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State-trait anxiety inventory (STAI)
... To evaluate anxiety (State Component of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory [STAI] scores), the participants answered the STAI scale, a 20-item self-report questionnaire that measures anxiety levels that is wellvalidated for the Brazilian population. (44,45) The 4-point Likert scale can be used to examine an individual's reaction to stressful situations and emotions at a given time. (44,45) The total STAI scores range from 20-30 (mild anxiety), 31-49 (moderate anxiety), and 50-80 (severe anxiety). ...
... (44,45) The 4-point Likert scale can be used to examine an individual's reaction to stressful situations and emotions at a given time. (44,45) The total STAI scores range from 20-30 (mild anxiety), 31-49 (moderate anxiety), and 50-80 (severe anxiety). (44,45) The primary endpoint was the score obtained at 13 weeks. ...
... (44,45) The total STAI scores range from 20-30 (mild anxiety), 31-49 (moderate anxiety), and 50-80 (severe anxiety). (44,45) The primary endpoint was the score obtained at 13 weeks. ...
... The studies utilised various measures of anxiety including the presence or absence of a diagnosed anxiety disorder as recorded in clinical Although the marked study involve intervention groups, the reported analyses is carried out on the total study sample. Anxiety or depression measures: BDI = Beck Depression Inventory [89]; CES-D = Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale [81]; GDS = Geriatric Depression Scale [90]; HADS = Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale [84]; MMPI = Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory [91]; SAS = Self-rating Anxiety Scale [92]; SDS = Self-rating Depression Scale [87]; STAI = State-Trait Anxiety Inventory [88] https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0309683.t002 Table 2. ...
... NR = not reported. Surgery types: CABG = Coronary Artery Bypass Graft; TAA = Total Ankle Arthroplasty; THA = Total Hip Arthroplasty; TKA = Total Knee Arthroplasty; TSA = Total Shoulder Arthroplasty Wound outcomes: PJI = Prosthetic Joint Infection; SSI = surgical site infection Anxiety or depression measures: APAIS = Amsterdam Preoperative Anxiety and Information Scale [80]; CES-D = Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale [81]; DISH = The Depression Interview and Structured Hamilton [82]; Eysenck Personality Questionnaire[83]; HADS = Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale[84]; MAACL = Multiple Affect Adjective Check List[85]; SCL-90R = 90-item Symptom Checklist Revised[86]; SDS = Self-rating Depression Scale[87]; STAI = State-Trait Anxiety Inventory[88] Data obtained following correspondence with lead author.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0309683.t001Table 1. (Continued) PLOS One | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0309683 ...
Objectives
To examine whether there is a relationship between anxiety and/or depression and wound healing.
Design
Systematic review and meta-analysis.
Data Sources
Searches were conducted on PsycINFO, MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL and Web of Science on the 06-March-2023.
Methods
Eligible studies explored the effects of anxiety and/or depression on wound healing in adults. Healing outcomes included time to heal and complication rates. Anxiety and depression outcomes were considered separately.
Results
Fifty-five studies were included in the narrative synthesis (26,612,809 participants), and 26 studies in the meta-analysis. Studies utilised a range of observational and experimental designs. Wounds included in the review were: surgical, ulcer, burn and experimental wounds. The narrative synthesis gave mixed results, with some studies noting positive associations between increased anxiety or depression and wound healing, while others did not find an association. Results from the meta-analysis found no significant effect of anxiety on wound healing outcomes. However, depression was associated with significantly higher odds of delayed wound healing, OR = 2.10, [1.02, 4.33]; higher risk of wound complications, RR = 1.30, [1.11, 1.53] and increased risk of wound infection RR = 1.25, [1.09, 1.44].
Conclusion
These findings suggest depression negatively impacts wound healing. There is less evidence for an association with anxiety, but this may be due to less research in this area. Future studies should explore the mechanism of associations between depression and wound healing to inform clinical interventions.
... Trait anxiety. To measure trait anxiety, we used the subscale Trait-Anxiety of the German short version of the State-Trait-Anxiety Inventory (STAI [49,50]). Participants indicated on an 8-point Likert scale how often (from "almost never" or "almost always") 10 statements occurred to them. ...
... Participants indicated on an 8-point Likert scale how often (from "almost never" or "almost always") 10 statements occurred to them. Cronbach's α ranged between.86 and.95 in previous studies [50] and was 0.91 in our study. ...
Background
Finding words to describe emotional experiences can be challenging. Photovoice (PV) represents a possible way of facilitating the report of emotions. In the PV approach, people take pictures that they feel are related to a certain topic. Afterwards, they are invited to talk about this topic based on the pictures. There is a lack of experimental studies investigating the effectiveness of PV to aid in emotional processing in comparison to other methods.
Methods
Sixty-five participants were randomly assigned to one of three groups (mean age: 28.23 years [SD = 9.23], 76% female). The photovoice-group received the task to take pictures that reflect future worries about something in the future. Participants in the active control group, the writing group, were instructed to write down their future worries. The control group did not receive an assignment. In a subsequent semi-structured interview, all participants were invited to talk about their future worries. The interviews were audio-recorded and later transcribed. The number of emotion words was counted during the transcriptions. After the interview, participants completed an online self-report questionnaire addressing a range of variables such as the participants’ emotional state and their perceived difficulty identifying emotions.
Results
Contrary to our hypotheses, one-way ANOVAs revealed no differences in any of the self-report measures between the three study groups (all p values > 0.14). Planned contrasts regarding the transcribed interviews revealed, however, that the PV-group reported more negative emotion words compared to the two other groups t(62) = 2.79, p = .007, and also compared to the WG only, t(62) = 2.48, p = .016.
Conclusions and implications
The discrepancy between self-report regarding emotionality in the questionnaires and emotion words observed during the interviews is notable. PV increased the observational emotion report even in a sample with high emotional awareness. Future research should examine if PV can facilitate emotion reporting in a clinical sample.
... A high score indicates high anxiety. 19 The CWS was used to measure cancer worry. This instrument consists of eight items, to which responses are given on a 4-point Likert scale. ...
... These results are similar to those of the normative population. 19 The anxiety levels in the surveillance participants seem to be comparable to those of the general population. By contrast, in a study in China including women participating in cervical cancer screening, the mean STAI-S score was 42.72 before the screening procedure, and 70.3% had scores indicating moderate to high anxiety (scores of 40 or higher) preprocedure. ...
Introduction
Pancreatic cancer, an aggressive cancer that presents with few or unspecific symptoms, has a poor prognosis. Thus, diagnosis at an early stage is vital for survival and a chance for curative treatment. Therefore, surveillance programmes for high-risk individuals are of the utmost importance. However, data on the psychological burden among participants in these programmes are limited.
Aims
This study aimed to investigate the psychological burden for participants in a pancreatic cancer surveillance programme and explore whether the psychological burden was related to the individual’s risk level for pancreatic cancer.
Methods
This single-centre cross-sectional study investigated cancer worry, anxiety, coping and perceived physical and mental health using a digital questionnaire, including the following instruments: Cancer Worry Scale (CWS), State–Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), 13-Item Sense of Coherence and 12-Item Short-Form Survey. The invited participants (n=413) were healthy individuals with an increased risk of pancreatic cancer enrolled in a pancreatic cancer surveillance programme.
Results
The results indicated high cancer worry among respondents (n=78) with high scores on CWS (mean, 16.45). The majority (69.3%) had scores indicating high cancer worry ( ≥ 14). Anxiety was not equally high among respondents (mean STAI-T, 35.13; STAI-S, 35.9). Female sex and younger age were significantly correlated with higher cancer worry and anxiety (p < 0.001). Outcomes in coping and perceived health were similar to those of the normal population.
Conclusions
Cancer worry is particularly high among participants. No correlation was found between the risk level and psychological burden.
... T-Anxiety ICC = 0.73-0.86 [43]. Sleep quality was evaluated using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), with 24 items, 19 self-rated by the patient and 5 rated by a partner or roommate. ...
... r = 0.347, 95% CI: −4.8 to −0.2), and OBC (p = .001, r = 0.712, 95% CI: −16.8 to −7.2), with changes exceeding the MDC 5-10 for NDI [43], and indicating substantial clinical improvement. No significant between-group differences were observed for STAI-S (p = .290) ...
