, hair fall, fever, and fatigue (Rahmatullah et al. 2010;Khan and Khan 2008). In Nepal the whole plant extract is administered on wounds and cuts (Panthi and Singh 2013). ...
... Paste of the leaf is employed externally to treat eczema and sores for 15 days and also administered orally two times daily Khan and Khan (2008) Eclipta prostata (L.)L. ...
Herbs had been exploited by different cultures throughout history. In public wellness programs of the countries, drugs of natural origin play a crucial role. Eclipta prostrata (L.) L. also known by the name of Eclipta alba (L.) Hassk is generally called bhringraj in Indian traditional medicine and false daisy in English. It is a common folk medicinal plant falling under the family Asteraceae. It is an annual, herbaceous, small, branched plant occurring mainly in the tropical and subtropical areas. The plant performs a historic contribution in the pharmaceuticals and has a reassuring cosmetic application in addition to therapeutic applications. The plant possesses a number of bioactive compounds including coumestans, flavonoids, volatile oils, terpenoids and their glycosides, steroids, polyacetylenes, and polypeptides, etc. which are responsible for some of the important pharmacological activities including antimicrobial, analgesic, anti-nociceptive, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, antiviral, immunomodulatory activity, etc. In ayurveda, the extract of the leaf is contemplated as a rejuvenative especially for black hairs and a potential tonic for liver. Several researchers evaluated the acute toxicity of the plant concluding that the LD50 (Lethal dose 50) of E. prostrata was more than 2.0 g/kg in mice and rats, hence considered a moderately safe drug. This book chapter highlights the information on taxonomic description, photochemical constituents, traditional and folk uses, pharmacology and safety, and toxicity of E. prostrata in an aim to furnish recommendations for future research and possibilities for a good application of the herb. Particular attention is given to hepatoprotective, antidiabetic effect, hair growth and alopecia, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, immunomodulatory, anticancer, and antitumor effects of the plant so that the possible utilization of the plant can be evaluated in pharmaceutics as well as in agricultural resource.KeywordsEclipta prostrata (L.) L.Pharmacological activitiesBhringrajSafety and toxicityCoumestansTraditional use
... In many areas of India, leaf extract along with cow milk is used against the weakness of vision whereas leaves are also used to reduce wrinkles and heal wounds, palpitation, pimples, premature greying of hair, gingivitis, and alopecia. Whole plant is consumed in treating diarrhea and dysentery, fever, general weakness, jaundice, liver related problems, loss of appetite, and edema, whereas root extract is used against hemorrhoids [100]. In Himachal Pradesh India, people use leaf decoction of E. alba against headache. ...
... An in vitro study conducted by Gurrapu (50,100,250, and 500 in µg/mL) while aqueous extract showed significantly less activity than the other extracts [152]. ...
Plants are the primary source of food, shelter, and various remedial approaches. They are being in use for treating various kinds of human ailments across the world since the ancient times. One of such important plants is Eclipta alba hassk (Asteraceae) which is commonly known as Bhringraj and false daisy. This plant is known for its extra-ordinary therapeutic properties. It is one of most widely used plant in traditional systems of medicines such as Ayurvedic, Unani, Sidha, homeopathy, Chinese, and folk. Each part of this medicinal plant contains many important phytochemical constituents such as coumestans, triterpenes, flavonoids, steroids, polypeptides, and saponins. It is majorly used for enhancing the growth, strength, and blackening of hair. It is used as the main ingredient in many hair oils. It significantly treats problems related to hair such as hair fall, dandruff, premature greying, and baldness. E. alba exhibits many other important biological properties such as anticancer, anti-bacterial, anti-viral, anti-stress, and immunomodulatory. Thus, this medicinal plant is playing a vital role in the medical field and cosmetic industry. The present review is a summary of phytomedicinal importance of E. alba in Ayurveda as well as folk medicine system.
... Dentre as plantas amostradas, nove são consideradas medicinais: Cyrtocymura scorpioides (TOIGO et al., 2004), Eclipta prostrata (KHAN & KHAN, 2008), Emilia sonchifolia (KUMAR et al., 2015), Ipomoea batatas (MOHANRAJ & SIVASANKAR, 2014), Ipomoea cairica (SRIVASTAVA & SHUKLA, 2015), Ipomoea pes-caprae (AKINNIYI et al., 2022), Luffa aegyptiaca (AZEEZ et al., 2013), Cyperus pedunculatus (TAHERI et al., 2021) e Psidium guajava (NASEER et al., 2018); além disso, outras sete plantas se mostram promissoras quanto ao uso medicinal: Sphagneticola trilobata (ALI et al., 2024), Opuntia monacantha cf. (ABID et al., 2024), Ipomoea imperati (PAULA et al., 2003;ARAUJO et al., 2019), Canavalia rosea (SAZZAD et al., 2024), Sophora tomentosa (HUSSINY et al., 2020), Ocimum americanum (PANDEY & MADHURI, 2010) e Musa paradisiaca (LAKSHMI et al., 2015). ...
Visando conhecer a apifauna de um ambiente costeiro no norte de Santa Catarina, foi realizado um levantamento em duas localidades de Balneário Barra do Sul: Fazenda Yakult/UFSC e Lagoa da Cruz. Foram feitas coletas com rede entomológica, iscas aromáticas e pratos-armadilha, de outubro de 2022 a setembro de 2023. Foram amostradas 40 espécies de abelhas e 25 espécies de plantas, durante 144 horas de esforço amostral. As subfamílias de abelhas Apinae, Halictinae e Megachilidae foram as mais prevalentes. Em ambos os locais, o táxon mais amostrado foi Dialictus sp. Os táxons amostrados são de ocorrência comum para a região nordeste de Santa Catarina, exceto Megachile (Cressoniella) cf. e Sarocolletes cf. Três espécies de abelhas são cleptoparasitas: Mesonychium littoreum, Coelioxys (Glyptocoelioxys) sp. e Leiopodus lacertinus. Amostraram-se quatro espécies de Euglossini. A curva do coletor não se estabilizou. O método de amostragem que capturou mais riqueza de espécies foi rede entomológica, seguida por prato-armadilha e isca de cheiro. Quatro produtos para iscas odoríferas foram efetivos (vanilina, cinamato de metila, cineol e eugenol). A diversidade mostrou-se mediana a baixa. As duas comunidades se apresentaram equilibradas, num padrão interativo medianamente generalista e robusto, organizadas num modelo de algumas poucas espécies mais representativas no ambiente.
... range of therapeutic properties(Khan and Khan 2008;Timalsina and Devkota 2021;Yu et al. 2020;Alam et al. 2022). Leaves ...
Asteraceae is one of the largest flowering plant families, having
about 1600 genera and about 2500 species worldwide. Many
species possess ornamental values and serve as indigenous
therapeutic agents. People have been cultivating some species
for food and medicinal purposes for over 3000 years. Diverse
ecological habitats, with the exception of Antarctica, widely
distribute this species. Clusters of flowers are a key
characteristic of this family. Despite their wide diversity, they
have similar types of secondary metabolites, like inulin. They
have sound pharmacological properties like antioxidant, anti�inflammatory, and anti-microbial values. The most common
are phenolics, flavonoids, and triterpenes. Therefore, the
documentation of medicinal plants from the Asteraceae family
is an important task. The book "Medicinal Asteraceae of India,
Volume 1" documents seven medicinal plants in this regard.
The book highlights the medicinal importance of this family
and gives baseline data for future advanced pharmacological
work.
... It has a long history of usage as traditional medicine in many countries, notably in the tropics (Pandey et al., 2011). This plant has many properties that can help to treat a variety of diseases, including diabetes, coronary heart disease, gastrointestinal disease, skin disease, vitiligo, skin sores, respiratory diseases, and high blood pressure (Khan & Khan, 2008;Rahmatullah et al., 2009). Eclipta alba has yielded a diverse set of primary and secondary metabolites, while flavonoids, triterpenes, coumestans, and steroids are considered as major constituents (Chung et al., 2017). ...
