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... The total solids and ash content of cows' milk samples were examined using the standard methods as described in the AOAC [20]. Meanwhile, the fat and protein content were obtained directly using Lacto-scan milk analyzer [21]. ...
... The total solids content of milk samples was determined according to the method of AOAC [20]. About 5 ml of each milk sample was placed separately in a clean dried aluminum dish. ...
... The ash content of milk samples was determined as described in AOAC [20], using a muffle furnace. About 5 ml of the milk samples were weighed in suitable crucibles and evaporated to dryness in a steam bath. ...
This study was conducted to investigate the effect of sources. locations and seasons (late summer and winter) on the chemical composition of cow milk collected from Khartoum State. The samples were collected randomly in the morning or the evening. Two hundred and seventy milk samples were collected from farms (90 samples), groceries (90 samples) and vendors (90 samples) in Khartoum State during the late summer and winter seasons, 135 samples each. The milk samples were kept in cool cracked ice and transported immediately to the laboratory to estimate the gross compositional contents. The experiment was designed using a complete randomized design, and the data were analyzed using the SPSS program. The results indicated significant (P ≤ 0.01) variations for the chemical composition of the raw cow’s milk collected during late summer and winter seasons as the data showed 12.44% ± 1.23% and 11.95% ± 1.70% total solids, 4.56% ± 1.02% and 4.79% ± 1.14% fat and 3.28% ± 0.79% and 3.67% ± 0.51% protein, respectively. Also, the average means of fat, protein and ash content were significantly (P ≤ 0.01) affected by the locations from which the samples were obtained. The higher average fat content (4.93 ± 1.04%) was found in the milk collected from Omdurman City. However, the total solids content of the milk samples collected from different sources, including farms, groceries, and vendors, were not significantly (P > 0.05) different. The present data showed that the chemical compositions of milk were significantly (P ˂ 0.01) affected by the interaction of seasons and the sources of the samples as well as between the seasons and locations. Moreover, the milk produced and marketed in Khartoum State has a good compositional content that ranges within the standard values.
... Drying samples in the oven at 105 ± 2ºC for 18 hours was the method used to determine moisture content. 9 Results are calculated and reported in percentage (gram per 100g of sample). Decomposition of organic matter from a sample by incineration in the muffle furnace to 600ºC held for 2hrs and weighing of the ash obtained. ...
... Decomposition of organic matter from a sample by incineration in the muffle furnace to 600ºC held for 2hrs and weighing of the ash obtained. 9 Results are calculated and reported as percentages (g/100g of sample). ...
... The ether extract method based on the principle that nonpolar components of the sample are easily extracted into petroleum ether was used to determine the crude lipid according to AOAC. 9 This direct extraction gives the proportion of "free" lipid constituents in the dried sample and the results are expressed in percentages. ...
Ready to use therapeutic food (RUTF) is a macronutrient paste that is vital to treating severe acute malnutrition in children in Nigeria and other developing countries. The study aims to evaluate locally produced RUTF for the prevention of childhood malnutrition in Nigeria. In this study, maize, soybeans, groundnut and dates were processed, then their proximate and mineral composition was determined. Two RUTFs were produced by two different formulas, F1 and F2. The F1 comprised of soya beans, groundnut and dates, while F2 was composed of maize, soya beans, groundnut, and sugar. The sensory properties of the formulated RUTF were tested by a panel of 20 persons. The analysis of the formulated RUTFs showed the percentages of carbohydrate, crude protein and crude lipid of F1 as 44.18, 10.70, 30.30, while that of F2 as 47.46, 14.50 and 21.78 respectively. The standard RUTF showed the percentage of carbohydrate, crude protein and crude lipid as 52.93, 10.73, and 19.90 respectively. The metabolizable energy content in F1 (464.70 kcal) was significantly higher than F2 (404.95 kcal) and standard RUTF (433.70 kcal). The calcium content of F1 (2.58g) and F2 (2.83g) was significantly higher than the standard RUTF (0.63g). There was no significant difference in the taste, texture and overall acceptability between the standard RUTF and F2, however, their overall acceptability was significantly better than F1. In conclusion, RUTF was produced using locally available food materials and the F2 formula was more preferred than the F1 in terms of overall acceptability.