Objective: This study evaluated telerehabilitation-supported exercises' effects on pain, neck disability, anxiety, oral behaviors, and sleep quality in patients with Temporomandibular Disorders associated with probable sleep bruxism (TMDs-SB). Methods: During the COVID-19 pandemic (March 2021-May 2022), 40 patients aged 18-65 with TMDs-SB were randomized to a telerehabilitation (n = 20) or home exercise (n = 20) groups. Both received education and exercises; the telerehabilitation group supervised 30-minute weekly WhatsApp video sessions for eight weeks. Outcomes were assessed at baseline and eight weeks. Results: Both groups improved significantly in all outcomes from baseline to eight-week follow-up (p < .05). Telerehabilitation showed greater reductions in morning jaw pain (p = .012), neck disability (p = .032), trait anxiety (p = .028), and oral behaviors (p = .001) versus home exercises. Sleep quality improved similarly in both groups (p = .154). Conclusions: Telerehabilitation effectively reduced TMDs-SB symptoms, offering a promising alternative to unsupervised exercises during the pandemic. Given this unique context, conducting studies outside the pandemic's conditions would enhance generalizability and clarify telerehabil-itation's potential. Further studies are needed to confirm its efficacy beyond pandemic conditions.
... Anxiety was measured using the Korean version [40] of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) [41]. The STAI includes two subscales: state anxiety and trait anxiety, each containing 20 items rated on a 4-point Likert scale (1 = not at all/almost never to 4 = very much so/almost always). ...
... p < .001) [41]. Additionally, the larger standard deviations for both anxiety and loneliness scores suggest significant individual variation, highlighting the importance of exploring the factors that contribute to these differences. ...
Purpose: The increasing incidence of uterine fibroids (UFs) among women who could consider conception presents challenges. This study examined the relationships among fatigue, UF symptom severity, sexual function, anxiety, and loneliness across diverse life conditions and treatment stages in women with UFs wishing to maintain fertility.Methods: This descriptive correlational study, guided by Levine’s conservation model, included 221 women with UFs hoping to maintain their reproductive potential. Participants were recruited from gynecology-focused online communities, and data were collected through an online survey. The questionnaire gathered information on general and treatment-related characteristics, as well as measures of fatigue, UF symptom severity, sexual function, anxiety, and loneliness. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, independent t-test, one-way analysis of variance, the Welch test, and Pearson correlation analysis.Results: Most participants (91.9%) experienced fatigue, and sexual dysfunction was prevalent (85.5%). Fatigue, sexual function, anxiety, and loneliness levels were significantly intercorrelated (p≤.001), whereas UF symptom severity was only associated with fatigue (r=.51, p<.001) and sexual function (r=–.41, p<.001). Women without specific pregnancy plans exhibited greater anxiety and poorer sexual function than those with plans, and women with low economic status showed poorer outcomes for most variables. Women currently undergoing medical treatment reported the highest UF symptom severity, while those with a longer diagnosis history or not currently receiving treatment exhibited greater anxiety and loneliness.Conclusion: Women with UFs intending to maintain fertility face multidimensional and interrelated health challenges. Beyond fibroid-focused treatments, clinical nursing and education should integrate physical and psychosocial health indicators while supporting reproductive health.
... The STAI-T is a selfevaluation instrument composed of 20 statements monitoring an individual's general tendency to experience anxiety and other negative emotions over time. It allows participants to indicate on a four-point scale how they generally feel (1-almost never to 4-almost always) [34,35], with total scores ranging from 20 to a maximum of 80. Here, a score of 44 serves as the previously validated cut-off, signaling dispositional anxiety [36]. It has been ...
... The STAI-T is a selfevaluation instrument composed of 20 statements monitoring an individual's general tendency to experience anxiety and other negative emotions over time. It allows participants to indicate on a four-point scale how they generally feel (1-almost never to 4-almost always) [34,35], with total scores ranging from 20 to a maximum of 80. Here, a score of 44 serves as the previously validated cut-off, signaling dispositional anxiety [36]. It has been shown that trait anxiety scores covary with trauma [37,38] and GI symptoms [39,40], making the STAI-T an appropriate instrument for examining the mediating effect of trait anxiety on trauma-related GI symptoms. ...
Background/Objectives: It is increasingly recognized that traumatic life experiences render individuals more vulnerable to gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms and chronic bowel conditions like inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). In this study, we examined whether this effect is mediated by negative affectivity. Methods: A total of 281 participants recruited in the Netherlands, including 94 with IBD, 95 with IBS and 92 controls, were assessed for lifetime trauma, trait anxiety, depression, and GI (IBD/IBS) disease activity. Results: The results confirmed that negative affectivity fully mediated the association between trauma and GI symptomatology, with trauma and depression explaining 38–40% (IBD|IBS) of the variance in disease activity and trauma and anxiety explaining 31–33% (IBD|IBS) of the variance in disease activity. Upon correction for condition (patient/controls), the predictive capacity increased even further, with trauma and depression now accounting for 43–44% (IBD|IBS) and trauma and anxiety for 40% (IBD and IBS) of the GI symptom heterogeneity. Conclusions: The results are in line with studies linking trauma to negative affectivity and negative affectivity to a more aggressive GI disease course. More generally, they show that the somatic and affective consequences of trauma should not be considered in isolation but must be treated as a covariant whole.
... Twenty minutes after waking up from the nap or after quiet activities, both groups received a Biology lesson (training), and immediately afterward, they solved an exam about the lecture (testing session), as described below. Finally, they completed the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) as a control measure 35 . ...
... The Socio-Demographic questionnaires consisted of answering questions about age, gender, scholarly performance, sleep problems, and hours of sleep the night before the experiment. Furthermore, we evaluated psychological measures using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) 35 . ...
Neuroscience findings offer promising ways to enhance performance in educational settings. Adolescents often experience sleep deprivation, impacting memory processes crucial for learning. The synaptic homeostasis hypothesis (SHY) posits that non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, particularly slow wave activity (0.5-4 Hz), downscales synapses potentiated during wakefulness, facilitating post-sleep encoding. Here, we evaluate the impact of a short nap on memory encoding of a biology lesson in a classroom setting. High school students were randomly assigned to a Nap group allowed to sleep (35-min sleep opportunity) or a Control group engaging in calm activities. Afterwards, they received the lesson and were immediately tested. The Nap group showed better memory encoding, but this was not explained by NREM sleep. Instead, longer periods of NREM sleep showed a negative correlation with performance, possibly due to sleep inertia. Thus, while short naps can enhance academic performance, careful timing may help mitigate potential sleep inertia effects.
... state anxiety behavior it is between 0.94-0.96 (Spielberger et al., 1970;Oner and Compte, 1985). With these improvements, Cronbach's alpha numbers change to 0.81 for State Anxiety and 0.68 for Trait Anxiety. ...
... Scale: The State-Trait Anxiety Scale, developed bySpielberger et al. (1970), was adapted to Turkish byÖner and Le Compte (1983). According to this scale, if more than three statements are not answered, the completed form is considered invalid and is not scored. ...
Purpose: This study was conducted to examine the state-trait anxiety levels of students who were preparing for the university exam and were smokers during the earthquake. Method: The study was conducted with 130 people who were preparing for university and smokers who experienced the earthquake in Elazığ Sivrice, the epicenter of which was on January 24, 2020 at 20:55 local time. Data were collected from individuals using the "Individual Information Form" and "State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI I-II)". The obtained data were analyzed with the SPSS 25 program. Results: It was determined that the state anxiety levels of male subjects and the trait anxiety levels of female subjects included in the study were high. Those who had no idea about the effects of smoking on health had significantly higher trait anxiety levels than others. It was determined that there was a positive and low-level significant relationship between state anxiety and trait anxiety. It was found that the effect of the state anxiety level on the trait anxiety level was significant. Conclusion: The study concluded that the level of state-trait anxiety is high in individuals who smoke and have earthquake experience and are preparing for university. It is thought that organizing training programs and prioritizing rehabilitation studies can be effective in preventing and/or reducing anxiety that may develop in individuals after an earthquake and developing effective intervention methods to cope with anxiety.
