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Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
... The average warming rate of the global land area calculated in this study was 0.93 °C/century, and the average warming rate of the terrestrial warming zones was 0.98 °C/century, which were slightly higher than the global warming rate of 0.74 °C (0.56-0.92 °C) that was obtained by the IPCC in their 4th and 5th assessment reports based on the period from 1906 to 2005 [42,43]. Since 1850, the climate had warmed, and the global average temperature had risen by 0.8 °C [44]. ...
... The average warming rate of the global land area calculated in this study was 0.93 • C/century, and the average warming rate of the terrestrial warming zones was 0.98 • C/century, which were slightly higher than the global warming rate of 0.74 • C (0.56-0.92 • C) that was obtained by the IPCC in their 4th and 5th assessment reports based on the period from 1906 to 2005 [42,43]. Since 1850, the climate had warmed, and the global average temperature had risen by 0.8 • C [44]. ...
... Furthermore, the average global surface temperature increased by 0.89 • C from 1880 to 2012, which was especially apparent in the northern hemisphere, where the temperatures in the high latitudes considerably increased. Additionally, the three decades from 1983 to 2012 were the hottest 30 years in the northern hemisphere since 1400 [42,43]. Over the past 100 years, the global average temperature rose by approximately 0.3~0.6 • C [1], and should increase by 1.8-4.0 ...
The existence of global warming is common knowledge. However, it can be predicted that there may be cooling zones worldwide based on the mechanism of terrestrial biophysical processes. Here, the Theil–Sen median trend, the Mann–Kendall trend test method, continuous wavelet transformation, and the Hurst exponent were used to study the cooling trends, abrupt change times, periodicity, and future sustainability of temperature changes in different cooling zones since the 1900s based on the CRU dataset. We found an amazing result; 8,305,500 km2 of land surface had been cooling since the 1900s, covering five continents and 32 countries, accounting for 86% of land area in China, and distributed over 16 zones. The average cooling rate of the cooling zones was −0.24 °C/century. The maximum cooling rate was −1.40 °C/century, and it was 1.43 times the average rate of global land warming (0.98 °C/century). The cooling zones near the sea were greatly influenced by ocean currents and were mainly affected by a small time scale periodicity of less than 30 years, whereas the cold zones located relatively far from the sea and less affected by ocean currents were mainly affected by medium time scales of more than 30 years. Moreover, 32.33% of the cooling zones, involving 2,684,900 km2, will be continuously cooling in the future, and the rest will probably warm up in 2114, 2041, 2096, 2099, 2119, 2073, 2048, and 2101, respectively. The study will help us to further understand the essential characteristics of global climate change, and to find more theoretical bases for mitigating global warming and exploring surface cooling mechanisms.
... Temperature extremes It is likely that heat waves are more intense, longer and frequent 33 causing higher chances of degradation and reduction in efficiency. ...
... • PV manufacturers to consider modification for PV assembly to improve conversion efficiency, such that less heat is stored below PV. Cloud cover Likely reduction in cloud cover expected in most of the tropic and subtropic zones 33 , which may result in increase in PV output. Rainfall, relative humidity, mean water vapour Global averaged mean water vapour, evaporation and precipitation are projected to increase 33 . ...
... Cloud cover Likely reduction in cloud cover expected in most of the tropic and subtropic zones 33 , which may result in increase in PV output. Rainfall, relative humidity, mean water vapour Global averaged mean water vapour, evaporation and precipitation are projected to increase 33 . This is likely to increase the risk of degradation (especially due to corrosion). ...
... Specifically, CO 2 , CH 4 and N 2 O can be processed to determine the gram equivalent CO 2 emissions. The calculations use global warming potential (GWP) of the respective species following the intergovernmental panel on climate change (IPCC) standard [53]. A decreasing trend is observed with an average rate of 5g/kWh/%H 2 . ...
... Indicated specific emissions of CO 2 (blue) and effective GHG emissions (red) as g equivalent CO 2 , for case A(■) and case B(•). Effective GHG includes CO 2 , CH 4 and N 2 O and uses respective GWP values from [53]. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.) ...
Hydrogen (H2) admixing in Reactivity Controlled Compression Ignition (RCCI) technology engines is touted to enhance indicated efficiency (ITE>50%), optimize combustion and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. However, many pending issues remain regarding engine durability, nitrogen oxide (NOX) emissions and blending limits. These issues are addressed by employing a novel performance-oriented model which simulates under 3 min, combustion physics with similar predictivity (>95% accuracy) as computational fluid dynamic results. This so-called multizone model is parameterized to real-world operating cycles from a dual-fuel mid-speed marine engine. By considering port-fuel injected H 2 , the simulations show that combustion phasing advances at an average rate of 0.3⁰CA/% H 2 , accompanied by a peak reduction in methane slip of 80% achievable at 25% H 2 energy share. Also, engine control-oriented issues are addressed by demonstrating either intake temperature or diesel fuel share optimization to negate the drawbacks of combustion harshness and NO X emissions, while improving ITE 1-1.5pp over baseline operation. Nomenclature Abbreviations BR Blend ratio CA50 Crank angle at 50% energy released CFD Computational fluid dynamics CHR Cumulative heat release CL Combustion losses HCCI Homogeneous charge compression ignition HRF High reactivity fuel HRR heat release rate iEGR Internal exhaust gas recirculation IMEP indicated mean effective pressure IMEP720 net indicated mean effective pressure IMO International maritime organization ISx Indicated specific quantity (x: fuel, NO X , UHC) ITE Indicated thermal efficiency IVC Intake valve closing LFO Light fuel oil LHV Lower heating value (continued on next column) (continued) Abbreviations LRF low reactivity fuel LTC low temperature combustion MPRR Maximum pressure rise rate MZM Multizone model NG Natural gas NHR net heat released NOX Oxides of nitrogen PCCI Premixed charge compression ignition PMEP pumping mean effective pressure pp Percentage points PRR pressure rise rate RCCI Reactivity controlled compression ignition RMSE root mean square error SE Standard error SOC Start of combustion SOI Start of injection TDC top dead centre TDR Turbulent dissipation rate (continued on next page)
... Organic carbon is also released from plants and debris and is secondarily produced in the atmosphere by gaseous compounds. Since the pre-industrial era, concentrations of all these aerosol types have risen considerably, now exerting a significant radiative force on the climate (Manning & Solomon, 2007). ...
... It underscores the need for more extensive and precise measurements, as well as improved modeling approaches, to better grasp the role of aerosols in climate dynamics. Despite the challenges, efforts such as those outlined in the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report contribute valuable insights, albeit within a range of potential outcomes (Ramaswamy et al., 2001;Takemura et al., 2005, Charlson et al., 1992Schulz et al., 2006, Sato et al., 2003Manning & Solomon, 2007). Therefore, ongoing research and advancements in observational techniques and modeling capabilities are essential to refine our understanding of aerosol impacts and their implications for climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies. ...
This paper presents an analysis of air pollution in Turkey over a ten-year period. The study was carried out to determine the concentrations of specific pollutants in the atmosphere by analyzing the Sulfur dioxide (SO2), Sulfate (SO4), Organic Carbon Scattering (OCS) and Total Aerosol Angstrom parameter components obtained from MERRA-2 satellite imagery. SO2 and SO4 represent the mass densities of sulphate components in the atmosphere, while organic carbon represents atmospheric carbon scattering. The aerosol Angstrom parameter provides important information on particle size and distribution. The most moderate correlation was found between SO4 and OCS (R value 0.63). Analyzing these parameters is an important step to understand their impacts and changes on air quality in Turkey. Ten years of Land Surface Temperature (LST) data were obtained from Modis images. SO4 was highly correlated with LST (R value: 0.85) and OCS was moderately correlated with LST (R value 0.58). This study aims to analyze the air pollution profile in depth and identify seasonal/long-term trends, focusing on the analysis of long-term data. This analysis provides an important contribution to provide a scientifically based basis for air quality management and environmental policy development.
