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The five best vocal warm-up exercises
Abstract
Enumerates the five most beneficial warm-up exercises for vocalists. Describes each exercise and what it accomplishes. Lists the exercises as (1) lip trill, tongue trill, humming, or phonation into narrow tubes on glides, scales, or arpeggios, over a wide pitch range; (2) two-octave pitch glides, first down only, then up and down, on high vowels; (3) forward tongue roll and extension, vowel sequence, scales; (4) "messa di voce," proceeding from a partially occluded tract to high vowels, then to low vowels; and (5) "staccato" on "arpeggios."
... Straw phonation (SP) generates semi-occlusion in the vocal tract. Narrowing the vocal tract increases air pressure above the vocal folds, thus creating positive oral pressure, keeping the vocal folds separated during phonation, and reducing the force of the impact as they meet (Costa et al., 2011;Scearce, 2016;Titze, 2001). This narrowing of the vocal tract promotes a critical feedback mechanism for the vibration of the vocal fold, hence facilitating voice initiation and self-sustained oscillation (Conroy et al., 2014). ...
... These vocal folds introduce a relatively high impedance to the upstream airflow originated by the lungs through the narrowing of the glottis. Increased impedance is imparted unto the vocal tract by narrowing it, which promotes the impedance matching between filter (i.e., vocal tract) and voice source (i.e., vocal folds, Rothenberg, 1981;Story et al., 2000;Titze, 1988Titze, , 2001Titze & Laukkanen, 2007;Titze & Story, 1997). This impedance matching results in time-delayed build-up and release of supraglottal pressure, which feeds energy back into the system by producing in-phase velocity between airflow and supraglottal pressure (Titze, 2006). ...
... This impedance matching results in time-delayed build-up and release of supraglottal pressure, which feeds energy back into the system by producing in-phase velocity between airflow and supraglottal pressure (Titze, 2006). As a result of the raised inertive reactance (a component of impedance) of the vocal tract, the transglottal pressure is reduced (Bele, 2005;Titze, 2001), thus lowering phonation threshold pressure (PTP). The PTP refers to the least amount of subglottal air pressure required to set the vocal folds into vibration (Titze & Story, 1997), increasing vocal economy and ease of phonation (Bele, 2005;Story et al., 2000;Titze & Story, 1997). ...
Vocal warm-up has garnered much research attention these recent years. This study compared the short-term effects of straw phonation (SP) with a traditional vocal warm-up (TVW) on the vocal quality of untrained female singers. It also determined the effect of exercise type on the vocal economy and skill acquisition. Vocal quality was measured using voice range profile (VRP), multi-parametric index, acoustic, and aerodynamic parameters. Eighty participants were randomly recruited and divided into two equal groups to perform vocal warm-ups at a frequency of two 10-minute sessions per day for three weeks. Voice data were collected using Praat and Vocalgrama software, while the statistical results were analysed using Statistical Product and Service Solution (SPSS). As a result, some parameters, i.e., fundamental frequency maximum (F0-max), maximum intensity (max Int) and area of VRP, fundamental frequency (F0), jitter, shimmer, harmonics-to-noise ratio (HNR), and dysphonia severity index (DSI), projected significant changes after three weeks of warming up exercise in TVW group. In the SP group, the participants experienced significant changes in max Int and area of VRP only. Both groups did not exert significant changes to min Int, which indirectly measures phonation threshold pressure (PTP), signifying no improvement for the vocal economy. Participants from the TVW group benefitted the most from vocal warm-ups due to notable improvement in vocal quality, technical singing skills (i.e., skill acquisition), and vocal efficiency. Meanwhile, the SP group only benefitted in terms of enhanced vocal efficiency. Acoustic parameters, aerodynamic, dysphonia severity index, semi-occluded vocal tract exercise, traditional vocal warm-up, vocal quality, voice range profile
... 12,13 In tonal variation exercises with musical scales, vocalizes, or glissandos, the person must find a comfortable frequency to emit their voice and then vary the tone one or more notes up or down the scale. Higher frequencies stretch the vocal folds, 14,15 while lower frequencies work the opposite way. Hence, the hypothesis is that these exercises can promote improve vocal flexibility and help increase the range of low-and high-pitched notes. ...