ÖZET Amaç: Bu çalışma deprem olgusunda üniversite sınavına hazırlanan ve sigara kullanan öğrencilerin durumluk-sürekli kaygı düzeylerinin incelenmesi amacıyla yapılmıştır. Gereç ve Yöntem: Çalışma 24 Ocak 2020 tarihinde yerel saatle 20.55'te merkez üssü Elazığ Sivrice depremini yaşamış üniversiteye hazırlanan ve sigara kullanan çalışmaya katılmayı kabul eden 130 kişi ile yürütülmüştür. Bireylerden ''Birey Bilgi Formu'' ve ''Durumluk-Sürekli Kaygı Ölçeği (STAI I-II)'' kullanılarak veriler toplanmıştır. Elde edilen veriler SPSS 25 programı ile analiz edilmiştir. Bulgular: Çalışmaya dahil edilen erkek olguların durumluk kaygı durumları ve kadın olguların sürekli kaygı durumlarının yüksek olduğu saptanmıştır. Sigaranın sağlık üzerine etkileri hakkında fikri olmayanların diğerlerine göre sürekli kaygı düzeyleri anlamlı şekilde yüksek çıkmıştır. Durumluk kaygı ile sürekli kaygı arasında pozitif yönde düşük düzeyde anlamlı bir ilişki olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Durumluk kaygı düzeyinin sürekli kaygı düzeyine etkisinin anlamlı olduğu bulunmuştur. Sonuç: Çalışma deprem yaşantısı olan sigara kullanan üniversiteye hazırlanan bireylerde durumluk-sürekli kaygı düzeyinin yüksek olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır. Bireylerde deprem sonrasında gelişebilecek kaygının önlenebilmesi ve/veya azaltılabilmesi ve kaygı ile baş edebilmede etkin müdahale yöntemlerinin geliştirilebilmesi amacıyla eğitim programlarının düzenlenmesinin ve rehabilitasyon çalışmalarına öncelik verilmesinin etkili olabileceği düşünülmektedir.
... Anxiety levels were assessed via the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-Y), a 40-item self-report questionnaire that distinguishes between state anxiety (STAI-Y1)-temporary, situation-dependent anxiety-and trait anxiety (STAI-Y2)-a more stable, enduring tendency toward anxious responses [37]. Each subscale consists of 20 items rated on a fourpoint Likert scale (1 = not at all to 4 = very much), with total scores ranging from 20 to 80, where higher scores indicate greater anxiety severity. ...
Background: Cancer survivors who do not engage in regular physical activity often experience persistent psychological distress and fatigue, which can significantly impact their quality of life. While handgrip strength (HGS) is recognized as an indicator of overall health and physical resilience, the combined role of HGS and physical inactivity in predicting psychological distress and fatigue in this population remains unclear. This study aimed to examine the relationships between self-reported physical inactivity, HGS, and psychological distress, specifically depressive symptoms, anxiety, and cancer-related fatigue (CRF), in physically inactive cancer survivors. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 42 physically inactive cancer survivors (mean age = 63.2 years, SD = 8.96) recruited from the Cancer Institute (IRCCS) in Bari, Italy. Physical inactivity was quantified based on self-reported weekly physical activity minutes, with all participants engaging in less than 150 min per week. The participants underwent HGS assessment and completed validated psychological measures, including the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-Y1 and STAI-Y2), and the Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS). Results: Bivariate correlations were examined via Spearmanʹs rank correlation coefficients, and multiple linear regression analyses were performed to identify independent predictors of psychological distress and fatigue, adjusting for covariates such as age, sex, cancer type, and time since treatment completion. Both lower HGS and greater physical inactivity were significantly correlated with greater depressive symptoms (HGS: ρ = −0.524, p < 0.001; physical inactivity: ρ = −0.662, p < 0.001), greater fatigue severity (HGS: ρ = −0.599, p < 0.001; physical inactivity: ρ = −0.662, p < 0.001), and increased trait anxiety (HGS: ρ = −0.532, p < 0.001; physical inactivity: ρ = −0.701, p < 0.001). No significant associations were found between physical inactivity or HGS and state anxiety (p > 0.05). Multiple regression analyses confirmed that both HGS and physical inactivity independently predicted depressive symptoms (HGS: β = −0.435, p = 0.009; physical inactivity: β = −0.518, p = 0.002), trait anxiety (HGS: β = −0.313, p = 0.038; physical inactivity: β = −0.549, p < 0.001), and fatigue (HGS: β = −0.324, p = 0.033; physical inactivity: β = −0.565, p < 0.001), even after adjusting for covariates. Low physical activity and reduced muscle strength independently predict psychological distress and fatigue in cancer survivors. Conclusions: These findings highlight the potential exacerbating role of physical inactivity in both physical and psychological vulnerability, underscoring the need for interventions promoting regular exercise. Integrating strength assessments and structured physical activity programs may be key strategies in survivorship care to improve mental wellbeing and overall quality of life.
... Spielberger State-Trait anxiety inventory (STAI) It consists of 40 questions for measuring state anxiety (n = 20) and trait anxiety (n = 20) rated on a four-point Likert scale (1 = never, 2 = somewhat, 3 = moderate, and 4 = very much) [35]. State anxiety was used in the present study. ...
Background
Anxiety disorders are common psychological pregnancy problems that can lead to adverse pregnancy outcomes. The study aimed to compare the improvement of psychological distress between Internet-Based Emotion-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (iECBT) with and without husbands’ participation in pregnant women with anxiety disorders.
Method
In a randomized controlled trial, 84 pregnant women diagnosed with anxiety disorders were randomly assigned to two groups: iECBT alone (n = 42) and iECBT with their husband’s participation (n = 42). In a group of iECBT alone, women received eight sessions of iECBT (with a duration of 50 min) once a week. In the iECBT group with the husband’s participation, women received psychotherapy as same as iECBT alone, and their husbands received eight sessions (with a duration of 20 min) once a week. The outcomes were the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), the Brief Symptom Inventory 18, the pregnancy-specific stress, and Garnefski’s cognitive emotion regulation in the four-time series.
Results
The mean age of participants was about 30 years. Both iECBTs, with and without the husband’s participation, were effective in improving state anxiety, psychological distress, pregnancy-specific stress, and emotion regulation in pregnant women. iECBTs with and without the husband’s participation were not superior to each other regarding improving the outcomes.
Conclusion
As iECBT with the husband’s participation was not superior to iECBT alone, further studies should evaluate proper strategies to increase men’s effective role in the treatment of their pregnant partners with psychological disorders.
Trial registration
IRCT20110228005931N10.
... Az aktuális szorongás felmérésére a STAI [26] magyar változatának [27] az állapotszorongást mérő 20 tételét használtuk. A kérdőív a szorongáshoz kapcsolódó tünetekre kérdez rá (például éppen most "zaklatott vagyok", "aggódom", vagy fordított állításokkal, például "elégedett vagyok"). ...
Bevezetés: A női szexuális distressz általában a szexuális diszfunkciókat kísérő negatív érzelmi állapot. Ugyanakkor megjelenhet a diszfunkcióktól függetlenül is, így fontos a kettő elkülönítése. Célkitűzés: Jelenleg nem létezik magyar nyelven a női szexuális distressz azonosítására szolgáló mérőeszköz, ezért célunk volt a külföldi kutatásokban már sokat használt Female Sexual Distress Scale – Desire/Arousal/Orgasm kérdőív magyar nyelvű adaptációja. Módszer: A fordítást a validálási folyamat általános szabályai szerint végeztük. A magyar nyelvű kérdőívet 152, ambuláns méhtükrözésen átesett nő töltötte ki más, szorongást vagy distresszt mérő kérdőívekkel együtt. Eredmények: A Női Szexuális Distressz Skála – Vágy/Izgalom/Orgazmus kérdőív belső konzisztenciája igen magasnak bizonyult, Cronbach-alfa: 0,95. A másik két kérdőívvel pozitív együttjárás mutatkozott: a nagyobb szexuális distressz erősebb állapotszorongással és nagyobb mértékű észlelt stresszel járt együtt. Megbeszélés: Kutatásunk révén létrejött és magyar nyelven is elérhetővé vált egy, a női szexuális distresszt mérő kérdőív. Következtetés: A kérdőív alkalmas lehet arra, hogy átlagpopuláción is felmérjük vele a szexuális distressz előfordulási gyakoriságát, illetve hogy megállapítsuk vele a pszichoterápiás indikációt, de ennek érdekében további vizsgálatok szükségesek. Orv Hetil. 2025; 166(19): 737–743.
... This tool was developed by Spielberger in 1983 and measures patients' state and trait anxiety as a self-report scale. [22] It consists of 20 items that measure the quality of stress, worry, anxiety, and anger based on a four-point Likert scale from 1 (very little) to 4 (very much). The total STAI score varies from 20 to 80. ...
Background
Mandala coloring is a distraction strategy to reduce the anxiety in children. However, it has received little attention for the management of anxiety in hospitalized children. This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of mandala coloring on preoperative anxiety in children.
Materials and Methods
This randomized controlled trial study was conducted using a pre-test–post-test design in two intervention and control groups. The 64 school-age children, who were admitted to the pediatric surgery ward in Mofid Hospital in Tehran, were allocated to the test and control groups, using a single-blind block randomized design. Children in the control group underwent routine preoperative visits. Meanwhile, the children in the intervention group, mandala coloring intervention was done at least one hour before entering the operating room for 15–20 minutes. The level of anxiety was measured through the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, before and after the intervention of both groups. Results were analyzed using t -test and Pearson correlation.