... The plantains were peeled and cut using a slicing machine (SL524B Cuisinart, China) into mass of 3 g and a thickness of 3 mm per slice. The initial average moisture content of the plantain was 60.20% and was determined according to AOAC (2005). ...
... The fried samples were put inside the oven dryer at a temperature of 105 C in order to determine the moisture content (dry basis) according to AOAC. 25 The moisture ratio (MR) was determined according to Fick's second law of diffusion: 26 ...
... The oil uptake was analyzed using a soxhlet extractor and petroleum ether according to AOAC. 25 The oil uptake was then measured on a dry basis (kg kg À1 ). ...
Background
In a bid to lower the oil uptake and moisture content of plantain chips during deep fat frying, plantain chips prior to frying were pretreated in ultrasound with distilled water (UP), freeze‐drying (FP), and ultrasound‐assisted freeze‐drying (UFP). Ultrasound frequency of 20 kHz, power of 600 W, and time of 10 min were used for the UP. Freeze‐drying was done at a temperature of −34°C and pressure of 45 Pa for 16 h. The pretreated and untreated samples were subjected to frying at a temperature of 160°C for 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 min.
Results
The lowest moisture content and oil uptake were obtained in FP and UFP fried samples. The percentage oil reduction for FP and UFP fried samples at frying time of 10 min was 73.91% and 74.01%, respectively, compared with the untreated. The effective moisture diffusivity obtained in this work ranged from 4.89 × 10⁻⁹ to 5.54 × 10⁻⁹ m² s⁻¹. The sensory results showed that FP and UFP fried samples were significantly preferred by the panelists compared to the UP and untreated fried samples. However, UFP had a negative effect on the color quality of the fried plantain chips.
Conclusion
This work therefore showed that ultrasound‐freeze‐drying pretreatment is a novel technique that can significantly reduce the moisture content and oil uptake of plantain chips during frying, thus promoting healthy and safe consumption of fried plantain chips. Furthermore, the information on frying kinetics obtained from this work would be useful in the design and control of an efficient frying system in the food industry.
... The lactic acid fermentation of grains was carried out by Lactobacillus acidophilus (107 cells/ml). The grains that had germinated and fermented were stored in airtight containers and dried at 55±5 °C (AOAC 2000) [1] . ...
... Tannic acid equivalent was used to quantify the polyphenolic substances. Furthermore, in vitro protein and starch digestibility were carried out using standard methods (AOAC 2000) [1] . ...
... For three months, biscuit samples will be stored at room temperature in polypropylene bags, and their quality will be evaluated every month (AOAC 2000) [1] . ...
... The moisture content was analyzed by placing the fresh samples in an oven at 135 ºC for 4 h and recording the difference in weight after attaining the constant weight 13 . The ash content was determined by igniting a known quantity of the sample in a crucible at 600 ºC for 8 h in a muffle furnace, followed by gravimetric measurement of the weight difference 14 . Fat content was measured by extracting powdered samples with petroleum ether in a Soxhlet apparatus for 8 h, and the extracted fat was quantified gravimetrically 15 . ...
... Carbohydrate content was calculated using the formula as in the study by James 17 . Fiber content was analysed by digesting the samples with acid (1.25% H 2 SO 4 ) and alkali (1.25% NaOH) and weight differences were calculated 14 . The energy values were calculated using water-specific factors for fruits 18 . ...
