Basketful benefits of papaya
Abstract and Figures
Papaya (Carica papaya linn) is well known for its exceptional nutritional and medicinal properties throughout the world. From the times immemorial, the whole Papaya plant including its leaves, seeds, ripe and unripe fruits and their juice is used as a traditional medicine. The fruit has a large oval shape, yellowish-green skin and yellow flesh. Nowadays, Papaya is considered as a Nutraceutical fruit due to its multi-faceted medicinal properties. The prominent medicinal properties of Papaya include Anti-fertility, Uterotonic, Diuretic, Anti-hypertensive, Hypolipidemic, Anti-helmintic, Wound-healing, Anti-fungal, Anti-bacterial, Anti-tumor and Free radical scavenging activities. Phytochemically, the whole plant contains enzymes (Papain), carotenoids, alkaloids, monoterpenoids, flavonoids, minerals and vitamins. In the present review article, a humble attempt is made to compile all the strange facts available about this tasty fruit. This tasty fruit of Papaya is popular among family members of all ages for the delicious dishes derived from it.
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... pemeliharaan kesehatan dan kecantikan tidak terlepas dari produk-produk farmasi, khususnya kosmetika yang sedang diminati adalah kosmetika back to nature (Rismana, et.al., 2014) Penggunaan bahan alami dalam pembuatan sabun dapat mengurangi risiko iritasi kulit dibandingkan produk berbahan kimia. Senyawa aktif dalam tanaman pepaya, seperti enzim papain, karotenoid, alkaloid, monoterpenoid, flavonoid, mineral, vitamin, glukosinolat, dan karposidam (Milind P and Gurditta, 2016). Dengan kandungan enzim papain yang diketahui bermanfaat untuk kesehatan kulit, sabun berbahan dasar pepaya dapat meningkatkan daya tarik produk ini di pasar. ...
Pelatihan pembuatan sabun pepaya bersama KWT Punco Ruyuang bertujuan membantu dan meningkatkan keterampilan masyarakat dalam memanfaatkan pepaya tidak layak jual (hasil samping). Kegiatan ini melibatkan ibu-ibu kelompok tani, yang belajar tentang manfaat pepaya untuk kulit serta teknik pembuatan sabun melalui saponifikasi. Peserta berhasil membuat sabun pepaya berkualitas dengan aroma segar dan tekstur lembut. Selain itu, mereka diajarkan strategi pemasaran menggunakan media sosial dan kemasan menarik untuk meningkatkan daya jual. Dengan demikian, pelatihan ini tidak hanya menghasilkan produk berkualitas, tetapi juga mendorong partisipasi aktif masyarakat dalam mengembangkan keterampilan dan meningkatkan kesejahteraan. Inovasi ini diharapkan dapat memanfaatkan sumber daya lokal dan membuka peluang usaha baru bagi masyarakat, serta mengedukasi mereka tentang pentingnya pemanfaatan hasil pertanian secara kreatif. Implementasi pelatihan ini juga berpotensi meningkatkan kesadaran akan nilai tambah dari produk olahan lokal
... Furthermore, the 'Red Lady' variety exhibits high resistance to the papaya ring spot virus. The plants are typically ready for harvest approximately 8 -9 months after sowing (2,4). ...
Slow, partial and uneven germination of papaya, along with high seedling mortality, are common challenges faced by papaya growers. Consequently, papaya is commercially propagated by seeds. This study aimed to enhance papaya germination and seedling success by testing various combinations of gibberellic acid (GA3) and nursery growing media under green shade net conditions. This experiment was conducted at the Department of Horticulture, Lovely Professional University (LPU), Jalandhar, Punjab from July to September 2022-2023. A field experiment was conducted using a factorial completely randomized design (F-CRD) with 16 treatments and three replications, comprising a total of 576 plants. The experiment involved in four levels of gibberellic acid: G0 (soaking in water), G1 (50 ppm), G2 (150 ppm) and G3 (250 ppm). Additionally, four levels of nursery growing media-GM0 (soil), GM1 [soil: vermicompost (1:1)], GM2 [soil: cocopeat (1:1)] and GM3 [soil: cocopeat: vermicompost (1:1:1)] and their interactions were evaluated. The results revealed that among gibberellic acid treatments G3 (GA3 250 ppm) significantly outperformed other treatments in terms of seedling parameters. Regarding the individual effect of nursery growing media, the maximum seedling parameters were observed under treatment GM3 [soil: cocopeat: vermicompost (1:1:1)]. Among the interactions of GA3 and nursery growing media levels, all seedling parameters, except petiole length, were significantly superior in treatment G3 GM3. Meanwhile, treatment G2 GM3 was statistically at par with it for most of the seedling parameters studied. These findings suggest the potential of this treatment combination for improving papaya seedling success in a new environment, specifically under Punjab climatic conditions.
