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... O status de C. tschudii, no entanto, ainda divide os autores. Para alguns essas cavias são uma população de C. aperea (Hückinghaus, 1961, em Woods, 1993Weir, 1974;Gilmore, 1950em Bonatto et al., 1995. Spotorno et al. (2004) diz haver interfertilização entre elas (não cita se em cativeiro ou na natureza) e parece que são simpátricas no Peru e na Bolívia (C. ...
... Tabela 2. Híbridos férteis obtidos do cruzamento entre preás ( P ) de diferentes espécies e cobaias ( C ) segundo Weir (1974). F (fêmea) e M (macho) indicam o sexo dos pais e dos filhotes. ...
... Para o grupo de Sachser (1998;Künzl e Sachser, 1999, e outros citados anteriormente), de Trillmich (Trillmich et al., 2004) (Weir, 1974;Wing, 1986;Novak, 1991) (Wing, 1986), e portanto a domesticação já havia ocorrido. O achado de cavias mumificadas e envoltas em tecido dentro de tumbas (por exemplo, em Rosamachay no Vale Ayacucho, datada de 400 a.C.) fornece fortes indícios da presença da cobaia por volta de 550 a.C., nos Andes centrais e nos Andes do Norte (Wing, 1986;Lavallée, 1990 Colômbia, e em Ayacucho, Peru (Wing, 1986;Lavallée, 1990). ...
... But, following Bradley and Baker´s genetic species concept, C. aperea and C. tschudii "had a high probability of being indicative of conspecific populations or valid species and merit additional study concerning specific status" (Bradley & Baker 2001, p. 960). Based on these data and the fact that C. porcellus produces fertile hybrids with both C. aperea and C. tschudii (Weir 1974), we agree with the literature that recognizes C. aperea as a valid wild ancestor of C. porcellus as a model for the study of the domestication process. Spotorno et al. (2006) suggest that two independent modern domestication events, from different lineages of creole guinea pigs (a pre-Columbian domesticated strain), may have occurred, resulting in two different lineages in the well-established improved breeds of South America (a southern lineage, which includes the Tamborada breed from Peru and the Nativa from Bolivia, and a northern lineage, which includes the Auqui breed from Ecuador). ...
... C. aperea forms hierarchically organized groups of one male and a few females, with resource defence polygyny as the mating system (Asher & Sachser 2001;Asher et al. 2004;Asher et al. 2008). The domestic species does not exist naturally in the wild (Weir 1974). They are raised in human houses or rural farms and used as pet or as meat providing resource. ...
... The selection of morphological or physiological characters also could be at the base of an indirect process of genotypical change (the selection of these traits thus generating effects in behavioral traits (Belyaev 1979). Guinea pigs were selected principally for their meat and one of the effects of domestication on this species is increased body size (Weir 1974;Spotorno et al. 2006;Jensen 2009). Larger animals could have been selected by domesticators, based on obtaining more meat per individual raised. ...
Comparisons of wild (Cavia aperea) and domestic (C. porcellus) cavies promote an understanding of the physiological and behavioral effects of domestication. The richness and peculiarities of Cavia acoustic repertoires encourage the use of this model for testing how domestication alters repertoires and the physical structure of calls. We present a comparison between alarm and courtship calls of domestic and two populations of wild cavies from different geographic regions, one of them with a short-term captivity history of 25 generations. We found significant differences between domestic and wild cavies in both calls, particularly in temporal parameters, and only spectral differences between two wild populations in alarm calls. There were also differences in the frequency of emission of calls: alarm calls were more frequent in the wild and courtship calls were more frequent in the domestic species. Our results suggest that domestication has influenced the temporal parameters of both alarm and courtship calls of C. porcellus, but not the spectral parameters that, instead, may be influenced by environment or population factors.
... But, following Bradley and Baker´s genetic species concept, C. aperea and C. tschudii "had a high probability of being indicative of conspecific populations or valid species and merit additional study concerning specific status" (Bradley & Baker 2001, p. 960). Based on these data and the fact that C. porcellus produces fertile hybrids with both C. aperea and C. tschudii (Weir 1974), we agree with the literature that recognizes C. aperea as a valid wild ancestor of C. porcellus as a model for the study of the domestication process. Spotorno et al. (2006) suggest that two independent modern domestication events, from different lineages of creole guinea pigs (a pre-Columbian domesticated strain), may have occurred, resulting in two different lineages in the well-established improved breeds of South America (a southern lineage, which includes the Tamborada breed from Peru and the Nativa from Bolivia, and a northern lineage, which includes the Auqui breed from Ecuador). ...
... C. aperea forms hierarchically organized groups of one male and a few females, with resource defence polygyny as the mating system (Asher & Sachser 2001;Asher et al. 2004;Asher et al. 2008). The domestic species does not exist naturally in the wild (Weir 1974). They are raised in human houses or rural farms and used as pet or as meat providing resource. ...
... The selection of morphological or physiological characters also could be at the base of an indirect process of genotypical change (the selection of these traits thus generating effects in behavioral traits (Belyaev 1979). Guinea pigs were selected principally for their meat and one of the effects of domestication on this species is increased body size (Weir 1974;Spotorno et al. 2006;Jensen 2009). Larger animals could have been selected by domesticators, based on obtaining more meat per individual raised. ...
A comparação entre cobaias (Cavia porcellus) e preás (Cavia aperea) fornece dados relevantes para se entender o processo de domesticação (Künzl e Sachser, 1999). No presente trabalho, foram registradas e analisadas sonograficamente (l) a vocalização de alerta, drr, em cobaias e em duas amostras de preás, uma observada em Münster (Alemanha), constituída de animais provenientes da Argentina, e outra constituída de animais provenientes de Itu (São Paulo) e (2) a vocalização de côrte, purr, em cobaias e preás de Münster. Encontrou-se diferenças significativas entre C. porcellus e ambas as populações de C. aperea nos parâmetros temporais do drr (duração dos pulsos e dos intervalos entre eles e taxa de emissão) assim como diferenças significativas entre as populações de preás de Münster e de Itu (freqüências mínima e máxima da fundamental e freqüência máxima do chamado). No caso do purr, também houve diferenças significativas nos parâmetros temporais das espécies. Estes resultados demonstram a influência da domesticação e de fatores ecotípicos sobre a comunicação vocal e podem, juntamente com a análise sonográfica dos chamados de outras espécies do gênero Cavia, servir para resolução de questões filogenéticas deste grupo. Estudos com "playbacks" cruzados poderão eventualmente mostrar em que medida as diferenças de vocalização afetam o comportamento social e reprodutivo dos animais. Dissertação (Mestrado).
... the guinea pig foetus in relation to the mother, considering the gestation period of 65-71 days, which results in offspring that are almost self-sufficient at birth (Kondert and Mayer 2017;Weir 1974). Consequently, a narrowed pelvic canal may significantly contribute to dystocia. ...
... but to mitigate anaesthetic risks and owner availability, they were conducted every 6-8 weeks. This interval also accounts for the guinea pig gestation period of 59-72 or 65-71 days, according to different sources (Kondert and Mayer 2017;Weir 1974). ...
In guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus), dystocia is a common occurrence. Several factors have been identified in the literature, including the ossification of the pubic symphysis following failure to breed before 9–12 months of age. The objective of this study was to investigate the ossification of pubic symphysis and its evolution during growth in two groups of females. The first group consisted of non‐breeding females, while the second group comprised females introduced to breeding at 4–6 months of age. Twelve pairs of sows were selected for comparison, with one non‐breeding and one breeding sow in each pair. Symphysis width and tissue density were assessed using micro‐computed tomography. Measurements included the distance between the acetabula, width and bone density of the pubic symphysis. Serial computed tomography scans were performed on each sow over several months, both before and after parturition. The results revealed a significantly higher symphysis width in females that had bred. In addition, symphysis ossification was absent in both breeding and non‐breeding sows, contrary to previous descriptions of this species. Therefore, dystocia in guinea pigs may not be attributable to ossification of the pubic symphysis.
... Guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus), also known as the cavy, belong to rodents species of the family Caviidae and the genus Cavia, they are universally kept as pets and often used as experimental animals [4][5][6]. These rodents are of different colours, with no visible tail and shorteared. ...
... Apart from their common name, these animals are not in the pig family, nor are they from Guinea. They originated from Andes, and from initial studies based on biochemistry and hybridisation studies it was concluded that they are domesticated descendants of a closely related species of cavy such as Cavia aperea, Cavia fulgida, or Cavia tschudii, and therefore, do not exist naturally in the wild [4][5][6]. ...
The study was designed to determine effects of diminazene diaceturate (veriben®) on the serum and
clinico-pathological changes in guinea pigs experimentally infected with Trypanosoma brucei brucei
(T. brucei brucei). Thirty apparently healthy unsexed guinea pig weighing between 5-10 kg were
used for the study. Trypanosoma brucei brucei and 4 Albino rats used as donorswere obtained from
NAITOR (Nigerian Institute of Trypanosome and Onchcerciasis) Kaduna State Nigeria. Guinea Pigs
were randomly allocated into 6 groups designated as A, B, C, D, E and F. All the infected (A,B andC) had prepatent period of 16 days with similar level of parasitaemia of 45.7 ± 3.38 and clinical sign
observed are pyrexia, pale feet, snout, anaemia and emaciation. Mean chloride, bicarbonate,
sodium, calcium, potassium and magnesium serum ion concentration level decreased significantly
following establishment of parasitemia. These changes reverted to their pre-infection values by day
28 in all the affected animals following treatment with diminazine diaceturate (veriben®) at 3.5 mg/kg
and 7.0 mg/kg BW. Liver, kidney, lungs, and spleen samples were taking from humanly sacrificed
guinea pig and fixed in 10% formalin. The histopathological examination from positive control
animals showed no visible area of lesions but in contrast with the infected negative control group
revealed gross distortion of tissue architecture. Observations from the treated animals showed less
distortions of tissue architecture this might have been aided by administered drugs at 7.0 mg/kg. In
conclusion, evidence has shown that the administration of Veriben® at the dose rate of 3.5 mg/kg
and 7.0 mg/kg have the potentials of modulating the state of anaemia, immunosuppression and
serum electrolytes levels, gross and histopathological changes in trypanosome-infected guinea pigs
in a dose dependent manner.
... Even today guinea pigs are one of the main sources of protein in some rural populations of South America. Throughout the years, they have also been used in religious ceremonies and traditional healing practices [5,16,34,35,37,38,40]. In South America guinea pigs are left to scavenge in and around the huts of the natives, and it may be assumed that a similar husbandry has always existed [40,41]. ...
... Throughout the years, they have also been used in religious ceremonies and traditional healing practices [5,16,34,35,37,38,40]. In South America guinea pigs are left to scavenge in and around the huts of the natives, and it may be assumed that a similar husbandry has always existed [40,41]. ...
Domestication is an evolutionary process during which the biobehavioural profile (comprising e.g. social and emotional behaviour, cognitive abilities, as well as hormonal stress responses) is substantially reshaped. Using a comparative approach, and focusing mainly on the domestic and wild guinea pig, an established model system for the study of domestication, we review (a) how wild and domestic animals of the same species differ in behaviour, emotion, cognition, and hormonal stress responses, (b) during which phases of life differences in biobehavioural profiles emerge and (c) whether or not animal personalities exist in both the wild and domestic form. Concerning (a), typical changes with domestication include increased courtship, sociopositive and maternal behaviours as well as decreased aggression and attentive behaviour. In addition, domestic animals display more anxiety-like and less risk-taking and exploratory behaviour than the wild form and they show distinctly lower endocrine stress responsiveness. There are no indications, however, that domestic animals have diminished cognitive abilities relative to the wild form. The different biobehavioural profiles of the wild and domestic animals can be regarded as adaptations to the different environmental conditions under which they live, i.e., the natural habitat and artificial man-made housing conditions, respectively. Concerning (b), the comparison of infantile, adolescent and adult wild and domestic guinea pigs shows that the typical biobehavioural profile of the domestic form is already present during early phases of life, that is, during early adolescence and weaning. Thus, differences between the domestic and the wild form can be attributed to genetic alterations resulting from artificial selection, and likely to environmental influences during the pre- and perinatal phase. Interestingly, the frequency of play behaviour does not differ between the domestic and wild form early in life, but is significantly higher in domesticated guinea pigs at later ages. Concerning (c), there is some evidence that personalities occur in both wild and domestic animals. However, there may be differences in which behavioural domains – social and sexual behaviour, emotionality, stress-responsiveness – are consistent over time. These differences are probably due to changing selection pressures during domestication.
... However, the precise origin and derivation of domestic guinea pigs is unknown (Anderson 1997, Clutton-Brock 1999. Specifically, in addition to Cavia aperea from Argentina, Bolivia, Uruguay, Colombia and Brazil (Cabrera 1953), two other wild species have been postulated as the ancestor of domestic guinea pigs: C. tschudii from Peru and Chile (Weir 1974), which also gave fertile hybrids both sexes when crossed with C. porcellus (Castle & Wright 1916), and C. fulgida from Brazil (Weir 1974). The latter alternative is improbable, since hybrid males produced from C. porcellus x C. fulgida crosses were infertile (Detlefsen 1914). ...
... However, the precise origin and derivation of domestic guinea pigs is unknown (Anderson 1997, Clutton-Brock 1999. Specifically, in addition to Cavia aperea from Argentina, Bolivia, Uruguay, Colombia and Brazil (Cabrera 1953), two other wild species have been postulated as the ancestor of domestic guinea pigs: C. tschudii from Peru and Chile (Weir 1974), which also gave fertile hybrids both sexes when crossed with C. porcellus (Castle & Wright 1916), and C. fulgida from Brazil (Weir 1974). The latter alternative is improbable, since hybrid males produced from C. porcellus x C. fulgida crosses were infertile (Detlefsen 1914). ...
... The archaeological record from the Central Andes provides the best indications of the location, timing, and changes associated with domestication. Domesticated guinea pigs exhibit a number of osteological changes from their wild counterparts, particularly in cranial dimensions and sutures as well as in the mandibles (Weir 1974). Human selection favored larger sized guinea pigs than their wild relatives and eventually greater coat color and hair variety (Weir 1974). ...
... Domesticated guinea pigs exhibit a number of osteological changes from their wild counterparts, particularly in cranial dimensions and sutures as well as in the mandibles (Weir 1974). Human selection favored larger sized guinea pigs than their wild relatives and eventually greater coat color and hair variety (Weir 1974). The oldest guinea pig remains occur in highland sites that date to ca. 7000 BC (Wing 1986). ...
In archaeology, human-introduced animals provide clues about social interaction and movement of past peoples. Zooarchaeological records in the Caribbean show that pre-Columbian people introduced several South American mammals to different islands. This article examines all reported pre-Columbian zooarchaeological records of domesticated guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) in the Caribbean. Thus far, 218 bone fragments have been identified from 18 sites on nine islands. To date, our analysis indicates that guinea pigs were introduced to the islands after AD 500, possibly to the Greater Antilles first. Almost all are recovered from midden contexts. The contexts of guinea pig remains suggest that these animals were consumed as food and not considered an exotic or high-status food source with restricted consumption or other non-food uses such as ritual animals. The spatial and temporal patterns of guinea pigs suggest that the animals may have been linked to social identity and new patterns of trade, interaction, or population movement between the Caribbean and South America during the second half of the Caribbean Ceramic Age. Documenting the distribution and social significance of guinea pigs in the pre-Columbian Caribbean contributes to our understanding of how and why people introduced animals to island settings.
... However, the precise origin and derivation of domestic guinea pigs is unknown (Anderson 1997, Clutton-Brock 1999. Specifically, in addition to Cavia aperea from Argentina, Bolivia, Uruguay, Colombia and Brazil (Cabrera 1953), two other wild species have been postulated as the ancestor of domestic guinea pigs: C. tschudii from Peru and Chile (Weir 1974), which also gave fertile hybrids both sexes when crossed with C. porcellus (Castle & Wright 1916), and C. fulgida from Brazil (Weir 1974). The latter alternative is improbable, since hybrid males produced from C. porcellus x C. fulgida crosses were infertile (Detlefsen 1914). ...