Vitiligo is a common skin disorder resulting from the breakdown of functional epidermal melanocytes. The global prevalence of vitiligo ranges from 0.5% to 2%, with higher rates reported in certain populations. Melanocytes, responsible for skin color, are destroyed in vitiligo condition leading to the appearance of smooth, white patches on the skin. The progression of vitiligo is influenced by various factors, including genetics, autoimmunity, psychosis, melanocyte self-destruction, trace element deficiency, oxidative stress, and other biochemical and environmental variables. Recent research has identified herbal plant extractions as potential agents for re-pigmentation and regeneration of normal skin color. Specific components of these herbal plants, such as furocoumarin, thymoquinone, flavonoids, curcuminoids, and glycyrrhizin, play crucial roles in promoting re-pigmentation. Combination therapies involving these herbal compounds have shown promise in increasing tyrosinase activity and reducing oxidative stress, which are two important aspects of vitiligo treatment. The review aims to comprehensively evaluate the efficacy of herbal plant therapies for melanocyte re-pigmentation in vitiligo patients. By analyzing the effectiveness of various herbal extracts and their active components, this study seeks to advance the understanding and potential application of herbal treatments for vitiligo. The findings from this review may contribute to the current knowledge on therapeutic options available for vitiligo patients.
... E. prostrata has long been employed in Ayurveda and Unani medicine due to its wide range of therapeutic properties (Khan and Khan 2008;Timalsina and Devkota 2021;Au et al. 2022;Alam et al. 2022). Whole plant: Whole plant decoction is administered orally to treat digestive problems, bronchitis, and pneumonia. ...
Asteraceae plants have been esteemed as medicinal assets globally, particularly in arid and semiarid regions. Eclipta prostrata, a member of this family, holds significant prominence in traditional medicine systems, notably in Asia. Commonly referred to as False daisy or Bhringraj. E. prostrata is rich in bioactive compounds and exhibits diverse pharmacological activities. The plant's therapeutic applications encompass hepatoprotective, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, wound healing, antimicrobial, anti-diabetic, and potential anti-cancer properties. Medicinally it is used to treat eczema, boils, hepatitis, itching, haemoptysis, bleeding, haematuria, diarrhoea, diphtheria etc. The presence of various phytoconstituents like coumestans, alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and triterpenoids contributes to its medicinal uses. This review highlights its botanical description, medicinal uses, bioactive compounds, and pharmacological activities of E. prostrata.
... In Nepal, people utilize its leaves and young stems to cure wounds and prevent infections (Manandhar, 2002;Adhikari et al., 2019), and many Bangladeshi ethnic groups use it to cure jaundice. Additionally, it is used to treat acidity, alopecia (Roy et al., 2008), gingivitis, fever, bodily aches, asthma, bronchitis, burns, constipation, wounds, wrinkles, edema, pimples, and other skin conditions (Kumari et al., 2006;Tewtrakul et al., 2007;Khan and Khan, 2008;Neeraja and Margaret, 2011). ...
The diabetes-associated mortality rate is increasing annually, along with the severity of its accompanying disorders that impair human health. Worldwide, several medicinal plants are frequently urged for the management of diabetes. Reports are available on the use of medicinal plants by traditional healers for their blood-sugar-lowering effects, along with scientific evidence to support such claims. The Asteraceae family is one of the most diverse flowering plants, with about 1,690 genera and 32,000 species. Since ancient times, people have consumed various herbs of the Asteraceae family as food and employed them as medicine. Despite the wide variety of members within the family, most of them are rich in naturally occurring polysaccharides that possess potent prebiotic effects, which trigger their use as potential nutraceuticals. This review provides detailed information on the reported Asteraceae plants traditionally used as antidiabetic agents, with a major focus on the plants of this family that are known to exert antioxidant, hepatoprotective, vasodilation, and wound healing effects, which further action for the prevention of major diseases like cardiovascular disease (CVD), liver cirrhosis, and diabetes mellitus (DM). Moreover, this review highlights the potential of Asteraceae plants to counteract diabetic conditions when used as food and nutraceuticals. The information documented in this review article can serve as a pioneer for developing research initiatives directed at the exploration of Asteraceae and, at the forefront, the development of a botanical drug for the treatment of DM.
... [15,16] Also, it is employed to cure a variety of illnesses, including baldness, acidity, [17] and others like gingivitis, bronchitis, asthma, wounds, burns, constipation, high temperature, body aches, wrinkles, acne, and other skin conditions. [18][19][20][21] Many studies have been conducted on the elemental analysis and biological functions of various E. alba plant parts. A thorough knowledge of the potential uses of E. alba as a drug, cosmetic, and other formulations would be made possible via proper chemical characterization and standardization of plant materials. ...
Eclipta alba (Asteraceae Family) is a widely recognised medicinal plant found in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. It is one of the plants that is most frequently utilised in traditional medical systems including Ayurveda, Sidha, homoeopathic, Unani, Chinese, and folk medicine. Many significant phytochemical components, including triterpenes, flavonoids, coumestans, steroids, saponins and polypeptides, are present in each portion of this medicinal plant. Several herbal and Ayurvedic formulations, like Indulekha Bringha oil and Liv.52 Gnx pill, contain Eclipta alba as a important therapeutic ingredient. The objective of the current work was to create a validated and consistent HPTLC technique for the simultaneous measurement of linoleic acid (LA) and oleanolic acid (OA) in E. alba. The procedure used Silica Gel 60 F254 as the stationary phase and ethyl acetate, toluene, and formic acid at a ratio of (4:7:0.2 v/v/v) as the mobile phase, which produced compact bands upon derivatization with anisaldehyde sulfuric acid. The correlation coefficient (r2) for the linear regression data for the standard linoleic and oleanolic acid calibration curves was 0.9966 and 0.9964, respectively, and it demonstrated a good linear relation over range of concentrations of 300-1500 ng/spot and 450-1600 ng/spot with respect to the area. Precision, accuracy, robustness, and selectivity of the approach were all assessed. LOD and LOQ for LA and OA, respectively, were measured to be 108.47 and 182.33 ng/spot and 258.30 and 327.54 ng/spot. We came to the conclusion that this approach, which uses HPTLC to quantify LA and OA, is effective, straightforward, accurate, and reproducible.
... [32] The plant is regarded as an anticatarrhal, antihepatotoxic, deobstruent, emetic, febrifuge, hair tonic, refrigerant, rejuvenative, restorative and stimulant, used to treat acidity, allergy, alopecia, asthma, athlete's foot, baldness, body pain, bronchitis, burns, constipation, coughs, cuts, dandruff, debility, diabetes, diarrhoea, dysentery, edema, elephantiasis, eye sight weakness, fever, gingivitis, hair loss, graying of hair, hypertension, insomnia, jaundice, leucoderma, lice infection, liver and spleen enlargement, menorrhagia, palpitation of the heart, piles, pimples, pneumonia, ringworm, scorpion sting, skin diseases, snake bites, sores, ulcers, urinary tract infections, wounds and wrinkles. [1,33,34] E. prostrata plant contained coumestans, [35,36] -amyrin, oleanolic acid, ursolic acid, eclalbasaponins A -D and I -X, eclalbatin, [37][38][39] dasyscyphin C, phytosterols, steroidal alkaloids, verazine and its derivatives, ecliptalbine, luteolin, its 7-glucoside, apigenin, orobol, sesquiterpene lactones, fatty alcohols, volatile oil components, polyacetylenes, ecliptal, [40,41] protocatechuic and 4hydroxy benzoic acids and a lanostenoid. [42][43][44] Morus alba L., syn. ...
Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br. (family Apocynaceae) is a large, evergreen, tropical tree and its stem bark is used to treat abdominal and respiratory complaints, fevers, gonorrhoea, headache, hypertension, influenza, irregular menstruation, malaria, skin diseases, snakebites and urticaria. Eclipta prostrata L. (family Asteraceae) is a small, erect, annual herb and used to relieve acidity, allergy, alopecia, asthma, baldness, cuts, dandruff, gingivitis, hypertension, insomnia, jaundice, leucoderma, lice infection, menorrhagia, piles, pimples, pneumonia, ringworm, scorpion sting, skin diseases, snake bites, sores, wounds and wrinkles. Morus alba L. (family Moraceae) is a fast-growing, deciduous, evergreen tree and its bark is taken orally to expel tape worms and to cure toothache. This research work was undertaken to characterize structures of chemical constituents isolated from these plants. The air-dried plant materials were exhaustively extracted with methanol individually in a Soxhlet apparatus. The concentrated methanol extracts were adsorbed on silica gel for column and chromatographed over silica gel columns separately. Each column was eluted with petroleum ether, chloroform and methanol successively to isolate the phytoconstituents. Phytochemical investigation of the stem bark of A. scholaris afforded two lupene-type pentacyclic triterpenoids identified as lup-5, 12, 20(29)-trien- 3β-acetoxy-22α-ol (alstrinine acetate, 1) and lup-5, 12, 20(29)-trien- 3β, 22α-diol (alstrinine, 2) along with 3-epi-stigmasterol (3), β-sitosterol (4) and β-sitosterol-3β-O-glucoside (5). The aerial parts of E. prostrata furnished a new tetracyclic triterpenoid characterized as lanost-5, 24-dien-7β-ol -18, 21-olide -3β-olyl palmitate (6). The stem bark of M. alba yielded two known pentacyclic triterpenoids marked as α-amyrin acetate (urs-12-en-3β-yl acetate, 7) and 3-epi-betulinic acid (8). The structures of these phytoconstituents have been established on the basis of spectral data analysis and chemical reactions.
... Lawsonia inermis commonly known as Henna leaves or mehendi gach, which contain active compounds such as lawsone, gallic acid, glucose, mannitol, fats, resin, mucilage, and alkaloid showed antifungal and antibacterial effect (Dixit, 1980;Rahmoun, 2013;Mohiuddin, 2019). Crude extracts of Eclipta prostrata and Litsea glutinosa also demonstrated antibacterial activity, and previous ethnomedicinal reports mentioned that the powder of Eclipta prostrata was used to cure hepatitis and jaundice (Khan, 2008;Mandal, 2000). Hossan et al., (2010) reported earlier the traditional use of Streblus asper Lour. ...
... The leaves can be used to prepare food 12 . In the agricultural sector, E. alba is often considered as a weed by farmers, but on the other hand, this plant has many properties in treating several diseases such as diabetes, coronary heart disease, gastrointestinal disease, skin disease, vitiligo, skin sores, respiratory diseases and high blood pressure 14,21,39,55 . In traditional Chinese medicine, E. alba can be used to treat dizziness, loose teeth, bleeding and tinnitus. ...
Eclipta alba L. is a medicinal plant included in the Asteraceae family. This plant is generally called as false daisy and bhringaraj. In traditional medicine, this plant is utilized to medicate various diseases in humans such as diabetes, coronary heart disease, gastrointestinal disease, skin disease, vitiligo, skin lesions, respiratory diseases and high blood pressure. Additionally, Eclipta alba has been widely utilized as a hair grower and dye. Eclipta alba contains various active compounds such as glycosides, triterpenoids, alkaloids, flavonoids, coumestans and polyacetyl. This plant is believed to have several pharmacological activities such as antibacterial, antifungal, anthelmintic, antimalarial, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, immunomodulatory, analgesic, diuretic, hypolipidemic, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antioxidant, anticancer, hair growth promoting, memory enhancing and antivenom. The aim of this review as discussions on the taxonomy, plant description, geographical distribution, phytochemistry, traditional use, medicinal value, pharmacological activity of the Eclipta alba L.
... The plant juice has been used to control, kill, and inhibit the growth of diseases carrying vectors such as mosquito [26,27]. Additionally, it is also used to treat different types of symptoms such as acidity, alopecia [28], gingivitis, fever, body pain, asthma, bronchitis, burns, constipation, wounds, wrinkles, edema, pimples, and other skin diseases [29][30][31][32]. ...
Eclipta prostrata (L.) L. (Syn.: Eclipta alba (L.) Hassak, Family: Asteraceae) is an important medicinal plant in the tropical and subtropical regions. It is widely used in treating various diseases of skin, liver and stomach in India, Nepal, Bangladesh, and other countries. The main aim of this review was to collect and analyze the available information on traditional uses, phytoconstituents, and biological activities of E. prostrata. The scientific information was collected from the online bibliographic databases such as Scopus, MEDLINE/PubMed, Google Scholar, SciFinder, etc. and books and proceedings. The active phytochemicals were coumestan derivatives, phenolic acid derivatives, flavonoids, triterpenoid and steroid saponins, substituted thiophenes, etc. Various extracts and isolated compounds of E. prostrata showed a wide range of biological activities such as antimicrobial, anticancer, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective and hair growth promoting activities. Relatively a few studies have been performed to reveal the exact phytoconstituents responsible for their corresponding pharmacological activities. Future studies should focus on detailed mechanism based studies using animal models and clinical studies.
... Leaves are used in the treatment of scorpion stings (Neeraja and Margaret 2012). Similarly, the plant has broad medicinal values and is mainly used for the therapy of respiratory disorders (e.g., bronchitis, asthma, and cough), skin diseases (e.g., burns, dermatitis, and wounds), microbial infections, liver and spleen enlargement, fever, hair loss and graying of hair, fatigue, diabetes, jaundice, snakebite, and scorpion sting, and the juice of the root is applied for conjunctivitis in India (Khan and Khan 2008;Rahmatullah et al. 2009, Panghal et al. 2010Khan et al. 2014;PROSEA 2016). ...
Eclipta prostrata(L.) L.: Artemisia viridis Blanco; Eclipta prostrata Lour.; Eclipta prostrata f. aureoreticulata Y.T.Chang; Eclipta prostrata f. prostrata; Eclipta prostrata var. prostrata; Eclipta prostrata var. undulata (Willd.) DC.
... Leaf extract is being used in oedema. It is used in the treatment of paronychia (21). ...
Eclipta alba Hassk.(compositeae) is an important small branched annual herbaceous plant in Ayurveda  described first by Bhavprakasha and is widely used for treating various ailments in the Indian system of medicine. Aim: Aim of this review is to provide comprehensive information on the pharmacological activities of various part of Eclipta alba Hassk. Setting and design: This is a contribution which provides a comprehensive review on ethnomedicinal uses, chemical composition, and the pharmacological profile of Eclipta alba Hassk. as an important medicinal plant. Material and methods: All the relevant universally accepted electronic databases were searched with respect to the terms “Bhrungarajâ€, “False Daisyâ€, “Eclipta erecta,â€, “Eclipta prostate,â€, “Verbesina alba, â€& Verbesina prostrate†including Indian classical texts, pharmacopoeias, Ayurvedic books, journals, etc., for information without specific timeline. Complete information of the plant has been collected manually. Result and conclusion: The collected data reflects that many ethno‑medicinal claims have been confirmed through the modern in‑vitro and in vivo pharmacological studies using different extracts and their isolates of Eclipta alba Hassk. The isolation of active constituents, their biological actions, clinical safety and validation of traditional uses of Eclipta alba could provide leads for further scientific research. The information collected here will be useful to set‑up research protocols for modern drugs and Ayurvedic formulation development.Â
... Leaves are used in the treatment of scorpion stings (Neeraja and Margaret 2012). Similarly, the plant has broad medicinal values and is mainly used for the therapy of respiratory disorders (e.g., bronchitis, asthma, and cough), skin diseases (e.g., burns, dermatitis, and wounds), microbial infections, liver and spleen enlargement, fever, hair loss and graying of hair, fatigue, diabetes, jaundice, snakebite, and scorpion sting, and the juice of the root is applied for conjunctivitis in India (Khan and Khan 2008;Rahmatullah et al. 2009, Panghal et al. 2010Khan et al. 2014;PROSEA 2016). ...
