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Anti-ageing ability of Terminalia species with special reference to hyaluronidase, elastase inhibition and collagen synthesis in vitro
... In view of this need and because in traditional and folk medicines, the leaves of I. tinctoria and the stem bark of S. suaveolens are claimed to have skin antiaging properties, this study was launched to scientifically investigate the antihyaluronidase activity of the leaves of I. tinctoria and the stem bark of S. suaveolens in vitro: Impairment of the hyaluronidase activity is considered as one of the main mechanisms of diminishing skin aging. [14] MATERIALS AND METHODS ...
... Since strong associations exist between the degradation of hyaluronic acid and skin aging, [16] impairment of the hyaluronidase activity is considered as one of the main mechanisms of skin antiaging. [14,16] Additionally, bulky polyphenols and flavonoids are reported to act as inhibitors of hyaluronidase [14,16] and these phytoconstituents are reported to be present in both the leaves of I. tinctoria [4] and the stem bark of S. suaveolens. [8,9] However, the possibility of inducing skin antiaging action by I. tinctoria leaves and S. suaveolens stem bark through inhibition of collagenase and/or the elastase activity cannot be ruled out; both collagen and elastin fibers play a pivotal role in maintaining the structural and the functional integrity of the dermis and thereby preserve a smooth and youthful appearance of the human skin. ...
... Since strong associations exist between the degradation of hyaluronic acid and skin aging, [16] impairment of the hyaluronidase activity is considered as one of the main mechanisms of skin antiaging. [14,16] Additionally, bulky polyphenols and flavonoids are reported to act as inhibitors of hyaluronidase [14,16] and these phytoconstituents are reported to be present in both the leaves of I. tinctoria [4] and the stem bark of S. suaveolens. [8,9] However, the possibility of inducing skin antiaging action by I. tinctoria leaves and S. suaveolens stem bark through inhibition of collagenase and/or the elastase activity cannot be ruled out; both collagen and elastin fibers play a pivotal role in maintaining the structural and the functional integrity of the dermis and thereby preserve a smooth and youthful appearance of the human skin. ...
... In view of this need and because in traditional and folk medicines, the leaves of I. tinctoria and the stem bark of S. suaveolens are claimed to have skin antiaging properties, this study was launched to scientifically investigate the antihyaluronidase activity of the leaves of I. tinctoria and the stem bark of S. suaveolens in vitro: Impairment of the hyaluronidase activity is considered as one of the main mechanisms of diminishing skin aging. [14] MATERIALS AND METHODS ...
... Since strong associations exist between the degradation of hyaluronic acid and skin aging, [16] impairment of the hyaluronidase activity is considered as one of the main mechanisms of skin antiaging. [14,16] Additionally, bulky polyphenols and flavonoids are reported to act as inhibitors of hyaluronidase [14,16] and these phytoconstituents are reported to be present in both the leaves of I. tinctoria [4] and the stem bark of S. suaveolens. [8,9] However, the possibility of inducing skin antiaging action by I. tinctoria leaves and S. suaveolens stem bark through inhibition of collagenase and/or the elastase activity cannot be ruled out; both collagen and elastin fibers play a pivotal role in maintaining the structural and the functional integrity of the dermis and thereby preserve a smooth and youthful appearance of the human skin. ...
... Since strong associations exist between the degradation of hyaluronic acid and skin aging, [16] impairment of the hyaluronidase activity is considered as one of the main mechanisms of skin antiaging. [14,16] Additionally, bulky polyphenols and flavonoids are reported to act as inhibitors of hyaluronidase [14,16] and these phytoconstituents are reported to be present in both the leaves of I. tinctoria [4] and the stem bark of S. suaveolens. [8,9] However, the possibility of inducing skin antiaging action by I. tinctoria leaves and S. suaveolens stem bark through inhibition of collagenase and/or the elastase activity cannot be ruled out; both collagen and elastin fibers play a pivotal role in maintaining the structural and the functional integrity of the dermis and thereby preserve a smooth and youthful appearance of the human skin. ...
Objective: To assess the antihyaluronidase activity of methanolic leaf extract of Indigofera tinctoria L (I. tinctoria) (family: Fabaceae/Leguminosae) and stem bark extract of Stereospermum suaveolens DC (S. suaveolens) (family: Bignoniaceae) in vitro with a view to develop an antiaging skin formulation. Materials and Methods: The antihyaluronidase activity of different concentrations (0.19 mg/mL, 0.38 mg/mL, 0.75 mg/mL, 1.5 mg/mL, and 3.0 mg/mL) of methanolic leaf extract of I. tinctoria, methanolic stem bark extract of S. suaveolens, and reference drug epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) of different concentrations (12.5 μg/mL, 25 μg/mL, 50 μg/mL, 100 μg/mL, and 200 μg/mL) were determined spectrophotometrically using hyaluronic acid (from rooster combs) and bovine testicular hyaluronidase. Results: There is no in vitro antihyaluronidase activity in the methanolic extracts of I. tinctoria leaves and S. suaveolens stem bark even at high concentrations. On the contrary, EGCG, the reference agent, showed marked concentration.dependent (r2 = 0.92) antihyluronidase activity [in terms of percentage inhibition: half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) 92.64 ± 0.64 μg/mL]. Conclusion: It is unlikely that skin antiaging effects of I. tinctoria leaves and S. suaveolens stem bark, as claimed in traditional and folk medicines in Sri Lanka, are mediated via antihyaluronidase activity.
