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Official Methods of Analysis of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists
... Plant Analysis NO 3 − (mg/100 g) was determined in distilled water extracts of lettuce leaves tissue (48 BBCH Scale) according to Cataldo et al. [51]. The plant material was dried in an electric oven at 70 • C for 24 h according to Helrich [52] and then finely ground for chemical determination of the elements. The wet digestion of 0.2 g of plant material with sulfuric and perchloric acids was carried out on samples by adding concentrated sulfuric acid (5 mL). ...
... The wet digestion of 0.2 g of plant material with sulfuric and perchloric acids was carried out on samples by adding concentrated sulfuric acid (5 mL). The mixture was heated for 10 min, followed by the addition of 0.5 mL perchloric acid, with heating continued until a clear solution was obtained [52,53]. Total N content was determined using the modified micro-Kjeldahl method, as described by Helrich [52]. ...
... The mixture was heated for 10 min, followed by the addition of 0.5 mL perchloric acid, with heating continued until a clear solution was obtained [52,53]. Total N content was determined using the modified micro-Kjeldahl method, as described by Helrich [52]. Total P was determined colorimetrically by using the chloro-stannous molybdophosphoric blue color method in sulfuric acid according to Jackson [53]. ...
The extensive use of chemical fertilizers is responsible for numerous environmental problems including low food quality, soil degradation, and toxicity to beneficial living organisms in the soil. Nano-fertilizers (NFs) application may be a promising solution for combat these challenges. The current study focused on the efficiency of applying small amounts of NFs incorporated with conventional nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK) fertilizers to reduce the quantities of conventional fertilizers (CFs) in lettuce cultivated in sandy soil. This study evaluated the effect of these incorporations on plant growth, yield, phytochemical accumulation, leaf nutrient, and leaf nitrate. A pot experiment was conducted during the winter seasons of 2020/2021 and 2021/2022 using the following treatments: CF100: 100% CFs, CF75NF25: 75% CFs + 25% NFs, CF50NF50: 50% CFs + 50% NFs, CF25NF75: 25% CFs + 75% NFs, and NF100: 100% NFs (=10% of CFs). Our findings displayed that the CF75NF25 and CF50NF50 treatments recorded the highest plant growth parameter values (plant length, root length, number of leaves, and fresh and dry biomass). The maximum of chlorophyll fluorescence measurements (photosystem II efficiency) were obtained in plants fertilized with CF75NF25, followed by CF50NF50 and CF100. The improvement ratios of photosynthetic pigments (Chlorophyll (Chl) a, b, and total) for CF75NF25 were 23.77, 50, and 23.72% in the first season and 10.10, 51.0, and 24.90% in the second season for Chl a, b, and total, respectively, as compared with the CF100 treatment. A similar tendency was observed for the CF50NF50 treatment. Generally, CF75NF25 significantly raised the content of total phenolic compounds (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant activity (AOA) in lettuce plants by 36.09, 47.82, and 40.16% in the first season and by 30.39, 37.53, and 32.43% in the second season, respectively, compared with CF100. In addition, the levels of leaf nutrient content and uptake of N, P, and K were significantly higher in plants fertilized with CF75NF25 compared to the other treatments, whereas CF25NF75 had the lowest values among the different treatments across both seasons for most of the tested traits. The nitrate content in lettuce leaves (NO3-) for both seasons was lower than the acceptable level for human consumption. These results indicate that incorporating a low concentration of NFs into CFs could be a promising strategy to reduce the amount of CFs to 75% or 50% of lettuce NPK requirements without significant adverse effects on the growth and productivity of lettuce plants cultivated in sandy soil.
... Dilakukan setelah proses pengeringan dan penimbangan berat per tegakan lamun di laboratorium dengan cara memasukkan ke dalam oven pada temperatur tetap 60°C selama 4-5 jam. Pengukuran karbon pada sampel jaringan lamun (daun, rhizome dan akar) dianalisis dengan menggunakan metode LOI (Loss on Ignition) (Helrich, 1990). Dalam analisis data menghitung kerapatan, persen tutupan cover dan indeks ekologi lamun. ...
... Penghitungan nilai biomassa ditunjukkan oleh persamaan menurut Duarte (1990). Perhitungan nilai kadar abu dihitung dengan persamaan oleh Helrich (1990). Perhitungan nilai bahan organik dihitung dengan persamaan oleh Helrich (1990). ...
... Perhitungan nilai kadar abu dihitung dengan persamaan oleh Helrich (1990). Perhitungan nilai bahan organik dihitung dengan persamaan oleh Helrich (1990). Nilai kandungan karbon jaringan lamun dihitung dengan persamaan Helrich (1990). ...
ABSTRAK: Perubahan iklim disebabkan oleh berbagai aktifitas kegiatan manusia yang menghasilkan gas karbon diokasida ke atmosfer bumi yang akan berdampak pada pemanasan global. Ekosistem padang lamun memiliki kemampuan untuk menyerap dan menyimpan karbon dalam jumlah besar dari atmosfer yang dapat mengurangi emisi karbon. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui kerapatan, tutupan lamun, biomassa dan simpanan karbon pada lamun Enhalus acoroides di Pantai Gelaman dan Pantai Alang-Alang. Penelitian menggunakan metode survei dan penentuan lokasi dipilih dengan menggunakan metode line transect quadrant yang mengacu pada metode LIPI. Sampling dilakukan pada titik 50 m setiap substasiun dengan metode pencuplikan. Pengukuran karbon pada sampel lamun menggunakan metode LOI.Kerapatan lamun di Stasiun 1 sebesar 1235 ind/m2 dan nilai tutupan lamun sebesar 68,76%. Kerapatan Stasiun 2 sebesar 1135 ind/m2 dan tutupan lamun sebesar 51,78%. Nilai rata-rata estimasi simpanan karbon lamun Enhalus acoroides di Stasiun 1sebesar 119.27 gC/m2 dan di Stasiun 2 sebesar 91.57 gC/m2. ABSTRACT: Climate change is caused by various human activities that produce carbon dioxide gas into the earth atmosphere which will have an impact on global warming. Seagrass ecosystem is able to absorb and store large number of carbon from the atmosphere that can reduce carbon emissions. This research were to determine the density, seagrass cover, biomass and carbon storage in seagrasses at Gelaman Beach (Station 1) and Alang-Alang Beach (Station 2). Survey and sampling. Were conducted using quadrant transect referring to LIPI method. Observation of the density value, the percentage of seagrass coverage was conducted in all points, while the sampling was conducted at the point 50 m on each substation by sampling method. Carbon measurement in seagrass sample used LOI method. Total seagrass density in Station 1 was 1235 ind/m2 and the total value of seagrass percentage cover was 68,76%. Total seagrass density in Station 2 was 1135 ind/m2 and total value of seagrass percentage cover was 51,78%. Average value for carbon savings estimated seagrass Enhalus acoroides in Station 1 was 119.27 gC/m2 and Station 2 was 91.57 gC/m2.
... A transmission electronic microscope (TEM) was used for analysis and imaging was conducted at the Research Park, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University (FA-CURP), Egypt. The total N content was analyzed using the Kjeldahl digestion method [44]. ZEs nano-loaded with N was applied with dripping irrigation at a rate of 1.3 L fed −1 through the irrigation network 15 days before planting and 20, 35, 55, and 75 days after planting. ...
... A transmission electronic mi croscope (TEM) was used for analysis and imaging was conducted at the Research Park Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University (FA-CURP), Egypt. The total N content was an alyzed using the Kjeldahl digestion method [44]. ZEs nano-loaded with N was applied with dripping irrigation at a rate of 1.3 L fed -1 through the irrigation network 15 days be fore planting and 20, 35, 55, and 75 days after planting. ...
... The sample plant herbs were ground for chemical element determination after they were dehydrated in an electric oven at 70 • C for 24 h. Then, 0.2 g of plant material was digested by adding concentrated sulfuric acid (5 mL) and heating for 10 min until reaching 100 • C and then adding 0.5 mL perchloric with continuous heating to 350 • C until a clear solution was obtained [40,44]. The dried leaves were analyzed using the modified micro-Kjeldahl method to obtain the total nitrogen (N) content [44]. ...