Wild edible plants significantly contribute to the diets and nutrition of rural communities in many countries. Tetrastigma spp are well-known for their ethno medicinal, nutritional and culinary importance in the rural communities. It is important to put it under scientific investigation to provide deep understanding on the biochemical composition to reveal its importance in commercializing the fruits, open up new economic opportunities for smallholder farmers and rural communities by diversifying income sources and reducing reliance on a few major crops and also influence food crisis under circumstances. Thus, the present study aimed to investigate the nutritional properties, mineral content, and antioxidant activities of the pericarp of Tetrastigma leucostaphylum (Dennst.) Alston, an underutilized plant species. Pericarp analysis revealed high moisture content of 80.71%, with 0.096% fat, 1.20% protein, 12.50% carbohydrate, 1.15% ash, and 3.85% of fiber. Mineral analysis showed that pericarp contain significant amounts of essential minerals, among major elements, calcium being highest (42.53 mg/g) DW, nitrogen (10.03 mg/g DW), 9.03 mg/g DW of magnesium, and phosphorous (0.05 mg/g DW). Additionally, microelement iron found to be 1.01 µg/g DW. The study quantified anti-nutritional factors like phytate, and oxalate, 0.88 mg/g FW and 9.45 mg/g FW respectively. Phytochemical extraction was done using polar solvents revealing methanol as most effective solvent tested parameters. The methanol extract contains 7.12 mg GAE/g DW of total phenolics, 6.78 mg QE/g DW of flavonoids, and 0.78 mg BE/g DW of alkaloids. Among the antioxidant assays, DPPH assay showed highest activity in methanolic extract, with 17.13 mg AAE/g DW, followed by total antioxidant capacity at 13.55 mg AAE/g DW and FRAP at 7.56 mg AAE/g DW. In conclusion, the pericarp of Tetrastigma leucostaphylum fruit is rich in nutrients, essential minerals, and antioxidants, highlighting their potential as valuable food supplements.
... The rice residue, biochar and ash samples were analysed using the standard methods of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC 2000). The samples were finely ground and sieved through the 250-mm sieve. ...
... Plant samples (grain and residue) were digested with concentrated H 2 SO 4 in the presence of a catalyst mixture, and total N was determined by the Kjeldahl method (AOAC 2000) to determine the concentration of N in grains and residue of rice and wheat. A ground sample (residue or grain) of 0.5 g was digested using triple acid (HNO 3 :HClO 4 :H 2 SO 4 mixed in a ratio of 9:3:1). ...
The rice‐wheat cropping system yields a significant amount of residue, posing a challenge to its efficient and sustainable management, especially in the North‐western region of India, where burning remains a preferred option, contributing to environmental pollution and nutrient loss. Earlier studies on residue management mainly emphasised soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) dynamics with a notable lack of research on soil potassium (K) availability, particularly under different scenarios vis‐a‐vis residue incorporation, biochar application, residue burning, or removal. Therefore, a long‐term study was conducted to evaluate the effect of various rice residue management practices (RRMPs) on K availability, soil functionality and crop productivity under a rice‐wheat system. The treatments included application of rice residue biochar at the rate of 4 t ha ⁻¹ (RBC4) and 2 t ha ⁻¹ (RBC2), rice residue incorporation (RI 6 t ha ⁻¹ ), rice residue burning (RB 6 t ha ⁻¹ ) and removal of rice residues (RR) with or without the recommended rate of N application (0, 120 kg ha ⁻¹ ). Maximum increase in K fractions like water‐soluble K, exchangeable‐K, or available K (except non‐exchangeable K, where the sequence was reversed) was observed in plots amended with nutrient‐rich biochar, followed by RI, with the lowest concentration found in RR plots. Besides, the application of the N 120 rate of fertiliser resulted in 10%–18% greater K pools than the N 0 plots across different RRMPs. The profile distribution of K fractions showed that their concentration (except Nex‐K) was mostly restricted (> 50%) to the plough layer (upper 0–30 cm)irrespective of the N application rates and RRMPs. However, burning crop residues over a longer period caused a reduction of soil organic C and microbial biomass, subsequently showing an adverse impact on nutrient availability and crop yields. Thus, incorporating rice residue or applying its biochar can be a sustainable practice for managing surplus residue in the region, while improving K availability and soil functionality.
... Titratable acidity: Titratable acidity was estimated by titrating a known volume of the sample against standard 0.1 N NaOH solution by using phenolphthalein as an indicator up to the endpoint (pink colour). The titratable acidity was expressed as percent malic/citric acid (AOAC, 2004) [5] . ...
... Ascorbic acid: Ascorbic acid content was determined as per AOAC (2004) [5] method using 2, 6-dichlorophenol indophenol dye. A known volume of the sample extracted in 3% m-phosphoric acid was titrated with dye to the pink colour endpoint. ...