... The dermis also contains an hyaluronidase which depolymerizes hyaluronic acid, lowering the viscoelasticity of dermis, resulting in the loss of tension, drying and wrinkling of skin, leading to skin aging [1,19,23]. There are strong associations exists between degradation or alteration of hyaluronic acid and skin aging [24]. ...
... And impairment of hyaluronidase activity is considered as one of the main mechanisms of skin anti-ageing [5,23,24]. Further, flavonoids such as catechins, EGCG, quercetin, gallotannins, tannins, apigenin, kaempferol, ascorbic acid and some alkaloids are reported to be strong inhibitors of hyaluronidase [20,23,25,26]. In addition, high molecular weight bulky polyphenols are claimed to act as inhibitors of hyaluronidase [19]. ...
Objective: To access the anti-hyaluronidase activity of Sri Lankan low grown orthodox orange pekoe (OP) grade black tea with a view to develop an anti-aging skin formulation.
Methods: Five concentrations (0.125, 0.250, 0.500, 1.000 and 2.000 mg/mL) of black tea brew (BTB) were made using a freeze dried sample of Sri Lankan low grown orthodox OP grade black tea which was prepared according to international organization for standardization specification. Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) was used as the reference agent (concentrations tested: 0.012, 0.025, 0.050, 0.100 and 0.200 mg/mL). Anti-hyaluronidase activity of BTB and EGCG in vitro were ascertained spectrometrically using hyaluronic acid (from rooster comb) and bovine testicular hyaluronidase.
Results: The results revealed that BTB had moderate [IC50=(1.09±0.12) mg/mL] and dose dependent (r2=0.94) anti-hyaluronidase activity. EGCG also exhibited dose dependent (r2=0.93, P
... The hyaluronidase inhibitory activity of GO (non-encapsulated) and GO-NLC (encapsulated) was evaluated using Morgan-Elson Assay from Satardekar and Deodhar (2010) with modifications. The inhibition measurement was based on the measured N-acetyl glucosamine released from sodium hyaluronate. ...
The current work presents the development of a nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC) as a colloidal encapsulation and controlled release system for bioactive γ-oryzanol (GO) from rice bran oil. GO-loaded NLC (GO-NLC) were prepared using rice bran oil GO via a hot homogenisation method with sunflower oil (liquid lipid) and stearic acid (solid lipid) as the encapsulating lipid matrix, and rice bran phospholipids and Tween 80 as stabilisers. Fabricated GO-NLC had a 95% encapsulation efficiency with a spherical ‘yolk–shell’ morphology and a 143 nm mean particle diameter. A 60-day storage stability study showed that GO-NLC had high GO retention (>90%) at ambient temperature in light and dark conditions. In vitro release studies demonstrated that GO can be released from GO-NLC via different modes: slow controlled release into simulated intestinal fluid, following the Korsmeyer-Peppas model, and rapidly into a surfactant solution (Tween 80), following first-order release kinetics. Lastly, in vitro studies showed encapsulation of GO in NLCs afforded an 18-fold increase in free radical-scavenging activity, a two-fold increase in hyaluronidase-inhibitory, and a 200-fold improvement in anti-inflammatory activity. These suggest that GO-NLC is a suitable GO delivery system, which can either perform as an oral extended-release formulation or a rapid-release, surfactant triggered system, with improved health-promoting bioactivities.
... Medical, cultural, religious, and social importance has been recorded throughout the genus (Schmidt et al., 2002;Smith et al., 2004;Satardekar & Deodhar, 2010;Sharma & Mukundan, 2014;Rathinamoorthy & Thilagavathi, 2014). In Africa and Asia, traditional remedy from Terminalia species has been utilized (Lawes et al., 2004;Steenkamp et al., 2004;Moshi & Mbwambo, 2005). ...
Leaf (midrib and lamina) anatomical characters were investigated to enhance the identification of Terminalia L. The central portions of the mature leaves were fixed in formaldehyde, glacial acetic acid, and ethanol (FAA) for 12 hrs. They were dehydrated in alcohol series, hand-sectioned, stained with safranin and alcian blue, mounted on a slide, viewed, and photographed with Optika B-1000 FL LED fitted with digital camera. Our findings showed the absence of rib trace in T. ivorensis, presence of secretory ducts in T. catappa, open vascular cylinder with incurved ends in T. mantaly, and medullary phloem in T. avicenniodes. These characters were key to the delimitation of the Terminalia species.
... However, in the skin, hyaluronidase constantly breaks down HA to result in drying and eventually sagging of the skin. Youthful skin can be thus achieved by inhibiting hyaluronidase and facilitating the synthesis of matrix proteins [12]. ...