Plant production, soil quality, and a sustainable environment depend on climate change. Drought is a multidimensional stressor that seriously affects plant production. The most sensitive plant to climate change is the invasive goldenrod (Solidago canadensis L.), which has potentially high-value materials that can be used to develop a novel approach to controlling its spread. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of different applications (NPK-chemical fertilizers (T1) as control, nano-silicon (T2), nano-NPK (T3), nano-zeolite-loaded nitrogen (T4), and mixed nano-silicon with nano-zeolite-loaded nitrogen (T5)) on plant growth, flowering, chemical composition, yield, essential oil (EO) productivity, and tolerance of water deficit under newreclaimed soil. The results show that T5 application enhanced morphological traits and photosynthetic parameters (photosynthetic rate, CO2 concentration, and water use efficiency while reducing transpiration rate) in goldenrod plants. Moreover, it promoted the plant nutrients uptake compared to the control. The highest total carbohydrate, flavonoid, and phenol contents, as well as a significant amount of the phytohormone indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), were obtained from the T5 application. Conversely, abscisic acid (ABA) and antioxidant enzymes of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) appeared with the highest amounts in control plants (T1).Th interaction effect of T5 and drought stress is indicated by increased EO productivity and therapeutic properties.Previous results provide a way to elevate drought stress resistance for the safety production of S. canadensis and improve their qualitative and quantitative trials as economical solutions to achieve an environmental approach to control their spread.
... Menurut Helrich (1990), penghitungan nilai untuk kandungan karbon lamun perbagian (daun, Rhizoma dan akar) dianalisis menggunakan metode pengabuan yaitu oven sampel terlebih dahulu kedalam dry oven selama 2 jam lalu dimasukannya sampel ke dalam tanur listrik selama kurang lebih 3 hingga 6 jam pada suhu 500°C. Metode pengabuan memiliki tujuan oksidasi dari semua zat organik pada suhu tinggi, kemudian dilakukan penimbangan zat yang tertinggal setelah proses pembakaran. ...
... dimana a ialah berat cawan; b ialah berat cawan ditambah berat sampel; c ialah berat cawan ditambah berat abu. Guna menghitung bahan organik menggunakan metode pengabuan bisa ditentukan dengan menghitung pengurangan berat saat pengabuan sebagai berikut (Helrich, 1990): setelah memeroleh hasil kadar bahan organik, kemudian menghtung kandungan karbon jaringan lamun menggunakan persamaan berikut (Helrich, 1990): ...
... dimana a ialah berat cawan; b ialah berat cawan ditambah berat sampel; c ialah berat cawan ditambah berat abu. Guna menghitung bahan organik menggunakan metode pengabuan bisa ditentukan dengan menghitung pengurangan berat saat pengabuan sebagai berikut (Helrich, 1990): setelah memeroleh hasil kadar bahan organik, kemudian menghtung kandungan karbon jaringan lamun menggunakan persamaan berikut (Helrich, 1990): ...
Aktivitas manusia adalah penyumbang gas karbon dioksida (CO2) terbanyak ke udara. Ekosistem pesisir yang memiliki kemampuan menyerap dan meyimpan karbon dalam kurun waktu yang relatif lama adalah padang lamun. Padang lamun mampu menyerap karbon dengan rata-rata 0,21 ton/ha. Penelitian mengenai Simpanan Karbon pada Padang Lamun di Perairan Tanjung Benoa, Bali telah dilakukan pada bulan februari 2019. Penentuan titik pengambilan sampel dilakukan dengan metode purposive sampling. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode pengabuan kering yang dilakukan dengan penghancuran komponen sampel pada suhu 500?C di dalam tanur listrik. Jenis lamun yang didapat di perairan Tanjung Benoa yaitu Cymodocea Serrulata, Cymodocea Rotundata, Thalassia hemprichii, Syringodium isoetifolium, Halodule pinifolia, Halophila ovalis dan Halodule uninevis. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan kerapatan lamun perairan Tanjung Benoa, Bali termasuk dalam kategori jarang hingga rapat dengan nilai kerapatan berkisar antara 195 – 1.252 tegakan/m2. Kandungan karbon lamun pada bagian bawah substrat (akar dan rhizoma) sebesar 86,421 gram berat kering (gbk/m2), sedangkan bagian atas substrat (daun) 33,774 gram berat kering (gbk/m2). Kandungan karbon pada bagian bawah substrat lebih tinggi daripada bagian atas substrat karena pada bagian bawah substrat tidak terlalu mendapatkan pengaruh faktor fisik lingkungan. dimana kandungan karbon tertinggi yaitu jenis lamun Thalassia hemprichii dengan nilai 625,36 gC/m², sedangkan kandungan karbon terendah yaitu Halophila ovalis dengan nilai sebesar 89,91 gC/m².
... In our experiments, we have used a particular brand of commercial skim milk. Its composition was initially determined using Kjeldahl's method for protein content [34], while the fat content was quantified by both the Gerber method and the Goldfish method [34]. ...
... In our experiments, we have used a particular brand of commercial skim milk. Its composition was initially determined using Kjeldahl's method for protein content [34], while the fat content was quantified by both the Gerber method and the Goldfish method [34]. ...
... This result is comparable to or better than previously reported rapid detection techniques for protein quantification based on Raman [7,39], IR [8,40,41], and UV-Vis [41] spectroscopies, which also can quantify the content of protein in a milk in a few minutes [5]. Naturally, the sensitivities of these rapid detection techniques are smaller than what is achieved by the standard Kjeldahl method for protein content [34]. Nevertheless, the analysis time of the latter is on the order of a few hours. ...
The luminescence of skim milk samples with distinct protein content doped with rhodamine B was investigated. The samples were excited by a nanosecond laser tuned at 532 nm, and the emission was characterized as a random laser. Its features were analyzed as a function of the protein aggregate content. The results showed a linear correlation between the random laser peak intensity and the protein content. This paper proposes a rapid detection photonic method to evaluate the protein content in skim milk based on the intensity of the random laser emission.
... then 0.5 ml perchloric acid was added and heating continued till a clear solution was obtained. The digested solution was quantitatively transferred to a 100 ml volumetric flask using deionized water as reported by Helrich (1990). Nitrogen: The total nitrogen content of the dried material was determined by using the modifiedmicro-Kjeldahl method as described by Helrich (1990). ...
... The digested solution was quantitatively transferred to a 100 ml volumetric flask using deionized water as reported by Helrich (1990). Nitrogen: The total nitrogen content of the dried material was determined by using the modifiedmicro-Kjeldahl method as described by Helrich (1990). ...
... Vitamin -C content as ascorbic acid (mg) was estimated in fruit fresh weight, according to Helrich (1990). Ascorbate is converted to dehydroascorbate by treatment with activated charcoal or bromine. ...
... 3.Total and reducing sugars (%) of fruits were determined according to Lane and Eynon method outlined in [26]. 4.Total titratable acidity%): Total titratable acidity was determined according to the method outlined in [26]. ...
... 3.Total and reducing sugars (%) of fruits were determined according to Lane and Eynon method outlined in [26]. 4.Total titratable acidity%): Total titratable acidity was determined according to the method outlined in [26]. ...
Storage experiment was conducted to study the effect of some pre and postharvest natural control treatments which include ultraviolet light (UV) at the concentration of 1KGY for periods of (0, 5, 10) minutes, 1-MCP at the concentration of (0,0.5,1) ppm for 24 hour at 0°c, ozone (O3) at the concentration of 5 ppm for the periods of (0, 0.5, 1) hour, soaking in chitosan at the concentratons of (0,1,2) % and control treatment in addition to field-treated chitosan at the concentrations of 0%, 1%, and 2% by the aim of improving storage behavior of date palm fruits cvs. Berhi and Breim and determination the protein pattern of fruits after six months of storage at −10± 2°C. Results of the protein pattern showed that protein bundles on polyacrylamide gel differed by their molecular weights, the number of protein bundles, and Breim cultivar fruits treated with chitosan recorded the highest number of bundles of seven bundles and the highest molecular weight of (173.857) kDa for the first bundle.
... Moisture Analysis. Te moisture content of cladodes of the four ages (expressed in g/100 g of fresh matter (FM)) was determined by drying a sample of 5 g of cladodes mash in an oven (Function Line, Germany) at atmospheric pressure and a temperature of 103 ± 2°C for 48 hours [14]. Tree replicates were performed. ...
... Te samples were boiled for 30 min while being stirred. After fltration, the fltrate was titrated by adding NaOH (0.1 N) solution to pH = 8.1 [14]. Results are 2 Journal of Food Quality expressed in g citric acid/100 g FM. ...