Eclipta prostrata(L.) L.:Artemisia viridisBlanco;Eclipta prostrataLour.;Ecliptaprostrataf.aureoreticulataY.T. Chang;Eclipta prostrataf.prostrata;Ecliptaprostratavar.prostrata;Eclipta prostratavar.undulata(Willd.) DC.
... Both the countries E. alba has broad medicinal value and used for skin disease (e.g. burns and wounds), respiratory disorders, jaundice, diabetes, hair fall, fatigue, and fever [18,19]. In Thailand, they use different parts of the plant to treat different diseases. ...
Eclipta alba is a common folk medicinal plant which is generously known as bhringraj in Indian traditional medicine and as false daisy in English. It belongs to the Asteraceae family, found in almost all over the globe specially in tropical and subtropical region with various vernacular names include kesuriya (Bengali), maakaa (Marathi), yerba de tago (Minnesota), Kehraj (Assamese), Karisalankanni (Tamil), galagara (Telugu), bhangaro (Guajarati), bhangaara (Hindi). The plant has been traditionally used in folk medicine along with Ayurveda and Siddha for its curative properties where it is utilized as anticancer, antimicrobial, analgesic, anti-venom, antioxidant, antimytotoxic, antihyperglycemic, immunomodulatory properties. A broad range of chemical components including alkaloids, coumentans, flavonoids, polyacetylenes, triterpenes, thiopenes and their derivatives have been extracted from this species. These phytochemicals show different pharmacological activities against several common diseases. This contribution provides update about isolated and identified chemical compounds from the plant extract and their traditional and pharmacological activities.
... Contain antibacterial (Khan and Khan, 2008) and anthelmintic (Bhinge et al., 2010) chemicals. ...
Weeds associated with rice fields cause severe yield reduction and many other problems. Effective weed management strategy depends on knowledge of weed seed biology. This study aimed to determine basic seed biology information of seven rice field weeds in Sri Lanka. Seeds were collected from at least five individuals from each species. Dormancy classes of seeds were determined using germination and imbibition experiments. Effect of light, dry storage, temperature and salinity on dormancy and germination was studied. Experiments were conducted with three replicates of 25 seeds. Among the tested species, seeds of Eclipta prostrata and Ludwigia peruviana were non-dormant where the non-treated fresh seeds germinated > 60 %. Seeds of Aeschynomene indica and Melochia corchorifolia are physically dormant as only scarified seeds imbibed and germinated. Fimbristylis miliacea, Cyperus pilosus and L. decurrens seeds germinated only on GA3. Thus, they have physiological dormancy. E. prostrata and L. peruviana seeds required light for germination. Five month-dry storage reduced the viability of E. prostrata seeds. In contrast, dry storage increased the sensitivity to the dormancy breaking treatment of A. indica, M. corchorifolia, C. pilosus and L. decurrens seeds and decreased the sensitivity of F. miliacea seeds. Germination of E. prostrata and L. peruviana seeds decreased with decreasing osmotic potential. Although, dormancy and dormancy breaking requirements vary among study species, keeping the rice field dry during the intercropping period could induce the seed germination of most of the above species and could be used as a mechanism to reduce the soil seed bank.
... Perennial Wounds (Chopda & Mahajan, 2009); infections, pain, diabetes, jaundice, leprosy, cough (Morais, Dantas, Silva, & Magalhães, 2005) Antinociceptive, anti-Inflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic (Zakaria et al., 2007); Wound Healing (Ananth et al., 2010); antiulcer activity (Zakaria et al., 2011); Anti-inflammatory activity (Bhatia, Bishnoi, Chauhan, Kinja, & Shailesh, 2011), Antimicrobial Activity (Negi, Dave, & Agarwal, 2012), antioxidant (Krishnaveni, 2014) Anti-Inflammatory Activity (Maity et al., 1998) (Jain & Patil, 2010), Anti-Proliferative Activity (Rejiya, Cibin, & Abraham, 2009), Anti-Microbial Activity , Antinociceptive and Spasmogenic Activity (Chidume, Kwanashie, Adekeye, Wambebe, & Gamaniel, 2002;Prabhu, Krishnamoorthy, Prasad, & Naik, 2013) (Khan & Khan, 2008) Anti-hepatotoxic property (Kim et al., 2008), Anaphylaxis activity, Immunomodulatory activity (Ghosh, 1984), (Roitt, Grostoff, & Male, 1998), (Hudson & Frank, 1991), Antidiabetic activity (Giordano et al., 1989), (Nahar, 1993), Anticancer activity (Ruddon, 2007), (St. Luke, 2007), Analgesic and Anti-inflammatory activity (Singh, Malhotra, & Subban, 2008) (Sawant, Isaac, & Narayanan, 2004) 2 Parthenium hysterophorus Fever Fever, Diarrhoea, Neurologic disorders, urinary tract infections, dysentery, malaria, inflammation, eczema, skin rashes, herpes, rheumatic pain, cold, heart trouble (Marwat, & Khan, 2015) Antioxidant, Anti-HIV Agents, Anticancer (Kumar, Chashoo, Saxena, & Pandey, 2013), Thrombolytic activity (Prasad et al., 2006), Antitumor Screening (Al-Mamun, Hamid, Islam, & Chowdhury, 2010), Antibacterial (Madan, Gogia, & Sharma, 2011) (Fazal et al., 2011, Antifungal (Shazia & Sobiya, 2012) (Zaheer, Shafique, Shafique, & Mehmood, 2012) 3 Ipomoea aquatica Anemia, given to nursing mothers ...
Women, especially in the marginalized communities of the high-risk regions prone to flood and drought are considered most vulnerable to climate change risks. They play a very important role in household nutrition management and resource management in terms of labor, off-farm products, and small savings. In the absence of help from formal and informal R and D and technology institutions, their knowledge and resources’ exchange system has to be very robust to cope with the seasonal shortages arising due to climate fluctuations. The study found that these exchanges, spilling over caste or class boundaries, serve as valuable informal safety nets and contribute to household resilience. Researchers seeking to strengthen community coping strategies should pursue such polices and institutional interventions which strengthen women's resource exchange and exploitation mechanisms. We offer in the end a 4-E model involving exchange, expertise, ethics, and environmental consciousness which describes how these empower women and help in articulation of their unique coping strength at intra- and inert-community levels. Lateral learning among community members sustains and enhances over time collective and household coping strategies with climate risks.
... C. esculenta is well known for its nutritional and medicinal value [10]. Ethnomedicinal uses of E. prostrata have been reviewed by Khan and Khan [11]. Larvicidal activity (aqueous extract) of E. prostrata is reported by Khanna and Kannabiran [12] and Elango et al. [13]. ...
Control of mosquitoes by using chemical insecticides creates several problems including development of resistance. This leads to find out alternative methods via plant products. Viewing this in mind, methanolic extracts of Colocasia esculenta, Eclipta prostrata and Wrightia tinctoria leaves were tested against II, III, IV instars and pupa of filarial vector Culex quinquefasciatus. The LC50 value obtained for IV instar larvae of Cx. quinquefasciatus is 165.697 ppm for C. esculenta while it is 114.257 ppm for E. prostrata and 210.298 ppm for W. tinctoria. Of the three plants studied E. prostrata is most effective in controlling mosquito larvae than the others.
... Eclipta prostrata was used by Kaviraj 1 for treatment of cuts and wounds. Ethnic groups in Jhansi and Laitpur sections of Bundelkhand, Uttar Pradesh, India also use the plant for treatment of wounds [55]. Jatropha gossypifolia, used by Kaviraj 3 for treatment of dysentery, is used in ethnomedicines of Orissa, India for treatment of diarrhea [24]. ...
