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DEPRESSION
A Global Public Health Concern
Developed by Marina Marcus, M. Taghi Yasamy, Mark van Ommeren, and Dan Chisholm, Shekhar Saxena
WHO Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse
Depression is a signicant contributor to the global
burden of disease and affects people in all communi-
ties across the world. Today, depression is estimated
to affect 350 million people. The World Mental
Health Survey conducted in 17 countries found that
on average about 1 in 20 people reported having an
episode of depression in the previous year. Depres-
sive disorders often start at a young age; they reduce
people’s functioning and often are recurring. For
these reasons, depression is the leading cause of dis-
ability worldwide in terms of total years lost due to
disability. The demand for curbing depression and
other mental health conditions is on the rise glob-
ally. A recent World Health Assembly called on the
World Health Organization and its member states to
take action in this direction (WHO, 2012).
What is depression?
Depression is a common mental disorder that
presents with depressed mood, loss of interest or
pleasure, decreased energy, feelings of guilt or low
self-worth, disturbed sleep or appetite, and poor
concentration. Moreover, depression often comes
with symptoms of anxiety. These problems can
become chronic or recurrent and lead to substantial
impairments in an individual’s ability to take care
of his or her everyday responsibilities. At its worst,
depression can lead to suicide. Almost 1 million
lives are lost yearly due to suicide, which translates
to 3000 suicide deaths every day. For every person
who completes a suicide, 20 or more may attempt to
end his or her life (WHO, 2012).
There are multiple variations of depression that a
person can suffer from, with the most general dis-
tinction being depression in people who have or do
not have a history of manic episodes.
• Depressive episode involves symptoms such as
depressed mood, loss of interest and enjoyment,
and increased fatigability. Depending on the
number and severity of symptoms, a depressive
episode can be categorized as mild, moderate,
or severe. An individual with a mild depressive
episode will have some difculty in continu-
ing with ordinary work and social activities, but
will probably not cease to function completely.
During a severe depressive episode, on the other
hand, it is very unlikely that the sufferer will be
able to continue with social, work, or domestic
activities, except to a very limited extent.
• Bipolar affective disorder typically consists of
both manic and depressive episodes separated
by periods of normal mood. Manic episodes
involve elevated mood and increased energy,
resulting in over-activity, pressure of speech and
decreased need for sleep.
While depression is the leading cause of disability
for both males and females, the burden of depres-
sion is 50% higher for females than males (WHO,
2008). In fact, depression is the leading cause of
disease burden for women in both high-income and
low- and middle-income countries (WHO, 2008).
Research in developing countries suggests that
maternal depression may be a risk factor for poor
growth in young children (Rahman et al, 2008).
This risk factor could mean that maternal mental
health in low-income countries may have a substan-
tial inuence on growth during childhood, with the
effects of depression affecting not only this genera-
tion but also the next.
Managing depression
Depression is a disorder that can be reliably diag-
nosed and treated in primary care. As outlined in
6
the WHO mhGAP Intervention Guide, preferable
treatment options consist of basic psychosocial sup-
port combined with antidepressant medication or
psychotherapy, such as cognitive behavior therapy,
interpersonal psychotherapy or problem-solving
treatment. Antidepressant medications and brief,
structured forms of psychotherapy are effective.
Antidepressants can be a very effective form of
treatment for moderate-severe depression but are
not the rst line of treatment for cases of mild or
sub-threshold depression. As an adjunct to care by
specialists or in primary health care, self-help is an
important approach to help people with depression.
Innovative approaches involving self-help books or
internet-based self-help programs have been shown
to help reduce or treat depression in numerous stud-
ies in Western countries (Andrews et al, 2011).
Treatment effectiveness in resource-constrained
settings
Over the past decade, a number of clinical trials
have shown the effectiveness of treatment for
depression across a range of resource settings.
• Uganda: A trial carried out in rural Uganda, for
example, showed that group interpersonal psy-
chotherapy substantially reduced the symptoms
and prevalence of depression among 341 men
and women meeting criteria for major or sub-
syndromal depression (Bolton et al, 2003).
• Chile: A trial was conducted with 240 low-in-
come women suffering from major depression to
examine the effectiveness of a multi-component
intervention that included psycho-educational
group intervention, structured and systematic
follow-up, and drug treatment for those with
severe depression. The trial found that there was
a substantial difference in favor of the collabora-
tive care program as compared to standard care
in primary care. A depression test administered
at the 6-month follow up point showed that
70% of the stepped-care group had recovered,
as compared with 30% of the usual-care group
(Araya et al, 2006).