Opuntia stricta (Haw.) Haw. is well adapted to arid and semiarid regions and has great potential for industrialisation. One- to four-year-old cladodes of this species harvested in Drâa-Tafilalet region in the southeast of Morocco, were characterised by examining physical and physicochemical parameters. Their bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity were also investigated. The cladode age had a significant impact on all the studied characteristics except some morphological parameters. Cladodes of different ages have a nutritional value comparable to a wide range of vegetables, particularly in terms of calcium, potassium, betalain, total polyphenol, and vitamin C contents. They are very rich in calcium (37.8–42.5 g/kg of dry matter (DM)) and have high betalain content. The content of phenolic compounds (133.9–165.0 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/100 g DM) is especially noteworthy. These cladodes also contain very high amounts of vitamin C, especially the one-year-old cladodes (8.1–18.5 mg GAE/100 g DM). The recorded flavonoid contents vary from 3.8 to 7.6 mg of quercetin equivalent per 100 mL of cladodes mash. Condensed tannin contents range from 10.9 to 21.8 µg/100 mL of cladodes mash. Chlorophyll and carotenoid contents also vary from 5.55 to 23.76 and from 1.9 to 6.0 mg/100 g DM, respectively. One- and two-year-old cladodes are rich in total soluble solids (TSS) and ash with high total titratable acidity (TTA), compared to three- and four-year-old cladodes. Four-year-old cladodes have the highest TSS/TTA ratio, while two-year-old cladodes are the wealthiest in betalains with a dominance of indicaxanthins (yellow pigments). The oldest cladodes have the lowest inhibitory concentration (IC50) for antioxidant activity. Three-year-old cladodes have some traits significantly different, which may have resulted from physiological changes related to their great buds emission at this age. This study highlights the nutritional and functional potential of Opuntia stricta cladodes and the importance of their valorisation, particularly in agri-food and pharmaceutical industries.
... The moisture content, total solids, fat, ash, and protein contents were determined according to the Association of O_cial Analytical Chemists (AOAC) [31] method. The acidity was measured based on lactic acid by titration method against sodium hydroxide 0.1 N using phenolphthalein solution as reagent [32]. ...
... The acidity was measured based on lactic acid by titration method against sodium hydroxide 0.1 N using phenolphthalein solution as reagent [32]. The pH meter (Shanghai Electronics Science Instrument Co Ltd., Shanghai, China) was calibrated with pH: 7 and pH: 4buffer solutions, then the sample pH values were read [31]. ...
Dairy drinks with probiotic have a lot of nutritional value that most of them are necessary for body health. The present study aimed to produce the probiotic beverages based on whey and yogurt which were incorporated with microencapsulated probiotic strains (Lactobacillus acidophilus La-5 and Bifidobacterium animals BB-12), and peppermint nanoliposomes. The nanoliposome properties (particle size) were measured on a dynamic laser light scattering instrument. The prepared drink contained 60% whey, 30% yogurt, 8% microencapsulated L. acidophilus La-5 and B. animals BB-12, and 1–2% peppermint nanoliposomes. Additionally, it was tested for pH, acidity, syneresis, viscosity, sensory characteristics, and bacterial viability in cold temperature, gastric, and intestinal conditions during storage for 1, 7, 14, 21, and 60 days. The particle size of nanoliposome was about 194 nm. Further, the least pH and highest acidity were observed in the sample incorporated with L. acidophilus 5-La + 2% peppermint nanoliposomes on the 60th day. The use of B. animals BB-12 + peppermint nanoliposomes (1 and 2%) led to the minimum synersis on the days 1, 7, and 14 compared to L. acidophilus 5-La. In terms of viscosity, no significant difference was found between the samples during 1–14 days. However, the parameter decreased by increasing storage time up to 60 days, the least value of which was related to the samples containing L. acidophilus 5-La. The viable bacterial at cold storage, gastric, and intestinal conditions indicated that the amount of probiotic bacteria was about standard level until the 21st day. Furthermore, the highest survival was detected in the sample encompassing B animals BB-12 + 2% peppermint nanoliposomes. Based on the sensory properties of texture, taste, and overall acceptance, the beverages incorporated with B. animals BB-12 + 2% nanoliposomes and L. acidophilus 5-La + 2% nanoliposomes had the maximum score among consumers in long-term and short-term storage, respectively.
... The ash and moisture content were analyzed by the procedure as recommended by the [24]. The samples of each genotype were incinerated at 600 • C for 6 h for ash content. ...
... The extraction of seed oil was carried out according to the method given by Ref. [24]. The oil extraction was done with the Soxhlet extraction unit. ...
Pumpkin seeds are one of the functional foods with most potential having myriad of uses, and functioning as both edible seeds and oilseeds. Nevertheless, their utilization is restricted to the presence of a thick seed coat (hull) which subjects them to the process of decortication, increasing the farmers’ expense as well as limiting their utilization as oilseeds. Therefore, in the present study, characterization of the biochemical composition of the hulled (Punjab Chappan Kadoo-1 abbreviated as PCK-1) and hull-less (PAU Magaz Kadoo-1 abbreviated as PMK-1) genotype of pumpkin seeds was undertaken to assess the nutritional differences and their efficient application; PMK-1 is a new cultivar of pumpkin released by Punjab Agricultural University in 2018. Based on the characterization, the hulled genotype of pumpkin seeds was observed to possess higher content of total soluble proteins (79.62 mg/100 g), total free amino acids (3.48 g/100 g), moisture (6.74%), fibre content (21.1 g/100 g), antioxidant potential (26.15%), polyamines (19.2 mg/100 g), sterols (387.1 mg/100 g), and specific enzymatic activity whereas the hull-less genotype was observed to possess a higher amount of minerals (4.57 g/100 g), tocopherols (15.76 mg/100 g), and oil content (36%) respectively; most of the biochemical parameters do not differ from each other at a greater fold difference except for total free amino acids and fibre, which are nearly four times and three times higher in hulled seeds in comparison to the naked seeds respectively. The two genotypes of seeds do not compete, rather do complement each other in biochemical and nutritional composition.
... At physiological maturity, plant height, number of capsules per plant, 1000-seed weight (g), and seed yield (kg ha −1 ) were recorded. The oil content (%) was determined by applying Soxhlet's method [60]. Crop water productivity (kg m −3 ) was calculated as the ratio of seed yield (kg ha −1 ) to crop evapotranspiration (ET) following Fernández et al. [61]. ...
Polyamines (PAs) are plant growth regulators that attenuate the destructive impacts of water deficit on sesame plants, particularly in arid regions under abrupt climate change. Limited information is available on the physiological, biochemical, anatomical, and agronomic responses of sesame to exogenous application of PAs under water deficit under field conditions. Thus, a two-season field trial was carried out to assess the impact of exogenously sprayed spermine (Spm), spermidine (Spd), and putrescine (Put) on physio-biochemical and anatomical parameters and their influences on agronomic performance and crop water productivity of sesame plants. The sesame plants were assessed under three irrigation regimes; full irrigation (100% ETc), mild drought (75% ETc), and severe drought (50% ETc) conditions. Drought stress displayed negative impacts on all evaluated parameters. However, exogenously applied Pas, especially Put, restricted the destructive effects of water deficit. The application of PAs exhibited highly significant enhancement in photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a, b, and carotenoids), gas exchange (net photosynthetic rate,
stomatal conductance, and rate of transpiration), water relations (relative water content, membrane stability index, excised leaf water retention), and plant nutrient content (N, P, and K) compared to untreated plants, particularly under severe drought stress. Moreover, PA application displayed highly significant amelioration in osmoprotectants (free proline, soluble sugars, �-Tocopherol, ascorbate, and glutathione), and antioxidant enzyme activities (catalase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, and glutathione reductase). In addition, foliar nourishing with PAs exhibited a highly significant reduction in oxidative stress markers (malondialdehyde, electrolyte leakage,
superoxide, and hydrogen peroxide). These positive impacts of PA application under drought stress were reflected in highly significant improvement in anatomical characteristics (midrib length and width, vascular bundle length and width, thickness of phloem, xylem and collenchyma, vessel diameter, and number of xylem rows in midvein bundle), and yield-related traits (plant height, leaf area, number of capsules per plant, 1000-seed weight, seed yield, and oil content). Consequently, exogenous application of PAs (in particular, Put) could be exploited to enhance the crop water productivity and yield traits of sesame plants under low water availability in arid regions.
... These diets were dried for 24 h at 35°C and stored at 4°C until further use. The proximate compositions of the diet (i.e., lipid, crude protein, ash, and moisture) were analysed using standard methods (Helrich, 1990). ...