Results
In the intervention group, there was a statistically significant in post-intervention than the pre-intervention and the children reported a lower level of anxiety (t = 4.51, df = 31, P = 0.01). But, after the intervention, there was not a statistically significant between the intervention and control groups in terms of average trait (t = 1.31, df = 61.86, P = 0.194) and state anxiety levels (t = -0.152, df = 58.94, P = 0.879).
Conclusions
The results indicated that likely, mandala coloring intervention was not effective in reducing preoperative anxiety in children. Further studies are needed to more assess the effects of mandala coloring on anxiety of children undergoing surgery.
... The STAI was developed to assess anxiety in two distinct dimensions: (1) trait anxiety, which assesses an individual's general anxiety level over time, and (2) state anxiety, which evaluates how the individual feels at the current moment [59]. Both scales consist of 20 items related to anxiety symptoms. ...
Homonegativity is associated with several adverse physical and mental health outcomes in gay men. However, the intersection between homonegativity and racism remains little investigated in Brazil. The aim of this study was to assess, in a sample of cisgender Brazilian gay men, associations between skin color, homonegativity, psychological distress, and socioeconomic variables. Method: A cohort of 229 Brazilian gay men, 151 (66%) white and 78 (34%) black or brown were assessed. Participants completed the Internalized Homophobia Scale, the Beck Depression Inventory-II, and the State–Trait Anxiety Inventory. Results: In the general sample, high levels of homonegativity, symptoms of depression, and trait and state anxiety were found, particularly among young and low-income individuals. Black and brown participants reported significantly higher levels of trait and state anxiety, but not depression or homonegativity. Black and brown skin color were a predictor of trait and state anxiety, but not of homonegativity or depression. Conclusions: The high levels of psychological distress and homonegativity found in the general sample indicate the importance of developing preventive interventions of racial discrimination and sexual prejudice for the general community and psychoeducational and therapeutic interventions for Brazilian gay men, regardless of skin color. They also suggest the relevance of customizing these interventions to meet the specificities of black/brown Brazilian gay men, a population doubly exposed to the burden of stigma, considering the intersection between racial and sexual stigma in the Brazilian sociocultural reality.
... To analyze the behavioral and fMRI data, we constructed computational models of gambling behavior. Additionally, we collected self-report measures related to social interactions, including social anxiety (Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale; LSAS) [12], interpersonal reactivity (Interpersonal Reactivity Index; IRI) [13], and general anxiety (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory; STAI) [14], to explore potential factors underlying individual differences in the effect of avatar use. ...
With the rise of cyberspace technologies, communication through avatars has become increasingly common. However, the cognitive and neural mechanisms underlying behavioral changes induced by avatar interactions remain poorly understood, particularly when avatars serve as communication partners. To address this gap and uncover the biological mechanisms involved, we conducted behavioral (n = 28) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) (n = 51) experiments using a simple gambling task. Participants received dynamic facial-expression feedback from either a human observer presented as an avatar or a real human face based on the outcome (win or no-win) of each gambling trial. Our results showed that expecting avatar feedback significantly increased gambling behavior in both behavioral and fMRI settings. Computational modeling revealed that differences in risk-taking behavior between the avatar and human conditions were associated with differential valuation of feedback uncertainty. Furthermore, we found that the amygdala encodes the differential valuation of feedback uncertainty, where a negative response to feedback uncertainty played a key role in choosing a gambling option. Additionally, we found that individual differences in behavioral and neural valuation of feedback uncertainty correlate with the questionnaire score that measures emotional consideration of another person’s internal states. These results demonstrate the facilitation of risk-taking behavior by avatar feedback and its underlying cognitive and neural mechanisms, thus providing deeper biological insights into risk-taking behavior and implications for human social interactions using avatars.
... With regard to the measurement of anxiety, the STAI [46] was replaced by the Hospital Anxiety Depression Scales (HADS) [36] in order to obtain an additional measure (i.e., depressed mood) and to optimize the speed of administration required in the clinical context (i.e., chemotherapy). In addition, the HADS is a 14-item self-report measure specifically designed to detect the presence of emotional distress related to hospital care. ...
Introduction: In line with previous research conducted during chemotherapy to explore whether virtual reality (VR) can support patients’ emotional regulation, this study examines the relevance of adding olfactory reinforcement to VR sessions during breast cancer treatment. Methods: An experimental protocol assessed the impact of VR sensoriality in 50 patients over three chemotherapy sessions. Each patient experienced a 10-min immersion in a natural environment under three randomized conditions: Contemplative VR, Participatory VR, Participatory VR with olfactory reinforcement. The sense of presence measured immersion, while anxiety, depression, and emotional state were evaluated using a within-subject design to compare the effects of each VR modality. Results: A reduction in anxiety and depression was observed in patients regardless of the type of VR immersion experienced. The interactive and multimodal nature of VR may support patients in their emotional regulation. Conclusions: This study provides preliminary evidence for the usefulness of olfactory enhancement in VR during chemotherapy sessions in breast cancer patients. The multimodal potential of VR contributes to the reduction of anxiety and depression by inducing a positive emotional experience in a soothing natural environment. The reported results highlight the value of sensorimotor VR, which also stimulates the sense of smell, in improving supportive care.
... State anxiety was measured with Spielberger's State Trait Anxiety Inventory (State) which has 20 items to determine state anxiety or anxiety at the moment. 10 The participants were asked to select the number which most closely corresponded to the intensity of what felt when being tests on the scale: 1 = not at all, 2 = somewhat, 3 = moderately, or 4 = very much so. State anxiety was assessed at the beginning and at the end of all three sessions. ...
Background: A combination of yoga breathing techniques including high frequency yoga breathing practiced over 12 weeks resulted in improved performance in trail making test (TMT). However it is not studied whether a brief session of yoga breathing techniques will cause similar results in TMT performance.
... (Ziv et al., 2018).STAI. The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory(Spielberger et al., 1970) in its version validated for the Spanish population (Buela-Casal et al., 2011). This questionnaire offers a self-assessment of anxiety as a transient state (anxiety/state) and/or as general and permanent traits (anxiety/trait). ...
The purpose of this study is to deepen the understanding of failure at school and low learning motivation presented by some students in secondary school and sixth form. Specifically, we analysed variables that could be related to this phenomenon, such as the Internal Working Model of attachment (IWM), the level of anxiety and Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE), as well as other sociodemographic and family characteristics. The sample consisted of 109 students between 13 and 20 years old, 65 boys and 74 girls, enrolled in the same school. A descriptive correlational study was conducted using the CAMIR-R questionnaire for the evaluation of the internal attachment model, the STAI for the level of anxiety and the ACE questionnaire for adverse childhood experiences. School performance was measured using the average mark obtained for the subjects studied in the second term. The results show a significant relationship between a secure attachment model and better school performance. Students with insecure attachment models score higher on anxiety and have been exposed to a greater number of adverse childhood experiences. The results highlight the importance of internal security operating models in learning processes. It is recommended that research of this type be undertaken with different sample groups and even their possible relationships with executive functions.
... Curling sporcularında zihinsel dayanıklılık, problem çözme becerisi ve sürekli kaygı durumlarının zihinsel antrenman yöntemleriyle geliştirilmesi. Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi,19(1), 55-70. Doi:10.61962/bsd.1614438 ...
Bu çalışmanın amacı, curling erkek milli takım sporcularına uygulanan zihinsel antrenmanın, zihinsel dayanıklılık, problem çözme becerileri, zihinsel beceriler ve sürekli kaygı durumları üzerindeki etkilerini incelemektir. Çalışmada veri toplamak için “Problem Çözme Envanteri, Sürekli Kaygı Envanteri, Zihinsel Dayanıklılık Anketi ve Zihinsel Beceriler Envanteri” olmak üzere dört farklı anket kullanılmıştır. Verilerin analizi, zihinsel antrenman öncesi ve sonrası olmak üzere ön test ve son test şeklinde gerçekleştirilmiştir. Elde edilen veriler, SPSS programı kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Zihinsel antrenmanın etkileri, curling sporcularının zihinsel dayanıklılık, problem çözme, sürekli kaygı ve bilişsel becerileri üzerindeki grup içi ön test-son test değerleri analizi için ortalama değer karşılaştırılması ve bağımsız örneklem t testi uygulanarak değerlendirilmiştir. Tüm hesaplamalar %95 güven aralığında gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırmada, deney grubu sporcularının zihinsel dayanıklılık, zihinsel dayanıklılık alt boyutları, sürekli kaygı, zihinsel beceriler, zihinsel beceriler alt boyutları ve problem çözme becerileri üzerinde yapılan ön test ve son test sonuçları incelendiğinde, deney grubundaki sporcuların çoğunlukla olumlu yönde gelişim gösterdiği ve anlamlı farklılıkların belirlendiği gözlenmiştir. Kontrol grubu sporcularında ise olumsuz gelişmeler görülmüş olup, anlamlı farklılıklar tespit edilmemiştir.