... However, the voices was DISCUSSION Many singers practice VTTT, which is broadly used in voice clinics because of its benefits to laryngeal configuration and voice quality. 8,9,14,16,33 When performed in scales, it develops phonatory range and favors occupational voice users, especially singers. 2,12,13 Based on the results of a previous study that assessed the effects of VTTT associated with frequency variation on VRP, 13 the present study increased the number of subjects per voice type. ...
The objective of this study was to verify the immediate effect of the voiced tongue trill technique in ascending and descending glissandos on the voice range profile of choir members. A total of 25 sopranos, mezzo-sopranos, contraltos, tenors, and baritones participated in the study. They were choir members, aged 20 to 45 years, with no voice symptoms, and able to perform the voiced tongue trill technique. Their voice range profile was analyzed before and after performing the ascending and descending technique for 2 and 5 minutes. The maximum fundamental frequency values in the study groups increased after performing the ascending and descending technique for 2 minutes (P = 0.001) and 5 minutes (P = 0.003). The range in Hz increased after 2 minutes (P = 0.010) and 5 minutes (P = 0.050) of the ascending technique and after 2 minutes (P = 0.001) of the descending technique, and the minimum fundamental frequency mean value suffered interference from the type of technique (ascending/descending). The immediate effects of VTTT in glissandos on the VRP of choir members' considering the two factors: condition and time, in ascending and descending glissandos for 2 and 5 minutes increased the maximum frequency and the range in Hz of choristers. Regarding volume levels results, no difference was found in intensity after applying the technique.
... Äänen lämmittelyä (engl. warm up) pidetään laajalti suositeltavana toimenpiteenä ennen vaativaa äänellistä suoritusta (Titze, 2001). Sen avulla pyritään helpottamaan äänentuottoa (Elliot, Sundberg & Gramming, 1995;Laukkanen ym., 2004;Titze, 2001;Van Lierde ym., 2011;Vintturi ym., 2001) ja parantamaan äänen akustisia ja aerodynaamisia ominaisuuksia (Amir, Amir & Michaeli, 2005;Laukkanen, Horaček & Havlík, 2012;Van Lierde ym., 2011;Motel, Fisher & Leydon, 2003;Vintturi ym., 2001). ...
... warm up) pidetään laajalti suositeltavana toimenpiteenä ennen vaativaa äänellistä suoritusta (Titze, 2001). Sen avulla pyritään helpottamaan äänentuottoa (Elliot, Sundberg & Gramming, 1995;Laukkanen ym., 2004;Titze, 2001;Van Lierde ym., 2011;Vintturi ym., 2001) ja parantamaan äänen akustisia ja aerodynaamisia ominaisuuksia (Amir, Amir & Michaeli, 2005;Laukkanen, Horaček & Havlík, 2012;Van Lierde ym., 2011;Motel, Fisher & Leydon, 2003;Vintturi ym., 2001). Lämmittelystä saadut hyödyt näyttäisivät olevan suurelta osin yksilöllisiä (Dargin & Searl, 2015;Milbrath & Solomon, 2003). ...
Tutkimuksessa tarkasteltiin, miten AVQI (akustinen äänenlaatuindeksi) reagoi äänen kuormittumiseen ja kuormittumisesta palautumiseen. Lisäksi selvitettiin, eroavatko palautumisen myötä äänentuottoon tulleet muutokset kahden aktiivisen palautumisharjoitteen (vesivastusterapia ja nasaaliharjoitus) ja passiivisen levon välillä. Kolmekymmentä tutkimushenkilöä suoritti äänen kuormitustehtävän (15 min.), jonka jälkeen heidät jaettiin palautumisessa käytettyjen menetelmien mukaan kolmeen ryhmään. Palautumisharjoitteen jälkeen (10 min.) kaikki ryhmät kävivät läpi passiivisen lepovaiheen (10 min.). Ennen jokaista tutkimusvaihetta ja niiden jälkeen koehenkilöiltä tallennettiin luenta- ja vokaali näytteet, joista analysoitiin AVQI, sen osaparametrit (CPPS, HNR, shimmer, slope ja tilt) sekä äänenpainetaso (SPL). Äänen kuormitus lisäsi merkitsevästi shimmeriä ja nosti SPL:ää. Tiltmuutos korreloi negatiivisesti kuormitustuntemusten kanssa. Kuormitusta seuranneiden palautumisvaiheiden aikana shimmer pieneni ja tilt sekä HNR kasvoivat koko tutkimusryhmällä. SPL-muutoksella oli yhteys käytettyyn palautumismenetelmään: SPL-arvot kasvoivat vesivastusryhmällä ja pienenivät nasaali- ja leporyhmällä. Vesivastusryhmällä havaittu SPL:n kasvu saattaa johtua subglottaalisen ilmanpaineen kasvusta tai äännön kynnyspaineen alenemisesta. Vesivastusterapiassa veden kuplimisen aiheuttama hierova vaikutus saattaa lisätä verenkiertoa kuormittuneessa äänihuulikudoksessa ja nopeuttaa palautumista.