... However, the precise origin and derivation of domestic guinea pigs is unknown (Anderson 1997, Clutton-Brock 1999. Specifically, in addition to Cavia aperea from Argentina, Bolivia, Uruguay, Colombia and Brazil (Cabrera 1953), two other wild species have been postulated as the ancestor of domestic guinea pigs: C. tschudii from Peru and Chile (Weir 1974), which also gave fertile hybrids both sexes when crossed with C. porcellus (Castle & Wright 1916), and C. fulgida from Brazil (Weir 1974). The latter alternative is improbable, since hybrid males produced from C. porcellus x C. fulgida crosses were infertile (Detlefsen 1914). ...
To investigate the origin and diversity of domestic guinea-pigs Cavia porcellus (Linnaeus, 1758; Rodentia, Caviidae), we sequenced the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene of 12 domestic and 10 wild specimens from six species, including the two presumed as ancestral to the domestic one: Cavia tschudii and Cavia aperea. All maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood analyses grouped C. porcellus with C. tschudii (mean K2P distance = 3.2%); best trees had 609 steps (CI = 0.796; Bremer support Index (SI) = 28), and a -Ln = 4419.52, with 100% and 97% bootstrap support respectively. This clade, supported by three substitutions and 96% bootstrap, is also obtained in the cladistic analysis of corresponding amino acids. When the C. aperea node was forced to join C. porcellus, these trees were consistently longer, less likely and robust, and with less defining characters than the optimal one. All C. porcellus sequences also clustered in a node defined by 15 substitutions. The sub-node containing animals from city markets, pet shops and laboratories was characterized by four substitutions (one non-silent, SI = 7, and 91% bootstrap). Some South American C. porcellus, called "criollos" (creoles) by local breeders, were more diverse. Probably, a particular clade from southern Peru and Chile may represent a pre-Columbian lineage. Mean K2P distance between C. tschudii and C. aperea was rather large, 7.7%. Cavia appeared as a robust node (100% bootstrap). These results indicate that C. tschudii is the species most closely related to C. porcellus.
... Na chegada dos europeus ao continente americano, esse 30 A mesma gravura voltaria a ser reproduzida sob a designação de "cuniculo vel porcello indico" na página 19 do apêndice acrescentado ao segundo livro da "Historia Animalium" dedicada aos "quadrúpedes ovíparos" (Gesner, 1554), reaparecendo como "cuniculus indus" na página 106 das "Icones Animalium Quadrupedum Viviparorum et Oviparorum" (Gesner, 1560a). Apesar de ter chegado a possuir exemplares vivos de Cavia porcellus, Gesner basearia a presente ilustração em uma pintura enviada por um "nobre francês" de Paris (Gesner, 1554 Reitz & Wing (1999), Rofes (2002), Schmidt (1929), Stahl (2008), Weir (1974), Wing (1977) e Yamamoto (2015). 32 Enciso (1519), Kimura et al. (2016). ...
Ativo no terceiro quartel do século XVI, Simon de Myle constitui um verdadeiro enigma, pois sua vida e carreira permanecem totalmente desconhecidas até os dias de hoje. A “Arca de Noé sobre o Monte Ararat” é seu único quadro assinado e datado ("Simone de Myle inventor et fecit 1570"), figurando o desembarque dos animais após o dilúvio. Levando em conta mesmo as representações demasiado precárias, essa composição inclui nada menos de 228 monstros, voláteis e quadrúpedes, isso sem considerar as carcaças e as espécies aquáticas deixadas para trás com o recuo das águas. Entre as fontes iconográficas utilizadas destacam-se vários tomos da “Historia Animalium” de Conrad Gesner, além da “Warachtighe Fabulen der Dieren” de Marcus Gheeraerts. Ao contrário de outras pinturas quinhentistas acerca do mesmo tema, essa “Arca de Noé” retrata um número inesperado de animais do Novo Mundo, elenco composto por dois mamíferos, pelo menos três aves e dois “seres prodígiosos”. Nesse particular, o quadro de Simon de Myle inadvertidamente evoca as dúvidas sobre a verossimilhança da passagem bíblica relativa à Arca de Noé, reflexo da descoberta de um número cada vez maior de espécies zoológicas em terras distantes. Colocada já em 1502 por Amerigo Vespucci, essa questão atravessaria os séculos XVI e XVII, levando autores como Joseph de Acosta (1590) e Athanasius Kircher (1675) a buscar uma improvável conciliação entre a realidade factual observada no outro lado do oceano e a verdade revelada contida no livro do Gênesis.
... The guinea pig (Cavia porcellus) is a rodent species of family Cavidae and the genus Cavia. It was a domesticated rodent and not found in the wild (Barbara, 1974). Guinea pigs were frequently used as model organism and for biological experimentation. ...
Gall bladder is a small pocket like organ for the storage and concentration of bile. Gall bladder was collected from 24 guinea pigs of four different postnatal ages namely 0-2 weeks, 2-8 weeks, 8-16 weeks and 16-32 weeks of age with six animals each irrespective of sex were collected from the Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, Madhavaram Milk Colony, Chennai with Ethical committee approval. Gall bladder was completely seen on the visceral surface of the liver but the body of the gall bladder was seen on the parietal surface. It was found in the gall bladder fossa located between the right medial lobe and quadrate lobe of the liver and was well adapted to the gall bladder fossa of the liver. But it was extended slightly outside the liver border. At the neck region of the gall bladder, it had a swelling which continued as cystic duct. The gall bladder with full secretion was round to elongate in shape. It was transparent in colour. When filled with bile, it had light green colouration. It was soft to touch and had smooth surface. The left hepatic duct was formed by the hepatic ducts of quadrate lobe, left lateral lobe and left medial lobe. The right hepatic duct was formed by the hepatic ducts of caudate lobe, right lateral lobe and right medial lobe. The cystic duct first joined with the left hepatic duct and then with the right hepatic duct and formed common bile duct. The common bile duct had an ampullary dilation when it opened to the duodenum. The gall bladder attached to the right medial lobe by a ligament. A small ligament was found connecting the gall bladder to the quadrate lobe.
... Guinea pigs were first domesticated as early as 5000 BC in the Andean region of South America by tribes using them as food and in cultural practices [14]. They were introduced to Europe in the sixteenth century and rapidly became a popular pet [12], though selective breeding that gave rise to some of the domestic breeds found today started in approximately 1200 AD [15], resulting in a behavioral phenotype that today is rather docile and tractable. The domestication process has also affected the social system of the species in that multi-male groups are behaviorally compatible when either the males are descendants of the main breeding male or when the animals have sufficient space to assort themselves into subgroups [12]. ...
Simple Summary
Ambassador animals give zoo and aquarium visitors the opportunity to connect with nature, but it is important to assess the welfare of these animals while serving in this role. We conducted a study to determine whether guinea pigs housed in a publicly accessible habitat and serving as ambassador animals demonstrated any differences in welfare indicators compared to periods when they are housed off exhibit. We found that individual differences were the largest drivers of glucocorticoid levels, while sex and on- or off-exhibit housing did not have significant effects on mean levels. There were sex differences in variation of glucocorticoid levels. Moving between habitats did not elicit a significant hormone response except when females were moved off exhibit. Neither the amount of handling the animals received nor closure of the exhibit affected hormone levels. Guinea pig body weights were lower on average when on exhibit but did not otherwise significantly differ. Our results suggest that a monthly rotational schedule of exposure to the public does not negatively impact the physical and physiological indicators of welfare studied.