... Because psychological wellbeing is lower in those with hypertension and cardiometabolic disease [35], general psychological wellbeing will be examine using the COOP WONCA questionnaire [36], depressive symptoms using the Beck Depression Inventory [37] and state/ trait anxiety with the State Trait Anxiety Inventory [38]. Once again, these scales will be utilized conjunctively to provide a collective depiction of psychological wellbeing. ...
Background
Hypertension is the predominant risk factor for cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality, with significant healthcare utilization and expenditure. Pharmaceutical management is habitually adopted; although its long-term effectiveness remains ambiguous, and accompanying adverse effects are disquieting. Peppermint owing to its abundance of menthol and flavonoids, possesses a range of potential hypertensive benefits.
Rationale
Our previous trial has shown that peppermint is able to mediate significant improvements in systolic blood pressure in healthy individuals. But there has yet to be any randomized placebo-controlled studies, examining the efficacy of peppermint supplementation in hypertensive individuals.
Objective
This study proposes a placebo randomized controlled trial, exploring the effects of daily peppermint oil supplementation on outcomes pertinent to hypertensive disease in individuals with pre and stage 1 hypertension.
Methods and analyses
This 20-day, parallel randomized, placebo-controlled trial will recruit 40 individuals, assigned to receive either 100μL per day of either Peppermint oil or a peppermint flavoured placebo. The primary trial outcome will be the between-group difference in systolic blood pressure from baseline to post-intervention. Secondary outcome measurements will be between-group differences in anthropometric, haematological, diastolic blood pressure/ resting heart rate, psychological wellbeing, and sleep efficacy indices. Statistical analysis will be conducted on an intention-to-treat basis using linear mixed effects models to contrast differences in the changes from baseline to 20-days between the two trial arms.
Ethics and dissemination
Ethical approval has been granted by the University of Central Lancashire (HEALTH 01074) and the study has formally been registered as a trial (NCT05561543). Dissemination of the trial findings will be through publication in a peer-reviewed journal.
Trial registration
ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05561543.
Ethics
HEALTH 01074.
... The inventory is a self-assessment scale consisting of 20 statements used to determine how the individual feels at a given moment and under certain conditions. A high score indicates a high level of anxiety 9,10 . In this study, Cronbach's alpha for the SAI was calculated as 0.85. ...
OBJECTIVE: This study was conducted to determine the relationship between stress and anxiety levels of parents of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and parent–child behaviors. METHODS: The study was conducted with parents (n=181) of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder who were followed up in the Child Psychiatry Outpatient Clinic of a tertiary hospital in Turkey. Ethics committee approval and institutional permissions were obtained, and data were collected using the Questionnaire Form, Conner's Parent Rating Scale, Alabama Parenting Questionnaire, and State Anxiety Inventory. Descriptive statistics, correlation, and linear regression analyses were used for data analysis. RESULTS: Of the parents who participated in the study, 86.2% were mothers of children diagnosed with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. The mean scores of the Conner's Parent Rating Scale, Alabama positive and negative parental attitudes, and the State Anxiety Inventory were 42.44±17.12, 69.92±7.27, ±37.22±9.23, and 38.29±8.33, respectively. There was a significant positive relationship at a moderate level between the mean scores of the parents’ State Anxiety Inventory, a significant positive relationship at a weak level between the mean scores of the parents’ negative parenting behaviors and Conner's Parent Rating Scale, and a significant negative relationship at a weak level with the mean scores of the parents’ positive parenting behaviors (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: In this study, it was found that anxiety of parents of children diagnosed with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder was associated with perceived stress, negative parenting behaviors, and behavioral problems of children.
... The scores ranged from 20 to 80, and higher scores indicated greater anxiety. The internal correlation of the questionnaire ranged from 0.86 to 0.95, and the reliability coefficients of the test-retest were also reported from 0.65 to 0.75 [45]. The validity and reliability of the Persian version of the questionnaire were previously [46,47]. ...
Background
Hemodialysis patients suffer from physical and mental symptoms for which aromatherapy might be useful. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of Melissa officinalis L. (Lemon Balm) essential oil inhalation on anxiety and the burden of symptoms in hemodialysis patients.
Methods
This study is a randomized clinical trial with a pretest-posttest design. Sixty-eight hemodialysis patients were randomly divided into intervention (who underwent Melissa officinalis L. inhalation aromatherapy 3 times a week for one month) and control (who inhaled refined sweet almond oil) groups. The intervention in both groups was conducted during the hemodialysis session. The data were collected using the state-trait anxiety inventory and Dialysis Symptom Index. Data were analyzed through SPSS-25, using Mann-Whitney, Wilcoxon, t-tests and MANOVA.
Results
Before the intervention, both groups were similar in terms of anxiety and symptoms burden (P > 0.05). However, after the intervention, a significant difference was found between the groups in terms of state and trait anxiety, and severity of constipation, nausea, vomit, diarrhea, swelling in legs, muscle cramps and shortness, worry, nervousness and anxiety, and trouble staying asleep. Moreover, after the intervention, a significant difference was observed between the groups regarding the prevalence of symptoms burden such as feeling anxious and having a dry mouth (P < 0.05).
Conclusion
Melissa officinalis L. essential oil inhalation aromatherapy reduced the symptoms burden and anxiety in hemodialysis patients. Given the effectiveness of aromatherapy in hemodialysis patients, it is suggested that healthcare workers should use this complementary and integrative health to reduce the anxiety and symptoms burden in hemodialysis patients.
Trial registration RCT registry
Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (IRCT) number: IRCT20191021045178N3; Registration date 27/04/2021.
Longitudinal research assessing childhood mental health is limited, particularly in terms of tracking how early-life factors influence the development of emotional and behavioral disorders over time. The present study aimed to examine the influence of both antenatal and postnatal maternal mental health on children's emotional and behavioral development, with a focus on the trajectory of internalizing, externalizing and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms from early childhood through adolescence. The present study included 434 mother–child pairs of the Rhea mother–child cohort in Crete, Greece. Maternal depressive symptoms (EPDS), trait anxiety (STAI-Trait), and personality traits (EPQ-R) were assessed during the third trimester of pregnancy, while postnatal depressive symptoms (EPDS) were evaluated 8–10 weeks after childbirth. Children’s internalizing, externalizing and ADHD-related symptoms were assessed at ages 4 (using the SDQ and ADHDT, respectively), and at ages 6, 11, and 15 (using the CBCL and CPRS-R:S, respectively). Multivariate mixed regression models, incorporating a random intercept for each child and a random slope for age at follow-up, were used to analyze the trajectories of symptoms from ages 4 to 15. Significant long-term associations were found between maternal mental health and child outcomes between the ages of 4 and 15. Specifically, higher levels of maternal trait anxiety and neuroticism were associated with an increase in children's internalizing, externalizing, and ADHD symptoms. Both antenatal and postnatal maternal depressive symptoms were linked to a greater likelihood of internalizing and externalizing symptoms over time, but only postnatal depression was related to a rise in ADHD symptoms. The findings emphasize the importance of perinatal maternal mental health in children's emotional and behavioral development and suggest the need for prevention and early intervention programs to support the mental health of both mothers and children.
The present study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a brief online intervention to promote positive body image and other aspects related to mental health. Ninety-four Brazilian college students of both sexes were randomly assigned to one of three groups: self-compassion, self-esteem, or control written intervention. The participants responded to instruments measuring self-compassion, self-esteem, body appreciation, body functionality appreciation, symptoms of anxiety, depression, and common mental disorders before the intervention, immediately after the intervention, and two weeks after the intervention (follow-up). This is therefore a randomized clinical trial of 3 x 3 design, with a parallel, three-arm, single-blind intervention model. The results indicated an effect of time on self-compassion, body appreciation, depression symptoms, and common mental disorders. No group effects were found for any of the variables under study. A group and time interaction effect was found for only the overidentification subscale of the self-compassion measure. The results are discussed in light of brief interventions, with emphasis on the roles of sociocultural variables, the online format of the intervention, and the timing of the COVID-19 pandemic, which may have played important roles in the effectiveness of the interventions conducted.