... 1.3 Determinaciones fisicoquímicas *Determinación de humedad y cenizas en base seca La determinación de humedad fue realizada por el método gravimétrico, la diferencia de masas entre la muestra fresca y la sometida a secado en la estufa a 105 0 C por 24 h. (11) La materia seca resultante indicador Eriocromo negro T con los iones de magnesio, el cual pasa a azul brillante cuando todos los iones han sido eliminados por el verceno. (13) *El análisis estadístico se utilizó para relacionar las variables estudiadas y los posibles cambios que se manifiestan en el análisis bromatológico de la planta, expresado en valores cuantitativos para así proceder a la comparación de estas. ...
... fue usada para la determinación de cenizas por vía gravimétrica, en un horno mufla a temperatura de 550 0 C. *Determinación de proteína bruta La determinación de proteínas fue realizada por el método de Kjeldahl, usando el factor de conversión de 6,25. La muestra es sometida a digestión con ácido sulfúrico concentrado el cual transforma el nitrógeno orgánico en iones amonio, en presencia de sulfato de cobre (II) como catalizador, se adiciona un álcali, se destila el amoníaco liberado dentro de un exceso de solución de ácido sulfúrico y posteriormente se valora el exceso de ácido con solución de hidróxido de sodio.(11) *Determinación de nitrógeno La determinación de nitrógeno fue cuantificada por fotocolorimetría (λ=415 nm) con el empleo del reactivo de Nessler (disolución de yodo mercurato potásico alcalizado con hidróxido de sodio o potasio) que, en presencia del amoníaco liberado por la acción del álcali, origina una coloración amarilla (el anión yodo mercurato al reaccionar con el amonio da lugar al yoduro de mercurio, amina de color amarillo anaranjado).(12) ...
... Metode penelitian yang dilakukan pada penelitian tentang sifat fisik dan organoleptik bakso daging kuda adalah sebagai berikut: a. Pelaksanaan Penelitian dd Gambar 1 : Prosedur pembuatan bakso Prosedur pembuatan bakso berdasarkan metode [5]. Daging kuda dibersihkan dan jaringan ikat dipotong kecil-kecil. ...
Horse meat has a tough texture. To be able to consume it deliciously, it is necessary to have processing that can reduce the toughness of the meat by making horse meat meatballs. The aim of this research was to determine the effect of tapioca flour and STPP (Sodium Tripolyphosphate) levels on the physical and organoleptic quality of horse meat meatballs. The research was conducted at the Integrated Laboratory of Muhammadiyah University, Purworejo. The ingredients used are 10 kg of horse meat, tapioca flour, STTP (Sodium Tripolyphosphate). The design used was a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) Factorial Pattern with 4 treatments, 3 replications, 3 factorials. The addition of tapioca flour did not have a significant effect on the organoleptic properties and pH of horse meat meatballs, but had a significant effect on the tenderness (physical properties) of horse meat meatballs. The addition of STTP to horse meat meatballs has no significant effect on the organoleptic properties and tenderness (physical properties) of horse meat meatballs, but has a significant effect on the pH of horse meat meatballs
... Chemical analysis of feed and fodder was done according to AOAC [14]. The chemical compositions of feeds almost being similar during experiment ingredients were adjusted to meet the requirements (Table 2). ...