Abstract
Special encounters that allow contact between animals and guests are common in zoos and aquariums. Visitors to the Saint Louis Zoo may touch guinea pigs serving as ambassador animals. We evaluated two welfare indicators in ambassador guinea pigs by comparing glucocorticoid levels and body weights between periods when guinea pigs lived in a habitat accessible to the public and while off exhibit. Mean glucocorticoid levels did not differ between sexes or between on- and off-exhibit periods. There was significant individual variation, and females demonstrated greater variation than males. While on exhibit, glucocorticoid levels slightly but significantly increased in males and decreased in females. Moving guinea pigs between habitats only elicited a significant glucocorticoid response when females were moved off exhibit. Temporary closures of the exhibit had no effect on glucocorticoid levels in either sex. Analyses of the impact of handling rates on males found no impact on glucocorticoid levels. Guinea pigs’ body weights were lower while on exhibit. We conclude that guinea pigs serving as ambassador animals at the Saint Louis Zoo demonstrate comparable physiological profiles while on and off exhibit and, when used in a rotational schedule, are a suitable species for animal encounters involving contact with the public.
... Guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) are considered an animal lab model (The all-purpose guinea pig, 2014) or a pet in many Western countries. But in South America, where they are originally native, they are raised for ceremonial events or cuisine purposes, especially in Andean countries (Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia) (Weir and Weir, 1974). Its meat is prized for its low fat and high protein content (Flores-Mancheno et al., 2017). ...
The widespread acceptance of guinea pigs both as companion animals, and in the Andean countries as a source of meat, makes them putative bacterial reservoirs and an emerging zoonotic threat to humans.
Our research studies their possible zoonotic potential, including the carriage of respiratory pathogens like Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Staphylococcus aureus (SA), and the infection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
... Despite their common name, these animals are not in the pig family, nor are they from Guinea. They originated in the Andes, and earlier studies based on biochemistry and hybridization suggested they are domesticated descendants of a closely related species of cavy such as Cavia aperea, Cavia fulgida, or Cavia tschudii and therefore, do not exist naturally in the wild (Weir, 1974;Nowak, 1999). Their domestication began around 5000 B.C, and because of their popularity as pets and food, they are now globally distributed. ...
... en el año 2004, producida en sistemas familiares o tradicionales [3] . Por su capacidad de adaptación pueden encontrarse desde la costa o el llano, hasta alturas de 4500 msnm, en zonas frías y cálidas [4] ; existen pruebas que demuestran que fue domesticado hace 2500 a 3600 años [5] , y criado en cautividad por lo menos hace 400 años [6] . ...
El cuy es una especie de las más pequeñas dentro de los cavidos, es monogástrico, roedor y herbívoro, el cual se sabe que fue domesticado hace 2500 a 3600 años. La presente investigación se desarrolló en el Departamento de Nariño, sur occidente de Colombia, con el objetivo de caracterizar y encontrar las diferencias etológicas de la especie en dos sistemas de producción, para lo cual se utilizó tres réplicas por cada sistema productivo; cada sistema estuvo conformado por machos, hembras y crías; en el sistema tecnificado se contaba con cinco hembras por cada macho, este número variaba en el sistema tradicional. Se registró las observaciones mediante cámaras de video y muestreo ad líbitum, cada 10 minutos durante 18 días, en los que se observaron los comportamientos propios de la especie y estereotipias generadas posiblemente por el sistema tecnificado, entre ellas roer partes de la jaula, mayor grado de alerta en los gazapos; se observaron además, diferencias entre los dos sistemas productivos en comportamientos como en el cuidado de las crías, comportamiento ingestivo, materno infantil y parto.Palabras clave: roedor, etograma, comportamiento social, reproducción, estereotipiaETHOLOGYC CHARACTERIZATION OF GUINEA PIG (Cavia porcellus) IN TRADITIONAL AND TECHNICIZED PRODUCTION SYSTEMS ABSTRACTCuy is one of the smallest specimen of cavidos, it is monogastric, rodent and herbivore, which is known to have been domesticated 2500 to 3600 years ago. This research was developed in Nariño department, south-west of Colombia, in order to characterize and to find ethological differences of the specie through two production systems, with three replicas of each one. Every system was conformed by males, females and offspring. In technified system, there were five females for each male, this number changed from traditional system. Observations were recorded by video cameras and ad libitum sampling, every 10 minutes for 18 days, and peculiar behavior of the specie and some stereotypies generated by the technified system were observe, like gnawing cage parts, a higher alert rate in breedings; besides, some differences between the two productive systems regarding brood care, feeding, maternal, childhood and birth behavior were observed.
... The guinea pig is oldest domestic rodent occupy in South America (Mares and Ojeda 1982; Redford and Eisenberg 1992). It was domesticated about 3000-6000 years ago (Hu¨ckinghaus 1961;Ku¨nzl and Sachser 1999;Stahnke and Hendrichs 1988;Weir 1974). It had been commonly used as laboratory animals in biological and biomedical research for a long time (Avery 1925;Kaiser et al. 2003;Sachser 1986Sachser , 1998Young 1937Young , 1969. ...
The present study was carried out to elucidate the grooming behavior under clean and dust environmental condition in domestic American guinea pig (Cavia porcellus). The domestic guinea pig was allowed to provide all necessary food items and water prior to the initiation of experiment in order to minimize physiological stress and the present study was carried out in residential place at Homagama during the period of December 2015 to January 2016. The guinea pig was placed for 1 hour in the clean environment and allowed another 1 hour in dust environment. Wood shavings were applied to the cage in order to make cage as dust environment. Then number of grooming and time taken for each grooming in seconds in each environment were recorded. As this manner recordings were taken for 10 days. Data were analyzed statistically using Microsoft Excel 2013 for Chi-Square test. Results revealed that the Grooming behaviour of Guinea pig was significantly high in dust environment in comparing with the clean environment (χ 2 test; p<0.001).
... The laboratory guinea pig is a good experimental animal for developmental studies. It characterized by small size that provided easy maintenance and cure also it has gestation period of 65-72 days, with an average of 68 days (1). The vertebrate skull is consists of the neurocranium (skull vault and base) and the viscerocranium (jaws and other branchial arch derivatives). ...
The study designed to investigate the morphological changes from 25 day prenatal to the 30 day old postnatal in guinea pig, and found that, at the 25-35th day of gestation the result showed typical formation of the plates of all skull elements and show no ossification in any parts of cranium but, at the 35th days the blue color of plates were lighter than that of previous age. At the 45th day of gestation showed starting and extension of ossification centers in all plates of skull elements. At the 55-60th days of gestation the sutures line of articulation among the skull element in addition to the rami of mandible were not ossified. At the one -15 days postnatal showed ossification of the sutures line articulation and rami of mandible, while areas on the parietal, occipital, frontal and nasal bones were still not ossified. At the 30th day the nasal, temporal and occipital, baseoccipital, basespheniod, palatine and incisive bones have been ossified but, the ossification has not yet completed in frontal, parietal and maxilla
... The guinea pig Cavia cutleri, was the animal model used in thi study because it correlates well with the human situation development, and the model was well documented and reproducible, the laboratory guinea pig was also called the cavy, is a species of rodent belonging to the family Caviidae and the genus Cavia (Weir, 1974),the laboratory guinea pig was derived from domesticated stocks of wild guinea pigs (Cavia cutleri) which originated in Peru, South America, in South America the guinea pig is raised as a source of meat,the bodies of guinea pigs are stocky and compact, and their legs are short. ...