... The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reports that the global average surface temperature rose by 0.74 • C over the past century. Projections indicate that this warming trend will continue, with temperatures expected to increase by an additional 1.1 • C to 6.0 • C by the end of the current century, depending on greenhouse gas emissions and mitigation efforts [158]. This escalation poses significant risks to ecosystems, agriculture, and human societies worldwide [15,159]. ...
Dormancy is a vital adaptive strategy in temperate and boreal plants, particularly fruit trees, enabling them to withstand harsh winter conditions and ensure survival and synchronized growth resumption in spring. This review comprehensively examines dormancy, focusing on its physiological, environmental, and molecular mechanisms. Dormancy is characterized by two distinct phases: endodormancy, which is regulated by internal plant signals and requires cold temperatures for release, and ecodormancy, which is influenced by external environmental factors. These stages are intricately linked to seasonal temperature fluctuations and the plant’s ability to synchronize growth cycles, ensuring survival through harsh winters and optimal growth in warmer seasons. The review delves into the role of chilling requirements, temperature thresholds, and hormonal regulation in the dormancy process, highlighting how these factors influence critical growth events such as budbreak, flowering, and fruiting. Plant hormones, including abscisic acid, gibberellins, and cytokinins, regulate dormancy by modulating gene expression and growth activity. Additionally, we explore the historical development of dormancy research, from early observations of chilling requirements to the formulation of the chilling hours model. Considering ongoing climate change, the review examines how rising winter temperatures may disrupt dormancy cycles, potentially affecting the timing of flowering, fruiting, and overall crop productivity. This shift necessitates new strategies for managing dormancy, particularly in regions experiencing inconsistent or insufficient chilling. The review concludes by discussing practical approaches to enhance dormancy release and mitigate the impact of environmental stress on deciduous fruit tree growth, offering insights into improving agricultural practices amidst a changing climate.
... La spesa media annua relativa invece a costi "indiretti" (calcolata solo per ore di lavoro perse) ammonta a 2,02 miliardi di euro (Marcellusi et al., 2015). I cambiamenti climatici che stiamo osservando attualmente, dovuti essenzialmente all'aumento della concentrazione dei gas serra di origine antropica tra cui principalmente l'anidride carbonica (CO 2 ) (Solomon et al., 2007), influiscono negativamente in vario modo sulle pollinosi. ...
Rapporti ISTISAN 24/37 ISTITUTO SUPERIORE DI SANITÀ Cambiamenti ambientali globali e dispositivi medici: un primo studio integrato a cura di
... Coastal height vulnerability is based on a semi-empirical projection of the sea level change of the Adriatic Sea by the end of the 21st century. Under B1 [38,39], the most favourable climate scenario, conditions predict a sea-level rise of 62 ± 14 cm [40]. This value can be significantly amplified since the heights and return levels of positive and negative extremes are 50-100% more emphasised in Istria than in the middle and southern Adriatic [16]. ...
Increasing risks from sea-level rise and other climate impacts call for a focus on physical coastal attributes, emphasising the need for region-specific tools to address the vulnerability of different coastlines. This paper presents the development of a Physical Coastal Vulnerability Index (PCVI) for climate change impacts like sea-level rise, erosion, and storm surges, which is applied to the Croatian coast of the Istrian Peninsula. The methodology provides a detailed, site-specific vulnerability assessment focusing on physical parameters such as coastal aspect, slope, elevation, and coastal type. Eight different grid cell sizes were evaluated to map the coastline, demonstrating, as expected, that smaller cells (5 × 5 m) captured more detailed variability in vulnerability. Among seven evaluated calculation methods, the second root of the self-weighted arithmetic mean (M3) proved the most effective, emphasising high-risk regions by prioritising critical physical variables. The results show that the western Istrian coast is more vulnerable due to its morphological properties, with nearly 50% of highly vulnerable coastlines. This paper emphasises the importance of using high-resolution grids to avoid oversimplification of vulnerability assessment and recommends using PCVI as a basis for further socio-economic assessments. The proposed PCVI methodology offers a framework that can be adapted to assess the physical vulnerability of the eastern Adriatic coast and other similar coastal regions, particularly in the Mediterranean, enhancing its relevance for integrated coastal zone management and global climate change mitigation strategies.
... Coastal height vulnerability is based on a semi-empirical projection of the sea level change of the Adriatic Sea by the end of the 21st century. Under B1 [38,39], the most favourable climate scenario, conditions predict a sea-level rise of 62 ± 14 cm [40]. This value can be significantly amplified since the heights and return levels of positive and negative extremes are 50-100% more emphasised in Istria than in the middle and southern Adriatic [16]. ...
Increasing risks from sea-level rise and other climate impacts call for a focus on physical coastal attributes, emphasising the need for region-specific tools to address the vulnerability of different coastlines. This paper presents the development of a Physical Coastal Vulnerability Index (PCVI) for climate change impacts like sea-level rise, erosion, and storm surges, which is applied to the Croatian coast of the Istrian Peninsula. The methodology provides a detailed, site-specific vulnerability assessment focusing on physical parameters such as coastal aspect, slope, elevation, and coastal type. Eight different grid cell sizes were evaluated to map the coastline, demonstrating, as expected, that smaller cells (5 × 5 m) captured more detailed variability in vulnerability. Among seven evaluated calculation methods, the second root of the self-weighted arithmetic mean (M3)proved the most effective, emphasising high-risk regions by prioritising critical physical variables. The results show that the western Istrian coast is more vulnerable due to its morphological properties, with nearly 50% of highly vulnerable coastlines. This paper emphasises the importance of using high-resolution grids to avoid oversimplification of
vulnerability assessment and recommends using PCVI as a basis for further socio-economic assessments. The proposed PCVI methodology offers a framework that can be adapted to assess the physical vulnerability of the eastern Adriatic coast and other similar coastal regions, particularly in the Mediterranean, enhancing its relevance for integrated coastal zone management and global climate change mitigation strategies.
... The relationship between climate change, ice melting, flooding and landslides, and water scarcity and stress are positive because climate change induces ice melting, flooding, landslides, and water scarcity. This is a scientific fact (IPCC, 2001;Gleick, 2000;Solomon, et al., 2007;Adams and Peck, 2008;and IPCC, 2018). This universally accepted fact is a concept idea of this study. ...
This study examines warming in the different elevations in the water Basin in Nepal. Using time series data sets of temperature variables from 1980 to 2020 collected from the Department of Hydrology and Metrology (DHM), Nepal, this study employs descriptive statistics, a time series-forecasting model, and Mann Kendal test and Sen’s test to trace out temperature variable movement and potential results. As a result, we find rising temperature is +1.10c y-1 with +0.0270c y-1 and rising Tmin, and T max by +2.10c y-1 and +3.30c y-1 in all elevations from 205 m to 2744 m and decadal period in the last 40 years from 1980 to 2020. Except for the second time zone (1990-1999), Sen’s Coefficients and Kendel’s Tau of these remaining three time zones have a positive trend. It implies raising Tmean with more than +20c y-1 temperature difference between Tmin, and T max. It results in warming the water basin. We conclude that the basin’s small cities and three ecological belts at present and in the future will be in threat of climate catastrophe. In mountain, the frequency of ice melting in Annapurna Mountain will be higher than the estimated value. The risk of flood in the summer season will be disastrous in the hills and the plain cities. Wildlife and crop cycle will be in the heat risk. Households may fall in extreme vulnerability and potential migrants. The result will be valuable inputs to scale up effective monitoring and tracking systems on climatic variables and climate change for further analysis and prediction. Further, the study will be helpful empirical insights to initiate resilient measures as appropriate to different elevations and households’ resilient capacity, along with zero-cost indigenous knowledge and technology.