Research on the skin’s maintenance and protection against aging has gradually progressed toward phytocosmetics. This study investigated the in vitro hyaluronidase inhibitory activity of rice protein hydrolysate obtained by using bacterial amylase and protease against skin aging-related enzymes. Here, the molecular weights of rice protein hydrolysates were in the range 5–63 kDa. Every 100 g of a rice protein hydrolysate contains approximately 2960 mg of total amino acid, including essential amino acids (893 mg) and branched-chain amino acids (591 mg). A kinetic study showed that hyaluronidase inhibition by the rice protein hydrolysate occurs through a competitive reaction mechanism. Achieving effective hyaluronidase inhibitory activity, the rice protein hydrolysate had a half maximal inhibitory concentration of 7.61 mg/mL. Because hyaluronidase activity inhibition is crucial for treating skin aging, rice protein hydrolysates should be considered as cosmeceutical ingredients.
... Medical, cultural, religious and social importance has been recorded throughout the genus (Irvine, 1961;Srivastava et al., 1992;Lemmens et al., 1995;Schmidt et al., 2002;Smith et al., 2004;Satardekar & Deodhar, 2010;Sharma & Mukundan, 2014;Rathinamoorthy & Thilagavathi, 2014). In Africa and Asia, traditional remedy from Terminalia species has been utilized (Lawes et al., 2004;Steenkamp et al., 2004;Moshi & Mbwambo, 2005). ...
TERMINALIA in Egypt is represented by nine species. The locations of the different collected species were georeferenced with a GPS device. The samples were identified at the Cairo University Herbarium (CAI). Anatomical sections were investigated with a light microscope; Olympus BX51. Photomicrographs were taken using photomicroscope; Olympus DP12. Twenty-four anatomical characters have significant diversity. In leaf, type of mesophyll, length of palisade tissue, number and size of the main and accessory vascular bundles, presence or absence of vascular bundles in small veins as well as lysigenous ducts and crystals. In petiole, the number, shape and distribution of the main and accessory vascular bundles, types of bundle sheath, number of lysigenous ducts, etc. Qualitative and quantitative data of the anatomical characters have been investigated through numerical method by using the unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA). An artificial key was constructed that could be a taxonomic delimitation for comparison between species. This Study proposed that anatomical features of leaf lamina and petiole of Terminalia species investigated should be used as an effective delimitation for authentication and differentiation between the species.
... To stop the reaction 25 µL of sodium tetraborate solution (0.8 M, pH 9.1) was added and then the reaction mixture was vortexed and boiled for 3 min. The positive control (tannic acid, was used as HAase inhibitor) [42][43][44] and negative control were made using the identical procedure but without the test or standard inhibitor (50 µL of 5% DMSO). In parallel, 50 µL of 5% DMSO and 50 µL spent medium were added to 125 µL of stop solution (1 mg/mL hyaluronic acid, 0.8 M potassium tetraborate, pH 9.1) at time zero, vortexed, and boiled for 3 min. ...
Hyaluronidase enzyme (HAase) has a role in the dissolution or disintegration of hyaluronic acid (HA) and in maintaining the heathy state of skin. Bioassay-guided fractionation of Ravenala madagascariensis (Sonn.) organ extracts (leaf, flower, stem, and root) testing for hyaluronidase inhibition was performed followed by metabolic profiling using LC–HRMS. Additionally, a hyaluronidase docking study was achieved using Molecular Operating Environment (MOE). Results showed that the crude hydroalcoholic (70% EtOH) extract of the leaves as well as its n-butanol (n-BuOH) partition showed higher HAase activity with 64.3% inhibition. Metabolic analysis of R. madagascariensis resulted in the identification of 19 phenolic compounds ranging from different chemical classes (flavone glycosides, flavonol glycosides, and flavanol aglycones). Bioassay-guided purification of the leaf n-BuOH partition led to the isolation of seven compounds that were identified as narcissin, rutin, epiafzelechin, epicatechin, isorhamnetin 7-O-glucoside, kaempferol, and isorhamnetin-7-O-rutinoside. The docking study showed that narcissin, rutin, and quercetin 3-O-glucoside all interact with HAase through hydrogen bonding with the Asp111, Gln271, and/or Glu113 residues. Our results highlight Ravenala madagascariensis and its flavonoids as promising hyaluronidase inhibitors in natural cosmetology preparations for skin care.
... The low antioxidant activity was indeed associated with low anti-aging activity. Based on previous study, antioxidant obtained from plant extract, inhibit elastase, hyaluronidase, collagen synthesis, lipid peroxidation activity, protein expression of procollagen and prevent MMPs gene induction and due to this fibrillin fibre length elongated to maintain elasticity of skin [41,42] . MMPs are part of a group of transmembrane zinc containing endopeptidases which include collagenases and gelatinases. ...