• India: A trial was conducted to test the effec-
tiveness of an intervention led by lay health
counselors in primary care settings to improve
outcomes for people with depression and anxiety
disorders. The intervention consisted of case
management and psychosocial interventions
led by a trained lay health counselor, as well as
supervision by a mental health specialist and
medication from a primary care physician. The
trial found that patients in the intervention group
were more likely to have recovered at 6 months
than patients in the control group, and therefore
that an intervention by a trained lay counselor
can lead to an improvement in recovery from
depression (Patel et al, 2010).
Despite the known effectiveness of treatment for
depression, the majority of people in need do not
receive it. Where data is available, this is glob-
ally fewer than 50%, but fewer than 30% for most
regions and even less than 10% in some countries.
Barriers to effective care include the lack of resourc-
es, lack of trained providers, and the social stigma
associated with mental disorders.
Reducing the burden of depression
While the global burden of depression poses a sub-
stantial public health challenge, both at the social
and economic levels as well as the clinical level,
there are a number of well-dened and evidence-
based strategies that can effectively address or
combat this burden. For common mental disorders
such as depression being managed in primary care
settings, the key interventions are treatment with
generic antidepressant drugs and brief psychother-
apy. Economic analysis has indicated that treating
depression in primary care is feasible, affordable
and cost-effective.
The prevention of depression is an area that deserves
attention. Many prevention programs implemented
across the lifespan have provided evidence on the
reduction of elevated levels of depressive symp-
toms. Effective community approaches to prevent
depression focus on several actions surrounding the
strengthening of protective factors and the reduction
of risk factors. Examples of strengthening protec-
tive factors include school-based programs targeting
cognitive, problem-solving and social skills of chil-
7
dren and adolescents as well as exercise programs
for the elderly. Interventions for parents of children
with conduct problems aimed at improving parental
psychosocial well-being by information provision
and by training in behavioral childrearing strategies
may reduce parental depressive symptoms, with
improvements in children’s outcomes.
Conclusion
Depression is a mental disorder that is pervasive
in the world and affects us all. Unlike many large-
scale international problems, a solution for depres-
sion is at hand. Efcacious and cost-effective
treatments are available to improve the health and
the lives of the millions of people around the world
suffering from depression. On an individual,
community, and national level, it is time to educate
ourselves about depression and support those who
are suffering from this mental disorder.
References
Andrews G, Cuijpers P, Craske MG, McEvoy P, Titov N. Computer therapy
for the anxiety and depressive disorders is effective, acceptable and practical
health care: a meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2010 Oct 13;5(10):e13196.
Araya R, Flynn T, Rojas G, Fritsch R, Simon G. Cost-effectiveness of a prima-
ry care treatment program for depression in low-income women in Santiago,
Chile. Am J Psychiatry. 2006;163:1379–87.
Bolton P, Bass J, Neugebauer R, et al. Group interpersonal psychother-
apy for depression in rural Uganda randomized controlled trial. JAMA.
2003;289(23):3117-3124.
Patel V., Weiss H.A., Chowdhary N., Naik S., Pednekar S., Chatterjee S., De
Silva M.J., (...), Kirkwood B.R. Effectiveness of an intervention led by lay
health counsellors for depressive and anxiety disorders in primary care in Goa,
India (MANAS): A cluster randomised controlled trial (2010) The Lancet, 376
(9758), pp. 2086-2095.
Rahman A, Patel V, Maselko J, Kirkwood B. The neglected ‘m’ in MCH pro-
grammes–why mental health of mothers is important for child nutrition. Trop
Med Int Health 2008; 13: 579-83
World Health Organization 2008, The Global Burden of Disease 2004
update. http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/GBD_
report_2004update_full.pdf Accessed 16.6.2012
World Health Organization, World suicide prevention day 2012. http://www.
who.int/mediacentre/events/annual/world_suicide_prevention_day/en/
Accessed 16.6.2012
4
World Health Organization, Sixty-fth world health assembly 2012. http://
www.who.int/mediacentre/events/2012/wha65/journal/en/index4.html
Accessed 16.6.20120
World Health Organization. mhGAP intervention guide for mental, neurologi-
cal and substance use disorders in non-specialized health settings 2010. http://
whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2010/9789241548069_eng.pdf
Accessed 16.6.2012
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“A SOLUTION
FOR
DEPRESSION
IS AT HAND...
EFFICACIOUS
AND COST-
EFFECTIVE
TREATMENTS
ARE AVAILABLE
TO IMPROVE
THE HEALTH
AND THE LIVES
OF MILLIONS
OF PEOPLE
AROUND THE
WORLD...”