This study aimed to determine the effect of diet formulated to provide prepartum (DCAD=-749.16 mEq/head/day) and postpartum (DCAD = 1473.56 mEq/head/day) by feeding 90 g of an anionic and 120 g cationic salt respectively, on blood mineral concentration, health, postpartum milk production and composition in buffaloes. Twenty multiparous buffaloes were enrolled 21 days before expected calving date and divided into two groups. The treatment group with 10 cows received anionic rations for-21 day to parturition and cationic ration from parturition to +21 days, while the control group was fed a usual ration. Postpartum incidences of milk fever, dystocia, retention of placenta, mastitis as well as weekly data of milk production, and milk composition were recorded. Plasma samples obtained at days-21,-10,-1, +1, +10 and +21 relative to calving were Original Research Article Patel et al.; CJAST, 39(36): 79-88, 2020; Article no.CJAST.63136 80 analyzed for calcium and magnesium. Magnesium concentration was increased with reduced prepartum Dietary Cation-Anion Difference (DCAD) in the diet value being 2.77±0.13 mg/dl and 3.15±0.12 mg/dl for the control and treatment group respectively, one day before calving. Calcium concentration was significantly higher (P<0.05) just one day before calving and it further higher (P<0.001) at 1, 10 and 21 days after calving in the treatment group as compared to the control group. Considerable reduction in per cent incidence of parturient paresis (10.0 vs. 20.0), and prolapse (0.0 vs. 10.0) was observed treatment group as compared to the control group. The DCAD concentration had no effect on milk yield, protein, lactose and fat corrected milk, but postpartum milk fat was significantly increased by the treatment. It may be concluded that by altering DCAD of the diet can increase postpartum milk fat with benefits in calcium status and reduced disease incidence without negatively affecting performance in periparturient buffaloes.
... Protein levels were determined using Kjeldahl method 18 , while fat content was determine using Soxhlet method 19 . Water content, ash content and fiber content were quantified using gravimetric method 20 and carbohydrates content was calculated by difference. The antioxidant activity of the samples was evaluated through the radical scavenging activity assay 21 . ...
Protein-energy wasting (PEW) is common issue in kidney disease patients, primarily due to inadequate protein and energy intake exacerbated by uremic anorexia. Supplementation of biscuits using local food that contains functional substances have the potential benefit of improving nutrition status in this population. Hence, this experimental study aimed to formulate locally sourced biscuits enriched with high protein, fiber, antioxidants and other nutrients to ameliorate this problem. The study encompassed five key stages: 1) ingredient selection, including soybean (SF) and tempeh flour (TF) as protein, fat, and fiber sources, and Moringa oleifera leaf powder for fiber, vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants; 2) early formulation resulting in three formulation of biscuits namely, SF (45 grams), TF (45 grams), and ST (a combination of 22.5 grams TF and SF), each augmented with 5 grams of Moringa oleifera leaf powder; 3) nutrient analysis on the powder of base ingredients, revealing energy and protein per 100 grams for SF, TF and Moringa oleifera leaf powder were 440 kcal and 34.7 grams, 457 kcal and 39.2 grams, 264 kcal and 23.5 grams, respectively. 4) organoleptic evaluation by trained panelists, leading to the exclusion of SF and TF biscuits due to poor acceptability and unfavorable sensory attributes; and 5) final formulation, where ST biscuits underwent further refinement. In conclusion, ST biscuits show potential as a nutritional intervention for addressing PEW in kidney disease patients, though further research and clinical trials are needed to validate their efficacy and acceptance within this specific patient population.
... All the samples were digested in triplicates. Potassium (K) and sodium (Na) contents were analyzed by flame photometer (Jenway PFP7, UK), while the zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), magnesium (Mg), and manganese (Mn) were evaluated by an atomic-absorption spectrophotometer (ZEEnit 700 plus, analytic-Jena, Germany) 13 . In addition, dietary nitrate concentration was determined by using ion-exchange (Metrohm IC 930 system) chromatography 14 . ...