One hundred of healthy guinea pigs were divided into two groups (first group was of prenatal periods (13, 23, 33, 43, 48, 53 and 63 day old of gestation) and the second group was postnatal periods (1, 15 and 30 days old) were used in this study to obtain the morphological and histological development changes in the limbs bone. Accordingly, the present study was intended and summarized the following:
Morphologically; at 13th day embryo was showed not develop fore and hind limbs. At 23 day of gestation showed development of cartilaginous template of humerus, radius, ulna, femur, tibia and the digit in both limbs. At 33 day of gestation the ossification was starting in all bones of fore and hind limbs except those the carpal, fibular and tarsal bones were still as chondrified. At 43th day of gestation was characterized by marked increase in the length and size of bones in fore and hind limbs. The first row of carpal bone was ossified, while the proximal and distal rows of the tarsal, metacarpal and metatarsal bone which were showed starting ossification. Advanced ossification was in 1st, 2nd and 3rd phalanx of digits in both fore and hind limbs. In 48 days' old gestation the fetus skeleton has showed completed ossification of dorsal margin of scapula. The interossous space between radius and ulna was clearly obvious. The distal row of tarsal bone and the three phalangeal bones of digits in all limbs have completely ossified. At 53 day of gestation the ossification was clearly advanced in the spine of scapula, while the olecranon process of ulna and proximal row of tarsal bone were completely ossified. All boney elements of fore and hind limbs were appeared clearly inter connected throughout their cartilaginous joints. At 63 day of gestation was characterized by the presence of ossified patellar bone. At postnatal one day old the singes of ossification were characterized by marked advanced ossification at the epiphysis's of the humerus and femur in addition to distinctly increasing in the bones length. At 15th day the findings showed ossification of acromion process of the scapula and humeral medial and lateral epicondyle. At postnatal 30 day the important manifestation was the appeared of sesamoid bones in digits of the fore and hind limbs and the head of the femur bone was less ossified and was separated from the neck part of femur by marked line of ossified metaphyseal plate. Histologically, at 13 days old the embryo was appeared as mass of mesenchymal tissue. At 23 days of gestation the fore and hind limbs embryonic cartilaginous skeleton was formed as hyaline cartilaginous form differentiation of embryonic fibroblast consequently into chondroblast and inter lacunar chondrocytes. The hind limb bones were showed the onset of an endochondral ossification which was manifested by hypertrophy of the diaphyseal chondrocytes that associated with vascularization of perichondrium and consequently formation of the sub periosteal bone collar. At 33 days of gestation the fore and hind limbs cartilaginous skeletons was ossified by both intra membranous and endochondral models of ossification. The primary ossification center has observed in the diaphysis of long bones at which the cartilage changed into bony spicules and the chondrocytes of future epiphyseal plate were lined up into three long columnar zones; the first that the zone proliferation, the second was the zone hypertrophy, the third was a zone calcifying cartilage and developed into bone spicules which housed osteocytes within lacunae and covered by osteoblasts. At distal diaphysis the medullary cavity appears it’s occupied with the bony spicules that formed a labyrinth which housed cellular population of osteoprogenitor cells and newly differentiated blood vessel and hemopoitic tissue. At the proximal part of diaphysis the spicules were transformed trabeculae. At 43 days of gestation, the distal diaphysis was showed developed of medullary cavity which occupied with blood vessels and hemopoitic tissue. The bone marrow cellular population was composed of mesenchymal cells. The proximal diaphysis of long bones showed anastomosis bone trabeculae. The long bone (femur and radius) epiphysis displayed secondary ossification center. At the 48 days old gestation the the secondary ossification center has seen in tibia while the articular end of long, flat and short bone were still as cartilage template. At the 53 days of gestation the main finding was a sign of woven bone (primary bone) in scapula. The long bone diaphysis (femur) showed development of the medullary canal. At the 63 days of gestation has recorded the time at which the red marrow has changed into yellow marrow. At postnatal age of one day old guinea pig, the long bone lengthening was a feature of this age which characterized by marked intramembranous ossification and the scapula appeared as an ideal cancellous bone while the age of 15 days old the thickening of long bones wall was a main feature. The 30 day old, the short bones showed more bony trabeculae within their central part. The fore and hind limb bones were showed furthermore intramembranous ossification.
... A tengerimalacot Dél-Amerikában háziasították feltételezhetően 500 és 1000 között, bár egyes források úgy vélik, hogy ez az időszak akár i. e. 1000-re is tehető. Körülbelül 500 éve került át Európába, ahol laboratóriumi és kedvetelésből tartott állatként terjedt el (17). ...
The authors present the case of a five year old, male, lethargic pet guinea pig presented to the clinic with anorexia. The symptoms started the previous day. Physical examination revealed dyspnoe and tachycardia. A gas and fluid filled tense structure could be palpated in the abdomen, which was painful upon palpation and exacerbated the symptoms. Radiological examination suspected gastric dilatation and volvulus. During laparotomy the authors found gastric dilatation and a 180 degree rotation of the stomach, which was resolved. The small intestines, the colon and the caecum were pushed to the left side of the abdomen by the stomach. Parts of the small intestines were located in front of the stomach. The animal fully awoke from surgery but after 3 hours its status got worse and the animal died 5 hours after surgery. The owner took the animal home, so necropsy couldn't be performed. No long term survival in a guinea pig with gastric volvulus has been reported in the literature.
... They are believed to have been domesticated by the natives of the Andean region of South America over 5000 years ago. 4 Approximately 1.3 million guinea pigs are maintained as pets in about 0.84 million homes in the United States. 5 Due to their longer life span (5-7 years) when compared to small rodents, they are more likely to be presented for clinical care. ...
Objective
To determine the effects of short-term oral administration of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole on tear production in clinically normal guinea pigs.Animal studiedThirty-two healthy adult Abyssinian guinea pigs were used in this study.ProcedureOne day before the start of the trial, the pretreatment baseline phenol red thread test (PRTT) values were recorded. Sixteen guinea pigs in the treated group received 25 mg/kg trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole orally twice a day for 14 days. The other sixteen guinea pigs were used as untreated controls and received a placebo during the study. All the ophthalmic tests were performed without chemical restraint. PRTT values were evaluated in both eyes of all the guinea pigs using a commercial PRTT strip of a single lot number on days 0 (baseline), 15, and 21 after starting the trial.ResultsThe pretreatment baseline mean ± SD PRTT values for the treatment and control groups were 11.12 ± 3.82 mm/15 s and 11.93 ± 2.73 mm/15 s, respectively. After 14 days of drug administration, the mean ± SD PRTT values for the treatment and control groups were 10.87 ± 3.11 mm/15 s and 13.00 ± 2.47 mm/15 s, respectively. On Day 21, the mean ± SD PRTT values for the treatment and control groups were 12.62 ± 4.05 mm/15 s and 12.87 ± 2.99 mm/15 s, respectively. Significant decreases in the PRTT values, compared with the pretreatment baseline values, were not observed in the treatment group on Day 15 (P = 0.14) and Day 21 (P = 0.31).Conclusions
Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole did not decrease tear production in the guinea pigs in this study.
... The guinea pig, Cavia pocellus, is a mammal belonging to a family of burrowing rodents native to the western hemisphere. They were originally found to be very useful in immunology and genetic research (Weir 1974). The blood and plasma volumes of guinea pigs average 6.96 and 3.88 ml per 100 g of body weight respectively (Sisk 1976 (Grundy 1990). ...
... hlcmhcrs of the genus Cn17ia "inhabit a \vide v,lrictl\ of habitats r,lnging fi-om rocky regions t o savannas, s\\~,in~ps,.~ncl the forest fringes" (Festing 1976: 229; see also hliillcr-Huye 1984: 253;Weir 1974). ...
Guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) are small rodents that function as food, diagnostic medical devices, divinatory agents, and sacrifices in the Andes today. The ethnohistorical record for the region records similar uses of guinea pigs during the Colonial Period. Most archaeologists have assumed that they fulfilled the same functions in prehispanic time, but rigorous support for this assumption has not been presented. After reviewing the archaeological, ethnohistorical, and ethnographic record for guinea pig use in the Central Andes, we describe the naturally mummified specimens of guinea pigs and other animals from Lo Demás, a late site in the Chincha Valley of Peru. These data allow us to bridge the interpretive gap between the ethnohistoric/ethnographic "present" and the more remote prehispanic past concerning the ritual uses of guinea pigs, and to comment more generally on animal sacrifice in the Andes.
... Several species of wild cavy are described (Cavia aperea, Cavia intermeida, Cavia fulgida, Cavia magna, and Cavia tschudii) 71 and are found today in Colombia, Venezuela, Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, and Peru. 61,66 They inhabit a wide variety of habitats, including grasslands, the forest edge, swamps, and rocky areas. ...
... Several species of wild cavy are described (Cavia aperea, Cavia intermeida, Cavia fulgida, Cavia magna, and Cavia tschudii) 71 and are found today in Colombia, Venezuela, Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, and Peru. 61,66 They inhabit a wide variety of habitats, including grasslands, the forest edge, swamps, and rocky areas. ...