Ethnomedicinal surveys were conducted among three folk medicinal practitioners (Kavirajes) of two villages (Tangramari and Kutubpur) in Chuadanga district and one folk medicinal practitioner of Benepara village in Jhenaidah district of Bangladesh. The three Kavirajes of Chuadanga district were observed to use a total of 74 plants and one fish species in their medicinal formulations. Of these plants, two plants could not be identified; the rest 72 plants were distributed into 38 families. The sole practitioner surveyed in Jhenaidah district used a total of 37 plants (distributed into 30 families) and 3 animal parts in his formulations. Distinct differences were noted in the medicinal plant selections not only between the Kavirajes of Chuadanga and Jhenaidah district, but also among the Kavirajes of Chuadanga district. Overall, the survey results suggest that Kavirajes practicing not only in different districts but even within the same district has their own unique list of medicinal plants, which they use to treat different ailments. This points to the uniqueness of individual Kavirajes, and further suggests that folk medicinal practice in Bangladesh may be a blend of various types of traditional practices. The diversity of medicinal plant use and diseases treated by the Kavirajes presents the scientific community with enough preliminary data to conduct scientific studies on these plants towards discovery of possibly newer drugs. The results further suggest that to get a comprehensive picture of folk medicinal practice in Bangladesh, it is important to conduct as many ethnomedicinal surveys as possible among the Kavirajes of all areas of the country.
... It is commonly known as False Daisy and is traditionally used to treat hyperlipidemia, atherosclerosis, hepatic disorders, spleen enlargement and skin diseases 78,79 . Studies have shown that ethyl acetate and methanol extracts possess antibacterial activity against maximum number of bacteria 80 . Investigation showed that the butanol fraction of this plant increases the formation of brain acetylcholine and decreases oxidative stress in the brain of rats 81 . ...
Liver is the most important organ playing a major role in the metabolism and excretion in the body. Liver diseases are one of the major threats to public health and are mainly caused by exposure to toxic chemicals, microbes and excessive alcohol consumption. Despite advances in modern medicine, there is need for effective drug that stimulates liver function. Herbal medicines have been used in the treatment of diseases for many years and plant kingdom is undoubtedly valuable source of various therapeutic components. This work intends to give information regarding 26 ethno medicinal plants of Manipur with a special note on their hepatoprotective activity. INTRODUCTION Manipur is a beautiful land-lock with valley in the centre surrounded by many hill ranges. It is covered by various types of forest and blessed with varied flora and fauna 1. The state has diversity of medicinal plants. Plants and plant derived product are part of health care since time immemorial. In treatment of various ailments including hepatopathy, herbal drugs play an important role. Effective therapeutic agents with a low incidence of side-effects are in need by physicians and patients and plants potentially constitute such a group. A variety of plants have been studied which support liver functions and are used to treat diseases of the liver, but still there is a need to explore more hepatoprotective plants. Studies on ethno-medicinal plants are of great advantage for producing herbal drugs. The local people possess good knowledge of herbal medicines regarding its preparation and use. Hence it is important to study and record their use of medicinal plants.
... Somewhat surprisingly, this rather unsightly species has been used in various parts of tropical and sub-tropical regions like South America, Asia, Africa, as a medicinal and edible plant (BOWN 1995, CHERYL 2007, KHAN and KHAN 2008, DALAL et al. 2010. ...
During field investigations on Long Ulcinj Beach, Montenegrin coast, three taxa new to Montenegrin flora were collected: Colchicum cupanii Guss. subsp. glossophyllum (Heldr.) Rouy, Datura innoxia Mill. and Eclipta prostrata (L.) L. The first species is native to Europe, while the others are alien. Colchicum cupanii subsp. glossophyllum is an endemic of the Balkan Peninsula, with a distribution formerly restricted to Greece and Albania, so this new record extends its distribution to the north-west. The distribution of Eclipta prostrata in the Balkans is also enlarged by this new record for Montenegro, in a westerly direction.
... Somewhat surprisingly, this rather unsightly species has been used in various parts of tropical and sub-tropical regions like South America, Asia, Africa, as a medicinal and edible plant (BOWN 1995, CHERYL 2007, KHAN and KHAN 2008, DALAL et al. 2010. ...
During field investigations on Long Ulcinj Beach, Montenegrin coast, three
taxa new to Montenegrin flora were collected: Colchicum cupanii Guss. subsp. glossophyllum
(Heldr.) Rouy, Datura innoxia Mill. and Eclipta prostrata (L.) L. The first species
is native to Europe, while the others are alien. Colchicum cupanii subsp. glossophyllum is
an endemic of the Balkan Peninsula, with a distribution formerly restricted to Greece and
Albania, so this new record extends its distribution to the north-west. The distribution of
Eclipta prostrata in the Balkans is also enlarged by this new record for Montenegro, in a
westerly direction.
... A questionnaire was developed to elicit botanical name; family; vernacular name of the plant; plant part used; mode of drug preparation; administration; ailment treated and combination with other herbs. The data collected were further verified and crosschecked at different villages with renowned practitioners and the patients [11] . Voucher specimens were collected from different locations and later they were identified by senior taxonomist (Associate Professor Dr. Athar Ali Khan). ...
Objective
To conduct ethnopharmacobotanical field explorations in rural areas of five districts of Uttar Pradesh, India with regard to the folk herbal formulations associated with the management of poisons and poisonous bites.
Methods
Local traditional healers known as “Vaidya” and “Hakeems” in the study area were interviewed to gather ethnopharmacobotanical information using a questionnaire attending various medical practices.
Results
Information on 49 herbal formulations prepared from 39 plant species belonging to 28 plant families in the treatment of poisons and poisonous bites is presented in this scientific communication.
Conclusion
Present communication revealed that study area is rich in its ethnopharmacobotanical knowledge. The plant species discussed here also encompasses new reports on Chenopodium album, Solanum xanthocarpum, Solanum melongena, Sesamum indicum, Calotropis procera, Coriandrum sativum, Cynodon dactylon, Brassica campestris, Triticum aestivum, Vitis vinifera, Sorgum vulgare and Nerium indicum. This study further concludes that there lies a lot of potential in the Indian herbal repository which should be explored systematically and later subjected to thorough study under the light of latest available scientific research methodologies for the drug standardization and pharmaco-toxicological studies with a view to making cheaper and safer drugs for the benefit of humanity periodically encountered with poisons and poisonous bites.
Globally, herbal “renaissances” are on the rise, and there is a comeback to herb-based practices for healthcare management in different regions of the world. A substantial number of people have recently begun to use medicines or products derived from the plants for improving the quality of their health, whether they use them alone or in combination with honey or other products. In Ayurveda, honey is used as Anupana (to enhance activity) and Sahapana (to enhance faster absorption and assimilation of medicament) and also as a vehicle (to mitigate side effects) with some medicines. The antibacterial properties of honey are very useful especially against those bacteria that have acquired resistance to antibiotics. Therefore, honey is utilized as an excellent wound dressing agent in surgical infections, wounds and burns. There are a large number of traditional herbal formulations that are prescribed in combination with honey. Combination or infusion with honey generally enhances the effectiveness of certain herbal formulations. In this chapter, an attempt has been made to discuss the medicinal and pharmacological potential of herbal resources in combination with honey for the treatment of various kinds of disorders.
Ethnopharmacological relevance:
Chinese Ecliptae herba (Eclipta prostrata (L.) L.) is an ethnomedicinal herb, which is used mainly to nourish kidney and thus strengthen bones according to traditional Chinese medicine theory. Pharmacological studies have supported the ethnomedicine use, showing that Ecliptae herba extract has an anti-osteoporotic effect in vivo and promoted osteoblast proliferation and activity in vitro. However, the molecular mechanism of Ecliptae herba on osteoblast differentiation from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSC), the progenitors of osteoblasts, is still unclear.
Aim of the study:
N6-methyladenosine (m6A) mRNA epigenetic modification may play a key role in promoting osteoblastic differentiation, and thus treating osteoporosis. This study sought to assess the mechanism through which Eclipate herba and its component wedelolactone influence m6A modification during the process of osteoblastogenesis from BMSC.