... India, Brazil, Mexico, the United States, Nigeria, Jamaica, Indonesia, China, Taiwan, Peru, the Philippines, and Thailand are the major papayaproducing nations. The common names for papaya vary across different countries, including 'Pawpaw' in Australia and the West Indies, 'Fruit of the Angels' in Italy, 'Papaw' or 'Tree-Melon' in Brazil, and 'Poor man's Banana' in Canada and the United States (Silva et al. 2007;Milind et al. 2011;Ehumadu and Chima 2019;Shivakumara et al. 2020;Wadekar et al. 2021;Burns et al. 2022). ...
Papaya (Carica papaya L.) is an economically and nutritionally significant crop facing several biotic and abiotic stress-based challenges. To address these issues, this study aimed to investigate the influence of growth regulation techniques on the growth, yield, and fruit quality of papaya grown under protected conditions. For this purpose, six different growth regulation techniques: T1 (Control: no spray; no pollarding), T2 (Chlormequat chloride 250 ppm), T3 (Chlormequat chloride 500 ppm), T4 (Pollarding), T5 (Pollarding with Chlormequat chloride 250 ppm), and T6 (Pollarding with Chlormequat chloride 500 ppm) were applied to the papaya plants grown under the protected conditions. The treatment T5 resulted in the shortest plants (101.77 cm), highest fruit retention rate (89.78%), maximum fruit weight (599.20 g), and highest yield (17,464 g), while treatment T2 took the shortest time to achieve the first flowering (51.66 days). The maximum number of fruits per plant (37.14), and highest fruit length (16.83 cm) were recorded in the treatment T3. In terms of quality, the treatment T5 was found to be having the highest TSS (14.27° Brix), highest titratable acidity (0.16%), highest ascorbic acid content (70.27 mg/100 g), and longest shelf life (5.10 days). Hence, this study suggests that applying growth regulation techniques, especially the combination of pollarding with Chlormequat chloride at 250 ppm, can effectively enhance the performance of papaya under protected cultivation. This approach offers a promising strategy for mitigating the challenges posed by biotic and abiotic stresses, potentially leading to more sustainable papaya production systems.
Graphical Abstract
... Bagian tanaman pepaya seperti buah, daun, biji, dan akar mempunyai aktivitas farmakologi misalnya, pada ekstrak air daun pepaya dapat sebagai aktivitas penyembuhan luka dan aktivitas antioksidan, ekstrak etanol daun pepaya dapat sebagai antiinflamasi dan antibakteri, dan rebusan daun pepaya dapat sebagai aktivitas antihipertensi. Bagian daun pepaya memiliki kandungan alkaloid (karpin, karpain, pseudokarpin, vitamin C dan E, kolin, dan karposid) dan juga mengandung mineral (kalium, kalsium, magnesium, tembaga, zat besi, zink, dan mangan) (6). Menurut Nor dkk (7) ekstrak etanol daun pepaya memiliki efek antibakteri karena adanya kandungan alkaloid, flavonoid, saponin, dan tanin. ...
Background: Infectious diseases are still a problem for the world of health. Infectious diseases are caused by viral, bacterial and parasitic infections. Inappropriate use of antibiotics in treating bacterial infections can cause antibiotic resistance effects. Prevention of the effects of resistance can be done by looking for natural antibiotic agents derived from plants. One of the potential medicinal plants as antibiotics is papaya leaf. Objective: The objective of study was determine the antibacterial activity of the papaya leaf n-hexane fraction against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus and to determine the diameter zone of inhibition the papaya leaf n-hexane fraction at 20%; 40%; 60%; 80%; and 100% against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Method: Papaya leaf were extraction by using maceration method of 70% ethanol as solvent. Separation of compounds based on the level of polarity using fractionation method with n-hexane: water (1:1 v/v) solvent then carried out phytochemical screening and separation of compounds using TLC method. The antibacterial activity testing used by agar diffusion method Kirby Bauer with the treatment group of papaya leaf n-hexane fraction with a concentration of 20%; 40%; 60%; 80%; and 100%, the positive control group used Ampicillin 10 μg and the negative control group used Aquades. Result: Diameter zone of inhibition Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus was smallest at 20% was 6,57 ± 0,15 mm and 6,69 ± 0,33 mm, while the diameter zone of inhibition the largest at 100% was 7,92 ± 0,23 mm and 7,94 ± 0,16 mm. Conclusion: The papaya leaf n-hexane fraction concentration of 20%; 40%; 60%; 80%; and 100% had antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The higher concentration then the larger diameter zone of inhibition formed.