... All these interbreeds produced fertile offspring, whereas guinea pig crossing with a totally different species Cavia fulgida resulted in infertile young (Detlefsen 1914). Also comparative chromosome (Weir 1974;Künzel and Sachser 1999) as well as DNA investigations (Trillmich et al. 2004) suggest the origin of domesticated guinea pigs from Cavia aperea. ...
Bivariate allometric calculations were performed to quantitatively compare skulls of wild cavies with domesticated guinea pigs. Descendents of wild caught Cavia aperea from eastern regions of the species’ distribution area were used, as well as unselected domesticated breeds of guinea pigs differing in outer appearance. The individuals of both groups were kept under similar environmental conditions. Altogether 19 parameters on the skulls and the body weights were used for the analyses. These parameters were studied in relation to greatest skull length and to body size. As a general result the diverse parameters are in most cases significantly different between both groups which is interpreted as a special result of unconsciously selected and genetically determined intraspecific changes concomitant with domestication. The skull does not change in total under the domestication process but in a mosaic manner. However, for the mosaic changes of the diverse parameters in relation to skull length a different picture is valid as related to body weight. This is caused by the fact that the skull of guinea pigs is around 5% shorter independent of the body size, a common effect of domestication also described for other species. Thus, skull length is not an appropriate parameter for body size with respect to such intraspecific investigations, although normally used for the characterization of species in interspecific comparisons of museum materials.
... The guinea pig is one of the oldest domestic animals of South America and was already domesticated about 3,000-6,000 years ago (Hückinghaus 1961;Künzl and Sachser 1999;Stahnke and Hendrichs 1988;Weir 1974). Nowadays it is one of the most commonly used laboratory animals and pets throughout the world and has been subject to biological and biomedical research for many decades (Avery 1925;Kaiser et al. 2003;Sachser 1986Sachser , 1998Young 1937Young , 1969. ...
This study aims to elucidate the social system of the wild cavy (Cavia aperea), the feral ancestor of the domestic guinea pig, whose behavior under natural conditions is almost unstudied. Therefore, a population of C. aperea was investigated for a 6-month period in its natural habitat in southeastern Brazil. The animals' space use was examined via radiotelemetry, social interactions were recorded using direct observations, and genetic relationships were analyzed via DNA fingerprinting. Additionally, the distribution of plant cover, food resources, and predation risk was recorded to investigate the impact of different ecological factors on evolution of the social system. In the study period, a low population density was detected and a strong predation pressure existed, which resulted in a high mortality rate of C. aperea. Spatial distribution of wild cavies was strongly associated with areas of dense ground vegetation. Within these areas, small groups consisting of 1 male and 1-2 females occupied stable home ranges that overlapped only slightly with home ranges of adjacent groups. Social interactions were restricted mainly to individuals of the same group, and initial analyses of paternity indicate that the females' offspring were sired by the respective group male. The social system and spatial organization of C. aperea are regarded as adaptations to high predation pressure because in dense vegetation small group size reduces the risk of detection by predators. Moreover, habitat use, social interactions, and paternity point to a single-male system in this low-density population of wild cavies.
... nov. Our molecular genetic data agree with the supposed derivation of C. porcellus from C. aperea (Hückinghaus 1961;Weir 1974) making the naming of the former as C. aperea f. porcellus, i.e., the domestic form of the wild guinea-pig, more plausible than the frequently used specific status. In addition, fertile hybrid progeny of crosses between C. aperea and the domesticated form (C. aperea f. porcellus) can be bred without problems (Rood 1972;Künzl and Sachser 1999), which confirms this argument. ...
Two little-known species of guinea-pig from the genera Cavia and Galea (Cavia magna Ximénez, 1980 and Galea sp. nov.) have recently been studied in more detail with respect to their behavior, social structure, and mating system. To determine the specific distinctness of these little-known species from Cavia aperea Erxleben, 1777 and Galea musteloides Meyen, 1832, crossbreeding between species was tried and it demonstrated that the two Cavia species will rarely cross in captivity to produce hybrids of much reduced fertility, whereas the Galea species could not be crossed. To analyze the phylogenetic position of C. magna and Galea sp. nov., we present an analysis based on major parts of the 12S (778 base pair) and 16S genes of mitochondrial RNA (1435 base pair) in conjunction with corresponding data on all other genera of the Caviinae. We also determined the relationship between C. magna and the sympatric wild guinea-pig (C. aperea) and its domestic form (Cavia aperea f. porcellus (Linnaeus, 1758)). Phylogenetic and distance analysis of all genera of cavies (Cavia (two species), Galea (two species), Kerodon, Microcavia) showed the close relationship of C. magna with C. aperea and the latter's particularly low genetic distance to C. aperea f. porcellus. Galea sp. nov. differed markedly from G. musteloides. Of the three genera, Galea appears most distinct. The genus Kerodon clustered with the genus Hydrochaeris, supporting the previous conclusion by Rowe and Honeycutt (2002. Mol. Biol. Evol. 19: 263–277) regarding the placement of the genus Hydrochaeris within the Caviidae. Recently published data on the social systems of the above-mentioned cavy species, however, show their great inter- and intra-specific social flexibility and contradict the interpretation of the same authors about a simple relationship between phylogeny and social systems in the Caviidae.
... Cumberland (1905) had suggested that guinea pigs were the result of multiple domestication events, implying the domestic stock was composed of multiple species or races. Weir (1974) however, suggested this was unlikely in view of the homogeneity of C. porcellus in current times. Utilizing molecular data, Spotorno et al. (2006) demonstrated that C. porcellus is likely the result of a single original domestication event followed by two subsequent stages resulting in the European breeds of the pet and laboratory trade and the current South American forms seen today. ...
Phylogenetic analyses were conducted on cytochrome b sequence data of the most geographically and taxonomically broad sampling of Cavia taxa to date. Primary objectives included providing the first extensive molecular phylogenetic framework for the genus, testing the taxonomic and systematic hypotheses of previous authors and providing insight into the evolutionary and biogeographic history of the genus. Support was found for the morphologically defined species C. aperea, C. tschudii, C. magna and C. fulgida and the taxonomic placement of taxa previously subject to conflicting taxonomic opinions (e.g. C. nana, C. anolaimae and C. guianae) was further resolved. Additionally, we elevate the Ecuadorian C. a. patzelti to species status, restrict the distributional limits and suggest taxonomic affiliations of some C. tschudii subspecies, and provide strong evidence for the geographic origin of guinea pig domestication. Finally, we provide an estimated evolutionary timeline for the genus Cavia, which appears to extend well into the late Miocene.
... The fecal impactions can be relieved by gentle manual expression, which may need to be repeated weekly. 13 Overgrowth of the nails and horny callus is common in guinea pigs. Both can be trimmed with cat nail clippers. ...
AbstractRodent species are routinely presented to veterinary hospitals for wellness checks and different illnesses. When rodents are presented to the veterinarian for diagnosis and treatment, they deserve the same thorough approach that any other domestic species receives. The purpose of this article is to provide readers a review of the current information regarding examination, diagnosis, and treatment of some of the most common conditions for which rodent patients are presented. This article will cover 5 of the most common rodent species presented to veterinarians: guinea pigs, chinchillas, rats, mice, and hamsters.
... hlcmhcrs of the genus Cn17ia "inhabit a \vide v,lrictl\ of habitats r,lnging fi-om rocky regions t o savannas, s\\~,in~ps,.~ncl the forest fringes" (Festing 1976: 229; see also hliillcr-Huye 1984: 253;Weir 1974). ...
... Further analysis of the guinea pig MLN genomic and cDNA sequences shows that, in addition to the two frameshift mutations, there are also many other differences among the sequences, many of which cause nonsynonymous changes. Multiple studies have suggested that the guinea pig originated in the Andes and is the domesticated descendant of several closely related species of cavy such as Cavia aperea, Cavia fulgida, or Cavia tschudii (Weir 1974, Nowak 1999). Thus, it is possible that the cDNA and genomic sequences of MLN represent highly divergent alleles within the guinea pig population. ...