Material and methods:
The alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and Alizarin red S (ARS) staining were applied to determine osteoblastogenesis from BMSC. Western blot and quantitative real-time PCR were performed. RNA sequencing analysis was used to determine the characteristics of m6A methylation. Stable knocking down of METTL3 using lentiviral-based shRNA was performed.
Results:
Upon 9 d treatment of BMSC with ethyl acetate extract of Ecliptae herba (MHL), ALP activity and ossification level increased in comparison with osteogenic medium (OS)-treated control. The expression of methyltransferase METTL3 and METTL14 was significantly increased, but WTAP expression had no change in response to MHL treatment. Knocking down of METTL3 resulted in a decrease in MHL-induced ALP activity, ossification level as well as mRNA expression of Osterix and Osteocalcin, two bone formation-related markers. The level of m6A increased when BMSC was treated with MHL for 9 d. RNA sequencing analysis indicated that MHL treatment altered mRNA m6A modification of genes associated with osteoblastogenesis. By kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis, HIF-1α, PI3K/Akt, and Hippo signaling pathways were enriched and associated with m6A modification. The expression of m6A-modified genes including HIF-1α, VEGF-A, and RASSF1, was upregulated by MHL, but the upregulation was reversed after METTL3 knockdown. Additionally, the enhanced expression of METTL3 was also observed after treatment with wedelolactone, a component from MHL.
Conclusions:
These results suggested a previously uncharacterized mechanism of MHL and wedelolactone on osteoblastogenesis, by which METTL3-mediated m6A methylation is involved and thus contributes to the enhancement of osteoblastogenesis.
Medicinal herbs are nature’s gift to humanity, contributing crucially to the preservation, maintenance and improvement of our health. In order to explore the hepatoprotective potential of prevalent medicinal plants, nine species were selected from different genera based on their ethnomedicinal records in treating different liver-related pathological conditions in South Asia. Besides, the available information was critically analyzed to gain new insights and directions for future investigations towards establishing such natural products as potent hepatoprotective agents or dietary supplements. The hepatoprotective activities of the species have been investigated in a wide variety of in vivo experimental models including carbon tetrachloride-, paracetamol-, iron-, mercuric chloride-, thioacetamide-, cyclophosphamide-, β-d-galactosamine-, cumene hydroperoxide-, α-naphthyl-isothiocyanate-, physical stress- and alcohol-induced hepatotoxicity in rats and mice. All the plants were consistent in their ability to possess hepatoprotective properties. As well, three bioactive isolates namely, schaftoside, echinocystic acid, and eclalbasaponin II were found to have promising hepatoprotective potential. However, extensive comparative studies are warranted in future to establish the relative hepatoprotective potentials of the nine species under discussion. Preparation of poly-herbal formulations from these plants and identification of hepatoprotective phytoconstituents from these plants might open up new avenues in the development of therapeutic hepatoprotective agents.
Ethnopharmacological relevance
Traditional healers have used medicinal plants to treat snakebite envenomation worldwide; however, mostly without scientific validation. There have been many studies on the therapeutic potential of the natural products against snake envenomation.
Aim of the study
This review has highlighted snake venom inhibitory activity of bioactive compounds and peptides from plants that have found a traditional use in treating snakebite envenomation. We have systematically reviewed the scenario of different phases of natural snake venom inhibitors characterization covering a period from 1994 until the present and critically analysed the lacuna of the studies if any, and further scope for their translation from bench to bedside.
Materials and methods
The medicinal plant-derived compounds used against snakebite therapy were reviewed from the available literature in public databases (Scopus, MEDLINE) from 1994 till 2020. The search words used were ‘natural inhibitors against snakebite,’ ‘natural products as therapeutics against snakebite,’ ‘natural products as antidote against snake envenomation,’ ' snake venom toxin natural inhibitors,’ ‘snake venom herbal inhibitors’. However, the scope of this review does not include computational (in silico) predictions without any wet laboratory validation and snake venom inhibitory activity of the crude plant extracts. In addition, we have also predicted the ADMET properties of the identified snake venom inhibitors to highlight their valuable pharmacokinetics for future clinical studies.
Results
The therapeutic application of plant-derived natural inhibitors to treat snakebite envenomation as an auxiliary to antivenom therapy has been gaining significant momentum. Pharmacological reassessment of the natural compounds derived from traditional medicinal plants has demonstrated inhibition of the principal toxic enzymes of snake venoms at various extents to curb the lethal and/or deleterious effects of venomous snakebite. Nevertheless, such molecules are yet to be commercialized for clinical application in the treatment of snakebite. There are many obstacles in the marketability of the plant-derived natural products as snake envenomation antidote and strategies must be explored for the translation of these compounds from drug candidates to their clinical application.
Conclusion
In order to minimize the adverse implications of snake envenomation, strategies must be developed for the smooth transition of these plant-derived small molecule inhibitors from bench to bedside. In this article we have presented an inclusive review and have critically analysed natural products for their therapeutic potential against snake envenomation, and road map for use of natural products as antidote against snakebite.
Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Solanaceae) has been used as a traditional Rasayana herb for a long time. Traditional uses of this plant indicate its ameliorative properties against a plethora of human medical conditions, viz. hypertension, stress, diabetes, asthma, cancer etc. This review presents a comprehensive summary of the geographical distribution, traditional use, phytochemistry, and pharmacological activities of W. somnifera and its active constituents. In addition, it presents a detailed account of its presence as an active constituent in many commercial preparations with curative properties and health benefits. Clinical studies and toxicological considerations of its extracts and constituents are also elucidated. Comparative analysis of relevant in-vitro, in-vivo, and clinical investigations indicated potent bioactivity of W. somnifera extracts and phytochemicals as anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, apoptotic, immunomodulatory, antimicrobial, anti-diabetic, hepatoprotective, hypoglycaemic, hypolipidemic, cardio-protective and spermatogenic agents. W. somnifera was found to be especially active against many neurological and psychological conditions like Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, ischemic stroke, sleep deprivation, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, bipolar disorder, anxiety, depression, schizophrenia and obsessive-compulsive disorder. The probable mechanism of action that imparts the pharmacological potential has also been explored. However, in-depth studies are needed on the clinical use of W. somnifera against human diseases. Besides, detailed toxicological analysis is also to be performed for its safe and efficacious use in preclinical and clinical studies and as a health-promoting herb.
Floral diversity is the natural resources and wealth of a country and acquiring the knowledge of it is of immense scientific importance. Plant community plays a vital role in the sustainable management by maintaining biodiversity and conserving the environment. The present studies highlight the importance of floral wealth of the urban areas and recommend to do plantation in some selected parts of study areas to keep urban environment clean and pollution free. Floristic survey was carried out in the urban areas of Bhubaneswar from December 2019to March 2020. Data are obtained from the survey which led us to gathering some ideas, information about the different species of plants found there. From the enumerated and documented data, the species diversity is known. “Ethnobotanical studies” has been carried out in order to properly understand the significance of floral diversity on the environment. Three plants viz. Mesua ferrea, Magnolia champaca, Saraca asoca belong to family Culsiaceae, Magnoliaceae, Fabaceae respectively are selected for phytochemical screening and antibacterial activity. Mesua ferrea is commonly found in tropical countries like India, Burma, Thailand and New Guinea. Magnolia champaca is commonly found in tropical and subtropical Southeast Asia, including Southern China. Saraca asoca is found in all over India, especially in Himalaya, Kerala, Bengal and whole South region. Samples of these three plants are collected from different places of urban area of Bhubaneswar. The collected samples are dried, grinded and Phytochemical screening carried out by using 3 solvents Aqueous, Acetone & Methanol on leaf extract of each plant for test of primary and secondary metabolites.The phytochemical screening and antibacterial activities showed their sound pharmacological potential.