High-altitude environments present unique abiotic stresses, yet their impact on the growth, nutritional quality, and rhizospheric interactions of E. sativa remains underexplored. Here, we investigate the altitudinal variations in growth dynamics, nutritional composition, and rhizospheric free-living N2-fixing bacteria (NFBs) of E. sativa (Arugula) grown at higher (3,524 m, Leh-Ladakh) and lower (321 m, Chandigarh) altitudes. Results revealed significant physiological adaptations to high-altitude conditions, with increased concentrations of magnesium (748.84 ± 4.06 mg/100 g), iron (189.83 ± 2.16 mg/100 g), and manganese (8.48 ± 0.27 mg/100 g), while potassium (3,400.83 ± 3.82 mg/100 g), sodium (175.83 ± 1.44 mg/100 g), and copper (1.69 ± 0.01 mg/100 g) were higher at lower-altitude. Zinc content remained unchanged. Notably, dietary nitrate was higher (155.67 ± 22.12 mg/100 g) at high-altitudes. Rhizospheric NFBs were isolated and functionally characterized for N2-fixation efficacy along with various plant growth-promoting (PGP) attributes; viz., production of ammonia, siderophores, HCN, IAA and phosphate solubilization. Field inoculation with selected strains significantly enhanced nitrogen content and plant growth. Soil chemical analysis further revealed significant differences between the altitudes. A total of twenty-seven NFBs belonging to Actinobacteria (77%), Proteobacteria (11%), Firmicutes(8%), and Bacteroidetes(4%) were isolated, with Streptomyces being the predominant genus, exhibiting distinct species at different altitudes. Remarkably, high-altitude strains showed significantly higher N2-fixing efficiencies (88.15 ± 17.41 µgN mL⁻¹) than lower-altitude (65.7 ± 14.36 µgN mL⁻¹) along with superior PGP traits. Overall, these findings suggest that E. sativa, enriched in key nutrients at high-altitudes, could be a valuable functional food crop, addressing the dietary needs of high-altitude populations. Furthermore, the rhizospheric NFBs identified in this study may be potentially beneficial for the development of novel bio-fertilizers, promoting eco-friendly agricultural practices through improved N2-fixation. Further field trials are recommended to validate their potential for sustainable crop production.
... The morphology of the powders was examined using a Zeiss LSM 700 confocal laser scanning microscope (Carl Zeiss, CZ Microscopy GmbH, Jena, Germany) in optical mode with a 20× objective lens. The moisture content of the native potato starch and spray-dried starch powders at concentrations of 3% (w/w) and 5% (w/w) was measured gravimetrically following the AOAC standard method [26]. ...
The spray-dried potato starch was produced by gelatinizing native potato starch at two concentrations of 3% and 5% at 75 °C for 30 min, followed by drying in a pilot-scale spray dryer. X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and optical microscopy were applied to characterize native potato starch and spray-dried (SD) potato starch powders. The physical properties of the starches, including moisture content, color, bulk density, tapped density, particle size parameters, water holding capacity, and hygroscopicity, were investigated. XRD, DSC, and FTIR revealed the formation of a semi-crystalline to amorphous structure in the spray-dried starch powders. Microscopic examination showed that the starch granules of native potato starch were spherical and regular in shape, while spray-dried (SD) starch powders displayed wrinkled granules. The moisture content of the spray-dried powders was significantly lower than that of the native starch, while the native starch had higher particle size values [D(4.3)] compared to the spray-dried powders. Higher water holding capacity values were also recorded in the spray-dried starches compared to the native starch. Regarding the color parameters, statistical analysis revealed similar values for lightness (L*) and yellowness (YI) indices, while significant differences were found in hue angle (H°), a*, and b* values. A principal component analysis (PCA) was carried out to investigate the relationships among the physical properties of the native potato starch and spray-dried starch powders. The findings of the present study highlight the potential application of physically modifying starch through the spray-drying process.
... The biofloc samples as well as 30 prawn PLs from final samples were obtained from each tank, these were dried in an oven at 55 ºC until constant weight and preserved at − 20 ºC for further analyses. The bioflocs and prawn PLs whole body proximate composition analyses were performed in triplicate following standardized methods [40]. Dry matter was estimated at 105 ⁰C until constant weight and then the samples were used to measure the ash content at 600 ⁰C for 5 h. ...