... Bagian tanaman pepaya seperti buah, daun, biji, dan akar mempunyai aktivitas farmakologi misalnya, pada ekstrak air daun pepaya dapat sebagai aktivitas penyembuhan luka dan aktivitas antioksidan, ekstrak etanol daun pepaya dapat sebagai antiinflamasi dan antibakteri, dan rebusan daun pepaya dapat sebagai aktivitas antihipertensi. Bagian daun pepaya memiliki kandungan alkaloid (karpin, karpain, pseudokarpin, vitamin C dan E, kolin, dan karposid) dan juga mengandung mineral (kalium, kalsium, magnesium, tembaga, zat besi, zink, dan mangan) [6]. Menurut Nor dkk [7[ ekstrak etanol daun pepaya memiliki efek antibakteri karena adanya kandungan alkaloid, flavonoid, saponin, dan tanin. ...
Background: Infectious diseases are still a problem for the world of health. Infectious diseases are caused by viral, bacterial and parasitic infections. Inappropriate use of antibiotics in treating bacterial infections can cause antibiotic resistance effects. Prevention of the effects of resistance can be done by looking for natural antibiotic agents derived from plants. One of the potential medicinal plants as antibiotics is papaya leaf. Objective: The objective of study was determine the antibacterial activity of the papaya leaf n-hexane fraction against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus and to determine the diameter zone of inhibition the papaya leaf n-hexane fraction at 20%; 40%; 60%; 80%; and 100% against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Method: Papaya leaf were extraction by using maceration method of 70% ethanol as solvent. Separation of compounds based on the level of polarity using fractionation method with n-hexane: water (1:1 v/v) solvent then carried out phytochemical screening and separation of compounds using TLC method. The antibacterial activity testing used by agar diffusion method Kirby Bauer with the treatment group of papaya leaf n-hexane fraction with a concentration of 20%; 40%; 60%; 80%; and 100%, the positive control group used Ampicillin 10 ?g and the negative control group used Aquades. Result: Diameter zone of inhibition Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus was smallest at 20% was 6,57 ± 0,15 mm and 6,69 ± 0,33 mm, while the diameter zone of inhibition the largest at 100% was 7,92 ± 0,23 mm and 7,94 ± 0,16 mm. Conclusion: The papaya leaf n-hexane fraction concentration of 20%; 40%; 60%; 80%; and 100% had antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The higher concentration then the larger diameter zone of inhibition formed.
Papaya is English word papita.The biological source of papaya is Carica papaya Linn and it belonging to family Caricaceae. It is originated from Mesoamerican Centre, Central America and Southern Mexico and its cultivated in the tropical and subtropical region of Brazil, Australia, Malaysia, Chinlta, India, Thailand etc. The different parts of the Carica papaya plant including leaves, seeds, latex and fruit exhibited to have medicinal value. There is a lot of latex in the papaya fruit, leaf, and stem. Papain and chymopapain are two of the enzymes found in the latex of unripe papaya fruit. It is used in antioxidant anti diabetic, anti hypertensive, Anti fertility, anti fungal, anthelmintic, anti inflammatory, anti bacterial, anti-cancer, anti HIV, Anti sickling. This review focus on different pharmacological properties of papaya. Papaya has neutraceutical fruit due to its medicinal properties. Minerals, vitamins, carotenoids, flavonoids, alkaloids, monoterpenoids, and lycopene are all present in the entire plant.Moreover, papaya fruit is utilized to make a wide variety of dishes, including pickles, jam, jelly, and canned slices. Fruit peels used in cosmetics. Papaya Leaf, bark, stem and roots also shown by the insecticide activity.Ripe fruit can be safe, but unripe Fruit contain Papain and they can damage the esophagus. The fruit has a large oval shape, yellowish green skin, and yellow flesh. The various traditional medical systems, including Ayurveda, are well aware of the therapeutic benefits of papaya fruit and other parts.