Specific interactions among biomolecules drive virtually all cellular functions and underlie phenotypic complexity and diversity. Biomolecules are not isolated particles, but are elements of integrated interaction networks, and play their roles through specific interactions. Simultaneous emergence or loss of multiple interacting partners is unlikely. If one of the interacting partners is lost, then what are the evolutionary consequences for the retained partner? Taking advantages of the availability of the large number of mammalian genome sequences and knowledge of phylogenetic relationships of the species, we examined the evolutionary fate of the motilin (MLN) hormone gene, after the pseudogenization of its specific receptor, MLN receptor (MLNR), on the rodent lineage. We speculate that the MLNR gene became a pseudogene before the divergence of the squirrel and other rodents about 75 mya. The evolutionary consequences for the MLN gene were diverse. While an intact open reading frame for the MLN gene, which appears functional, was preserved in the kangaroo rat, the MLN gene became inactivated independently on the lineages leading to the guinea pig and the common ancestor of the mouse and rat. Gain and loss of specific interactions among biomolecules through the birth and death of genes for biomolecules point to a general evolutionary dynamic: gene birth and death are widespread phenomena in genome evolution, at the genetic level; thus, once mutations arise, a stepwise process of elaboration and optimization ensues, which gradually integrates and orders mutations into a coherent pattern.
In the Andean region of South America, guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) are raised as livestock in close contact with other domestic animals and humans. Although the susceptibility of guinea pigs to being affected by a wide range of diseases is well known as a laboratory animal model, there are a few reports about the potential role of zoonotic pathogens in livestock guinea pigs. In this work, we analyzed the nasopharyngeal carriage of respiratory pathogenic viruses and bacteria in guinea pigs from farms in Ecuador. We isolated streptococci and aerococci cultures that were analyzed for species identification by MALDI-TOF MS. Several species, including Streptococcus pneumoniae, S. pseudopneumoniae, S. oralies, and S. mitis were found. Moreover, strains resistant to antibiotics like levofloxacin, erythromycin, and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim were also found. Our results suggest the role of guinea pigs as a zoonotic reservoir for occupational exposure to respiratory pathogens in the Andean region of South America, where guinea pig farming is an important industry.
1 '\ ji I !! " nativa , lo que indi ca que el insecto es nativo. Los pro-medios de ataqué observado s en pl anta cio nes fueron entre el 4% y el 45 % de lo s árbole s, ha sta co n un 35 % de los árboles atacados por una única generació n de la polilla. Sin em bargo. se visit ó grandes plant acio-nes que no mostraron seilales del taladrador , aún en áreas con poblaciones nativas de Terminalia. Deber ía hacerse una evaluación del impacto eco-nómico del taladrador , así como un estudio completo de su biología y posibles medidas para su control int egral. 7 de mayo de 1985 L.l3. FORD* * CoIlege of Forest Reso urces AR-IO, Un iversity of Wa sh-ington, S.e,att le, WA98195 USA. Literatura citada 1. 'COMBE, J.; GEWALD, N.J. 1979. Guía de campo de los ensayos foresta le s del CATIE en Turrial-ba , Costa Rica. Turrialba. Costa Rica. Catie. 378 p. 2. LAMB. A.F .A.; NTIMA, 0.0. 1971. Terminalia ivorensis. No. 5, fas t growing timber trees of the low land tropics. Oxford, UK. Commonwealth Forestry Institute , University of Oxford. 72 p. 3. MAGNE, 0.1. 1979. Co mportamiento de Termina-lia ivorensis A. Chev. en su fase de estableci-miento , asociado con maíz , caupí y frijol , utilizando pseudoestaca i plantó n en el tras-plante. Tesis para optar al grado de Magister Scientiae , Centro Agronómico Tropical de In-ves tigación y Enseñanza. 90 p. 4. ROJAS , CH., V. 1980. Algunos aspectos sobre la utilización de la madera en Costa Rica. Tecno-logía en Ma rch a, Costa Rica 3(1): 11-16. Métodos y técnicas utilizaclos en la investigación del tepeizcuinte (Agouti paca sinn Cwziculus paca). Summary. Techniques used in study in g the Agouti paca in capti v ity are described. Th ey allow generat manipulation , sexual identification, medicat ion, weig hing and transfer of the animats without harming the m. Algunos roedores histricomorfos han sido mant eni-dos en condiciones de laboratori o para est udiar su biología. Las técnicas empleadas para manejarlos fue-ron desc ritas por Weir (20, 2 1, 22); Rowlands (16). l3a ss 1:' (al. (:» y Rubert s el a/. (1:1 l. Cenia pOl'cL'lIu. \ (~O). 11.l'c1roc/¡ carus ' (n /roe/lIlais (7. 1-+) \ C!lil/c/¡illu /ul/iKa (3. 4. ~O) son o tr() s il ist ri(() 1l1urfos qu e. :.Ilk· má s de se rvir para laboratori o. han sido utili zado s po r el h01l1bre para su alinli::lltacil' Jll o pUl' su pi el. Todos estos anim ales SO Il po sib les Llc manipular. tant o por su pequ efio tamaño co mo por su co mpo rt amiento. El tepeizcuint e (Agouti paca l. r<lc do r pe rt enec ien te a este sub o rd en. ha siLla mant enido en ca utiverio de s· de ha ce nl ás de un siglo (~, 8. 9. 13.1 7) Sin em ba f go. debido a su habilid ad e int eli ge ncia , pero so bre todo a su agresividad , ha sid o impos ibl e manipularl o tanto en cauti ve ri o como en form3 silv estre, por lu qu e se co noce poco de su bio logía. ln el pre se nte es tudi o. iniciadu en juli o de 19 77. se trabajó co n 11 5 animale s dc diferente s sexos y eda · des que viv en en se is criad eros di stribuid os en vario s sit ios del pa ís. descr ito s po r Matamoros (9). y en el cr iad ero de la Esc uela de Medicina Veterinaria , en donde fue rea li zada la mayo ría de las illvest igac io nes. Se descr ibe a co ntinu ac ión los métodos y t¿cniL:as ljUé se enco ntró practicables con el fi n que sean empl ea· dos en futura s investigacione s sobre la espec ie. Métodos y técnicas Jaulas: La s jaulas de la Escuela de Medic ina Veterinaria fueron co nstruid as tomando en cuenta el compo rta-miento de l anima l y la metodo log ía de la in vestiga-ción. Tienen 4. 15 m de largo y dos metros de 3ncI 1l" con pi so de cement o. Las paredes so n de block hast a un metro de altura y se cont inúan con mall a cicló:; 1.3 5 m má s. Una caseta de 0.57 m de alto , 0.40 rn de anc ho y 1.80 In de largo es ta adosada a la pareo. Tiene un tec ho móv il qu e se levanta para observar los anim al es: en un ex tremo hay una abert ura de 0.30 m de ancho. La case ta le sirv<, a los anim ales de al bergu t' dura nt e el día. Se ha ob servado qu e aquella s hembras qu e C<frecen de es te refug io d iurn o no pre se nta n ciclllS reproductores regulares. Dentro de la jaula ha y una pilet a de 0.80 m de la r-go, 0.40 m de an cho y 0.90 m de profundidad. Las pi-leta s de las jau las utili z~l da s COIllO parideras ti enen 0.20 III de profundid ad. pu es és ta es 13 al za da prom e· dio de la s cría s. Manipulación de los animales Para manipular los anim ales se utili zó un a trampa Ha ve hart de met al de se is kg de peso. qu e se coloca dentro de la case ta o en una pu erta (Fig. 1 l. Los animale s so n guiad os para qu e se introd uzca n en
This article reviews the development, hand-rearing, feeding, housing, and social behavior of common pet rodent species (rats, mice, hamsters, gerbils, guinea pigs, chinchillas, and degus). In addition, common gastrointestinal, respiratory, cardiovascular, dermatologic, musculoskeletal, neurologic, and ophthalmic disorders in pediatric pet rodents are reviewed. Preventative care and indications for spaying and neutering are discussed.