... Contemporary solutions to these externalities originate from the concepts of climate resilience. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) defined resilience as an ability, capacity or strength of a system to function, self-organise and adapt to change [6]. In line, climate resilience could be defined as "strength, resistance and being adaptive" to climate externalities. ...
Although climate resilience is crucial in the construction industry (CI), its multidimensional and dynamic nature impedes global efforts. Existing studies and the Building Resilience Index (BRI) primarily focus on evaluating either the adaptive capacity of buildings or climate mitigation measures. Consequently, the CI lacks an integrated climate resilience implementation model for building practitioners. To address this gap, the current study investigates multidimensional climate resilience considerations in the CI. Through expert validation and linear modelling, the study found that urban heat islands considerations (UHI) (β = 0.327, p < 0.003), energy resilience (ER) (β = 0.325, p < 0.001), and stakeholder resilience (SR) (β = 0.183, p < 0.006) significantly and positively impact carbon reduction (CR) (mitigation). The model corroborates existing theories on the relationship between ER and CR. Additionally, it extends the theory to other climate resilience dimensions. The results highlight the critical role of thermal resilience (building envelope) on ER (β = 0.391, p < 0.000). Biodiversity resilience (BD) significantly affects ER (β = 0.308, p < 0.002) and has profound effects on SR (β = 0.529, p < 0.000) and UHI (β = 0.474, p < 0.000). The model also shows that water resilience significantly impacts UHI resilience (β = 0.321, p < 0.000) and moderately affects SR (β = 0.287, p < 0.001). This study proposes an integrated climate resilience approach, addressing both mitigation through carbon reduction and adaptability to climate change impacts. The dynamic model integrates diverse proactive measures, offering a full contextual understanding and practical implementation guidelines for policymakers and construction practitioners.
... Here are some typical views such as: -According to the definition of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change in its fourth report in 2007, climate change is a change in the state of the climate system, identifiable by changes in the mean value and the variability of its properties, maintained for a sufficiently long period, typically decades or longer. In other words, if we consider the equilibrium state of the climate system as the average weather conditions and its variability over decades or longer, then climate change is a change from one equilibrium state to another equilibrium state of the climate system (Solomon et al., 2007). ...
... Detailed studies on dry conditions in Malaysia are still insufficient because of the unavailability of long-period recorded data and a significant amount of missing data [2]. According to Ref. [3], climatic data in developing countries are limited, resulting in difficulties in analyzing and monitoring changes in the extreme frequency and intensity of precipitation, as such an analysis requires an average of longer data time series. Drought studies in Malaysia algorithm. ...
... Climate change is "an altered state of the climate that can be identified by the change in the mean and/or variability of its properties and that persists for an extended period, typically decades or longer". It may be due to "natural internal processes or external forcing, or to persistent anthropogenic changes in the composition of the atmosphere or land use" (IPCC, 2007). ...
This study was carried out to examine the Climate Change effect on groundwater resources in Benin City. The objectives were to acquire and analyze climate parameters, historical borehole data for detecting groundwater levels and represent the historical and future climate data on a map. The methodology involves data acquisition of sentinel 2 imageries for generating the land use land cover of the area, rainfall and temperature data (historical and future), soil data with the administrative location boundary map of the study area serving as an area of interest, together with the acquisition of borehole data (1990 and 2020). The result of the study was used to create a Groundwater table map of Benin City, by analyzing and interpolating some climate parameters such as rainfall and temperature, mapping the soil data of the study area which was also a key feature on how rainwater infiltrates the ground and recharge the aquifer, mapping the land use landcover of the study area which shows the urban sprawl and water demand in a specified area, and also the borehole data analysis from 1990 to 2020 which shows that Groundwater table has increased from 136.80m (deep) to 81.10m (high). The study described the effects of climate change on groundwater in Benin City and emphasized the urgency of adopting adaptive strategies to mitigate groundwater depletion. The exploration of sustainable practice and efficient water management provides valuable insights into addressing the challenges posed by climate-induced groundwater variations.
... Climate projections from Global Climate Models (GCMs) provide crucial information for evaluating climate variability and change on a global level [41,42]. Therefore, the hydrological consequences of climate change are evaluated using advanced CMIP6 GCMs under Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs), which incorporate economic and social factors influencing emissions. ...
... A major driving factor is greenhouse gas (GHG) emission. Human activities, namely the burning of fossil fuels for electricity, heat and transportation, are almost exclusively responsible for the increase in GHG in the atmosphere over the last 150 years [1]. The United Nations (UN) General Assembly has therefore declared its firm intention to combat climate change and the associated changes in the environment within the framework of the Sustainable Development Goals [2]. ...
... Also, McGree et al. (2014) assessed changes in total and extreme precipitation across 23 territories in the western Pacific for the period 1950-2011. Other studies gave more attention to understanding the atmospheric and oceanic mechanisms controlling climate variability in the Pacific Ocean, including its islands, as a whole (e.g., Brown et al. 2017;Cai et al. 2012;Rao et al. 2012;Solomon et al. 2007). These studies highlighted the significant role of the zonal South Pacific Convergence Zone (SPCZ) in precipitation variability (e.g., Deo et al. 2021;Sharma et al. 2021;Wimhurst and Greene 2021;Brown et al. 2020;Kumar et al. 2020;Vincent et al. 2011). ...
We assessed changes in daily precipitation extremes for the Fiji Islands from 1905 to 2021 using quality-controlled and homogenized series. We employed a set of 23 precipitation indices that span a wide variability of daily precipitation characteristics, including the frequency, magnitude, and duration. Changes in extreme events were assessed using the non-parametric Kendall’s Tau-based slope estimator, while the significance of these changes was tested using the Mann Kendall statistic at the 95% confidence interval (p < 0.05). Results are presented for different time periods over the study domain, including 1905–2021, 1935–2021, and 1960–2021. Results suggest a general increase in most of the precipitation indices, as evidenced by a significant intensification of the intensity of extreme precipitation events (e.g., rx1day and rx5d) for the period 1905–2021. Most of these observed changes were statistically non-significant (p > 0.05), especially during the period 1960–2021. Changes in precipitation indices like metrics for days with more than a certain amount of precipitation (i.e., dr1mm and dr3mm) showed varied patterns across different time periods. Spatially, stations on the leeward side of Viti Levu showed drier conditions compared with those on the windward side, suggesting strong spatial variability between the windward and leeward sides. Our findings can contribute to the development and planning of sustainable strategies to assure water security and adaptative responses to extreme events over the Fiji Islands. Also, due to their isolation and relatively undisturbed ecosystems, our results can serve as early indicators of climate change and variability in remote oceanic islands.
... From a temporal perspective, the 1980s and 1990s were identified as the two periods with the most rapid increase in global SST 44 . As depicted in Fig. 4a, during summer, most part of the ocean exhibits positive anomalies in TAE. ...