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Mask is a facial care cosmetic that functions to cleanse dirt from the face, such as removing dead skin cells, cleaning skin pores, reducing excess oil, and alleviating skin irritation. This study combines gambir and papaya leaves as a mask, aiming to provide comprehensive benefits for the facial skin, including combating aging, addressing acne, and maintaining skin elasticity. Qualitative and descriptive methods were employed in this research to determine the pH, flavonoid, and alkaloid content (laboratory tests). The research began by soaking gambir and papaya leaf powder in 96% ethanol for three days, followed by filtration of the maceration results, yielding extracts 1, 2, and 3, which were then concentrated using a rotary evaporator. The thick extract was then formulated into a peel-off mask according to predetermined formulations. The results of the flavonoid, alkaloid, and pH tests showed concentrations of F1=5.75, F2=5.45, and F3=5.32, with flavonoid tests for F1, F2, and F3 being positive for flavonoids, and alkaloid.
The study examined the chemical composition of fresh and dried garden eggs (Solanum macrocarpon L.) and unripe pawpaw chips (Carica papaya L.). Unripe processed caricapapaya and garden eggs fruits chips in some Nigerian communities especially Benue State are utilised as ingredients in soups, however it’s unclear how nutritious the variably processed versions are. This study’s main focus was to determine the nutritional quality of traditionally processed unripe C. papaya and garden egg fruit chips.The fruits were processed and sundried for 72 h. Proximate and micronutrient compositions were determined using standard procedures. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Duncan’s new multiple range test at 5% probability was used to separate and compare means and was accepted at (p ≤ 0.05). Proximate composition for fresh uncooked pawpaw fruits had higher carbohydrate 20.55± 0.01 mg, crude fibre 2.68±0.01 mg, protein 1.65±0.01 mg, ash 1.45±0.01 mg and fat 1.10±0.01 mg except for moisture relative to those of garden egg fruits moisture 90.54±0.01 mg, carbohydrate 3.92±0.01 mg, fibre 2.55±0.01 mg, protein 1.52±0.01 mg, ash 1.36±0.01 mg and fat 0.11±0.01 mg%, respectively. Dehydration increased nutrient values for garden egg fruits relative to pawpaw fruits. Vitamin profiles for fresh and sun-dried pawpaw and garden egg fruits had differences. Dehydration decreased β-carotene, thiamin and vitamin C values for pawpaw. It increased thiamin, riboflavin, niacin and pyridoxine values for garden egg fruits. Both fruits were rich in nutrients; traditional processing may not adversely affect their proximate composition. Since these fruits are typically processed with soup thickness before eating, the evident loss of vitamins and minerals should be mitigated by adding extra high-quality sources.
Papaya seeds (PSs) are healthy, delicious, and rarely used. Moderate consumption of these tiny, spherical seeds is beneficial for menstruation pain, cancer, and weight loss. Heart-friendly too. PSs cleanse, hydrate, reduce inflammation, and improve digestion. PSs contain fiber, protein, and fat. Minerals and vitamins abound. Carotenoids, glucosinolates, isothiocyanates, and tocopherol are extensively studied as antiproliferative agents against cancerous cells and for modifying cell signaling, preventing proliferation, inducing apoptosis, and preventing migration, invasion, and angiogenesis. Papaya seed chemicals initially boost Th1-type cytokine production. Papaya suppresses hematopoietic cells such as Jurkat, ARH77, Raji, Karpas-299, and HL-60. Papaya decreases renal cell cancer. Papaya extracts affect cancer cells. PSs inhibit IL-6, TNF-α, PC-3, and MCF-7 cancer cells. PSs were effective against colon, leukemia, lung, liver, breast, and prostate cancer.. Papaya extract destroys cancer cells in vitro. This chapter highlights PSs’ plant-based compounds and antiproliferative properties on cancer cell lines.