This study evaluated the potential of the aqueous moringa ( Moringa oleifera ) leaf extract (ME) as a prebiotic and its effect on the growth performance of the whiteleg shrimp, Penaeus vannamei Boone, 1931. The growth trial of probiotics in the broth containing ME showed that Lactobacillus acidophilus growth rate was significantly higher ( ) than that of Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus reuteri . Furthermore, L. acidophilus exhibited also better growth ( ) than Vibrio alginolyticus , Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio harveyi in the broth containing ME. The minimum inhibitory concentration of ME (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were the same against V. alginolyticus , V. parahaemolyticus , and V. harveyi at concentrations of 10, 7.5, and 7.5 mg/ml, respectively. By contrast, ME’s MIC and MBC against L. acidophilus were 50 and >100 mg/ml, respectively. The prebiotic scores of L. acidophilus against V. parahaemolyticus and V. harveyi were significantly higher ( ) than that against V. alginolyticus . The MIC, MBC, and prebiotic scores indicated that ME enhanced the growth of L. acidophilus more than that of Vibrio bacteria. Six diets were formulated for the feeding trial; 3 diets contained ME at 0 (ME0), 2.5 (ME2.5) and 5.0 g/kg (ME5.0), respectively, and the same 3 diets were also prepared with L. acidophilus (ME0 + P, ME2.5 + P, and ME5.0 + P, respectively). After the feeding trial, the number of lactic acid bacteria in the gut was higher ( ) in the ME2.5 + P group than in the control and ME2.5 groups, but no differences were found in the vibrio-like bacterial count among the treatments. The ME2.5 + P group had a higher ( ) final weight, weight gain, and specific growth rate than did the ME or L. acidophilus alone and the control groups. Therefore, ME exhibits a prebiotic function and exerts a symbiotic effect with L. acidophilus , thus increasing the growth performance of P. vannamei .
... The samples of seeds were ground for chemical elements determination as follows, nitrogen (N) was determined using the modified micro-Kjeldahl method (Helrich, 1990). Phosphorus (P) was analyzed calorimetrically using the chlorostannous molybdophosphoric acid blue color method in sulphuric acid (Jackson, 1973). ...
... The N concentration of milled straw was determined using the Kjeldahl method, and crude protein (CP) was calculated as N × 6.25. Ash content was measured after treatment of the samples in a muffle furnace at 600 • C for 6 h [26]. Ashfree neutral detergent fiber (ANF) [27], ash-free acid detergent fiber (ADF), and lignin (Van Soest 1973) were determined as previously described. ...
Poor quality straw can be made more digestible and palatable through delignification using white rot fungi as a biological treatment in SSF. The decomposition of organic matter by white rot fungi is improved when a carbon source is added. Reducing the fermentation cycle can also help retain more nutrients in straw feed. To increase rumen digestibility and nutrient utilization, corn straw and rice straw were subjected to SSF with white rot fungi (Phanerochaete chrysosporium) for 21 days. The type of carbon source (glucose, sucrose, molasses, or soluble starch) was optimized, and the nutrient composition and in vitro fermentation parameters of the fermented straw were assessed. In the fermented corn straw and rice straw supplemented with different carbon sources, the results showed a decrease in lignin content, dry matter, cellulose, and hemicellulose loss, and an increase in crude protein content after 21 days. Total volatile fatty acid and ammonium nitrogen concentrations increased significantly (p < 0.01) during in vitro fermentation. Overall, the most enhanced nutritional values for corn straw and rice straw were observed after 14 days of SSF in the groups using molasses or glucose as a carbon source.
... The nutrient composition of the samples was determined. The crude protein (CP) calculated as N × 6.25 and the ash were both determined based on the Official Methods of Analysis of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists [12], while the neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) were determined according to the method of Goering and Van Soest [13]. ...
Pineapple waste silage (PAS) is an abundant agro-industrial by-product characterized by its high fiber content posing a high potential feed value as roughage for ruminants. Studies on its supplementation with proteolytic enzyme (PE) will help extend its utilization as an alternative nutritive feed source for cattle nutrition. Thus, this study aimed to determine the in vitro nutrient degradability and fermentation characteristics of fiber-rich but low-protein PAS supplemented with different levels of PE. Seven treatments were evaluated in this study: PAS without PE and PAS1 to PAS6, which corresponds to incremental levels of PAS supplementation as follows: 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 1%, 2%, and 4%. The nutrient disappearance, nutrient effective degradability, and fermentation characteristics such as total gas production, ammonia-nitrogen, and pH values were evaluated in vitro. PAS without added PE showed a comparably good nutritive value (dry matter: 94.30%, neutral detergent fiber: 63.66%, acid detergent fiber: 34.78%) to that of commonly used corn silage in South Korea. With the supplementation of PE in PAS, the PE increased the effective degradability of different nutrients such as dry matter (DM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), organic matter (OM), and crude protein (CP). The effect of PE supplementation on the degradation of nutrients was consistent with improvements in in vitro rumen fermentation characteristics. Supplementing PAS with PE increased the total gas production and decreased the pH values, which are characteristics of heightened fiber degradation and fermentation. The ammonia-N concentration of the in vitro-incubated PAS was moderated by the addition of PE, which is likely due to the decrease in pH or in vitro acidosis and has shown a synergistic protease activity effect on nutrient degradation. Overall, supplementing PAS with PE increased the effective degradability of DM, NDF, ADF, OM, and CP, with the most dramatic effects observed in PAS3 and PAS6 (0.3% and 4%, respectively).
... -Neizer et. al., 1993;Deshpande, 2002;Helrich, 1990;Islam et. al., 2012;Nielsen, 2010;Polo Puente, 2010;Rahman et. ...
Este libro presenta una colección de artículos de investigación que bajo distintos ámbitos de conocimiento realizan avances de interés en la ciencia y la tecnología. La sociedad del siglo XXI se distingue de la de épocas pretéritas por su capacidad analítica. A diferencia de lo que ocurría en otras épocas, en nuestro mundo contemporáneo tenemos demasiada información y avanzar en el conocimiento significa realizar una investigación original sobre otros antecedentes previos y analizar una gran cantidad de datos para poder extraer conclusiones que signifiquen un desarrollo, un avance entre la situación anterior y la posterior, aunque sea a pequeña escala en un contexto local y en un ámbito científico muy concreto. La suma de miles de esos pequeños avances y la interconexión mundial sostienen a la ciencia y la tecnología del siglo XXI.
Este es el objetivo de este libro, realizar avances en la ciencia y la tecnología para el desarrollo ambiental, cultural y socioeconómico, desde un posicionamiento académico, comprometido con el rigor científico y el desarrollo del ser humano. Para ello se han compendiado veintidós artículos de investigación en dos apartados, ciencia y tecnología. En el primer conjunto nos encontramos con artículos que desde las ciencias ambientales o las ciencias sociales realizan propuestas de mejora de aspectos concretos sobre hidrología, regeneración de suelo agrícola, cuidado ambiental, recursos humanos, ciudades igualitarias o paisajes culturales. En el segundo bloque, se agrupan trabajos de ingeniería química, ingeniería industrial o ingeniería forestal que relatan avances en distintas tecnologías, relacionadas con el biogás de los vertederos de residuos, los usos de nuevos materiales sintéticos, la química de determinados productos y su toxicidad, o las características bioestructurales de la madera de roble.
... A sample of the plant (branch with leaf, flower, and fruit) was sent to the Herbarium "Ático Seabra" of the Federal University of Maranhão (UFMA) for identification. The proximate composition of T. grandiflorum was analyzed in triplicate [24]. The next fraction (carbohydrates) was obtained by calculating the difference from the other fractions analyzed. ...
Endotoxemia is a condition caused by increasing levels of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) characterized by an impaired systemic response that causes multiple organ dysfunction. Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus ATCC 9595 is a strain with probiotic potential which shows immunomodulatory properties. The incorporation of this bacterium in food rich in bioactive compounds, such as cupuaçu juice (Theobroma grandiflorum), could result in a product with interesting health properties. This work evaluated the effects of the oral administration of cupuaçu juice fermented with L. rhamnosus on the outcome of LPS-induced endotoxemia in mice. C57BL/6 mice (12/group) received oral doses (100 µL) of saline solution and unfermented or fermented cupuaçu juice (108 CFU/mL). After 5 days, the endotoxemia was induced by an intraperitoneal injection of LPS (10 mg/kg). The endotoxemia severity was evaluated daily using a score based on grooming behavior, mobility, presence of piloerection, and weeping eyes. After 6 h and 120 h, the mice (6/group) were euthanized for analysis of cell counts (in peritoneal lavage and serum) and organ weight. L. rhamnosus grew in cupuaçu juice and produced organic acids without the need for supplementation. The bacteria counts were stable in the juice during storage at 4 °C for 28 days. The fermentation with L. rhamnosus ATCC 9595 changed the metabolites profile of cupuaçu juice due to the biotransformation and enhancement of some compounds. In general, the administration of L. rhamnosus-fermented juice allowed a significant improvement in several characteristics of endotoxemic status (weight loss, hypothermia, severity index, cell migration). In addition, treatment with fermented juice significantly reduced the weight of the spleen, liver, intestine, and kidneys compared to the saline-treated endotoxemic group. Taken together, our data show that short-term intake therapy of cupuaçu juice fermented with L. rhamnosus ATCC 9595 can reduce systemic inflammation in an experimental model of LPS-induced endotoxemia in mice.