Music and medicine interventions are recognised for their effects on emotional regulation and stress reduction. However, limited research exists on how these interventions affect anxiety based on personality types, particularly in breast cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of music and medicine interventions on anxiety levels according to personality types in women with breast cancer receiving adjuvant chemotherapy. In a controlled, cross-sectional case-control study, 120 women were randomly assigned to two groups: an intervention group (music and medicine + chemotherapy) and a control group (chemotherapy only). The music playlist included classical, folk, and pop genres, and participants’ anxiety levels were measured using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Personality types were determined post-treatment using the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire - Revised Short Form. Serum C-reactive protein levels, blood pressure, and heart rate were also measured. Significant reductions were observed in anxiety levels, systolic blood pressure, heart rate, and serum C-reactive protein levels in the music intervention group compared to the control group. Neurotic individuals showed the most substantial improvement in anxiety, with reductions in systolic blood pressure and heart rate. Multivariate analysis revealed that both neurotic personality type and the music intervention were significant predictors of anxiety reduction. Music and medicine interventions provide notable benefits in reducing anxiety, particularly in neurotic individuals. Personalised music therapy based on personality types could enhance the quality of life for breast cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. While this study focuses on the immediate effects of MMI during the first chemotherapy session, future research should explore the long-term impacts to better understand the sustained efficacy of such interventions in managing anxiety across multiple treatment cycles.
Background
Maternal mental health is crucial for the well-being of both the mother and the fetus. Obstetric complications have been linked to anxiety and depression during pregnancy. Among them, preeclampsia (PE) and preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM), are the more common causes of maternal admission. The aim of this study is to explore whether there is an increasing prevalence in the gradient of anxiety and depression among women with uncomplicated pregnancies, those admitted for PPROM, and those admitted for PE.
Methods
A cross-sectional t study was conducted involving three groups of pregnant women consecutively attended: 1) women admitted with severe PE; 2) women admitted with PPROM; and 3) uncomplicated pregnancies. Participants completed validated questionnaires to measure anxiety (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, STAI), depression (Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, EPDS). Differences in median scores across the study groups were analysed by quantile regression, adjusted for gestational age at evaluation and the STAI-Trait score.
Results
The analysis included 214 women: 106 with uncomplicated pregnancies, 55 with PPROM, and 53 with severe PE. A higher proportion of nulliparity and chronic hypertension was observed in women with preeclampsia. Significant trends across the study groups were observed for both depression and anxiety scores. Women with severe preeclampsia had higher scores on the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-State (STAI-S) compared to those with PPROM (27 vs. 24; p=0.049). The PPROM and PE groups showed significantly higher proportions of abnormal scores in STAI-S>30, EPDS>10, and EPDS>13 compared to uncomplicated pregnancies.
Conclusions
Higher levels of anxiety and depression are present in women admitted in hospital for PPROM and severe PE. Compared to PPROM, severe PE is associated with higher scores of anxiety. The importance of screening and offering specific interventions for patients with PE is highlighted.
Public transport drivers are pivotal to the functioning of modern transportation systems. Recently, the mental health of these drivers, particularly in China where the workforce is extensive, has garnered significant attention due to the profound societal impact of their well-being. This study aims to employ machine learning techniques to predict depression risk among public transport drivers and to investigate the determinants of their depressive states. We analyzed demographic, personality, and psychological data from 2,442 drivers in Jiangsu Province, China, using five machine learning algorithms: Random Forest, Gradient Boosting Machine, Support Vector Machine, Logistic Regression with Lasso Regularization, and standard Logistic Regression. The study also evaluated the influence of four feature selection methods on the performance of these models. The Gradient Boosting Machine outperformed other models in terms of overall accuracy. Recursive Feature Elimination was the most effective feature selection method, substantially enhancing model performance. Key predictors of depression included phobic anxiety, neuroticism, perceived stress, general anxiety, and hostility. Machine learning approaches, notably the Gradient Boosting Machine, demonstrate high precision in predicting depression risks among public transport drivers.
Apathy is a disabling symptom in Parkinson’s disease (PD). The effect of dopaminergic treatment on apathy is inconsistent, depending on the stage of the disease, the type of apathy and strongly influenced by placebo effect. Our study assessed the evolution of a cohort of 86 de novo, drug naive PD patients for 4 years, after dopaminergic treatment introduction. The main objective of the study was the change of apathy from baseline to follow-up and secondary outcomes were the change of other neuropsychiatric symptoms. At 4 years there was an improvement of apathy (p = 0.002), mainly driven by improvement of baseline apathy (p = 0.001). This was associated with an improvement of anxiety (p = 0.001), an increase in hyperdopaminergic behavior including nocturnal hyperactivity with consecutive diurnal sleepiness (p = 0.001 and p < 0.001), independently of the presence of apathy at baseline. These findings confirm, in a large real-life cohort, that dopaminergic treatment improves motivational apathy in early PD.
Anxiety reactivity, i.e., the degree to which state anxiety becomes elevated, has been used as a measure of emotional resilience in anticipation of potentially stressful events and has been found to correlate with elevations in event-related negative expectancy bias. The present study aimed to replicate this finding and investigate whether negative expectancy bias is also associated with low emotional resilience in the wake of the event, measured as anxiety perseveration, i.e., the degree to which state anxiety remains elevated after the event. A sample of undergraduate students was informed they would watch a film montage and presented with the choice to access negative or benign information relevant to the film montage. They were asked to rate their negative expectancy bias and state anxiety both before and after accessing this information, which permitted a measure of anxiety reactivity and negative expectancy bias elevation. Participants then watched the film montage and rated their experience and state anxiety again, which allowed for a measure of anxiety perseveration. The results revealed that negative expectancy bias predicted anxiety reactivity and predicted anxiety perseveration indirectly through its impact on the perceived negativity of the event. Although further investigation is required, these findings suggest interventions targeting negative expectancy bias may improve emotional resilience both in anticipation of and in the wake of stressful events.
The emotional aspect of dyslexia has recently received more attention. A growing body of
literature highlights the links between dyslexia and self-perception (such as self-esteem and
self-efficacy) and psychopathology (such as anxiety). However, there is no research on self-compassion in adults with dyslexia. The current study aimed to examine the role of self-compassion in relation to self-esteem, self-efficacy and anxiety in adults with dyslexia. We
investigated whether facets of self-compassion have distinct roles within these relationships.
We also aimed to identify whether self-compassion mediates the association of self-esteem
and self-efficacy with dyslexia and anxiety. Findings are reported from 100 adults with
dyslexia who took part in an online survey involving measures of self-compassion, self-esteem and self-efficacy, and anxiety. Self-compassion was related to the other measures and
was found to mediate the association of anxiety with self-esteem and self-efficacy, which has
not been reported before in adults with dyslexia.
Background
Significant associations exist between major depressive disorder (MDD), metabolic syndrome (MetS), and cardiovascular disease, potentially attributable to heightened atherogenicity. This study aimed to ascertain if MDD, depression severity, suicidal behaviors, and neuroticism associate with elevated pro-atherogenic indices and reduced anti-atherogenic indices, including a reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) index.
Methods
This study comprised 34 healthy controls and 33 MDD patients without MetS, and 35 controls and 31 MDD patients with MetS. It assessed total cholesterol (TC) and free cholesterol (FC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLc), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLc), triglycerides (TG), apolipoprotein (ApoA), ApoB, cholesterol esterification rate, and a RCT composite.
Results
No significant associations between MDD and lipids were seen in the total study group that combined individuals with and without MetS. In individuals devoid of MetS, MDD is significantly correlated with (a) elevated FC, TG, ApoB, Castelli risk index 1, and ApoB/ApoA, and (b) diminished HDLc, ApoA, and RCT index. In individuals without MetS, there are notable correlations between the severity of depression, suicidal tendencies, neuroticism, and ApoB/ApoA, Castelli risk, and RCT indices.
Conclusions
The link between lipids and MDD features cannot be adequately estimated by combining participants with and without MetS. It should be examined in a study sample that excludes subjects with MetS. The depression phenome, suicidal behaviors, and neuroticism correlate with diminished RCT and heightened atherogenicity, which are likely implicated in the pathophysiology of MDD. Increased atherogenicity and lowered RCT may represent novel drug targets for the treatment and prevention of MDD, neuroticism, and suicidal behaviors.
Objectives
This is a protocol for a Cochrane Review (intervention). The objectives are as follows:
To assess the effects of music‐based interventions on fatigue, blood pressure, depression, pain, anxiety, stress, QoL, and sleep quality in people with CKD receiving HD.