Increasingly, public debate on ban of use of synthetic chemicals for pest control has been unabated, due basically to the hazards posed by such chemicals to the ecosystem and environment. Biological control using natural products presents as alternative and a viable means of control of pests. Effects of extracts from Carica papaya. L (seed and papain) on mycelial reduction of the most occurring fungal pathogen causing pawpaw fruit rot were investigated. Different fungi isolated were Rhizopus spp, Aspergillus spp and Mucor spp. The aqueous seed extract and papain exhibited remarkable mycelial inhibition with mean zones of inhibitions between (0.23 - 1.73 mm). Using ANOVA at 5% (P < 0.05) there seem to be no significant difference in activity between the extracts (aqueous seed extract and papain).The importance of these findings is hinged on non-chemical means of shelf life elongation of harvested pawpaw fruit in Africa.
Medicinal plants (a.k.a. Phytomedicines) are parts of a plant or the whole plant that possess healing properties. Folk medicine reportedly uses Carica papaya L. (Caricaceae) and Parquetina nigrescens L. (Asclepiadaceae) as a herbal remedy for the management of sickle cell anemia. This study was carried out to screen the leaf extracts of P. nigrescens and C. papaya L. (Caricaceae) for possible antioxidant phytochemicals, proximate nutrient constituents, amino acid composition and mineral content present in the samples using standard chemical and chromatographic procedures. Phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of folic acid, vitamin B 12 , alkaloids, saponins, glycosides, tannins and anthraquinones. This study also showed that each of these plants extracts contained flavonoids and the antioxidant vitamins A and C. Some of the previously established antisickling amino acids were also present in the plants. Cyanogenic glycosides were absent from both plant extracts, indicative of the non-toxic effects of these plants when taken orally. These results indicate that the previously reported antisickling properties of these herbs may be due to their inherent antioxidant nutrient composition, thus supporting the claims of the traditional healers and suggests a possible correlation between the chemical composition of these plants and their uses in traditional medicine.
The influence of concentration on hydroxyl radical scavenging and antioxidant activities of polyphenol extracts of Mango and Pawpaw leaves were assessed in vitro. The polyphenol extract from Mango leaves failed to scavenge hydroxyl radical at all the concentrations (50-250 μg mL-1) while Pawpaw leaves failed to scavenge hydroxyl radical at three different concentrations out of five concentrations investigated (50-250 μg mL-1). The polyphenol extract from Pawpaw leaves was a poor scavenger of hydroxyl radical in vitro (4.2% maximum scavenging activity). The polyphenol extracts of Mango and Pawpaw leaves exhibited weak antioxidant activities in vitro at all the concentrations investigated. Mango leaves had the highest total phenolic concentration (128 mg mL-1) at the maximum extraction time (50 min). At 50 min extraction time both the aqueous extracts of the two plants demonstrated maximum antioxidants activity (86.95% for aqueous extract of Mangifera indica and 89.70% for Pawpaw aqueous extract). A non-significant moderate positive correlation was observed between total phenolic concentration and antioxidant activity of aqueous extract of Mangifera indica and that of Pawpaw leaves (r= 0.592; p= 0.05 for Mangifera indica; r = 0.469; p = 0.05 at 20 min extraction time).
Sickle cell disease (SCD) results from a mutation in the hemoglobin inside the red blood cells, where a glutamic acid at position 6 is replaced by a valine. Many phytomedicines have been identified as potential antisickling agents, stemming from reported usage as ethnomedicines by the local folk. This research examined methanolic leaf extracts of Carica papaya L. (Caricaceae) for possible in vitro antisickling and membrane-stabilizing activities involving the use of positive (p-hydroxybenzoic acid 5 μ μ μ μg/ml) and negative (normal saline) controls for the antisickling experiments and osmotic fragility test on Hb ss red blood cells obtained from non-crisis state sickle cell patients. Fragiliograms indicated that the plant extract reduced hemolysis and protected erythrocyte membrane integrity under osmotic stress conditions. Pretreatment of SS cell suspensions with C. papaya leaf extract inhibited formation of sickle cells under severe hypoxia, with only 0 - 5% sickle cells at 40 min compared with untreated SS cell suspensions which had over 60% sickle cells. These results indicate the feasibility of C. papaya as an attractive potential candidate for SCD therapy.