Aging is a complex process characterized by a progressive decline in physiological function, followed by dysfunction, and ultimately, death. Increase activity of hyaluronidase, elastase and collagenase, are documented in skin aging. Free radicals can stimulate skin aging through antioxidant system destruction, wrinkle formation, and melanogenesis. Antioxidant and anti-aging agents have been recently developed from herbal plants. In this study, we investigated the antioxidant and anti-aging activities of Jasminum sambac extract (JSE). The phytochemical assay was performed with modified Farnsworth method. Antioxidant assays were measured by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenger, Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS)-reducing activities. Anti-aging properties were measured through inhibitory activities of collagenase, elastase, and hyaluronidase. Phytochemical analysis showed presence of phenols, triterpenoids, and flavonoids in low level, and terpenoids in high level. JSE showed higher DPPH-scavenging activity (IC50=94.13 ± 10.54 µg/mL) than eugenol (2.28 ± 0.12 µg/mL), but lower than hesperidin (226.34 ± 4.96 µg/mL). JSE showed lowest ABTS-activity (IC50=39.20 ± 0.45 µg/mL) compared to hesperidin and eugenol (IC50= 8.10 ± 0.60 and 1.56 ± 0.03 µg/mL, respectively). The FRAP-reducing activity of JSE, hesperidin, and eugenol showed JSE was the lowest activity at highest concentration (65.46, 178.16 and 402.42 µM Fe(II)/µg) respectively). JSE showed the lowest anticollagenase activity (IC50=339.30 ± 7.87 µg/mL), anti-elastase (IC50=249.94 ± 16.51 µg/mL), and anti-hyaluronidase (IC50=269.26 ± 90.52 µg/mL) compared to hesperidin, and eugenol. Overall, JSE has low antioxidant activity compared to hesperidin and eugenol, as well as low anti-collagenase, anti-elastase, and anti-hyaluronidase activities. © 2018 Wolters Kluwer Medknow Publications. All rights reserved.
... Terminalia catappais commonly known as Indian almond, Malabar almond and is normally consumed by a lot of people in their daily routine. Many studies have shown that apart from the nutritional benefits, Terminalia catappa plant also possessed a number of medicinal properties such as antimicrobial [2], anti-inflammatory [3], analgesic [4], wound-healing [5], anti-oxidant [6], hepatoprotective [7], anti-cancer [8] and anti-ageing activities [9]. These activities are widely owed to the virtue of the presence of certain phytochemicals in Terminalia catappa (T. ...
Objective: To explore the anti-hyperglycemic effect of fruit extract of Terminalia catappa (Indian almond), a potential medicine from plant origin in a diabetic rat model.Methods: Streptozotocin-induced chronic diabetic rat model was utilized in the study. Three doses of test drug, hydro-alcoholic fruit extract of Terminalia catappa in 20 mg/kg, 30 mg/kg and 40 mg/kg and a standard anti-diabetic drug, glibenclamide (10 mg/kg) was used. The study had a total of nine groups with eight animals in each group. Drugs were given orally every day for 12 w. Blood glucose, body weight and urine volume were measured weekly, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) was estimated at 12th week in all groups. Data for all parameters were analyzed using one-way ANOVA repeated measures followed by Mann-Whitney test.Results: Hydro-alcoholic fruit extract of T. catappa significantly decreased blood glucose, urine volume and increased body weight in a dose-dependent manner in diabetic rats. At 12th week, blood glucose level in control, diabetic control, glibenclamide, T. catappa (40 mg/kg) group was 96.25±2.05 mg/dl, 599.75±0.25 mg/dl, 248.25±11.45 mg/dl, 115.00±3.78 mg/dl respectively. Effect of T. catappa in 30 mg/kg and 40 mg/kg dose was significantly more than glibenclamide. At 12th week, HbA1c level in control, diabetic control, glibenclamide, T. catappa (40 mg/kg) was 2.94±0.33 mmol/l, 4.94±0.49 mmol/l, 3.61±0.28 mmol/l, 3.21±0.27 mmol/l. Treatment with T. catappa 30 mg/kg, 40 mg/kg and glibenclamide brought back the level of HbA1c to normal levels. The addition of glibenclamide to T. catappa (40 mg/kg) did not produce any additional effect on blood glucose and HbA1c levels compared to the effect of T. catappa (40 mg/kg) in diabetic rats.Conclusion: Terminalia catappa fruit extract exhibited a significant anti-hyperglycemic effect in diabetic rats and has a great potential to be used in diabetes.
... It is well understood that the degradation of hyaluronic acid by hyaluronidase can diminish amount of hyaluronic acid in the skin, which consequently becomes dry and wrinkled [28]. An extract of the bark of Terminaliaarjuna (250 µg / mL) and dried fruit rinds of Terminaliachebula (500 µg / mL) have been reported to have 90.40 + 5.30 % and 89.65 + 3.90 % hyaluronidase inhibition, respectively [29]. In the present study, the Kaew and Choke-Anan MSKEs respectively gave up to 80.35 % and 97.61 % inhibition at concentrations of 70 µg / mL. ...