... As análises de umidade, potencial hidrogeniônico (pH) e acidez titulável foram realizadas conforme procedimentos descritos pelo Instituto Adolfo Lutz (IAL, 1985). Os teores de fibra bruta foram determinados segundo a Association of official analytical chemists (HELRICH, 1990). ...
... • The microbial analysis: The total plate count was conducted throughout the storage period to evaluate the microbial content of the products as described in AOAC [15]. One gram of the test sample was taken and diluted in 9ml of distilled water. ...
... Salt levels were analyzed according to Helrich. [26] ...
... • The microbial analysis: The total plate count was conducted throughout the storage period to evaluate the microbial content of the products as described in AOAC [15]. One gram of the test sample was taken and diluted in 9ml of distilled water. ...
... The quantification of total flavonoid contents was assessed by the aluminium chloride method [26,27]. To 0.250 mL of the seed extract, 75 µL of 7% NaNO 2 , 150 µL of 10% AlCl 3 , and 0.5 mL of 1 M NaOH were added. ...
Most Ephedra species are adapted to arid and desert conditions and are widely used in folk medicine to treat several disorders. The design of the current study was to determine the functional properties of seeds of two Ephedra species (E. alata and E. altissima) naturally growing in Tunisian arid zones by evaluating their mineral contents and bioactive compounds. The flame atomic absorption spectrometry revealed that seeds contained remarkable amounts of sodium (Na), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and iron (Fe). The colorimetric investigation revealed high total polyphenol, flavonoid, and condensed tannin contents. Furthermore, by utilizing high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization–mass spectrometry method (HPLC-ESI/MS), a total of 11 phenolics were identified and quantified including 7 flavonoid compounds and 4 phenolic acids that were mostly predominated by gallic acid and quercetrin. Results so far have been very encouraging and proved that Ephedra seeds are a valuable source of natural bioactive compounds and minerals which could potentially be used for industrial and pharmaceutical purposes.
... At 4 °C, serum samples were separated by spinning of blood samples at 3000 rpm for 15 minutes and then refrigerated at − 20 °C to utilize in analysis. The serum had been diluted with deionized water for measuring copper (Cu) and iron (Fe) concentrations using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer (Perkin-Elmer, AA-600, USA) according to Helrich [63]. The liver tissue samples (1 g/sample) were collected by using an overdose of anesthesia and kept at − 80 °C until used. ...
Background: In contrast to free radicals, the first line of protection is assumed to be vitamin E and selenium. The present protocol was designed to assess the roles of vitamin E and/or a selenium-rich diet that affected the blood iron and copper concentrations, liver tissue antioxidant and lipid peroxidation, and gene expression linked to antioxidants in the liver tissue of broilers. The young birds were classified according to the dietary supplement into four groups; control, vitamin E (100 mg Vitamin/kg diet), selenium (0.3 mg sodium selenite/kg diet), and vitamin E pulse selenium (100 mg vitamin/kg diet with 0.3 mg sodium selenite/kg diet) group. Results: The results of this experiment suggested that the addition of vitamin E with selenium in the broiler diet significantly increased (P ≤ 0.05) serum iron when compared with the other groups and serum copper when compared with the vitamin E group. Moreover, the supplements (vitamin E or vitamin E with selenium) positively affected the enzymatic activity of the antioxidant-related enzymes with decreased malondialdehyde (MDA),which represents lipid peroxidation in broiler liver tissue. Moreover, the two supplements significantly upregulated genes expression related to antioxidants. Conclusion: Therefore, vitamin E and/or selenium can not only act as exogenous antioxidants to prevent oxidative damage by scavenging free radicals and superoxide, but also act as gene regulators, regulating the expression of endogenous antioxidant enzymes.
... • The microbial analysis: The total plate count was conducted throughout the storage period to evaluate the microbial content of the products as described in AOAC [15]. One gram of the test sample was taken and diluted in 9ml of distilled water. ...
Objective: To de Development a finger millet Composite Value-added product Enriched with Moringa Olifera leaves using different drying characterization and Nutritional Composition. Material and Methods: Plants and Cereals can be utilized for the development of food products enriched with nutrients for all age groups of people. Considering mentioned point, the major objective of the research study was to develop a Finger millet (Ragi) fortified with a Moringa oleifera leaves-based Nutritional Bar. Result: The moisture content of tray-dried samples is higher as compared to sun-dried samples 5.13-1.5% respectively. The protein content found in the sun-dried sample was 25.76-25.34% respectively. Nutritional bars are nutritious for health with their effects to
... The air-dried fresh pupae powdered samples were used to estimate the contents of moisture, crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber, total carbohydrate, and ash in the silkworm pupae following standard procedures [24,25,26]. The moisture content of the silkworm was determined by drying it in an oven at 105°C, and data were obtained until a constant weight loss was achieved. ...
Considering the increasing demand for edible oil in recent times, their price in the world market is becoming skyrocketing. In this research, we produced cost-effective edible oil from desilked silkworm pupae (Bombyx mori) applying a facile acid fermentation process, for the first time. The extraction was performed using two different types of organic acids, 3% of each acetic and citric acid. The yield of the extracted oil was 3.52 ± 0.23% from fresh silkworm pupae. The produced oil was then characterized physically and chemically to know its suitability to be used as edible oil. The oil was found with a low peroxide and acid value of 4.82 meq/kg and 1.35 mg KOH/g oil, respectively, and comprised of different fatty acids, in which palmitic acid (32.04%) and oleic acid (34.62%) were in large portions among the total fatty acids. Additionally, the extracted oil included linoleic, α-linolenic, and dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid which have health benefits. The oil was rich with minerals such as Iron, Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium, Zinc, and Phosphorus with a negligible concentration of toxic elements such as Manganese, Cobalt, Nickel, Copper, Lead, Cadmium, Chromium, Arsenic, and Silver, indicating a good nutritive value of the extracted oil. Overall, the outcomes of all the characterizations showed that the extracted oil could be used as good edible oil and the corresponding acid fermentation extraction process has the potential to be used as an effective oil extraction method for silkworm pupae.
... Titratable acidity. Titratable acidity, expressed as %Lactic acid, was estimated following the procedure of Helrich 23 . Known quantity of beverage was used and few drops of 1% Phenolphthalein solution as indicator were added. ...
Black carrots are rich in bio-actives but underutilized owing to their short-term availability and perishable nature. Traditionally, black carrots have been used for the preparation of Kanji—a fermented non-dairy beverage prepared using natural fermentation by lactic acid bacteria and a few spices. This plant-based probiotic beverage has high antioxidant properties but there is a risk of contamination with pathogens due to uncontrolled fermentation during storage. To enhance the availability of this nutritious beverage throughout the year and to ensure the microbiological safety of the traditional fermented product, the present study was planned to optimize the process for controlled fermentation using freeze-dried lactic acid bacterial (LAB) culture and refractance window-dried black carrot powder. The physicochemical and microbiological profiles of LAB-fermented Kanji were analysed. The dried Kanji mix can be reconstituted into naturally fermented probiotic beverage with unique flavour and aroma along with ensured microbiological safety and enhanced commercial value.
... Menurut Helrich (1990) ...
Peningkatan CO₂ menjadi penyebab utama perubahan iklim dan pemanasan global. Karbon biru/blue carbon menjadi topik utama pada ekosistem di wilayah pesisir, karena ekosistem ini mampu mengurangi buangan gas CO₂ dengan menyerap dan menstabilkan karbon dalam wujud senyawa organik, salah satunya adalah lamun. Lamun di Pulau Bintan mencakup area yang cukup luas. Penelitian dimulai sejak Maret hingga Mei 2020 di Pulau Bintan, dengan 4 stasiun pengamatan (Pengudang, Tanjung Siambang, Busung dan Malang Rapat) dan bertujuan untuk mengetahui struktur komunitas dan cadangan blue carbon serta parameter kualitas air pada ekosistem lamun. Teridentifikasi beberapa spesies lamun adalah Thalassia hemprichii, Enhalus acroides, Cymodocea rotundata, Syringodium isoetifolium serta Halophila ovali. Perhitungan cadangan karbon lamun adalah dengan menghitung karbon cadangan yang ada pada sedimen dan habitatnya, Dari penelitian diperoleh besaran karbon yang terkandung dalam lamun terbesar di Pengudang 245.03 gC/m² atau 348.26 MgC/ha. Biomassa tertinggi pada Pengudang sebesar 1283.48 gDW/m², sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa lamun yang mempunyai peran dominan sebagai penyerap blue carbon di Pulau Bintan Provinsi Kepulauan Riau adalah di stasiun Pengudang.