Ethnopharmacological relevance:
Eclipta prostrata, a traditional herbal medicine, has long been used in Asia and South America for the therapy of hemorrhagic diseases (e.g. hemoptysis, hematemesis, hematuria, epistaxis and uterine bleeding), skin diseases, respiratory disorders, coronary heart disease, hair loss, vitiligo, snake bite and those caused by the deficiency of liver and kidney.
Aim of the review:
In this review, we highlight relatively comprehensive and up-to-date information of E. prostrata on traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicity, along with featuring the gaps in current knowledge, aiming to provide references for future research and possible opportunities for well applications of this medicinal plant.
Materials and methods:
Information on E. prostrata was gathered from scientific databases (Google Scholar, Web of Science, Scifinder, Baidu Scholar, PubMed and CNKI). Information was also obtained from local books, Ph.D. theses and M.Sc. dissertations and Chinese Pharmacopoeia. The plant taxonomy was validated by the database "The Plant List".
Results:
Various phytochemical classes has been identified and isolated from the plant covering triterpenes, flavonoids, thiopenes, coumestans, steroids and others. Among these, coumestans are reported as the most common ingredients. The isolated crude extracts and individual compounds have been reported to exhibit promising pharmacological properties, such as hepatoprotective, osteoprotective, cytotoxic, hypoglycaemic, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, hypolipidemic, promoting hair growth, rejuvenative and neuroprotective effects.
Conclusions:
Until now, significant progress has been witnessed in phytochemistry and pharmacology of E. prostrata. Thus, some traditional uses has been well supported and clarified by modern pharmacological studies. Moreover, E. prostrata also showed therapeutic potential in some refractory diseases such as cancer, dementia and diabetes. But, present findings are still insufficient that cannot satisfactorily explain some mechanisms of action. More well-designed studies in vitro especially in vivo are required to establish links between the traditional uses and bioactivities, discover new skeletons and activity molecules, as well as ensure safety before clinical use.
Eclipta prostrata (L.) L. belongs to the Asteraceae family and is known in English as 'false daisy' and in Bangladesh as 'kalo keshi'. It is a common plant in Bangladesh and India and can be found in moist areas, waste places and roadsides. The plant has medicinal uses in Bangladesh and elsewhere. The Santal tribe residing in Thakurgaon district, Bangladesh, uses a mixture of leaves of Eclipta prostrata, Cynodon dactylon, and Scoparia dulcis to treat diabetes (Rahmatullah et al., 2009). A review on the ethnomedicinal uses of the plant indicate that the plant is used for acidity, alopecia, respiratory tract disorders, burns, body pain, gastrointestinal tract disorders, gingivitis, piles, jaundice, skin diseases, urinary tract infections, and whitlo (Khan and Khan, 2008). During a survey conducted in Pulhat village of Dinajpur district, Bangladesh, a new use of the plant was given to us by a local folk medicinal practitioner (Kaviraj), named Abdul Matin. He used juice obtained from crushed whole plant, which was applied topically to treat leucoderma. Leucoderma is the gradual loss of skin pigment melanin from the skin resulting in whitish patches. The disease is also known as vitiligo and the white patches of differently coloured skin can cause considerable embarrassment to affected persons. The disease is quite prevalent in Bangladesh (Rahman et al., 2013). The plant was photographed (Fig 1), collected, and identified at the Bangladesh National Herbarium (Accession Number: 45347).
Despite pervasiveness of the market forces and supplementary role of the state and in some cases, even civil society organisations, there are unmet social needs which remain unaddressed by the existing institutions. With industrial growth becoming jobless, the need for new models of social innovation is being felt all around the world to provide jobs to the youth, skills for the new economy and entrepreneurial opportunities for transforming resources and skills. The persistence of some of these unmet needs (also referred as wicked problems sometimes) or unaddressed problems for a long time shows that the existing institutional arrangements are inadequate for the purpose. Innovations are imperative. A socio-ecological system that recognizes and rewards innovation can withstand many external shocks, provided it is agile and innovates quickly to remain responsive to emergent challenges (Anderies, Janssen, & Ostrom. Ecology and society, 9(1)2004). Whether corporations will follow an open innovation approach to blend grassroots ideas and innovations with their expertise in a reciprocal, responsible and respectful manner (Gupta et al., Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity 2: 16, 2016) is still an open question. The design of appropriatemanufacturing and frugal supply chain will then become closely linked with other features of open innovation ecosystem. The debate on the role of social innovation in multi-stakeholder context in European focused on how these innovations fostered trust among different actors and influenced policy (Defourny and Nyssens. Social Enterprise Journal 4: 202–228, 2008). In this paper, we describe the market and social forces which influence the emergence of social innovations through various processes. We then look into the evolutionary pathways for social innovations (Mulgan, Innovations 1: 145–162, 2006), to avoid inertia and spur initiatives to bridge the social gap in an inclusive manner through mobilization of youth in particular. The ecosystem for social open innovations provides scope for connecting corporations and communities (Herrera, 2015; Gibson-Graham and Roelvink, Social innovation for community economies: how, 2013). Following the theory of reciprocal and responsible open innovation systems (Gupta et al., Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity 2: 16, 2016), we explore the way barriers are overcome on the way to reach the base of economic pyramid [BOEP] customer. Technological adaptability and institutional or market adaptability are explored to understand how communities get empowered to deal with corporations through an open innovation platform. The corporations need to be empowered to understand the decision heuristics followed by grassroots and community frugal innovators (Gupta, Innovations 1: 49–66, 2006). Just as communities need to be empowered to negotiate fair and just exchange relationship with corporations (Honey Bee Network, 1990–2017). Finally, we conclude with the recommendations based on the experiences of grassroots innovators that can enrich both social innovations and social enterprises following commercial as well as social business models for meeting the unmet needs of the disadvantage section of the society.
This experiment was carried out to study the effect of organic manure(Farmyard manure and poultry manure at a rate of 75m3/ha) and biofertilizers (Rhizobium and azospirillum at a rate of 980 gm/ha) as their interactions on growth and yield using drip irrigation system.the results indicated that the appilication of a poultry manure as an organic fertilization to recorded the maximum values.Eclipta alba treated with rhizobium biofertilizer gave the highest value, while plants treated with azospirillum respectively.
To investigate in vitro antimicrobial activity of aerial parts of Calotropis procera and Centella asatica Linn., that have been popularly used as folk medicines. The organic solvent plant extracts are tested on the various microorganisms including bacteria and fungi using agar well diffusion technique. The length of the inhibition zone was measured in millimeters from the edge of the well to the edge of the inhibition zone. C. procera showed significant to moderate activity against (14 mm) Pseudomonas marginalis and (21 mm) Streptococcus mutans with 100 mg/ml DMSO plant drug concentration. The results of (MICs) values are lowest at 66 and highest at 152 mg/ml for C. procera whereas 0 to 155 mg/ml for C. asatica. The extracts were assessed in an effort to validate the potential activity of the medicinal plants against microbes.
Eclipta alba can be found growing wild in fallow lands of Bangladesh where it is considered as a weed by farmers. Traditional medicinal systems of the Indian subcontinent countries as well as tribal practitioners consider the plant to have diverse medicinal values and use it commonly for treatment of gastrointestinal disorders, respiratory tract disorders (including asthma), fever, hair loss and graying of hair, liver disorders (including jaundice), skin disorders, spleen enlargement, and cuts and wounds. The plant has several phytoconstituents like wedelolactone, eclalbasaponins, ursolic acid, oleanolic acid, luteolin, and apigenin. Pharmacological activities of plant extracts and individual phytoconstituents have revealed anticancer, hepatoprotective, snake venom neutralizing, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties. Phytoconstituents like wedelolactone and ursolic and oleanolic acids as well as luteolin and apigenin can form the basis of new drugs against cancer, arthritis, gastrointestinal disorders, skin diseases, and liver disorders.1. Background
Eclipta alba (L.) Hassk. (also known as Eclipta prostrata Roxb.) belongs to the Asteraceae family and is commonly known as false daisy in English and bhringoraj or bhringraj in Bangladesh and India. It is regarded as a weed of ethnomedicinal significance. It is known in the three major forms of traditional medicinal systems in the Indian subcontinent, namely, Ayurveda, Unani, and Siddha, as bhringoraaja, bhangraa, and karissalaankanni, respectively. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India considers the plant as hepatoprotective [1]. The full taxonomic hierarchy is shown below in Table 1.