Researchers are increasingly exploring the existence and potential implications of pain-related cognitive biases in clinical and non-clinical populations, using a range of paradigms and stimuli to test theoretical predictions and refine models. One avenue of investigation explores the implications of biased pain-related interpretations in pain-free individuals, which may shed light on processes of transition from a pain-free state to acute pain, and acute pain to chronic pain. The primary aim of the main study detailed in this protocol is to investigate the effects of pain-related cognitive bias modification for interpretation (CBM-I) on the interpretation of ambiguous somatosensory stimuli. When deciding the point at which to report their level of pain threshold and tolerance, participants must by necessity interpret somatosensory sensations. Sensations around the pain threshold are likely to be ambiguously painful, sometimes interpreted as painful and sometimes not, which has been proposed as a zone of uncertainty. A pilot study was first conducted to test whether the proposed experimental design is feasible and appropriate, and to ascertain study effect sizes. Eighteen healthy participants were randomised to complete either benign CBM-I (trained towards neutral interpretations of ambiguous scenarios; n = 9) or pain CBM-I (trained towards pain-related interpretations of ambiguous scenarios; n = 9). The Ambiguous Scenarios Task was used to train interpretation biases, and a novel Interpretation of Somatosensory Sensations Assessment was used to explore interpretation of ambiguous somatosensory sensations around the individual’s pain threshold. Participants receiving pain CBM-I, compared to those receiving benign CBM-I, had higher pain-related interpretation bias scores on the test phase of the Ambiguous Scenarios Task with a large effect size, and showed higher intensity and unpleasantness ratings on the Interpretation of Somatosensory Sensations Assessment typically with medium to large effect sizes. These paradigms are suitable for a full-scale investigation. Modifications made to the experimental design based on insights from the pilot study are discussed. This research extends beyond pain patient populations to researchers and clinicians working with other conditions, especially anxiety and mood disorders where patients may misinterpret or catastrophize ambiguous bodily sensations.
Background
Non-governmental organizations support state-based responses to health emergencies, including the COVID-19 pandemic. Their capacity to respond effectively to such emergencies depends on worker and volunteer willingness to engage in high-risk conditions. Some studies examine volunteer and salaried worker motivation to continue in high-risk situations, but offer limited insight into how workers themselves understand and act on workplace cultures, governance, risks, and care work, as well as their consequences for motivation to continue. This study investigated drivers of motivation to continue and appraisals of the value of care work among French Red Cross (FRC) personnel during the COVID-19 pandemic, 2020–2021.
Methods
We conducted online quantitative surveys and qualitative interviews. We used a novel analytical approach employing unsupervised clustering with BERTopic—a transformer-based language model—for analyzing open-text survey responses. This method, alongside descriptive statistics and multivariate analyses, illuminated underlying themes in participants’ intentions to continue care work. Thematic analyses situated these intentions within broader discussions about FRC work culture and the value of care work during a pandemic.
Results
Analysis of responses from 2,460 online surveys and 40 online interviews revealed a decrease in the proportion of salaried workers expressing an intention to continue, whereas the proportion among volunteers remained stable across surveys conducted between June 2020 and June 2021. Multivariate analysis linked declining motivation to continue with heightened anxious state and increased motivation to continue with perceived readiness and in-person communication.
Qualitative findings reframed our question about FRC actor motivation to continue. “Motivation to continue”, whether declining or intensifying, reflected a rethinking of care work. For some, remote work sapped their care work of its value. Others perceived their labor to have high value and thus worked beyond their physical and emotional capacities.
Conclusions
Although anxious state and risk perceptions influenced FRC actor motivation to continue during the COVID-19 pandemic, this motivation to continue must be understood in a context of changing values of voluntary and salaried care work that sustain the health and wellbeing of a population. Studies of future health emergencies could extend this reasearch to yield greater insight into sociocultural and political economic logics that sustain care work.
Elevated anxiety and uncertainty avoidance are known to exacerbate maladaptive choice in individuals with affective disorders. However, the differential roles of state vs. trait anxiety remain unclear, and underlying computational mechanisms have not been thoroughly characterized. In the present study, we investigated how a somatic (interoceptive) state anxiety induction influences learning and decision-making under uncertainty in individuals with clinically significant levels of trait anxiety. A sample of 58 healthy comparisons (HCs) and 61 individuals with affective disorders displaying elevated anxiety symptoms (iADs; i.e., anxiety and/or depression) completed a previously validated explore-exploit decision task, with and without an added breathing resistance manipulation designed to induce state anxiety. Computational modeling revealed a significant group-by-condition interaction, such that information-seeking (i.e., directed exploration) in HCs was reduced by the anxiety induction (Cohen’s d = 0.47, p = 0.013), while no change was observed in iADs. The iADs also showed slower learning rates than HCs across conditions (Cohen’s d = 0.52, p = 0.003), suggesting their uncertainty decreased more slowly over time. These findings highlight a complex interplay between trait anxiety and state anxiety. Specifically, state anxiety may attenuate reflection on uncertainty in healthy individuals, while familiarity with anxious states in those with high trait anxiety may create an insensitivity to this effect.
Objective
This study investigated the emotional symptom profiles and treatment responses in patients exhibiting overlapping physical symptoms to compare differences between Somatic Symptom Disorder (SSD) and Panic Disorder (PD).
Methods
Pharmacotherapy outcomes were analysed in 208 outpatients with SSD (n = 94) and PD (n = 114). Stepwise multivariable logistic regression identified predictors of treatment response, considering variables such as the Clinical Global Impression-Severity (CGI-S), Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, and State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory. Network analysis explored emotional patterns by estimating network structures for each group.
Results
The overall response rate to pharmacotherapy was 23.6% (49/208), with no significant difference between groups. Baseline CGI-S and BDI-II scores were significant predictors of treatment response in both groups, while social phobia score was a significant predictor in PD. Depression and anxiety were related to physical symptoms in both groups, but anger was significantly associated only in SSD. Network analysis revealed that depression was central to other symptoms in SSD, while anxiety was the core symptom in PD, indicating different emotional drivers between the disorders.
Conclusions
This study suggests the differences in emotional symptom profiles between SSD and PD. Findings suggest different mechanisms, considering the role of anger in SSD, highlighting the need for more personalised treatments for each disorder.
Background and Aim: Emotional release is a new technique based on acupuncture and cognitive therapy that plays an essential role in eliminating energy disorders in the body and helping individual recovery. The present study aimed to determine the effectiveness of the emotional release technique in reducing anxiety in patients with post-traumatic stress disorder. Methods: The present quasi-experimental study had experimental and control groups with a pretest-posttest and a two-month follow-up design. The statistical population consisted of 486 patients who visited Kerman Nourieh Psychiatric Hospital in 2018 and were hospitalized for post-traumatic stress disorder diagnosed by a psychiatrist. Among them, we selected 30 men with the inclusion criteria using the purposive sampling method and randomly assigned them to the experimental group (15 males) and the control group (15 males). The participants in the experimental group received six one-hour sessions as the Church emotional release technique (2014). All participants were assessed at the pre-test, post-test, and follow-up stages using the Spielberger anxiety inventory (1983). We analyzed data using the repeated-measures analysis of variance. Results: The results indicated that state anxiety (F=14.23, P= 0.008) and trait anxiety (F=3.07, P= 0.031) decreased in the experimental group and the effect remained stable in the follow-up phase. Conclusion: Since the intervention of the emotional release technique decreased anxiety in people with post-traumatic stress by targeting the release of emotions, we suggest clinicians use the emotional release technique to reduce anxiety in individuals.
Background and Objective: Anxious adolescents have poorer functioning compared to non-anxious adolescents, which these functions can mention weakness in self-regulation, psychological capital and positive development. Therefore, the present research was conducted with the aim of determine the effectiveness of emotion-focused cognitive behavioral group therapy on self-regulation, psychological capital and positive development in anxious adolescents. Methods and Materials: This research was a quasi-experimental with a pre-test and post-test design with a control group. The research population was anxious adolescents referring to counseling centers of education in Tehran city in the 2022-2023 academic years, which number of 30 anxious adolescents were selected as a sample with using purposive sampling method and randomly assigned into two equal groups. The experimental group underwent 8 sessions of 90 minute by emotion-focused cognitive behavioral group therapy and during this time the control group did not receive any intervention and remained on the waiting list. The research instruments were included the questionnaires of anxiety (Spielberger et al., 1983), self-regulation (Ibanez et al., 2005), psychological capital (Luthans et al., 2007) and positive development (Geldhof et al., 2014) and the data were analyzed with using the univariate and multivariate analysis of covariance methods in SPSS software. Findings: The findings showed that emotion-focused cognitive behavioral group therapy increased self-regulation, psychological capital (including hope, resilience, optimism and self-efficacy) and positive development (including competence, confidence, connection, character and caring) in anxious adolescents (P<0.05). Conclusion: Considering the effectiveness of emotion-focused cognitive behavioral group therapy on improving psychological characteristics in anxious adolescents, it is recommended that therapists and counselors use this method in their interventions.