... Before the Industrial Revolution, the atmospheric CO 2 concentration was around 280 ppm (parts per million by volume). By 2007, the concentration had increased to 384 ppm, and it is now getting close to 425 ppm (Solomon et al., 2007;Doney et al., 2009a;NOAA, 2023 1 ). Around 70% of the earth's surface is made up of oceans, which also take in one-third of the CO 2 that is released into the atmosphere (Raven and Falkowski, 1999;Royal Society, 2005 2 ;Doney et al., 2009b). ...
... Scientists are concerned that ongoing climate change may lead to a global food crisis in this century [9]. ...
Today, the global food crisis is becoming increasingly severe. Food production is unable to meet the needs of the growing population of the planet. As a result, some countries are experiencing a severe lack of basic food. This issue is further exacerbated by rapid climate change, which negatively impacts food production and reduces its volume. More and more attention is paid to legumes, in particular soybeans, as plants that have a balanced protein composition and can be a key link in the fight against the world food crisis. It has been shown that soybeans are currently the largest legume crop in Ukraine by area and are grown as one of the main crops because they combine economic, agronomic, and environmental components. The climatic conditions and soil composition in all regions of Ukraine are favorable for the successful cultivation of the crop and high yields. However, regardless of this, global warming harms the entire planet, and Ukraine as well. This also applies to other European countries. The main task of breeders today is to create varieties of a new generation that will be stress-resistant under new, radically different conditions of existence, and at the same time give high yields. Therefore, it is interesting and experimental to study the adaptive properties of soybeans by sowing it in atypical conditions of existence. In the course of research, the researchers will observe all the ontogenesis processes of Ukrainian soybean varieties in Spain, and Spanish varieties in Ukraine. Under contrasting conditions of existence (temperature indicators, humidity, soil composition and structure), it is possible to observe the plasticity of these soybean varieties and their stress resistance. The experiment will also enable the investigation of nitrogen fixation of these soybean varieties in different countries with different conditions of existence, as well as nitrogen fixation of these soybean varieties in different countries with different living conditions. This natural biologization is a unique phenomenon and requires detailed study, especially now, at a time of rapid climate change.
... Climate change impacts are more pronounced in mountainous regions compared to plains. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC 2007;IPCC et al. 2013) report, the average global surface temperature increased by 0.74 °C ± 0.18 °C over the past century (Solomon 2007;Singh et al. 2023). Projections indicate that, depending on emission scenarios, the global surface temperature could increase by 1.1 to 2.9 °C or decrease by 2.4 to 6.4 °C. ...
Streamflow is significantly influenced by the increased temperature and rainfall inconsistency due to climate change. This study assesses the impacts of climate change on water availability and streamflow dynamics during the periods 2030–2069 and 2070–2099 for two greenhouse gas trajectories (SSP245 and SSP585) in the lower catchment of the Upper Sutlej River Basin (USRB). This study integrates data from the Coupled Model Inter-comparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) General Circulation Models (GCMs) with the SWAT hydrological model. This approach analyzes the complex interactions between climate variables and hydrological processes. NASA NEX-GDDP-CMIP6 Bias-corrected statistically downscaled data at 0.25° X 0.25° grid resolution are used. Under SSP245, projected streamflow for near future 2030 to 2069 shows increases up to 56.097% in December, while decreases reach -9.420% in August. For far future 2070 to 2099, increases are observed up to 41.846% in December, with decreases up to -25.670% in August. Under SSP585, for near future 2030 to 2069, decreases range from -7.616% in May to -13.614% in August. For far future 2070 to 2099, decreases range from -12.386% in October to -25.670% in August, while increases reach 46.211% in November. The insights derived are crucial information for assessing water resource vulnerability to climate change in mountainous regions.
... Heatwaves are projected to become more frequent, severe, and longer-lasting, especially in northern and inland regions [20]. Even under high mitigation scenarios, studies in Environmental Science & Policy predict that the number of heatwaves in Portugal will more than double compared to historical records [21][22][23]. The impacts of heatwaves extend well beyond just rising temperatures, e.g., notably increasing the risk of wildfires: in recent years, extreme heat combined with prolonged drought conditions has led to severe fires. ...
This study examines the trends in heatwave characteristics across mainland Portugal from 1980/1981 to 2022/2023, utilising ERA5-Land reanalysis data. To achieve this, the study applies the Heatwave Magnitude Index (HWMI) to identify heatwave days for minimum (Tmin) and maximum (Tmax) temperatures across 15 grid-points representing Portugal’s diverse geography and climate. Three key annual parameters are analysed: the number of heatwave days (ANDH), the average temperature during heatwaves (AATW), and the intensity of heatwave events (AIHD). Results reveal a consistent increase in heatwave persistence throughout mainland Portugal, with more pronounced trends observed for Tmax compared to Tmin. ANDH Tmin shows upward trends across all grid-points, with increases ranging from 0.8 to 4.2 days per decade. ANDH Tmax exhibits even more significant increases, with 11 out of 15 grid-points showing statistically significant rises, ranging from 2.2 to 4.4 days per decade. Coastal areas, particularly in the south, demonstrate the most substantial increases in heatwave persistence. The intensity of heatwaves, as measured by AIHD, also shows positive trends across all grid-points for both Tmin and Tmax, with southern locations experiencing the most significant increases. The study also discusses decadal trends in annual averages of Tmin and Tmax, as well as extreme measures such as annual minimum (AMIN) and annual maximum (AMAX), daily temperatures spatially represented across mainland Portugal. These analyses reveal widespread warming trends, with more pronounced increases in Tmax compared to Tmin. The AMIN and AMAX trends further corroborate the overall warming pattern from the heatwave analyses, with notable spatial variations observed. The findings indicate a substantial worsening in the occurrence, duration, and intensity of heatwave events. This increased persistence of heatwaves, especially evident from the early 2000s onwards, suggests a potential climate regime shift in mainland Portugal. The results underscore the need for adaptive strategies to address the growing challenges posed by more frequent and intense heatwaves in the region.
... Wheat yield will decline by 6% with 1 °C temperature increase (Asseng et al. 2015). If anthropogenic activities continue to cause global warming, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predicts a 6.4 °C temperature rise by the end of the century, and sea level will rise by 59 cm as a result of glacier melting same time (Solomon et al. 2007). Climate change can increase floods, droughts, storms, and precipitation patterns. ...
Worldwide the severity of abiotic stress like heat, drought, salinity, cold, waterlogging, etc. are being increased because of global warming. Wheat crops must adapt to harsh environments through physiological, molecular, and genetic manipulation. Because of abiotic stress, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) produced in wheat plants break down DNA and RNA bases, protein, lipid, and other macro- and micromolecules, resulting in stunted growth and yield decline. Abiotic stress also induces the crop's molecular functions, physiological, biological, and cellular processes, and their compositions. Different stressors like high light intensity, heat, drought, and salinity also impair photosynthesis damaging various pigments. Antioxidant enzymes, such as catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX), etc. synthesized in harsh environments can ameliorate ROS/RNS produced in oxidative stress. Under abiotic stress, heat shock proteins (HSPs) heat shock transcription factors (HSFs) in heat stress, and dehydration-responsive element binding proteins (DREBs) in drought stress are activated to synthesize proteins to mitigate the deleterious effects of those stressors. Na+ exclusive genes (NAX1, NAX2) and Na+/H+ (K+) antiporter genes (NHX1, NHX2) hinder those ions from uptake into leaf sheaths and blades of wheat resulting in the declination of salinity in plants. Exogenous hormones like gibberellic acid, salicylic acid, and melatonin, etc., and osmoprotectants like proline, and gene manipulation in plants through genetic engineering are being employed to mitigate the toxic effects of abiotic stress on plants, as portrayed in many literatures. The review depicts how abiotic stress affects phenotypic, physiological, and molecular structures and functions of wheat crops, and their mitigation strategies to lessen their noxious effects on wheat.