Purpose: To investigate the antioxidant properties, the inhibition of selected enzyme activities of ultrasonication-assisted mango seed kernel extract (MSKE), and to evaluate the physical stability and skin irritation properties of a cosmetic cream formulated with MSKE. Methods: Choke-Anan MSKE and a Kaew cultivar of Thai mangoes were prepared by ultrasonication-assisted extraction. Antioxidant activities (DPPH, FRAP, H2O2 scavenging assay, ABTS), antityrosinase, anti 5-lipoxygenase, antihyaluronidase and anti α-glucosidase were determined. Cosmetic creams containing 0, 1, 2 and 3 % of MSKE were prepared and evaluated for physical stability. The most stable formulation was subjected to the clinical skin irritation test. Results: The yield, total polyphenol content, antioxidant properties and inhibition of 5- lipoxygenase, hyaluronidase and α-glucosidase were higher (p < 0.05) for MSKE from Choke- Anan than from Kaew cultivar. The MSKE from both cultivars showed no significant difference (p > 0.05) in tyrosinase inhibition activity compared to arbutin. However, a slightly lower α-glucosidase inhibition activity than acarbose was observed. The cosmetic cream containing 1 % Choke-Anan MSKE had good physical stability with no skin irritation. Conclusion: MSKE exhibits good antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activity. Thus, it is a potentially natural functional ingredient for use in food and cosmetic industries. © Pharmacotherapy Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Benin, Benin City, 300001 Nigeria. All rights reserved.
... Elastin, due to its unique elastic recoil properties, is vital for providing elasticity to the skin, while hyaluronic acid, a major glycosaminoglycan (GAG), is involved in the hydration of the skin, holding water and keeping the body smooth, moist and lubricated. These connective tissue macromolecules are constantly attacked by enzymes such as matrix-metalloproteinases (MMPs; e.g., collagenase), the serine protease elastase and the mucopolysaccharase hyaluronidase, which are highly related to the aging process of the skin (Satardekar and Deodhar, 2010). The extrinsic skin aging process (also called skin photoaging) occurs as a result of exposure to environmental factors, particularly solar radiation (UV radiation), which affects human skin in different ways. ...
Medicinal plants are recognized by their large number of bioactive secondary metabolites. They have been used to treat several human ailments and are believed to possess many biological activities. However, little is known about the photoprotective and anti-aging properties of important medicinal plants as assessed by integrative studies. To find new bioactive ingredients of cosmetic interest, seven cultivated medicinal plants were systemically evaluated in an integrated manner. Extracts obtained from each species using solvents of diverse dielectric constants were tested on different molecular targets related to skin aging, with a focus on the protection of the main components of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Thus, the inhibition of the enzymes collagenase, elastase and hyaluronidase was determined, and antioxidant properties were evaluated. Subsequently, a photoprotective approach was taken in human dermal fibroblasts (HDF) stimulated with ultraviolet B (UVB)-radiation through the measurement of matrix-metalloproteinases (MMP-1) and procollagen production, as well as intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, in pretreatment with bioactive extracts. The species with higher biological activity were chemically characterized through fingerprint analysis by HPLC-DAD and comparison with reference standards. The results showed the ability of some extracts from Rosmarinus officinalis, Thymus vulgaris and Smallanthus sonchifolius to protect the major components of the ECM from UVB irradiation-induced damage. Additionally, useful information, including various bioactivities and the chemical diversity of the extracts of medicinal plants, which could not be acquired from individual assessments of anti-aging activity, was obtained using a holistic anti-aging approach.
... These compounds have anticancer, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties (Surveswaran et al. 2007). The effect of hydroalcoholic extract of T. chebula fruit on the promotion of collagen synthesis in 3T3 fibroblasts has also been reported (Satardekar & Deodhar 2010). Notwithstanding this previously published research into the preventive effects of the ethanol fruit extract on UVB-irradiated skin cell and tissue, these beneficial effects have not been investigated. ...
Context:
The fruit of Terminalia chebula Retz. (Combretaceae) has been used for several therapeutic purposes in Thai folk medicines. Currently, the ethanol extracts containing antioxidant compounds have shown the ability to promote collagen synthesis.
Objective:
This purpose of this work was to study the effects of the ethanol extract from T. chebula fruit on the inhibition of cutaneous photodamage.
Materials and methods:
The viability of human skin fibroblasts after incubation with T. chebula at concentration 0.5-50 μg/mL for 24, 48 and 72 h was assessed by using sodium 3'-[(phenyl-amino)-carbonyl]-3,4,tetrazolium-bis(4-methoxy-6-notro)benzene-sulphonic acid hydrate (XTT). The levels of type I procollagen and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-1 and MMP-13 produced by UVB-irradiated fibroblasts were determined by ELISA. Skin thickness and collagen content caused by long-term UVB irradiation in male ICR mice were determined from haematoxylin and eosin stained tissue sections and spectrophotometric measurement of hydroxyproline.
Results:
The extract (0.5-50 μg/mL) had no effect on cell viability or morphology of the human fibroblasts. In vitro studies showed that the T. chebula extract reduced the UVB-induced MMP-1 and MMP-13 expression, whereas an increased production of type I procollagen was observed. In a UVB-irradiated animal model, male ICR mice with hair shaved were chronically exposed to UVB which lead to epidermal thickness and loss of hydroxyproline. However, these effects were fully prevented by the topical application of the T. chebula ethanol extract.
Discussion and conclusion:
These data suggested that the T. chebula ethanol fruit extract is an efficacious pharmaceutical protectant of skin against photodamage.
... The resultant decolorization from purple to yellow can be detected spectro-photometrically. Various studies have already reported multi faceted biological activities of the Terminalia species, the anti-oxidant and anti-diabetic potential among the most commonly reported [8,9,10] . Others have rationalized that a formulation containing Terminalia extracts would be highly beneficial in an anti-aging and skin protective context [11,12] . The majority of in vitro studies on anti-elastase and antioxidant activities are based on the evaluation of the actives. ...