Investigations into antisickling and reversal of sickling activities of an aqueous extract of unripe pawpaw (Carica papaya) were carried out on blood from sickle cell patients (Haemoglobin SS, HbSS) using 2% sodium metabisulphite in a sickling test. The minimum concentration of the extract that achieved maximum antisickling in vitro and the fraction of the extract where the antisickling agent resides were determined. Our findings confirmed both antisickling and reversal of sickling activities of the extract. It was established that 1.0 g of unripe pawpaw in 1.0 ml of physiological saline was the minimum concentration that achieved maximum antisickling. Solvent partitioning of the extract with ethyl acetate and butanol revealed that the antisickling agent in the extract of unripe pawpaw resides in the ethyl acetate fraction as this fraction prevented sickling of Hb SS red cells and reversed sickled Hb SS red cells in 2% sodium metabisulphite whereas the butanol and aqueous fractions had none of these properties. We concluded that extract of unripe pawpaw really has antisickling agent and that this antisickling agent lies in the ethyl acetate fraction of the extract.
The bioactive compounds of root extracts of Carica papaya L. were extracted, using water and organic solvents, and were investigated for antibacterial activity against some pathogenic bacteria using the cup plate agar diffusion method. The aqueous extracts did not show significant activity, but the organic extracts had significant activity with the methanol extracts demonstrating the highest activity against the test bacteria. The extracts demonstrated higher activities against all the gram-negative bacteria than the gram-positive bacteria tested, with the highest activity (14 mm zone of inhibition) demonstrated against Salmonella typhi. Increase in temperature enhanced the activity of the extracts, while alkaline pH decreased the activity. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of the extracts ranged between 50-200 mg/ml. Preliminary phytochemical analyses showed that the extracts contain alkaloids, tannins, saponins, glycosides and phenols. Carica papaya may be used for the treatment of gastroenteritis, uretritis, otitis media, typhoid fever and wound infections.
Three samples of Carica papaya leaves (Green, Yellow and Brown) were collected randomly from Ogbomoso town, Oyo state, Nigeria and analyzed for the phytochemical composition, vitamins and mineral constituents. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of bioactive compound saponins, cardiac glycoside alkaloids and absence of tannins in the three samples. Results showed that the plant leaves contained the vitamins, (mg/100g), thiamine (B 1): green leaves 0.94, yellow leaves 0.41, brown leaves 0.52; riboflavin (B 2): green leaves 0.13, yellow leaves 0.04, brown leaves 0.06; ascorbic acid (C): green leaves 16.29, yellow green 9.62, brown leaves 11.26. Mineral analysis showed highest values (mg/kg) of Ca, 8612.50; Mg, 67.75; Na, 1782.00; K, 2889.00; Mn,9.50 in the green leaves, and Fe, 147.50 in yellow leaves as compared to other elements examined. Thus green pawpaw leaf gave a source of essential nutrients while yellow pawpaw was a source of iron. Therefore pawpaw leaves can be manipulated in the herbal treatment of various diseases and as a potential source of useful elements for drugs formulation.
The free radical scavenging activity of the aqueous leaf extraction of Carica papaya was studied by using different anti oxidant models ofscreening.e.g lipid peroxide(rat brain and liver),1,1-diphenyle hydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2-azinobis -(3-ethyle benzothiazoline -6-sulphonate) (ABTS), nitric oxide, super oxide and hydroxyl radical model. The extract showed good dose dependent free radical scavenging activity in all the in vitro models. IC50 values were found to be 198,141,185,244, 323, 461 and 922 μg/ml respectively in DPPH, ABTS, nitric oxide, superoxide, hydroxyl ion, lipid peroxidation (liver and brain) inhibition assays. However the extract showed only moderate scavenging activity of hydroxyl radical and anti lipid peroxidation potential, which was performed using rat liver and brain homogenate. The results were observed in a concentration dependent manner. All the above in vitro studies clearly indicate that aqueous extract of Carica papaya has a significant antioxidant activity.
Helminthiasis is one of the most important group of parasitic diseases in Indo-Pakistan subcontinent resulting in heavy production losses in livestock. A wide variety of anthelmintics is used for the treatment of helminths in animals. However, the development of resistance in helminths against commonly used anthelmintics have always been a challenge faced by the animal health care professionals. Therefore, exploitation of anthelmintic potential of plants indigenous to Indo-Pak subcontinent is an area of research interest. This paper reviews the use of some indigenous plants as anthelmintics in animals. # 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.