Bipfloc volume refers to the suspended solids in a biofloc system, consisting of bacteria, algae, protozoa, organic matter, and other microorganisms that serve as natural food for cultured fish and crustaceans. Furthermore, optimal biofloc volumes enhance water quality, provide live feed, and improve the overall health of cultured animals. Moreover,
excessive biofloc can clog gills, degrade water quality, and reduce animal growth or cause mortality. However, the effects of different biofloc volumes on the production, nutritional quality, and economic viability of culturing giant river prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii remain underexplored. Therefore, a 4-weeks experiment was conducted to optimize the suitable biofloc volume of M. rosenbergii postlarvae (PLs). Growth, survival, proximate composition of M. rosenbergii and water quality, total bacteria and zooplankton community were compared among four biofloc
(BF) volume groups of BF2 - 5, BF7 - 10, BF12 - 15 ml L−1 and BFZ/zero-solid removal biofloc system. Twelve 125 L polyethylene tanks with water volume of 100 L were used for this experiment. Each tank was stocked with 500 PLs (average initial weight 21.8 ± 2.36 mg). Each treatment was randomly assigned in triplicate. Temperature, nitrite-N and nitrate–N did not differ (P > 0.05) among four treatments. A lower dissolved oxygen concentration was remained (P < 0.05) in the BF-Z than three BF volume treatments. A lower Vibrio spp. density was found (P < 0.05) in the BF2 - 5 than BF12 - 15 and BF-Z treatments. Ciliates, rotifers and nematodes were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in the BF-Z than other biofloc volumes groups. PLs growth was similar (P > 0.05) among four BF volume groups. However, significantly (P < 0.05) a higher survival and economic return were obtained in the BF2 - 5 treatment when compared to those BF7 - 10, BF12 - 15 ml L−1 and BF-Z. In conclusion, our results show that the biofloc volume 2–5 ml L−1 is found suitable for M. rosenbergii PLs, ensuring higher survival and profit in nursery phase can be considered in management practices.
... Total soluble solids (TSS %) in the juice of fruits were measured by using a hand refractometer (ATAGO, Tokyo, Japan). Total acidity (%) was determined as citric acid/100 milliliters of fruit juice [43]. The phenol-sulfuric acid method was used to estimate the total sugars by using 1.0 mL of sample treated with 1.0 mL of 5% phenol and 5.0 mL of concentrated H 2 SO 4 and measured at 485 nm. ...
One of the environmental problems that affects negatively orange productivity is drought because it greatly minimizes the growth attributes, photosynthetic process, water uptake, percentage of fruit set, and productivity; meanwhile, it raises the rates of respiration and transpiration, as well as the premature and preharvest fruit drop percentages. In addition, drought creates osmotic stress, affects the relationship between plants and water, reduces the amount of water in shoots, and prevents plant cell development and expansion. It is very important to search for a solution to minimize the effect of drought stress; therefore, the present study has investigated the effect of the application of humic acid (HA) at 0, 1 and 2 kg per tree and spraying of seaweed extract (SWE) at 0.2, 0.3 and 4% in combination with moringa leaf extract (MLE) at 2, 4 and 6%, respectively, on the productivity, fruit quality and nutritional status of navel orange cv. Washington during the 2022 and 2023 seasons. The results proved that the application of the biostimulants individually or in combination significantly positively changed the vegetative growth, productivity, fruit quality parameters and leaf mineral content of macro- and micronutrients of the treated trees compared to untreated trees. The superior treatments which gave the best results were 2 kg HA + 0.4% SWE + 6% MLE followed by 2 kg HA + 0.3% SWE + 4% MLE over the rest of the applied treatments.
... Determination of mineral elements content was determined following standard procedures [21]. Mineral elements assessment is a determinant of the amount of inorganic elements present in the sample. ...
... Volatile compounds were extracted and identified using solidphase microextraction (SPME) [30] and the methods described by Adams [31]. Fatty acid methyl esters, triterpenoids, and phytosterols in APN were prepared according to AOAC standard procedures [32] and analyzed using GLC. Assessment of the methyl ester was carried out by injecting 2 µL into a Hewlett Packard HP-system 6890 gas chromatograph equipped with FID. ...