Ethnopharmacological relevance:
Traditional medicine remained as the most affordable and easily accessible source of treatment for many ailments. The Malayali tribes living in the Kolli hills region of Eastern Ghats of Tamil Nadu has long history of ethnomedicinal knowledge has been remained unexplored hither to. Hence, this study was initiated with an aim to record the ethnomedicinal plants of Malayali tribes and to document and analyse the local knowledge on phytotherapy before environmental and cultural changes deplete the resources.
Methods:
In order to document the phytotherapical knowledge, a field study was carried out between August 2012 and February 2014. The ethnomedicinal knowledge was recorded through interviews among the Malayali tribes, and traditional healers. In addition a semi structure questionnaire was used to collect information on the local name of the plant, plant part used for curing, method of preparation in phytoremedies and any other plants/agents used as ingredients. Factor of informant consensus (Fic), use value (UV), fidelity level (FL), relative importance (RI) and novelty index were employed in data analysis.
Results:
Current research work reports total of 86 medicinal plant species belonging to 76 genera of 46 different families. Herbs constituted the largest growth habit (48 species, 56%) followed by trees (13 species, 15%) and shrubs (9 species, 11%) etc. Leaf 43 (46%) is the plant part widely used followed by whole plant 9 (10%), seeds and fruits 9 (10%) and root 7 (8%). Paste was the most common preparation method use in herbal recipes. These plants were used to treat various human diseases and ailments grouped under 19 disease categories with the highest number of species (31) being used for dermatological infections/diseases followed by gastro-intestinal ailments (28) and general health (15). Asystasia chelonoides (UV of 2.76) and Piper nigrum (UV of 2.12) are the most frequently and popularly used medicinal plant species in the study area.
Conclusion:
The result of the study revealed that there was high diversity of medicinal plants and traditional knowledge about the use, preparation, and application of which is still maintained in the study area. However, the knowledge of herbal medicine was held by elders. The decline in the use of plants by the younger generation may gradually lead to the fading away of indigenous knowledge associated with the plants.
Objective
In this present study antimicrobial activity of aerial parts of Avicennia alba were evaluated against the resistant pathogens belong to aquatic, human and plant origin.Methods
Soxhlet extraction method was used to get the corresponding extracts of hexane, chloroform and methanol. The antimicrobial activities of the organic solvent extracts on the various test microorganisms, including bacteria and fungi investigated using agar well diffusion technique. The length of inhibition zone was measured in millimeters from the edge of the well to the edge of the inhibition zone. Methanol and chloroform extracts exhibited promising antimicrobial activity than hexane extracts.ResultsThe zone of inhibition of chloroform varies from (9 to 17 mm) where as with methanol (11 to 28 mm) at 100 mg/ml concentration. Among all microorganisms studied Erwinia caratovara and Pseudomonas syringae showed the considerable growth inhibition with chloroform and methanolic extracts.ConclusionsA. alba can be used in the treatment of infectious diseases caused by resistant pathogenic microorganisms. Further studies are being carried out in order to separate the individual components that are present in plant extracts of A. alba using column chromatography.
Objective
To investigate the antibacterial activity and phytochemical screening of the hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, ethanol and aqueous stem extract of Dalbergia coromandeliana (D. coromandeliana).Methods
The antibacterial activity of stem extracts of D. coromandeliana were evaluated by agar well diffusion method against four selected bacterial species.ResultsThe presence of alkaloids, saponins, coumarins, tannins, steroids, flavonoids, quinones, proteins and carbohydrates in the different stem extracts was established.Conclusions
The results in the present study suggest that D. coromandeliana stems can be used in treating diseases caused by the tested organisms.
To investigate the antibacterial potential of the polar and non-polar extracts of the seeds of Melia azedarach (M. azedarach) L. (Meliaceae) against eighteen hospital isolated human pathogenic bacterial strains.
Petrol, benzene, ethyl acetate, methanol, and aqueous extracts at five different concentrations (1, 2, 5, 10 and 15 mg/mL) were evaluated. Disk diffusion method was followed to evaluate the antibacterial efficacy.
All extracts of the seeds demonstrated significant antibacterial activity against tested pathogens. Among all extracts, ethyl acetate extract revealed the highest inhibition comparatively. The present study also favored the traditional uses reported earlier.
Results of this study strongly confirm that the seed extracts of M. azedarach could be effective antibiotics, both in controlling gram-positive and gram-negative human pathogenic infections.
Objective: In this present study antimicrobial activity of aerial parts of Datura metel L were
evaluated against the resistant pathogens belong to aquatic, human and plant origin. Methods:
Soxhlet extraction method was used to get the corresponding extracts of hexane, chloroform
and methanol. The antimicrobial activities of the organic solvent extracts on the various test
microorganisms, including bacteria and fungi investigated using agar well diffusion technique.
The length of inhibition zone was measured in millimeters from the edge of the well to the edge of
the inhibition zone. Methanol and chloroform extracts exhibited promising antimicrobial activity
than hexane extracts. Results: The zone of inhibition of chloroform varies from (9 to 18 mm)
where as with methanol (11 to 30 mm) at 100 mg/ml and chloroform (11 to 19 mm) and methanol (12
to 35 mm) with 250 mg/ml DMSO concentrations consequently. Among all microorganisms studied
Erwinia caratovara and Pseudomonas syringae showed the considerable growth inhibition with
chloroform and methanolic extracts. Conclusions: D. metel can be used in the treatment of
infectious diseases caused by resistant pathogenic microorganisms. Further studies are being
carried out in order to separate the individual components that are present in plant extracts of D.
metel using column chromatography.
A survey was conducted from March to July, 1987 in the rural areas of Districts of Lucknow and Farrukhabad to identify herbs commonly used by women for inducing abortions. Fourteen plains were found to be in common use.
Objective: Present study reports ethnomedicinal uses of Phyllanthus fraternus as collected from Aligarh, Badaun, Bulandshahar, Farrukhabad and Hatharas districts of Western Uttar Pradesh. Materials and methods: Data were gathered by interviewing local medicine men in rural areas of the districts surveyed. Results and discussion: A total of twenty five claims are recorded. A new term "Ethnophyto-morphopharmacology" to describe the ethnomedicinal uses of different morphological plant parts is coined and introduced.
Objective: Present study was intended to document the use of plant based preparations as abortifacient by folk people of five districts of Uttar Pradesh. Materials and Methods: Data were collected by interviewing local traditional medicinemen of different villages. Results and Conclusion: A total of twenty-six claims were obtained. It appears that the knowledge of abortifacient properties of plants is fairly common in the study area but the extent of their actual use is difficult to assess because of social and legal complications involved.
The folk healing uses of 25 plants common to rural areas of Aligarh are described. The botanical and local names of the plants are provided, as are particulars of prescriptions for therapeutic use, mode of administration, precautions and side effects, if any. The plants are used for treating arthritis, bronchial and pulmonary problems, diabetes, fevers, fractures and injuries, hydrophobia, jaundice, piles, pain, skin infections, tooth and tonsil problems, and urinary, gastric and intestinal diseases.
Fourteen locally available plants used by the natives as knowledge transmitted from one generation to the next are described. Local and Sanskrit names are given wherever available; also habit; part used; method of preparation and administration for treating diseases; and distribution in the Indian sub-continent.
Based on an ethnopharmacological survey of the Gorakhpur district, this report deals with 107 plant species belonging to 100 genera and 53 families that are commonly used by different ethnic groups as folk drugs for treatment of various human and cattle diseases and conditions. It lists 166 medicinal uses.