Most in vitro efficacy studies of creams are based on estimation of active constituents as solubility is the
limiting factor. Our aim was to establish a method for efficacy testing of both anti-elastase and
antioxidant activity in final formulations and to compare the same with the activity of the active
ingredients to ascertain whether the native activity remains unaffected, enhanced or is compromised
in any way. The actives evaluated in the antiaging formulations included the crude extracts of
Terminalia arjuna and Terminalia chebula, either alone or in combination on the activity of porcine pancreatic elastase and to reduce 2, 2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). The results showed that the
T. arjuna formulation had higher inhibitory activity of elastase (IC50 6.6 mg/ml) while T. chebula
formulation depicted better antioxidant activity (IC50 0.032 mg/ml). The combination cream had excellent anti-elastase (IC50 2.8 mg/ml) and antioxidant properties (IC50 0.14 mg/ml). Further the cytotoxicity of the two extracts was tested on 3T3 cell line and both extracts were found to have negligible inhibition up to 80 μg/ml.
... 17 (Chemical Abstracts Service number 1401-55-4; Sigma-Aldrich Co, St Louis, MO, USA), a known strong inhibitor of hyaluronidase activity. 18 The effect of test materials on the hydrolytic activity of hyaluronidase (IV-S, bovine; Sigma-Aldrich Co) was assessed by precipitating the non-digested hyaluronate with 10% cetylpyridinium chloride (Maypro Industries, Purchase, NY, USA) and measuring the related turbidity at 595 nm with SpectraMax190 in a manner similar to the method first described in 1948 by Dorfman et al. 19 Three separate experiments were conducted for each test material. Assays were carried out by Sunny BioDiscovery, Inc., Santa Paula, CA, USA. ...
Background
Inhibitors of hyaluronidase are potent agents that maintain hyaluronic acid homeostasis and may serve as anti-aging, anti-inflammatory, and anti-microbial agents. Sodium copper chlorophyllin complex is being used therapeutically as a component in anti-aging cosmeceuticals, and has been shown to have anti-hyaluronidase activity. In this study we evaluated various commercial lots of sodium copper chlorophyllin complex to identify the primary small molecule constituents, and to test various sodium copper chlorophyllin complexes and their small molecule analog compounds for hyaluronidase inhibitory activity in vitro. Ascorbate analogs were tested in combination with copper chlorophyllin complexes for potential additive or synergistic activity.
Materials and methods
For hyaluronidase activity assays, dilutions of test materials were evaluated for hydrolytic activity of hyaluronidase by precipitation of non-digested hyaluronate by measuring related turbidity at 595 nm. High-performance liquid chromatography and mass spectroscopy was used to analyze and identify the primary small molecule constituents in various old and new commercial lots of sodium copper chlorophyllin complex.
Results
The most active small molecule component of sodium copper chlorophyllin complex was disodium copper isochlorin e4, followed by oxidized disodium copper isochlorin e4. Sodium copper chlorophyllin complex and copper isochlorin e4 disodium salt had hyaluronidase inhibitory activity down to 10 µg/mL. The oxidized form of copper isochlorin e4 disodium salt had substantial hyaluronidase inhibitory activity at 100 µg/mL but not at 10 µg/mL. Ascorbate derivatives did not enhance the hyaluronidase inhibitory activity of sodium copper chlorophyllin. Copper isochlorin e4 analogs were always the dominant components of the small molecule content of the commercial lots tested; oxidized copper isochlorin e4 was found in increased concentrations in older compared to newer lots tested.
Conclusion
These results support the concept of using the hyaluronidase inhibitory activity of sodium copper chlorophyllin complex to increase the hyaluronic acid level of the dermal extracellular matrix for the improvement of the appearance of aging facial skin.
... Some of the species have cylindrical boles that are very straight and long with small to large buttresses and sometimes branchless for up to 30 m (Lemmens et al., 1995). The genus has several medicinal, economical, spiritual and social values (Irvine, 1961;Srivastava et al., 1992;Lemmens et al., 1995;Schmidt et al., 2002;Smith et al., 2004;Satardekar and Deodhar, 2010;Sharma and Mukundan, 2014;Rathinamoorthy and Thilagavathi, 2014). In traditional medicines, derivatives of Terminalia species have been used in Africa and Asia (Lawes et al., 2004;Steenkamp et al., 2004;Moshi and Mbwambo, 2005). ...