Background
The demanding educational environment requires sustained motivation and resilience, while the intense psychological stress among medical studies increases the risk of depression, anxiety, and burnout. Student burnout is an escalating issue among medical students worldwide, significantly affecting their career success and overall well-being. Understanding these dynamics is crucial for effective burnout prevention strategies. Therefore, this study aims to explore the role of depression, anxiety, academic motivation and resilience in student burnout in a sample of Hungarian medical students.
Methods
An online survey was conducted among medical students at the University of Szeged, Hungary (N = 214; Mage = 21.82 years; 73.8% female). The survey first collected demographic information, after which participants completed five scales: the Maslach Burnout Inventory Student Survey, the Beck Depression Inventory Short Form, the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, the Academic Motivation Scale, and the Academic Resilience Scale.
Results
Binary logistic regression for emotional exhaustion identified depression (OR = 0.32, p < .001), state anxiety (OR = 0.04, p < .01), and amotivation (OR = 0.19, p < .01) as significant predictors. For cynicism, the final model incorporated state anxiety (OR = 0.05, p < .001), intrinsic motivation through achievement (OR = -0.08, p < .05), external regulation (OR = 0.13 p < .01), and amotivation (OR = 0.41, p < .001). For reduced academic efficacy, depression (OR = 0.15, p < .001), alongside achievement (OR = -0.133, p < .01) and stimulation (OR = -0.10, p < .05) as intrinsic motivations were significant predictors.
Conclusions
This study reveals a significant prevalence of student burnout among medical students, particularly in clinical years, with emotional exhaustion and cynicism being more prominent. Depression and low motivation were strongly associated with higher student burnout, while intrinsic motivation appeared to protect against reduced academic efficacy. These findings underscore the importance of addressing mental health and fostering resilience to mitigate student burnout during medical training.
Aim: The present study aimed to determine the effectiveness of an emotional freedom technique on anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in women with spontaneous abortion. Method: The present study was a single-case experimental design with an asynchronous multiple baseline type. We selected 6 out of 21 women with abortion trauma at Shahid Beheshti Hospital in Isfahan in April and May 2019 using the purposive sampling and after screening by Spielberger anxiety inventory (1983), and the Self-report post-traumatic stress disorder symptom scale by Foa, Riggs, Dancu, & Rothbaum (1993). The women were individually treated in sessions of emotional freedom techniques by Church (2014) in twelve forty-five minute sessions with two follow-up stages. We analyzed the data by visual mapping, stable change index, and recovery percentage formula. Results: The results indicated that the emotional freedom technique intervention among participating women reduced trait anxiety in the treatment phase (38.75% recovery) and follow-up phase (43.06%), state anxiety in the treatment phase (47.14% recovery) and follow-up phase (47.91%), and post-traumatic stress disorder in the treatment phase (49.92% recovery) and follow-up phase (50.29%). Conclusion: The results indicated that the use of the treatment for individuals suffering from PTSD and other associated disorders, including anxiety, could help to simultaneously improve both problems.
The mood benefits of Hatha yoga and swimming, two activities that differ greatly in aerobic training benefits, were examined. College students (N = 87) in two swimming classes, a yoga class, and a lecture-control class completed mood and personality inventories before and after class on three occasions. A multivariate analysis of variance indicated that both yoga participants (n = 22) and swimmers (n = 37) reported greater decreases in scores on Anger, Confusion, Tension, and Depression than did the control students (n = 28). The consistent mood benefits of yoga supported our earlier observation that the exercise need not be aerobic to be associated with mood enhancement. However, underlying and causal mechanisms remain uncertain. Among the men, the acute decreases in Tension, Fatigue, and Anger after yoga were significantly greater than those after swimming. Yoga may be even more beneficial than swimming for men who personally select to participate. The women reported fairly similar mood benefits after swimming and yoga. It seems that aerobic exercise may not be necessary to facilitate the mood benefits. Also, students with greater mood changes attended class more regularly than those who reported fewer psychological benefits. Maximizing the immediate psychological benefits of exercise might be one way to encourage adults to be physically active.
Background: The literature analysis has shown the risk of victimization in nursing professions. To date, very few studies have focused on the behavioral differences characterizing the stalking campaign, the consequences (physical and emotive), and the coping strategies adopted by victims (male and female nurses). Objectives: The aim of this work was to compare the victimization experience of men and women working as nurses in public hospitals. Methods: 2.154 nurses were asked to fill a self-administered questionnaire and 765 (35.5%) filled it. Victims were 221 (29.8%), 172 (77.8%) female and 49 (22.2%) male. Results: Findings show that the stalker is generally a man in the case of a female victim (76.2%) and a woman in the case of a male victim (71.4%). For both, the stalker is in most cases an acquaintance (for female victims=37.8%; for male victims=36.7%) who stalked for about one year. Stalking behavior causes in male nurses more physical symptoms (sleep and weakness disorders, respectively χ2=4.62, p=.024 and χ2=4.14, p=.043) than in female nurses. Female nurses (who cope by increasing social contact with friends and relatives and by talking to a psychologist) experienced more sadness (χ2=15.67, p=.000) and paranoia (χ2=10.07, p=.002) than male nurses. Conclusions: Possible strategies for preventing the phenomenon are discussed, highlighting the percentage (8.2% among female victims, 5.8% among male victims) of those who have reported to the police.
Beliefs play a crucial role in shaping our behaviors and mental health outcomes. Asymmetric belief updating refers to the phenomenon where desirable information is updated more readily than undesirable information. An essential feature of anxiety is threat-overestimation and a tendency to focus on the negative aspects of experience while avoiding sharp negative emotional contrasts. These two characteristics lead to different predictions concerning belief updating. One scenario would suggest a reduction in asymmetric update behavior, indicating negativity bias, whereas the other would indicate an increase in asymmetric update, indicating contrast avoidance. To test these two rival predictions, participants (n = 54) first completed trait-measures and then performed a belief update task. Moreover, memory for the information presented was assessed in the short-term and long-term. Skin conductance response was measured to assess arousal levels. Overall, our findings revealed that higher levels of trait-anxiety predicted a greater integration of desirable information but not undesirable information. Trait-intolerance of uncertainty did not exhibit an association with update behavior. Skin conductance and memory were not associated with trait-measures. We discuss these results in line with the Contrast Avoidance Model of anxiety in terms of avoidance of unexpected negative and positive contrasts induced by relief during belief updating.
Since training in deep muscular relaxation is common to most behavioral treatments for anxiety and tension-related disorders, muscle tension measures, such as electromyography (EMG), would provide valuable information as to the efficacy of these treatments. In the past, however, the majority of clinical reports on behavioral treatments employing muscular relaxation have based results primarily on self-rated outcome measures, despite evidence in the literature of a lack of correspondence between self-ratings and physiological measures of muscle tension. An experiment was performed on 20 normal subjects comparing self-ratings of anxiety and frontalis muscle tension with frontalis EMG before and after a 15-min. relaxation period accompanied by frontalis EMG biofeedback. Analysis showed that the self-ratings of anxiety and frontalis tension correlated significantly both before and after the relaxation period. However, no correlation was observed between self-rated anxiety or frontalis tension and frontalis EMG either before or after the relaxation period. The relaxation period had no significant effect on the dependent measures. It is suggested that, if people are unable to report accurately on their somatic states, then physiological outcome measures, such as EMG, would be preferable to self-rated measures in assessments of relaxation training procedures.
Recent neuroscientific research has advanced our understanding of consciousness, yet the connection between specific qualitative aspects of consciousness, known as “qualia,” and particular brain regions or networks remains elusive. Traditional methods that rely on verbal descriptions from participants pose challenges in neuroimaging studies. To address this, our group has introduced a novel “qualia structure” paradigm that leverages exhaustive, structural, and relational comparisons among qualia instead of verbal reports. In this study, we present the fMRI dataset that captures relational similarity judgments among two out of nine color qualia per trial from 35 participants. This dataset also includes a “no-report” condition in half of the trials to assess the impact of overt reporting. Additionally, each participant’s color discriminability was evaluated with a hue test conducted outside the scanner. Our data offer valuable insights into the brain functions associated with color qualia and contribute to a deeper understanding of the neural foundations of consciousness.
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