... The dried samples were then reweighed as dry weight (Duarte, 1990). Calculating the carbon content of seagrasses was analyzed using the method (LOI), which refers to Helrich (1990). ...
Seagrass is one of the most important ecosystems in coastal areas. Seagrass beds can absorb carbon of 1.15 tons/ha, with a carbon content below the substrate of 0.88 tons/ha (76.3%), higher than the carbon above the substrate, which is only 0.27 tons/ha (23, 7%). Research on carbon absorption in seagrass is still relatively carried out, so it is necessary to research the potential for carbon absorption in seagrass types Enhalus acoroides and Thalassia hemprichii in Morotai waters. The research will be carried out from September to December 2021, starting with seagrass sampling in three sub-districts (South Morotai, East Morotai, and South West Morotai Districts). The types of seagrass used were Enhalus acoroides and Thalassia hemprichii. Biomass sample analysis was carried out at the Basic Laboratory of the Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Pacific Morotai University. Carbon analysis on seagrass was carried out at the Chemical Oceanography Laboratory of the Faculty of Marine and Fisheries Sciences, Hasanudin University Makassar. The seagrass sampling method used the quadratic transect method and sample analysis using the method Loss On Ignition (LOI). The results showed that Thalassia hemprichii has the highest carbon content in the roots, with a value of 38.94 gC/m2 to 49.48 gC/m2. In contrast, Enhalus acoroides has the highest carbon content in the roots with a carbon value of 30.77 gC/m2 to 37.86 gC/m2.
... 48 (1995), 922.06 (1995), and 991. 43 (1990), respectively [42,43]. In addition, the sugar content of the pistachios and PM were calculated by subtracting the percentage of the total protein, fat, ash, and dietary fiber contents from the percentage of dry matter content. ...
Pistachio milk (PM), an extraction product of pistachio, is protein- and fat-dense food. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are known for inducing cytotoxicity and apoptosis in colon carcinoma cells. This study aimed to find an optimal combination of probiotics that can produce a higher amount of SCFAs in PM. In addition, the anti-cancer effect of fermented PM on human colon carcinoma cells (Caco-2) was determined. The combinations of probiotics were as follows: Streptococcus thermophilus + Lactobacillus bulgaricus (C); C + Lactobacillus acidophilus (C-La); C + Lactobacillus gasseri (C-Lg); C + Bifidobacterium bifidum (C-Bb). The results indicated that fermented PM was produced after a short fermentation time in all the probiotics combinations. C-Bb produced up to 1.5-fold more acetate than the other probiotics combinations did. A significant amount of cytotoxicity, i.e., 78, 56, and 29% cell viability was observed in Caco-2 cells by C-Bb-fermented PM at 1, 2.5 and 5%, respectively. C-Bb-fermented PM (5%) induced early and late apoptosis up to 6-fold. Additionally, Caco-2 cells treated with C-Bb-fermented PM significantly induced the downregulation of α-tubulin and the upregulation of cleaved caspase-3, as well as nuclear condensation and fragmentation. Our data suggest that fermented PM, which is rich in acetate, may have the potential as a functional food possessing anti-colon cancer properties.
... The flavonoid content of Astragalus seed extracts was determined according to the aluminium chloride method [24][25]. For this assay, 160 µL of samples were added to 75 µL of NaNO2 (7%) followed by the addition of 150 µL of freshly prepared AlCl3 (10 %) and 500 µL of NaOH (1 M). ...
Fabaceae seeds are reported to be used for varying medicinal and pharmaceutical purposes. However, knowledge of the nutritive value of Astragalus tenuifoliosus seeds is largely based on very limited data and remains unexplored, we report here the protein content, phenolics as well as the antioxidant potential of plant seeds to give adequate information on its suitability as a new source of natural bioactive compounds. The protein content was determined using the Kjeldahl and Bradford assays. The phytochemical contents were evaluated, and the extracts were further subjected to high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization – mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS) analysis. The antioxidant potential was evaluated using the total antioxidant capacity and the free DPPH radical scavenging activity. The results obtained from the protein analysis showed that the total content was 59.43 % of the dry matter basis. The globulins constituted the dominant fraction and followed by albumins, glutelins, and prolamins. The phytochemical investigation showed considerable amounts of polyphenol, flavonoid and condensed tannin amounts. The LC-ESI/MS analysis revealed the presence of 18 phenolics including 8 phenolic acids and 10 flavonoids mostly predominated by quinic acid (255.4 µg g-1 DW), p-coumaric acid (65.39 µg g-1 DW), quercetin (97.21 µg g-1 DW), and cirsiliol (29 µg g-1 DW). The seeds possessed strong antioxidant potential evidenced by their DPPH radical scavenging activities and total antioxidant capacity. The obtained findings contribute to the limited bibliographic information concerning A. tenuifoliosus seeds and represent a starting point to evaluate its potential as a valuable source of proteins, natural antioxidants, and safe bioactive compounds. Resumen. Las semillas de las Fabaceae se utilizan para diversos fines medicinales y farmacéuticos. Sin embargo, el conocimiento del valor nutritivo de las semillas de Astragalus tenuifoliosus se basa en gran medida en datos muy limitados y sigue sin explorarse. Aquí se reporta el contenido de proteínas, fenoles y el potencial antioxidante de las semillas de plantas para brindar información adecuada sobre su idoneidad como nueva fuente de compuestos bioactivos naturales. El contenido de proteína se determinó utilizando los ensayos de Kjeldahl y Bradford. Se evaluaron los contenidos fitoquímicos y los extractos se sometieron a análisis de cromatografía líquida de alto rendimiento, ionización por electropulverización y espectrometría de masas (HPLC-ESI-MS). El potencial antioxidante se evaluó utilizando la capacidad antioxidante total y la actividad de captación de radicales libres DPPH. Los resultados obtenidos del análisis de proteína mostraron que el contenido total fue de 59.43% con base en el peso seco. Las globulinas constituyeron la fracción dominante, seguidas por las albúminas, las glutelinas y las prolaminas. La investigación fitoquímica mostró cantidades considerables de polifenoles, flavonoides y taninos condensados. El análisis medinate LC-ESI/MS reveló la presencia de 18 fenoles, incluidos 7 ácidos fenólicos y 11 flavonoides, predominando en su mayoría el ácido quínico (255.4 µg g-1 DW), el ácido p-cumárico (65.39 µg g-1 DW), la quercetina (97.21 µg g-1 DW), y el cirsiliol (29 µg g-1 DW). Las semillas poseen un fuerte potencial antioxidante, evidenciado por sus actividades de eliminación de radicales DPPH y su capacidad antioxidante total. Los hallazgos obtenidos contribuyen a la limitada información bibliográfica sobre las semillas de A. tenuifoliosus y representan un punto de partida para evaluar su potencial como fuente valiosa de proteínas, antioxidantes naturales y compuestos bioactivos seguros.
... Potassium was determined in the digested solution using Flame-photometer model 52 with acetylene burner according to Jackson (1978). Calcium and magnesium were measured volumetrically in the sample extract by titration with versene according to Helrich (1990). Photosynthetic pigments were estimated and calculated according to Vernon (1960). ...
... The protein content (nitrogen) was determined according to the Dumas method [10]. The analysis was carried out on a Velp brand, Dumas nitrogen analyzer NDA 701 device. ...
... The total nitrogen concentration of the dried samples was measured using the modified micro-Kjeldahl method [26]. Phosphorus was determined calorimetrically by using the chloro stannous molybdophosphoric blue color method in sulfuric acid, as described in [27]. ...
Squash (Cucurbita pepo L.) is a globally important vegetable, the production of which is severely constrained by powdery mildew caused by Podosphaera xanthii. In this study, we examined the effects of Trichoderma asperellum (MW965676), Streptomyces rochei (MN700192), and a mixture of the two foliar sprays with or without shikimic acid seed priming treatment on powdery mildew severity, plant growth, and total yield during the 2020–2021 and 2021–2022 growing seasons. We also studied their immune eliciting properties by examining their enzymatic, phenolic, and hormonal functions. The combination of Trichoderma asperellum, Streptomyces rochei, and shikimic acid triggered plant defense responses, which elicited enzyme activities such as peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT), phenolic compound accumulation, and increased salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) content. This approach yielded high-quality results in the control of powdery mildew during the two growing seasons under greenhouse conditions. Additionally, relatively large statistical differences in plant growth, total yield, mineral components, and physiological traits were observed. A GC–MS analysis of Trichoderma asperellum (MW965676) showed hemin cation as a major component, while Streptomyces rochei (MN700192) contained 2,4-di-tert-butyl phenol and the hexadecenoic acid methyl ester. With respect to the morphological changes induced by powdery mildew and the treatments, plants treated with a mixture of Trichoderma asperellum, Streptomyces rochei and shikimic acid showed an improvement in the thickness of the midvein, increased dimensions of the main midvein bundle, a larger number of xylem rows in the main midvein bundle, greater mean diameters of vessels and of parenchyma cells in the ground tissues, as well as increased thickness of the upper and lower epidermis, lamina, palisade tissue and spongy tissue. This extensive, new study is the first step toward a more profound understanding of the use of Trichoderma asperellum and Streptomyces rochei with shikimic acid-primed seeds as a potential alternative technique for attenuating powdery mildew infection in squash.