... Chính vì lẽ đó, nghiên cứu về biến đổi khí hậu là một trong những chủ đề chính rất được 2 2 quan tâm hiện nay, nhất là hiện tượng khí hậu cực đoan như đã được nhấn mạnh trong IPCC (2007) [5]. Nhiều nghiên cứu cho thấy trên khu vực toàn cầu nói chung, mưa cực đoan có xu thế tăng nhiều hơn so với giảm [6][7][8][9]. ...
Dựa trên chuỗi số liệu quan trắc lượng mưa ngày và tổng lượng mưa tháng sửa dụng phương pháp thống kê, nghiên cứu đã phần nào đánh giáđược đặc điểm mưa trong thời kỳ mùa xuân ở Bắc Bộ. Kết quảcho thấy khu vực Bắc Bộ có sự phân hóa khárõ rệt về thời điểm bắt đầu mùa mưa như sau: Đối với khu vực Tây Bắc Bộ và phần phía đông của dãy Hoàng Liên Sơn có mùa mưa đến khásớm từ nửa đầu tháng 3; khu vực còn lại của Đông Bắc Bộ và đồng bằng Bắc Bộ có mưa từ nửa sau tháng 4 cho đến nửa đầu tháng 5. Bên cạnh đó, biến trình mưa và tổng lượng mưa mùa xuân trên khu vực Bắc Bộ cho thấy lượng mưa tăng dần từ tháng 3 cho đến tháng 5 và số ngày mưa lớn tập trung chủ yếu trong thời kỳ tháng 5. Các đặc điểm về mưa trong thời kỳ mùa xuân đã phần nào phản ánh được quy luật khí hậu trên khu vực Bắc Bộ thông qua các yếu tố đánh giánhư số ngày không mưa, CDD, CWD, Rx1day R50 và đặc biệt trong thời kỳ này ở Bắc Bộ còn xuất hiện hiện tượng mưa phùn.
... SF 6 is a candidate to replace current target gas in directional rare-event search experiments due to its novel properties [2]. However, SF 6 is a potent greenhouse gas; for the same mass of gas, SF 6 traps heat nearly 24,000 times more than CO 2 [3]. This makes disposing of SF 6 problematic. ...
The gas SF has become of interest as a negative ion drift gas for use in directional dark matter searches. However, as for other targets in such searches, it is important that radon contamination can be removed as this provides a source of unwanted background events. In this work we demonstrate for the first time filtration of radon from SF gas by using a molecular sieve. Four types of sieves from Sigma-Aldrich were investigated, namely 3{\AA}, 4{\AA}, 5{\AA} and 13X. A manufactured radon source was used for the tests. This was attached to a closed loop system in which gas was flowed through the filters and a specially adapted Durridge RAD7 radon detector. In these measurements, it was found that only the 5{\AA} type was able to significantly reduce the radon concentration without absorbing the SF gas. The sieve was able to reduce the initial radon concentration of 3875 13 Bqm in SF gas by 87% when cooled with dry ice. The ability of the cooled 5{\AA} molecular sieve filter to significantly reduce radon concentration from SF provides a promising foundation for the construction of a radon filtration setup for future ultra-sensitive SF gas rare-event physics experiments.
... Global air specific humidity and atmospheric water vapor levels have risen due to human-induced warming, which allows warmer air to hold more water vapor, consequently increasing the potential for intense precipitation (Dai, 2006;Trenberth et al., 2003). As a result, extreme precipitation events have become more frequent and intense worldwide, driven by global climate change (Ghosh et al., 2012;Goswami et al., 2006;Solomon et al., 2007). Recent observations reveal that heavy precipitation events are occurring more often, with maximum precipitation levels on rainy days increasing globally (Myhre et al., 2019;Roxy et al., 2017;Wang et al., 2016). ...
This study enhances existing understanding of extreme precipitation spells induced by cloudburst-like (EPS-CBL) events in India, emphasizing climatology and geographical distribution often overlooked by traditional observations. EPS-CBL is defined as continuous rainfall exceeding 200 mm/day and intermittent extreme rates above 30 mm/hour or the 99.9th percentile threshold, differing from definitions proposed by the IMD and other studies. Our findings reveal significant biases in various precipitation products compared to IMD data. CMORPH consistently outperforms other datasets by capturing more extreme events and showing significant rising trends in regions influenced by orographic effects, such as the Himalayan foothills and the Western Ghats. Although IMERG aligns well with IMD overall, it exhibits variability in extreme events, while IMDAA tends to underestimate these extremes, especially in complex terrains. Analysis of EPS-CBL trends from 2000 to 2022 highlights regional differences across datasets. Both CMORPH and IMERG show an increase in EPS-CBL events in the hilly region, while IMDAA indicates a decline. Understanding EPS-CBL climatology provides valuable insights for modeling studies exploring the underlying mechanisms of these events.
Виявлено, що деревообробна промисловість України є важливим сектором економіки, що сприяє сталому розвитку країни, забезпечуючи раціональне використання, відтворення та збереження природних ресурсів, зокрема лісових. Встановлено, що виготовлення меблевих щитів потребує великих обсягів лісових ресурсів і має істотний вплив на навколишнє середовище, що зумовлює потребу ефективних методів оцінювання цього впливу. З'ясовано, що для оцінювання екологічного впливу деревообробних підприємств доцільно застосовувати методику визначення екологічного сліду. Цей підхід дає змогу врахувати всі чинники негативного впливу на навколишнє середовище та є ефективним інструментом для аналізу екологічних наслідків виготовлення меблевих щитів. Розглянуто практичні особливості застосування методології розрахунку екологічного сліду на прикладі деревообробного підприємства. Оцінено вплив виробничо-господарської діяльності підприємства на навколишнє середовище, зокрема, емісію парникових газів, споживання води та енергії і утворення відходів. Такий підхід дає повне уявлення про екологічні наслідки кожного етапу виробничого процесу. Визначено екологічний слід від процесів заготівлі деревини, транспортування сировини, генерування електроенергії для забезпечення роботи технологічного обладнання і освітлення, а також теплової енергії для сушіння заготовок і опалювання приміщень, які мають найбільший екологічний вплив. За результатами розрахунку, екологічний слід від виготовлення 1 м3 меблевого щита становить 0,475 га або 95 га землі, вкритої лісовою рослинністю для компенсації негативного впливу середньомісячного виготовлення меблевих щитів на підприємстві. Встановлено, що для компенсації негативного впливу виготовлення паливних брикетів і пелет із відходів основного виробництва необхідно 17,76 га землі, вкритої лісовою рослинністю, для опалювання приміщень – 34,86 га, для генерування електроенергії для забезпечення роботи офісних приміщень – 0,016 га. Використання води для виробничих і побутових потреб підприємства становить 100 м3 щомісяця. Для зменшення екологічного сліду необхідно оптимізувати виробничі процеси, перейти на відновлювані джерела енергії, підвищити ефективність використання сировини та скоротити споживання води шляхом впровадження систем повторного її використання. Результати дослідження є важливими для розроблення стратегій зменшення екологічного впливу деревообробних підприємств, сприяють підвищенню їхньої екологічної та соціальної відповідальності, а також конкурентоспроможності в контексті інтеграції України до Європейського Союзу. Це сприяє досягненню принципів сталого розвитку та відповідає сучасним викликам.