Stomatal ontogeny and epidermal characteristics of Terminalia catappa L., an important tropical economic plant, were studied and described. The central portions of cotyledonary and mature leaves were peeled, stained with acetocarmin, 1% safranin and fast green stains as required, mounted on microscope slides and observed under Olympus photomicroscope for stomata ontogeny and developmental stages. The cells of the epidermis of the species are polygonal, isodiametric or elongated in various directions and arranged irregularly. The anticlinal epidermal walls are sinuous, undulating, straight or arched. Combretaceous eglandular trichomes were observed on the abaxial surface of the cotelydonary leaves. Six types of stomata (anomocytic, tetracytic, stuarocytic, anisocytic, isotricytic, diacytic) and different transitional stages were also observed. Stomata occurrence in cotyledonary leaves was observed to be amphistomatic but hypostomatic in mature leaves. The adaxial stomatal index on the cotyledonary leaves ranged from 3.57-14.29 (9.61±3.15) while on the abaxial surface it varied from 12.50-31.25 (23.50±5.13). The ontogeny of isotricytic stomata is mesogenous; it is however mesoperigenous in anomocytic, tetracytic and anisocytic stomata types. Stomata clusters are frequent on the abaxial surface of mature leaves while contiguous stomata and abnormal stomata with unequal guard cells are rare. Stomatal ontogeny, an important taxonomic character, is described for the species.
... Some of the species have cylindrical boles that are very straight and long with small to large buttresses and sometimes branchless for up to 30 m (Lemmens et al., 1995). The genus has several medicinal, economical, spiritual and social values (Irvine, 1961;Srivastava et al., 1992;Lemmens et al., 1995;Schmidt et al., 2002;Smith et al., 2004;Satardekar and Deodhar, 2010;Sharma and Mukundan, 2014;Rathinamoorthy and Thilagavathi, 2014). In traditional medicines, derivatives of Terminalia species have been used in Africa and Asia (Lawes et al., 2004;Steenkamp et al., 2004;Moshi and Mbwambo, 2005). ...
Asian Journal of Organic & Medicinal Chemistry
Milk is often contaminated with many toxins, with aflatoxins being the most prominent of them. Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is a toxin of high risk in milk, due to its carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, teratogenicity and immunosuppressive effects on humans. The worldwide occurrence and prevalence of aflatoxins in milk products has raised the need for strict legislation to regulate these toxins at safe levels for human consumption. The carryover of aflatoxin B1 from feed to aflatoxin M1 in milk is a great concern for vulnerable age groups such as infants and the elderly. Currently, the European Union and the US Food and Drug Administration have set legal limits for the presence of aflatoxins in dairy products. Nevertheless, the incidence of aflatoxins in milk and milk products is reported in levels higher than the regulatory limits. This paper reviews some of the analytical methods used to detect aflatoxins and various strategies for the control and decontamination of aflatoxins in milk products.
Abstract Ferulago species are traditionally used for the treatment of skin diseases, bronchitis, and depression, to increase body strength, as an immunostimulant, aphrodisiac and sedative in Anatolia. In this study, hyaluronidase, collagenase and elastase inhibitory potential relevant to wound healing activities of ethanol extracts from the roots of ten Ferulago species [F. cassia Boiss., F. humilis Boiss., F. isaurica Peşmen, F. longistylis Boiss., F. mascrosciadia Boiss. & Balansa, F. sandrasica Pesmen & Quézel, F. setifolia K. Koch., F. silaifolia (Boiss.) Boiss., F. trojana Akalın & Pimenov formerly known as F. sylvatica (Besser) Rchb. and F. syriaca Boiss.] were investigated. Ethanol extracts of F. mascrosciadia and F. syriaca were the most active ones against collagenase and elastase, respectively. In vitro wound healing activity of ten Ferulago species is reported for the first time in the current study.
Objective and background
Diabetic retinopathy is amongst the most common microvascular complication associated with diabetes. Controlling blood glucose level alone cannot manage diabetes associated complications. Thus, mechanism that additionally prevent diabetes associated complication are need of the hour, driving the researchers towards herbal therapies. Terminalia catappa is renowned for its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-hyperglycemic and anti-angiogenic activity. The current study explores the effect of Terminalia catappa fruit extract in streptozotocin-induced diabetic retinopathy in rats.
Methods
Streptozotocin-induced chronic diabetic rat model was utilized in the study. Hydro-alcoholic fruit extract of T. catappa in 20mg/kg, 30mg/kg and 40mg/kg dose and standard anti-diabetic drug, glibenclamide (10mg/kg) was given orally. Retinopathy was evaluated by monitoring lenticular, fundus images and measuring arteriole and venule tortuosity index. Oxidative, angiogenic and inflammatory biomarkers were assessed at 12th week in retinal homogenate. Histopathological changes in retina were also examined. Data was analyzed using one-way Repeated Measure ANOVA followed by MannWhitney test.
Results
Hydro-alcoholic fruit extract of T. catappa significantly decreased blood glucose (p<0.001) in dose-dependent manner in diabetic rats. Cataract lens was observed in all experimental groups and became clear (grade 0) with 40mg/kg and with 40mg/kg along with glibenclamide at eight and sixth week respectively. Hydro-alcoholic fruit extract in all three doses significantly reduced (p<0.01) arteriole and venule tortuosity in diabetic rats. T. catappa in all three doses in diabetic rats showed modulatory effect in oxidative, angiogenic and inflammatory biomarkers.
Conclusion
T. catappa reverses diabetes-induced retinopathy by anti-hyperglycemic, anti-oxidant, anti-angiogenic and anti-inflammatory actions, and thus has a potential to be used in diabetes-induced retinopathy.