In brief
Current research on the genomics, ecology and reproductive biology of hystricomorph rodents relies on the pioneering studies of B J Weir and I W Rowlands. We show the enduring influence of a symposium on hystricomorph biology held 50 years ago.
Abstract
The rodent suborder Hystricomorpha comprises seven families from Africa and Asia and ten from South America, where they have undergone an extensive radiation and occupy a variety of biomes. Although the guinea pig was a common laboratory rodent, little was known about reproductive biology in the other species until the ambitious research programme of Barbara Weir and her mentor I W Rowlands. Much of their work and of others then in the field was summarized at a symposium held 50 years ago at The Zoological Society of London. Currently, there is a resurgence of interest in the reproductive biology of the South American species. Compared to other rodents, unique features include a long gestation, a long oestrous cycle, a tendency to form accessory corpora lutea and a vaginal closure membrane. There is a distinctive placental structure, the subplacenta. Most give birth to precocial young. Individual species exhibit peculiarities such as polyovulation, systematic fetal loss and an active female prostate. Here, we highlight the achievements of Barbara Weir and show how her legacy has been sustained in the twenty-first century by South American scientists.
The current study aimed to determined the histological and histochemical structure of major salivary glands taken from six mature female and male guinea pig captured locally in Al-Samawa city (Province of Al-Muthanna, Iraq) after euthanized of animals, the major salivary glands fixed in 10 % NBF, dehydrated in series of graded concentrations of ethanol, clearing in xylol, embedded in paraffin. Sections of (5 µm) thick then stained with Mayer's haematoxylin and eosin, PAS, combind PAS-AB (pH 2.5) and the Masson's Trichrome. The results showed that the parotid gland was enveloped by thick dense fibrous connective tissue capsule and lumina of the acini are narrow. Around the acinar cells, myoepithelial cells may be seen, and the intercal ated ducts are lined by simple cuboid epithelial cells. Submandibular glands were coated by a capsule of dense fibrous connective tissue from which septa of connective tissue extended and divide the gland into several lobules and sublingual glands which is compound tubuloacinar gland the paranchyma are lobules, enclosed by layer of irregular connective tissue capsule, from it, the septa are raised and dividing it into various lobules in conclusion the salivary gland's of guinea pig capture in Al-Samawa showed some differences of histological structures. Key word: guinea pig, histological study, Harris haematoxylin, parotid gland, submandibular glands and sublingual glands. Introduction:
For many years, scientific medical knowledge in guinea pigs was coming from the laboratory animal research. Unfortunately, the majority of this knowledge was not applicable in a clinical environment by practitioners. Due to their popularity as pets and thanks to the involvement of more and more small mammals’ veterinarians, validated scientific data are now available and useful to treat our patients. This chapter highlights important anatomical and physiological particularities of guinea pigs and husbandry recommendations that will help the practitioners to become more familiar with the guinea pig’s consultation and medical care. Dental, skin, reproductive, eye, and gastrointestinal tract disorders represent the most prevalent types of diseases in guinea pigs. These pathologies are described, presenting the etiology, the symptoms, the diagnostics, and the treatments based on the most recent literature.
This is a 133-page bibliography listing a wide variety of published works bearing on the topic of mammalian hybridization. More than 2,300 publications are listed.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate intraocular pressure (IOP) by means of rebound tonometry, to assess tear production by using the endodontic absorbent paper point tear test (EAPTT) and phenol red thread test (PRTT), and to determine the effects of time of day on IOP and tear production in guinea pigs. The study population comprised 24 healthy adult guinea pigs (12 male, 12 female; 48 eyes) of different breeds and ranging in age from 12 to 15 mo. IOP and tear production were measured at 3 time points (0700, 1500, and 2300) during a 24-h period. Overall values (mean ± 1 SD) were: IOP, 6.81 ± 1.41 mm Hg (range, 4.83 to 8.50); PRTT, 14.33 ± 1.35 mm (range, 12.50 to 16.83); and EAPTT, 8.54 ± 1.08 mm (range, 7.17 to 10.0 mm). In addition, ultrasound biometry was performed by using a B-mode system with linear 8-MHz transducer. This study reports reference values for IOP and tear production in guinea pigs.
After doing a review of the main biological, archaeological and ethnographic data related to the species Cavia porcellus in the Andes, we focus in the study of 112 naturally mummified guinea pigs found buried underneath the floor of four residences at El Yaral, a prehispanic village located in the Osmore drainage of the extreme south of Peru. This finding has documented ritual practices involving the sacrifice of these animals. Evidence concerning pre and post-Conquest guinea pig use is presented. These data indicate continuity through time in ritual practices and beliefs related to this animal up to the present day.
This chapter describes the place that Guinea pigs (. Cavia porcellus) occupy in research and also discusses its origins, genetic features, and inbred strains. Guinea pigs are rodents within the hystricomorpha suborder while the suborders sciuromorpha and myomorpha contain the other rodent species. This special place in research implies that guinea pigs are one of the most commonly used laboratory animals in research. After a peak of usage in the 1960s at an estimated 2.5 million guinea pigs per year, the number of guinea pigs used per year in biomedical research has steadily declined. Much of the decline in guinea pig usage in research stems from the growing use of genetically engineered mice and rats for specific disease models. Even with a decrease in their use in research, guinea pigs have continued to increase in popularity as pets. Their "small size, cleanliness, docileness, and relatively easy maintenance" appeal to pet owners who live in smaller living spaces more common in urbanized societies. Some major areas of current research involving guinea pigs include infectious diseases, allergenic assays that cannot be performed via the local nymph node assay method, mechanisms of hearing, reproductive toxicology, and the provision of blood meal sources for blood-feeding insects such as mosquitoes.
Biological overviewUses in the laboratoryLaboratory management and breedingLaboratory proceduresCommon welfare problemsAcknowledgementsReferences
After doing a review of the main biological, archaeological and ethnographic data related to the species Cavia porcellus in the Andes, we focus in the study of 112 naturally mummified guinea pigs found buried underneath the floor of four residences at El Yaral, a prehispanic village located in the Osmore drainage of the extreme south of Peru. This finding has documented ritual practices involving the sacrifice of these animals. Evidence concerning pre and post-Conquest guinea pig use is presented. These data indicate continuity through time in ritual practices and beliefs related to this animal up to the present day.
Abstract
Cavia tschudii Fitzinger, 1867 is a wild guinea pig species living in South America that according to the
analysis of mitochondrial genes is the closest wild form of the domestic guinea pig. To investigate the
genetic divergence between the wild and domestic species of guinea pigs from a cytogenetic perspective,
we characterized and compared the C, G and AgNOR banded karyotypes of molecularly identified Cavia
tschudii and Cavia porcellus Linnaeus, 1758 specimens for the first time. Both species showed 64 chromosomes of similar morphology, although C. tschudii had four medium size submetacentric pairs that
were not observed in the C. porcellus karyotype. Differences in the C bands size and the mean number of
AgNOR bands between the karyotypes of the two species were detected. Most of the two species
chromosomes showed total G band correspondence, suggesting that they probably represent large
syntenic blocks conserved over time. Partial G band correspondence detected among the four submetacentric
chromosomes present only in the C. tschudii karyotype and their subtelocentric homologues in
C. porcellus may be explained by the occurrence of four pericentric inversions that probably emerged and
were fixed in the C. tschudii populations under domestication. The role of the chromosomal and genomic
differences in the divergence of these two Cavia species is discussed.
Male wild (Cavia aperea) and domestic (C. porcellus) guinea pigs were tested in two-bottle choice tests for preferences between glucose solutions of different concentrations and de-ionized water. Wild males showed significant preferences for concentrations between 0.025 and 0.4 M glucose while domestic males preferred only the 0.2 M glucose solution to de-ionized water. C. aperea males also consumed significantly greater volumes of liquid per kg body during the glucose tests than did the C. porcellus males. These comparative results contrast sharply with those obtained by other authors with wild and domestic Norway rats.
Guinea pigs and chinchillas, which have become increasingly popular pets, are today more commonly presented as adult and geriatric animals. Problems of older guinea pigs and chinchillas include those related to diet and management, infections whose symptoms are more common in older animals, and neoplasia.
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