Climate change has long been considered a big problem by many politicians and ordinary people. This change in the world ecosystem has serious effects on world geopolitics in a global sense, as well as its effects on living things on Earth. As the effects of climate change increase in the coming years, it seems inevitable that this will cause major global geopolitical changes, especially in the seas. Undoubtedly, many problems are expected to arise from these changes, such as changes in global trade routes and people forced to migrate due to sea level rise. In addition, the possibility of experiencing hunger and food supply problems is increasing due to the decrease in agricultural areas and production. Of course, current and expected problems do not seem to be limited to these. In addition, it is expected that climate changes in the Arctic region will cause changes in global maritime trade routes, which will have serious geopolitical effects on many countries and the international political system. In this research, the potential effects and problems caused by climate change in global and geopolitical terms are examined. In addition, the relationship between climate change and geopolitics is revealed, and the geopolitical effects of the new international trade route are expected to be formed at the North Pole after climate change is revealed. In addition, the effects of energy resources that will emerge after the melting of glaciers in the Arctic region on global politics have been analyzed. Key Words: Climate Change, Global Politics, Arctic Region, Northern Route, Natural Resources in the Arctic, Effects of Climate Change on Trade Routes JEL Classification: F5
This chapter examines some of the critical factors that are present in many conflict situations drawing on a number of challenging conflict contexts. It will specifically consider the role of power dynamics, governance failure, identity and narrative in conflict, and the increasing impact of climate change and focusses in particular on the interconnection between these issues and how this can generate particularly complex and intractable conflict. Causal Layered Analysis is introduced as a relevant tool to get below the surface events and the current context, to uncover the underlying systemic and structural factors at play to unpack the underlying interests, worldviews and narratives which support these structures. It draws in pervasive factors embedded in the structures and fabric of society including their positions, interests and legitimacy of the parties to support peace, stability and social cohesion in the society.
This study examines the impacts of daily temperature fluctuations on individuals' subjective well-being (SWB) and their adaptive responses. Utilizing data from the China Family Panel Survey spanning from 2010 to 2017, the analysis reveals a non-linear, U-shaped relationship between daily temperature fluctuations and SWB. Furthermore, the findings indicate that anticipated temperature variations significantly and negatively affect SWB, suggesting the presence of subjective adaptability to temperature changes. Additional analysis shows that residents of northern China are more likely to adopt protective measures in response to anticipated temperature fluctuations and demonstrate greater adaptability than their counterparts in southern China. Moreover, rural residents engage in fewer adaptive behaviors than urban residents, particularly under conditions of lower-than-expected temperatures. These findings highlight the critical need for equitable adaptation strategies to enhance resilience to temperature variability across regions and communities. Such strategies are essential for improving SWB across diverse demographic and socioeconomic groups.
Flooding is one of the most serious environmental hazards with highly destructive impacts. Various factors, including population growth and climate change, have significantly increased its intensity and frequency. This phenomenon is influenced by a combination of natural and human factors. In this context, various models and methods for assessing and estimating the risk and extent of damage have been developed. Additionally, the potential of remote sensing has effectively filled information gaps in this area. On the other hand, to reduce the damage caused by this phenomenon, adopting a multifaceted approach and implementing effective management policies are essential. Accordingly, this study provides a review of flood assessment methods and the use of remote sensing in estimating and predicting floods.
The analysis of the observed tendencies in Chisinau air temperature records over last 120 years gives opportunity to identify some evidences of indubitable changes in the air temperature regime of Moldova in last three decades that can be summarized as follows:
- There is a certain asymmetry between the change in the maximum and minimum temperatures. While significant differences between seasonal distributions of maximum temperatures in the current climate as against the 1940s-1970s are practically absent, the minimum temperatures changed significantly by their mean values and cumulative distribution on 95% and higher levels. Thus, recent regional warming is caused, first of all, by the increase of minimum or night temperatures.
- As a result, the change in frequency and intensity of temperature extremes differs for maximum and minimum temperatures. There is a lack of evident increase in a number of winter and summer maximum extremes against the sharp change in summer and annual frequency of extreme minimal temperatures.
- The last decades’ acceleration of anthropogenic global warming is well displayed on a regional level through new features of extreme events.
Analysis Of The Ecological Characteristics And Economic Impacts Of Identified Terrestrial And Aquatic Invasive Species In Turkey Seher Öztürk Murat Turan Günay Mammadova Impact Of Ecological Problems On Insect Populations Zamina Bunyatzade The Multifarious Ecosystem Services Of Asian Palmyra Palm Afra Nawar Rahman Sunehra Sayanhika Prabhashani Madhumitha Parameshwaram Lala Huseynova Aishwarya Prakash Somashree Chakma Naliprue Marma Paulraj Mosae Selvakumar Preliminary Experience Of Using Arbutus Unedo L. Specie In Apsheron Conditions (Azerbaıjan) Aynur Huseynova The Effect Of Ecology On The Human Organism Imran Akhundov Zulfiyya Iskenderova Green Bangle Movement: A Movement Of Climate Resilience, Women Empowerment, And Coastal Ecosystem Of Bangladesh And Asıa Iffat Mahjabin Nuzaba Tasannum Prerna Thapa Magar Elizabeth Ximenes Dhushanthi Balakrishnan Paulraj Selvakumar Mosae Problems Of Conservation Of Flora And Fauna Tamilla Kerimova Causes, Consequences And Prediction Of Global Climate Change As A Source Of Natural Hazards Munavvar Safarova Banu Amanullayeva The Effect Of Climate And Disease Factors On Juglans Regıa L Ramazan Mammadov Minara Hasanova Aysel Sadigli Sona Gulizada Translanguaging In Bilingual And Multilingual Classes Usıng Icts To Address Clımate Change Context Gurbanova Sevil Khalilov Rashad Asima Gureshi Sevda Asadova Khalilov Abdulhamid Development Of Fruıt Growing In Azerbaıjan. Impact Of Ecology On Fruit Growıng Munavvar Safarova Construction Of Deterministic Models Of Nonstationary Phenomena In Porous Medıa Gunel Mamadova Lala Huseynova Seylan Rahimova The Impact Of The Ecological Change On The Food Safety Hasan Mammadov Saida Bayramova Afruz Nasirova Different Biological Properties Of Algae Beria Ozçakır Birsen Atlı Dostu Gafarova, Burak Isık Mehlika Alper Ramazan Mammadov Ornamental Peppers Importance In Genetic And Ecological Sustainability Muhemet Zeki Karipçin Arzu Çığ Sevinc Guliyeva Changes In Soıl Indicators Along The Highway Due To Anthropogenıc Effect Sevinj Maharramova National Characteristics Of Environmental Security Of Azerbaıjan Majidova Laman Gafarova Dostu Environmental Effects That, Negatively Affecting Alcohol Beverage Production In Our Country And Their Removal Ways Tarana Gilicova
Permafrost destabilization induced hazard-susceptibility modeling was performed using the machine-learning models (Random Forest and Logistic Regression) in the Alaknanda basin in Garhwal Himalaya. The machine-learning model was trained using debris flow initiation points, rock glaciers, and major landslides. Twelve independent factors were considered for hazard potential assessment that comprises elevation, slope, aspect, topographic position index, topographic roughness index, topographic wetness index, profile curvature, distance from rivers, distance from roads, lineament density, mean temperature of the warmest quarter, and precipitation. The classification accuracy of the Random Forest and Logistic Regression on the testing dataset was 0.791 and 0.594, respectively. The key findings revealed that Random Forest outperformed Logistic Regression, with Receiver Operating Characteristic curve values of 0.89 and 0.609, respectively. The hazard susceptibility map was presented using a lower (0) to higher risk (1) scale. The very high susceptibility zones of permafrost destabilization induced mass wasting for each model were 7.17% and 4.02% of the study area. The results in the form of hazard susceptibility maps have the potential for making mitigation strategies, infrastructure planning, and disaster response in the Alaknanda basin.