Antioxidant and in vitro anti-inflammatory activities of citrus (Citrus unshiu) peel extracts and their acid hydrolysates were evaluated. Citrus peel extracts were extracted by subcritical water, hot water, and ethanol. Subcritical water extraction led to extract more phenolic compounds than hot water or ethanol extraction. Acid hydrolysis more than doubled the extracts' total phenolics and flavonoids. Acid hydrolysates showed greater DPPH-radical scavenging activities and antioxidant activities, as assayed by beta-carotene bleaching and ferric thiocyanate, than the initial extracts. Anti-inflammatory activities of citrus peel extracts and hydrolysates, determined by the inhibition of hyaluronidase activity, showed that the inhibition activities of hot water and ethanol extracts increased from 2.1 and 1.8% to 37.0 and 18.5%, respectively, upon acid hydrolysis; however, the anti-inflammatory activity of the subcritical water extract was not improved. These results indicated that acid hydrolysis of citrus peel extracts regardless of their extraction methods improved the antioxidative and anti-inflammatory activities.
As skin ages it deprives its charming youthful expression. Aging may be simple chronological passing of the years or photoaging induced by exposure to the sun. The free radical fabricated in the body commenced response of receptors of nuclear signaling, mitochondrial damage, protein oxidation, telomere based DNA damage, genetic mutations and decrease of many hormone levels. Due to this aging skin displays variable epidermal thickness, dermal elastosis, reduced collagen, increased matrix degrading metalloproteinases, severe atrophy, telangiectases, inflammatory infiltrates and vessel ectasia. The secondary metabolites such as quercetin, polyphenol, flavonoid and flavonol, ellagic acids are obtained from plant extracts, provokes the free-radical scavenging activity, antagonize the UV signaling pathway, inhibition of elastase activity and matrix metalloproteinase expression and increase of expression of procollagen type I. Herbal cosmetics play a leading role in impeding and reversing aging of skin. The botanical ingredients present in herbal cosmetic impact biological functions of skin and contribute nutrients required for the healthy skin. The imperative efforts are constrained to associate the medicinal plants with possible mechanism based on scientifically validated, leading to the emergence of novel cosmeceuticals for prevention of sagging. The information of present review assists the cosmetics scholar for development of novel herbal antiaging formulation producing the reduction of wrinkles, redness and abnormal discolorations that result from aging. The combination of listed medicinal plant can be produced immensely efficient, low toxicity and cost impressive product compared to synthetic antiaging formulation. This review can put forward revolt in the field of cosmetic market.
The hydrolysates of fresh and boiled Venus clams with five different proteases for the production of low-molecular protein hydrolysates were optimised by response surface methodology. Alcalase hydrolysates exhibited the strongest hyaluronidase inhibitory activity. The optimum hydrolysis conditions of fresh and boiled clams were enzyme-to-substrate ratio (E/S), 2.15%; time, 150 min; water-to-substrate ratio (W/S), 83.84 mL g(- 1) for fresh clam, and E/S, 2.02%; time, 4.11 h; W/S, 69.74 mL g(- 1) for boiled clam. The fresh and boiled clam protein hydrolysates were fractionated by S-200 HR size-exclusion chromatography, which resulted in one (FH1) and two (BH1 and BH2) fractions, respectively. BH1 exhibited the highest hyaluronidase and elastase inhibitory activities with specific activities of 141.15 and 81.36% mL mg(- 1), respectively. Therefore, the boiled Venus clam hydrolysate might be developed as a cosmeceutical agent because of its strong hyaluronidase and elastase inhibitory activities.
Herbal cream imparts a chief role in regulating melanin production of skin. The phytoconstituents present in herbal cream impact biological functions of skin and contribute nutrients required for the healthy skin. In the present study, it was envisaged to prepare three batches of herbal cream (HC1, HC2 and HC3) containing ethanol extracts of Emblica officinalis (fruits), Daucus carota (root), Mangifera indica (leaves), Mentha arvensis (leaves), Terminalia arjuna (bark) and Cucumis sativus (fruits) and investigated the prepared cream for inhibitory effect on tyrosinase activity. The herbal cream was formulated by incorporating different ratio of extracts, by using cream base. Each formulation HC1, HC2 and HC3 were segregated into three different formulations (HC1.1, HC1.2, HC1.3, HC2.1, HC2.2, HC2.3, HC3.1, HC3.2 and HC3.3) by incorporating increasing ratio of extract in formulation. The HC3.2 cream produces highest tyrosinase inhibitory effect 65.23 +/- 0.07%, while the HC2.1 exhibited minimum tyrosinase inhibitory effect 26.19 +/- 0.08% compared to other prepared cream. Comparison of the inhibitory activity of the formulations demonstrated that the rank order was HC3.2 > HC3.3 > HC1.2 > HC1.3 > HC3.1 > HC1.1 > HC2.3 > HC2.2 > HC2.1. It has been observed from the result that the formulations of antityrosinase activity were not concentrate dependent. This finding suggests that decrease in antityrosinase activity of HC1 and HC3 might be considering that the incompatibility of the higher extract content with the base of cream. The HC3 produce the maximum inhibitory effects on tyrosinase activity might be due to higher level of polyphenol and flavonoids present in extracts.
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