... The digesta sample, thereafter, was immediately stored at -20 °C until further analysis (Qaisrani et al., 2015). Acid-insoluble ash from feed and digesta samples was analyzed (Helrich, 1990). Apparent ileal digestibility coefficient (AIDC) of phosphorus was estimated by collecting the digesta from Meckel's diverticulum to the ileocaecal junction from 3 birds/ replicate. ...
The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the impact of maize co-ensiling with increasing percentages of MOL forage on the kinetics of biogas, methane (CH4), carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) production, as well as the characteristics of ruminal fermentation and CH4 conversion efficiency, using steers (STI) and sheep (SHI) as inoculum sources. With the STI, the inclusion of MOL reduced (linear: p ≤ 0.0199; quadratic: p ≤ 0.0267) biogas production (mL g−1 DM incubated and degraded), CH4 (mL g−1 DM degraded), CO (mL g−1 DM degraded), and H2S (mL g−1 DM incubated and degraded), without affecting (p > 0.05) the parameters (b = asymptotic gas, c = rate of gas production and Lag = initial delay time before gas production) of CH4 and H2S, and the proportion and production of CH4 per kg of dry matter (DM). In addition, with this inoculum, pH, and dry matter degradation (DMD) increased (linear: p ≤ 0.0060), and although short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) and metabolizable energy (ME) decreased (linear: p < 0.0001; quadratic: p ≤ 0.0015), this did not affect (p > 0.05) the CH4 conversion efficiency. Meanwhile, with the SHI, the inclusion of MOL only decreased (linear: p ≤ 0.0206; quadratic: p ≤ 0.0003) biogas per dry matter (DM) degraded and increased (linear: p ≤ 0.0293; quadratic: p ≤ 0.0325) biogas per DM incubated, as well as the production (mL g−1 DM incubated and degraded and g−1 kg DM) and proportion of CH4, and CO per DM incubated and degraded. In addition, it did not impact (p > 0.05) on the CH4 and H2S parameters, and in the H2S by DM incubated and degraded, and although it increased (linear: p ≤ 0.0292; quadratic: p ≤ 0.0325) the DMD, SCFA, and ME, it was inefficient (quadratic: p ≤ 0.0041) in CH4 conversion. It is concluded that regardless of the percentage of MOL, the STI presented the highest values in the production of biogas, CH4, H2S, DMD, SCFA, and ME, and the lowest pH, so it turned out to be the most efficient in CH4 conversion, while with the SHI only the highest production of CO and pH was obtained, and the lowest DMD, SCFA, and ME, so it was less efficient compared to STI.
Encapsulation techniques are generally used to preserve the volatile compounds of essential oils. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of process variables on the microencapsulation of marjoram essential oil (MEO) (Origanum majorana L.) by ionic gelation. The effect of sodium alginate concentration (0.5-2 g/100 mL), emulsifier concentration (0.5-2 g/100 mL whey protein isolate (WPI)), and cationic bath concentration (0.05-0.3 mol/L CaCl2) on the emulsions and beads properties were investigated, according to a rotatable central composite design. MEO chemical composition and antimicrobial activity were assessed. Emulsions were characterized for droplet size and viscosity, while the particles were analyzed for encapsulation efficiency, size and circularity, and morphology. High concentrations of alginate and WPI intensified the porous structure of the beads, reducing droplet mean diameter and encapsulation efficiency. High alginate concentrations also increased emulsion viscosity, affecting positively beads' circularity. The intermediate concentration of sodium alginate (1.25 g/100 mL), WPI (1.25 g/100 mL), and CaCl2 (0.175 mol/L) were selected as the most appropriate conditions to produce beads with satisfactory circularity and high encapsulation efficiency.
El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar el estado nutrimental de Teca en una plantación forestal con fines comerciales bajo condiciones edafoclimáticas específicas y manejo silvícola, con la finalidad de generar información de utilidad respecto a sus requerimientos nutrimentales en sus primeros años de establecimiento. La investigación consideró una plantación de 2 años ubicada en el Estado de Nayarit. Para el diagnóstico nutrimental se hizo muestreo foliar, colectando hojas en la parte superior e inferior respectivamente. En dichas muestras se evaluó el contenido de macro (N, P, K, Ca y Mg) y micronutrimentos (Cu, Zn, Mn y Fe). Adicionalmente se realizaron muestreos compuestos de suelo en las parcelas evaluadas, para analizar pH, capacidad de intercambio catiónico, textura, conductividad eléctrica, cationes intercambiables (Ca, Mg, K), materia orgánica, fósforo. Para la evaluación dasométrica se midieron dos variables, altura del árbol y DAP. Mediante un análisis estadístico discriminante se evaluó que las concentraciones foliares de Ca, Mg y Mn fueron los más importantes para clasificar a las parcelas. Se encontró una correlación entre P y K con respecto a la altura y el DAP respectivamente. El P y K podrían ejecutar un papel importante en el crecimiento de Teca en Nayarit. El contenido de K estuvo por debajo de los niveles considerados como mínimos para un adecuado desarrollo, lo que significa que los requerimientos de esta especie en dicha plantación estuvieron cubiertos con cantidades menores a las reportadas principalmente al crecimiento del DAP. La concentración foliar mostró que todos los nutrientes determinados fueron suficientes para cubrir la demanda durante los primeros años de establecimiento de las plantaciones de Teca; estos resultados, son de gran relevancia para apoyar la toma de decisiones en materia de manejo de la fertilidad para plantaciones comerciales de esta especie.
Biological stains are widely used in biomedical research laboratories and also for diagnostic purposes. Dyes of similar structures are used industrially. Some stains can be removed from aqueous solution using the polymeric resin Amberlite XAD‐16. In some cases, the resins Amberlite XAD‐2, XAD‐4, and XAD‐7 can also be used. The decontaminated solution may be disposed of with the nonhazardous aqueous waste and the resin with the hazardous solid waste. Ethidium bromide in H 2 O and buffer solution may be degraded by reaction with sodium nitrite and hypophosphorous acid in an aqueous solution. Many hazardous compounds, such as pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls, contain halogen atoms. The halogenated compounds are reductively dehalogenated with nickel–aluminum alloy in a dilute base to give the corresponding compound without the halogen. Hypochlorites, in general, and sodium hypochlorite solutions, in particular, tend to deteriorate with time, so they should be periodically checked for the amount of active chlorine they contain.
A plant’s stress response involves the production of phytochemicals, including phenolic compounds. Their synthesis can be modulated by organic (ORG) or non-organic (NORG) farming systems in which they are grown. To examine this issue, thirteen plant-based foods cultivated in ORG and NORG systems were compared in terms of antioxidant capacity, total content of phenolics, anthocyanins, flavan-3-ols and flavonols. The results showed that NORG fruits tended to have higher phenolic compounds content, whereas ORG fruits had more antioxidant capacity. NORG legume stood out for having higher values from all the parameters analyzed in comparison to its ORG equivalent. ORG nuts showed more flavan-3-ols and flavonols than their NORG counterparts, nonetheless, tended to be less antioxidant. ORG vegetables displayed higher phenolics and anthocyanins, which reflected in higher antioxidant capacity than NORG ones. These findings suggest that farming systems differentially modulate phenolic compound composition and antioxidant capacity based on the plant species studied.
In this book, we have a publication: T.A. Nasibova, E.A. Garaev, G.R. Zeynalova, D.S. Gafarova, S.A. Pashayeva, N.S. Huseynova. Evaluation of heavy metals in Peganum harmala seeds.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of diets formulated
with different roughage:concentrate (R:C) ratios on dry matter consumption
and residual feed intake, globular volume in blood, eggs per gram
of feces and methane emission in lambs artificially infected with Haemonchus
contortus. A completely randomized design was used in a 4 x 2 factorial scheme
(four diets – 70:30, 66:34, 43:57, 36:54 R:C ratios), infected or not with
Haemonchus contortus. Thirty-two male lambs, with an average initial weight
of 26.6 kg and five months of age, were used. Data were submitted to statistical
analysis and compared by Tukey test, at a 5% significance level. The
increase in the proportions of dietary CP and TDN resulted in improved feed
efficiency, performance, resilience to Haemonchus contortus and mitigation
of enteric methane emissions. Diets with 66 and 43% R:C ratios with CP and
TDN values of 11 and 63% and 13.94 and 70%, respectively, are recommended.