Climate has been fluctuated from the pre-industrial era. Carbon emission has increased the greenhouse gases, which have sparked climate crisis by driving global temperature rises. CO2 is the principal and most prevalent atmospheric greenhouse gas. Depending on the mitigating measures taken, values might vary from 1.5 °C higher than the present reference period (1986–2005) to more than 4 °C. The greenhouse effect is having an influence on crops. The rising temperatures are causing more frequent Mediterranean agricultural droughts due to reduced water availability for irrigation systems and increased evaporation. Global warming projections anticipate that future circumstances will be significantly drier. Irrigation is a vital resource for growers who cultivate under this climate to enhance soil water resources, may resulting in increased yields without quality losses. For the crops grown under climate change areas to manage the crop growth and quality, controlled deficit irrigation may be applied. In addition to drought, as stress variables function independently and/or combine, its response to climate change-related factors might vary.
The research bulletin about agrometeorology of rice grown in central Indian conditions
Food security and agricultural productivity were threatened by population explosion, climate change, and natural resource depletion. Based on population growth and consumption patterns, agricultural production needs to be increased by 70% by 2050 to feed the growing global population. However, the climate change will reduce productivity and greatly impact the production of the agriculture sector (crop, livestock, fisheries, and forestry). The agriculture sector is alone contributing 14% of the global greenhouse gas emissions. To address these issues, agricultural practices must be modified in a more sustainable manner to increase productivity and income. Climate-smart agriculture (CSA) is essential for increasing agricultural productivity and sustainability while lowering GHG emissions. They assist agricultural production systems in withstanding damage and recovering quickly through mitigation and adaptation strategies. Climate-smart tools such as conservation agriculture, precision farming, soil and water conservation measures, residue management, integrated water, nutrient, and pest management strategies, climate information services, and information and communication technologies assist farmers in integrating both traditional and innovative technologies and practices and reducing the impact of climate change. Thus, climate-smart tools and practices will play an important role and pave the way forward in increasing agricultural productivity and sustainability while also providing resilience to climate-related risks.
Sustainable agriculture is of prime importance in the present conditions of rapidly
increasing human population and decreasing cultivable land resources.
Since soil is a natural medium for the growth of plants, a better soil health is
considered as an important indicator to produce quality food. Soil quality is
greatly affected by the presence of soluble salts, heavy metals and toxic compounds.
In addition, soil loss by erosion, compaction, waterlogging, toxicity or
deficiency of certain mineral elements and poor tillage practices lessens the area
for crop production. Therefore, conservation and management of soil is crucial
to augment crop production and ensure world’s food requirement. Efforts have
been done to summarize all the soil problems which degrade soil quality and thus
Sedimentary rocks can provide information about the Earth paleoenvironment and are studied extensively to understand the causes and consequences of global climate changes in deep time. They facilitate long-time perspectives that constrain climate models and provide analogues for how Earth systems may respond to, and recover from, intervals of profound environmental change, including projected anthropogenic change. The Norwegian Svalbard archipelago offers an extensive Phanerozoic stratigraphic record that reflects the geological evolution of the northern flanks of continental assemblages that include Laurentia, Eurasia, and Pangea. Svalbard’s Phanerozoic sedimentary and paleoclimatic archive is controlled largely by Svalbard’s overall northward plate-tectonic motion from equatorial to high latitudes, but also by regional to local formation of topography and basins in response to long-term plate reorganization, as well as the near- and far-field influence of large igneous province activity on the tectono-stratigraphic and paleoclimatic development. Various sedimentary and geochemical proxies, such as bentonite beds and carbon isotope excursions associated with the far-reaching environmental effects of the Siberian Traps, the High Arctic Large Igneous Province, and the North Atlantic Igneous Province are present in Svalbard’s near complete geological record. As such, Svalbard is unique in that these and numerous other global environmental perturbations are recorded within a relatively restricted study area, with most of the key events preserved and recorded in easily accessible drill cores and well-exposed outcrop sections. Here we review deep-time paleoenvironmental and paleoclimate research in Svalbard by summarizing 148 peer-reviewed scientific articles. The review builds on the well-established tectono-stratigraphic and lithostratigraphic framework, as well as state-of-the art environmental reconstructions to provide insights into the Earth system during the Phanerozoic northward drift of Svalbard and the many major biotic crises in the geological past. We focus on globally significant events including i) the expansion of Devonian vegetation, ii) the Carboniferous-Permian response to icehouse conditions during the Late Paleozoic Ice Age (LPIA), iii) the End-Permian Mass Extinction (EPME) and the subsequent Triassic recovery, the iv) Carnian Pluvial Episode, v) Jurassic-Early Cretaceous climate perturbations including the Volgian Isotopic Carbon Excursion (VOICE) and the Aptian Ocean Anoxic Event 1a (OAE1a), and vi) the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM). We present and synthesize existing core and outcrop data that preserve biological and geochemical proxies and climate sensitive sedimentary facies that reflect environmental change in terrestrial and marine settings. Finally, we discuss the Phanerozoic climate recorded in Svalbard and its role in providing high latitude calibration points for several global paleoclimate events to provide a higher latitude perspective to complement the dominance of mid- and low-latitude locations and datasets in the literature.
The work discusses the mechanisms operating within the climate system leading to variability and changes in the atmospheric climate over Europe. The second part presents the impact of SLP changes over the Barents Sea modifying the effect of NA THC on the course of circulation processes in the Atlantic-Eurasian circulation sector. SLP changes over the Barents Sea, which are the result of the time-delayed action of NA THC, significantly influence the variability of climatic elements over Poland and Europe. The combined synchronous effect of NA THC changes and SLP changes over the Barents Sea as determined by the North Atlantic Climate Index (WKNA) explains 76% of the variance in annual mean temperature over Europe over the period 1951–2020. The additional inclusion of radiative forcing (ΔF), which is generally considered to be the main factor forcing temperature increases, increases the explanation of temperature changes to only 80%. This allows us to put forward the thesis that the impact of changes in CO2 concentration on the increase in air temperature over Europe plays a negligible role in relation to the action of natural factors. The main role in shaping climate change over the last 70 years has been played by changes in the intensity of meridional ocean heat transport in the N Atlantic.
This document investigates the impacts of climate change on agriculture in Nepal, a country identified as highly vulnerable to climate-related losses. The study used desktop review to gather relevant literature and thematically present the obtained data. It highlights the crucial challenges farmers face, including decreasing crop yields, declining livestock health, and threats to food security due to rising temperatures, altered precipitation patterns, and extreme weather events such as floods and droughts. The study utilizes data from climate risk assessments, including the "Global Climate Risk Index 2021" and recent findings on glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs), to underscore the urgency of adaptation strategies for agricultural resilience. The document emphasizes that even marginal changes in temperature and precipitation can significantly affect agricultural productivity, supported by analyses of historical data and regional studies on temperature trends. It shows the need for adaptation strategies that consider unique regional vulnerabilities and the socio-economic conditions of farmers in Nepal.