... I n order to improve vocal performance through increased reach and flexibility, most singers perform voice warm-up exercises (Hoch & Sandage, 2018;Portillo et al., 2018;Titze, 2001). Although some exercises promote greater control of the phonatory system, many singers and vocal trainers use informally acquired experiencebased knowledge, despite the lack of evidence regarding the physiological effects of such exercises (Gill & Herbst, 2016;Gish et al., 2012;Loiola & Silva, 2010;Portillo et al., 2018). ...
Purpose
This study aimed to analyze the immediate effect on a singer's voice of a flexible silicone tube immersed in water combined with ascending and descending vocalise scales compared with ascending and descending vocalise scales alone.
Method
A pre- and post-intervention quasi-experimental study was conducted. Thirty adult singers between 18 and 45 years old with no laryngeal disorders performed the two techniques for 3 min each on different days. Acoustic measurements of frequency, jitter, shimmer, glottal-to-noise excitation ratio, noise, smoothed cepstral peak prominence (CPPS), maximum phonation time (MPT), voice range profile, and self-perceived vocal effort (Borg Category Ratio 10-BR Scale adapted for vocal effort) were assessed before and after performing the techniques.
Results
The results indicated an increase in singers' CPPS and MPT values and a decrease in shimmer and noise when performing with a flexible silicone tube immersed in water combined with vocalise. The singers reported a perception of decreased vocal effort after both methods. However, the diminished perceived vocal effort became more pronounced with the tube phonation technique combined with vocalise.
Conclusions
Phonation in tubes combined with vocalise improved the vocal acoustic parameters (including cepstral measurements), increased MPT, and diminished perceived vocal effort. Although using vocalise alone diminished perceived vocal effort, this decrease was more pronounced in the tube phonation technique combined with vocalise.
... Notni zapis 22. Prirejeno po Titze 1996Titze , 20012002: str. 330;Williams, 2013: str. ...
... Given the benefits of voice training with resonance tubes 20−23,26 and vocalizing in glissando, 19,28 this study proposed to determine the immediate effect of these techniques, associated with the VRP of choristers, with a view to contributing to the vocal improvement of this population. ...
Objective:
The aim of this study was to determine the immediate effect of the resonance tube technique associated with ascending and descending glissando on the vocal range profile (VRP) of amateur choristers.
Method:
The sample consisted of 40 choristers aged between 18 and 57 years (average of 26.28 ± 7.51 years) with the following voice types: soprano, contralto, tenor and bass, with no vocal symptoms. Recordings of the VRP of the choristers were made before and after performing the resonance tube technique executed in ascending and descending glissando for 3 minutes in each modality. The recordings were made in the VRP of specific software.
Results:
The VRP of the choristers increased after application of the ascending and descending technique. Stratifying by voice types showed an increase in contralto, tenor and bass after the ascending glissando technique and in tenor and bass after the descending technique.
Conclusion:
The resonance tube technique associated with ascending and descending glissando increased the VRP in contralto, tenor and bass voice types, as well as the maximum frequency and range in hertz and semitones, in all the voice types of the choristers under study, justifying its application in the vocal warm-up of this population.