Diets with a higher intake of protein and energy associated, with at least
66% of roughage, can guarantee better results considering the parameters
evaluated.
Fruits are vital parts of the human diet because they include necessary nutrients that the body needs. Pesticide use has increased dramatically in recent years to combat fruit pests across the world. Pesticide usage during production, on the other hand, frequently results in undesirable residues in fruits after harvest. Consumers are concerned about pesticide residues since most of the fruits are directly consumed and even recommended for the patients as dietary supplements. As a result of this worry, pesticide residues in fruits are being randomly monitored to re-assess the food safety situation and make informed legislative decisions. To assess the degree of pesticide residues in fruits, a simple and quick analytical procedure is usually required. As a result, pesticide residue detection (using various analytical techniques: GC, LC and Biosensors) becomes critical, and regulatory directives are formed to regulate their amounts via the Maximum Residue Limit (MRL). Over the previous two decades, a variety of extraction techniques and analytical methodologies for xenobiotic's efficient extraction, identification, confirmation and quantification have been developed, ranging from traditional to advanced. The goal of this review is to give readers an overview of the evolution of numerous extraction and detection methods for pesticide residue analysis in fruits. The objective is to assist analysts in better understanding how the ever-changing regulatory landscape might drive the need for new analytical methodologies to be developed in order to comply with current standards and safeguard consumers.
Identifying equivalent processing conditions is critical for the relevant comparison of food quality attributes. This study investigates equivalent processes for at least 5‐log reduction of Escherichia coli and Listeria innocua in pineapple juice–coconut milk (PC) blends by high‐pressure processing (HPP), pulsed electric fields (PEF), and ultrasound (US) either alone or combined with other preservation factors (pH, nisin, and/or heat). The two blends (pH 4 and 5) and coconut milk (pH 7) as a reference were subjected to HPP at 300–600 MPa, 20°C for 0.5–30 min; PEF at an electric field strength of 10–21 kV/cm, 40°C for 24 µs; and US at 120 µm amplitude, 25 or 45°C for 6 or 10 min. At least a 5‐log reduction of E. coli was achieved at pH 4 by HPP at 400 MPa, 20°C for 1 min; PEF at 21 kV/cm, 235 Hz, 40°C for 24 µs; and US at 120 µm, 45°C for 6 min. As L. innocua showed greater resistance, a synergistic lethal effect was provided at pH 4 by HPP with 75 ppm nisin at 600 MPa, 20°C for 5 min; PEF with 50 ppm nisin at 18 kV/cm, 588 Hz, 40°C for 24 µs; and US at 45°C, 120 µm for 10 min. The total soluble solids (11.2–12.4°Bx), acidity (0.47%–0.51% citric acid), pH (3.91–4.16), and viscosity (3.55 × 10−3–4.0 × 10−3 Pa s) were not significantly affected under the identified equivalent conditions. HPP was superior to PEF and US, achieving higher ascorbic acid retention and lower color difference in PC blend compared to the untreated sample.
Twenty-five years of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxicity in Galician bivalves have been studied. PSP was detected in 4785 out of 73,740 samples of the commercially important bivalve species analyzed from 1995 to 2020. Its general prevalence in the area was 6.5%. Only 1.6% of all samples tested were over the regulatory limit (incidence). The maximum level of PSP in the area, 40,800 µg STX 2HCl-eq kg−1, was recorded in raft mussels from Bueu (PON-II, Pontevedra) in December 2005. The highest maximum PSP values were found in mussels, which were mostly affected by Gymnodinium catenatum, but not those of prevalence and incidence which were recorded in clams, mostly affected by Alexandrium. Average levels in mussels were higher than in any other studied species. Spatially, in general, the prevalence, incidence, maximum, and average PSP toxicity during episodes tend to decrease from south to northeast, but some hot points with high levels can be identified. PCA analysis separates the southern rías, associated to G. catenatum blooms, from the middle and northern ones, associated to Alexandrium blooms. Along the year, two main peaks of the four variables are observed, the first one in late autumn–winter and the other in summer, the summer peak being much more important for the infaunal species than for raft mussels. In the seasonal pattern obtained by time series analysis of the average PSP toxicity, the autumn-winter peak was only maintained (and very reduced) in the southern rías, indicating that this peak is seasonally much less important than the summer peak. The observed seasonality is expected based on the timing of the blooms of the two PSP-producing phytoplankton groups present in the area. Over the 25 years of monitoring, large differences in PSP toxicity have been observed. Apart from some special years, an ascending trend in prevalence and incidence seems to be present from 2011 to 2020. No trend seems to exist during the same period for average or maximum toxicity.
In this study, the leaching of sucrose from sugar beet was investigated in a batch process using distilled water solvent. Extraction kinetics was explored at low and high solutions/solid mass ratios. The experimental data were examined by a mathematical model based on Fick’s second law and the Azuara model as a semi-empirical model to determine diffusion coefficients, equilibrium concentrations, and dissociation coefficient K (the ratio of the concentration at the sample to concentration in solution). Diffusion coefficients were calculated by nonlinear regression of the experimental findings. The diffusion coefficients of sucrose (ranging from 2.4831 × 10⁻¹⁰ to 3.2023 × 10⁻¹⁰ m²/s) were higher in the high solution/solid mass ratios compared to the low ratios (ranging from 0.5231 × 10⁻¹⁰ to 0.8728 × 10⁻¹⁰ m²/s) due to higher mass transfer driving force. Also, the proposed empirical Azuara model could properly describe equilibrium concentrations by predicting results (squared mean square error less than 0.0082) close to experimental data at different operating conditions.
Fire blight disease is a major threat to the apple orchards in various regions of the world. The multivariate compositional nutrient diagnosis (CND) was considered to evaluate the effect of plant nutrient imbalance in development of fire blight in ‘golden delicious’ apple orchards in Fars province, Iran. To establish CND norms and the fire blight severity index, 81 commercial orchards were used. The CND reference norms (V*x) for a low fire blight severity subpopulation were calculated as V*N = 2.813 ± 0.186, V*P = 0.297 ± 0.147, V*K = 2.660 ± 0.149, V*Ca = 2.442 ± 0.218, V*Mg = 1.188 ± 0.061, V*S = 0.595 ± 0.399, V*Fe = −0.952 ± 0.212, V*Mn = −3.132 ± 0.195, V*Zn = −4.040 ± 0.366, V*Cu = −5.032 ± 0.177, V*B = −3.361 ± 0.120, V*Rd = 6.521 ± 0.128. According to the calculated leaf nutrient indices based on the CND reference norms and principal component analysis (PCA), leaf Ca, S, B and Zn deficiency and leaf K and P excess significantly correlated with the enhancement of fire blight severity index (FBSI). The reduction of global nutrient imbalance index (CND-r²) to below 20.38 decreases the severity of fire blight in ‘golden delicious’ apple orchards.
Eighteen crossbred (HS × GH) castrated grower pigs (3 months old, body wt. ranged from 13 to 14 kg) were divided into three groups of six each in a randomized block design to investigate the partial replacement of conventional protein sources with silkworm pupae (Bombyx mori) meal on production performance. Three different diets were prepared for feeding of experimental animals. These were namely - T1: standard grower ration without silkworm pupa meal and designated as control diet, T2: standard grower ration supplemented with 1.5% silkworm pupa meal by replacing 2.5% protein supplements which include mixture of groundnut cake and soyabean meal and standard grower ration supplemented with 3% silkworm pupa meal by replacing 5% protein supplements. The pigs were fed on the experimental grower rations twice daily in the morning and evening. The average dry matter intake was found similar in T1, T2 and T3 groups. Digestibility coefficients (%) of dry matter, crude protein, ether extract and crude fiber was increased in silkworm pupa meal supplemented groups. Nitrogen balance (g/d) was found positive across all the groups and was increased in supplemented groups in comparison to control. The average body weight gain (g/day) was found higher in silkworm pupa supplemented groups. The cost (`/kg gain) was reduced in T2 and T3 groups in comparison to T1 group. The feed conversion efficiency (FCR) was higher T2 and T3 groups than control group. From this study, it is concluded that silkworm pupa meal can be supplemented @ 3% level by replacing 5% protein supplements in grower crossbred pigs to improve growth, nutrient utilization, feed conversion efficiency and also to reduce the feed cost.
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