The Hindu Kush Himalayan (HKH) region, known as the “water tower of the world,” is experiencing severe water scarcity due to declining discharge of spring water across the HKH region. This decline is driven by climate change, unsustainable human activities, and rising water demand, leading to significant impacts on rural agriculture, urban migration, and socio-economic stability. This expansive review judiciously combines both the researchers’ experiences and a traditional literature review. This review investigates the factors behind reduced spring discharge and advocates for a transdisciplinary approach to address the issue. It stresses integrating scientific knowledge with community-based interventions, recognizing that water management involves not just technical solutions but also human values, behaviors, and political considerations. The paper explores the benefits of public–private partnerships (PPPs) and participatory approaches for large-scale spring rejuvenation. By combining the strengths of both sectors and engaging local communities, sustainable spring water management can be achieved through collaborative and inclusive strategies. It also highlights the need for capacity development and knowledge transfer, including training local hydrogeologists, mapping recharge areas, and implementing sustainable land use practices. In summary, the review offers insights and recommendations for tackling declining spring discharge in the HKH region. By promoting a transdisciplinary, community-centric approach, it aims to support policymakers, researchers, and practitioners in ensuring the sustainable management of water resources and contributing to the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
Individual and interactive effects of changing climate and shifting fire regimes are influencing many plant species across the globe. Climate change will likely have significant impacts on plant population viability over time by altering environmental conditions and wildfire regimes as well as influencing species demographic traits. However, the outcomes of these complex interactions for different plant functional types under future climate conditions have been rarely examined. We used a proof‐of‐concept case‐study approach to model multiple plant species across two functional plant types, obligate seeder and facultative resprouter, to examine the interactive effects of demographic shifts and fire regime change on population persistence across two landscapes of over 7000 km² in temperate southeastern Australia. Our approach involves a novel combination of a fire regime simulation tool with a spatially explicit population viability analysis model. We simulated fire regimes under six different future climates representing different temperature and precipitation shifts and combined them with 16 hypothetical plant demographic change scenarios, characterised by changes to individual or multiple plant demographic processes. Plant populations were more likely to decline or become extinct due to changes in demographic processes than in the fire regime alone. Although both functional types were vulnerable to climate‐induced changes in demography, obligate seeder persistence was also negatively influenced by future fire regimes characterised by shorter fire intervals. Integrating fire regime simulations with spatially explicit population viability analyses increased our capacity to identify those plant functional types most at risk of extinction, and why, as fire regimes change with climate change. This flexible framework is a first step in exploring the complex interactions that will determine plant viability under changing climates and will improve research and fire management prioritisation for species into the future.
Intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) curves, developed conventionally with the assumption of stationarity, for maximum rainfall time series have been used in the design of hydraulic structures for many years. However, recent studies have shown that climate change may violate the stationarity assumption on hydrometeorological time series, thus hindering the reliable use of probability distribution functions and their parameters in practice. Therefore, nonstationary models considering changes in extremes due to changes in climate have gained importance. This study focuses on the frequency analysis of 14 standard duration annual maximum rainfall time series recorded at 20 meteorological stations across the Black Sea Region in northern Türkiye. Intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) curves were developed under both stationary and nonstationary conditions. Generalized Extreme Value (GEV) models were constructed for all stations assuming stationarity, while nonstationary models were developed only for stations with a trend component. Time and climate oscillations, specifically the Arctic Oscillation (AO) and the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), were chosen as covariates in nonstationary models based on their significant correlation with annual maximum rainfall. Additionally, this study investigated the 1-, 2-, and 3-month delayed effects of remote teleconnection patterns, which serve as covariates to derive nonstationary IDF curves for stations with temporal trends. The Deviance Information Criterion (DIC) was employed to determine the best-fit GEV model, and parameters were estimated using the Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) simulation technique. The results indicated that stationary models were the best-fit for 10 stations, while nonstationary models were optimal for 10 stations, with the latter often incorporating time or climatic oscillations such as the NAO or AO. Notably, a significant finding was the increase in return levels with the nonstationary model incorporating a time covariate at the Rize station, ranging from 26.4 to 21.5% for durations of 5 min and 24 h, respectively. Furthermore, some stations showed a significant correlation between the maximum precipitation and the AO/NAO indices, either in the current month or with delays. The study emphasizes the importance of considering nonstationarity when developing IDF curves for annual maxima of daily and subdaily rainfall series.
AIMS: To study the peculiarities of epidemiology, etiology and clinical course of allergic diseases in different regions of the Russian Federation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: To achieve this goal, a questionnaire survey of chief specialists was conducted in 2019. Questionnaires were sent to all regional, republican centers and cities of federal significance. The received data were analyzed and structured. RESULTS: Responses to the questionnaires were received from 49 regions of the Russian Federation, where a total of 1468105 patients with allergic diseases were registered during the study period. Significant discrepancies in the structure of allergic diseases and the spectrum of etiologically significant allergens were revealed in different regions of the Russian Federation, reflecting their climatogeographical peculiarities. There is an increase in respiratory forms of allergy, multysensitization and multi-organ allergic lesions. Low availability of specialized care and insufficient prescription of pathogenetic allergen-specific immunotherapy (ASIT) were found in all federal districts of the Russian Federation. CONCLUSIONS: Different climatogeographic regions of the Russian Federation differ from each other in the structure of allergic diseases and sensitization spectrum, which should be taken into account in the development of preventive, diagnostic and therapeutic measures in these territories.
The Arctic region faces unique environmental challenges due to its fragile ecosystem and susceptibility to anthropogenic activities. With increasing human presence and resource exploitation, there is a growing need for robust regulatory frameworks to protect Arctic marine environments. This chapter examines both international and national regulatory policies aimed at Arctic marine protection, with a particular focus on the regulation of marine toxicology. At the international level, several agreements and conventions address Arctic marine protection. The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) provides a legal framework for the conservation and management of marine resources, including those in the Arctic. Additionally, the Arctic Council plays a crucial role in promoting cooperation among Arctic states and indigenous communities to address environmental issues. Despite these initiatives, gaps exist in international regulations concerning Arctic marine toxicology. One significant challenge is the lack of comprehensive monitoring and assessment programs for contaminants in Arctic waters. Existing frameworks often fail to adequately address emerging pollutants and their potential impacts on marine ecosystems. National regulatory policies vary among Arctic states, reflecting differences in environmental priorities, economic interests, and governance structures. Countries such as Canada, the United States, Norway, and Russia have established regulatory frameworks to manage activities in their respective Arctic waters. These regulations encompass various aspects, including shipping, oil and gas exploration, and fisheries. However, gaps persist in national regulations concerning Arctic marine toxicology. Limited resources and infrastructure hinder the implementation of comprehensive monitoring programs in remote Arctic regions. Additionally, inconsistencies in regulatory standards and enforcement pose challenges for effective pollution control and remediation efforts. Challenges and gaps exist in Arctic marine toxicology regulations that contribute to inadequate regulation of the fragile environment. Fragmentation and overlap among international and national regulatory frameworks hinder efficient coordination and implementation of Arctic marine protection measures. Improved collaboration and information-sharing mechanisms are needed to address regulatory gaps effectively. Efforts to strengthen international and national regulatory policies for Arctic marine protection must prioritize addressing the challenges and gaps in marine toxicology regulations. Enhanced cooperation among Arctic states, indigenous communities, and stakeholders is essential to develop comprehensive monitoring programs.
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