In addition to the artistic aspect of professional voice performance, the sportive aspect is also important. The voices of professional voice actors, who are considered just like an athlete, should be strong, flexible and durable against long-term use. Also called vocal athletes, voice performers need processes such as muscle and skill development, voice warm up and cool down as in the applications expressed as periodization in sports medicine. Vocal training should aim to prepare the student for the stage not only with its artistic aspect but also with its sportive aspect. In the vocal training process, it is important to raise the awareness of the students from the very beginning of the education and to make the sportive discipline a behavior in the name of sustainable professional vocal use. It is unacceptable for a professional athlete to do some warm-up and cool-down movements with random movements or ignorance. The same is true for seeking vocal exercises for the singer. Exercise programs structured on a physiological basis both give predictable results, and the singer knows what to do and can ensure the performance. The most important components of the conscious training program that creates vocal periodization are vocal warming-up and cooling-down. Contrary to vocal warm-up exercises, studies on vocal cool-down are not sufficient both in the literature and in vocal training. It is an important necessity to apply vocal cool-down exercises in the same routine for the tissue recovery and to return to the speaking tone after the performance and to achieve tissue recovery under appropriate conditions. Vocal cool-down exercises are basically based on stretching and slowing down. In addition to metabolic effects such as blood flow changes, decreasing the muscle tonus, and removal of metabolites from the tissue; physiological effects such as providing a comfortable low larynx position and relaxation are targeted. Vocal cool-down techniques include semi-occluded vocal tract exercises, descending arpeggios, formant maneuvers, yawn&sigh, and chewing approach. In this study, the literature on vocal cool-down exercises has been reviewed, and ideal cool-down conditions and exercises have been presented in parallel with sports physiology. Keywords: Voice Training, Vocal Warm-up Exercises, Vocal Cool-down Exercises, Voice Health, Vocal Performance
Objective
The present study aimed to investigate the Immediate Effects of Semi-occluded Vocal Tract Exercises (SOVTEs) as a vocal warm-up on the Electrical Activity of Extrinsic Laryngeal Muscles and acoustic parameters of voice in singers.
Study Design
This study used a pre-/post-interventional (quasi-experimental) design and a simple non-random sampling method.
Setting
Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation Research Center.
Method
Surface electromyography of the suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscle areas and acoustic measurements were assessed before and immediately after performing three SOVTEs: lip-trill, humming, and straw phonation for 20 minutes as a vocal warm-up in eleven healthy male singers with an average age of 26.5 ± 4.2.
Results
After performing the vocal warm-up, root mean square in channels two and three (left and right infrahyoid muscle areas) in all vocal tasks, including /i/, /u/, and counting from 20 to 30 was significantly decreased (P < 0.05). The acoustic parameters, F1, and F1-F0 difference were significantly decreased (P < 0.05).
Conclusion
The results suggest that after performing SOVTEs as a vocal warm-up, the electrical activity of the extrinsic laryngeal muscles is reduced. The acoustic analysis also demonstrated a decrease in F0, F1, and F1-F0 variables. Therefore, it seems that the results of acoustic and electromyographic assessments are in line and it is likely that SOVTEs through the vocal economy lead to a reduction in the load applied to the phonatory system.
Objective
To verify the immediate effect of the Finger Kazoo technique associated with glissandos in the voice of individuals with Parkinson's disease.
Method
Thirty subjects with Parkinson's Disease comprised of 15 men and 15 women with a mean age of 63.8 years (± 6.88) and mean time of diagnosis of 97.33 (± 63.53) months, all with preserved cognition. The subjects' voice range profile (VRP), speech range profile (SRP), and the maximum phonation time were assessed, before and after applying the Finger Kazoo technique associated with ascending and descending glissando. After the technique, a vocal satisfaction questionnaire was completed.
Results
After the applied technique there was an increase in the minimum and maximum fundamental frequency recorded respectively in the SRP and in the VRP; there was an increase in the vocal range (measured in Hertz and semitones) of the women, recorded in the VRP; in the male population, there was an increase in maximum phonation time. A higher percentage of positive references to vocal improvement was observed after the exercise.
Conclusion
In patients with Parkinson's Disease, the Finger Kazoo with glissando technique promoted an increase in the minimum fundamental frequency of the SRP and in the vocal extensions of women, as well as increasing the maximum phonatory time of men. In addition, patients reported satisfaction with the use of the technique and its results.
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