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune inflammatory disease characterized by the inflammation of synovial fluid. The incidence of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) is increasing in RA patients. This research is the first report to investigate the anti-arthritic effect of avocado peel nutraceutical (APN) and its potential in mitigating the cardiovascular risk associated with RA. The antioxidant activity and phytochemical composition of APN were assessed. The potential interaction of APN’s active compounds with protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 22 (PTPN22) was studied using molecular docking. The impact of APN on the plasma lipid profile, oxidative and inflammatory markers, and the indices of coronary risk and atherogenicity as CVD markers were evaluated. The gene expression of COX-2, IL-6, IL-1β, IL-10, and TNF-α in liver and spleen tissues were measured. The rat gut microbiota profile was investigated using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. APN exhibited high antioxidant activity, low atherogenicity and thrombogenicity indices, and a high ratio of hypocholesterolemic to hypercholesterolemic fatty acids indicating its cardioprotective potential. The administration of APN led to a reduction in oxidative stress markers, inflammatory markers, dyslipidemia, and CVD markers. APN administration downregulated the expression of COX-2, IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α genes, while the IL-10 gene was significantly upregulated in the liver and spleen. Treatment with APN was favorable in restoring eubiosis in the gut by modulating RA-associated bacterial taxa linked to impaired immune function and cardiometabolic diseases. In molecular docking, β-amyrin and ellagic acid showed the highest binding affinity for PTPN22. APN may represent a promising approach to ameliorating the cardiovascular risk of RA. The present results will be offering a foundation for future in-depth research in nutraceuticals from agriculture by-products. Additionally, they will be supporting the public health policies aimed at preventing and controlling rheumatoid arthritis.
... Protein content was calculated as total nitrogen × 6.25. Total dietary fiber was measured using the AOAC (2000) method 985.29 [24], and carbohydrate content was calculated by subtracting the fiber fraction from the total carbohydrates. ...
The incorporation of artichoke bracts, a by-product of artichoke processing, into pasta formulations represents an innovative approach to enhancing the nutritional and functional properties of this staple food while promoting environmental sustainability. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of artichoke powder (AP) enrichment (10% w/w replacement of semolina) on the technological, nutritional, antioxidant, and sensory properties of pasta. The enriched pasta (P-AP) was compared to control pasta (P-CTR) through comprehensive physicochemical analyses, including cooking performance, polyphenol characterization, and in vitro digestion. Polyphenol analysis revealed that chlorogenic acid, dicaffeoylquinic acids, and flavonoids accounted for 87% of total identified phenolic compounds in P-AP. Despite a 42% reduction in free polyphenols due to cooking, in vitro digestion revealed a 47% increase in total identified polyphenols, attributed to the release of bound polyphenols. Antioxidant assays (DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP) confirmed a significantly higher antioxidant capacity in P-AP compared to P-CTR. Additionally, P-AP exhibited a lower predicted glycemic index (pGI = 56.67) than the control (pGI = 58.41), a beneficial feature for blood glucose regulation. Sensory analysis highlighted distinct differences between samples, with P-AP showing stronger vegetal, artichoke, and legume-like notes, as well as higher intensity in bitterness and astringency. While panelists rated P-CTR higher in overall liking, enriched pasta maintained acceptable sensory characteristics. These findings support the valorization of artichoke by-products in pasta production, demonstrating their potential to enhance nutritional quality and functional properties while contributing to a circular economy.
... Three replicates were utilized for each plot. The micronutrients-iron (Fe 2+ ), zinc (Zn 2+ ), manganese (Mn 2+ ), and copper (Cu 2+ )-were extracted using DTPA solution according to [39,40] and quantified using inductively coupled plasma (ICP) atomic emission spectroscopy [41,42] ...
Calcareous soil poses challenges for crop production due to the limited availability of micronutrients in insoluble forms. This study evaluated various organic and biological treatments for managing deficiencies in iron, zinc, and manganese in artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) grown in calcareous soil over two seasons (2023 and 2024). A randomized complete block design (RCBD) was employed, with 24 plots (5 × 8 m² each) receiving the following five treatments: mineral fertilizer, humic substances, ALCRI-anti chlorosis, ALCRI-vermicompost, and ALCRI-bio-help. Each treatment was replicated three times. In the 2023 season, significant increases in micronutrient levels were observed following the application of the organic and biological treatments, particularly ALCRI-vermicompost and humic substances. Compared to the control group, the iron content (Fe²⁺) increased by 57.1%, reaching 715.6%. Zinc (Zn²⁺) rose by 66.1% to 686.4%, while manganese (Mn²⁺) and copper (Cu²⁺) increased by 56.9% to 685.2% and 44.9% to 673.4%, respectively. These positive trends continued into the 2024 season, with Fe²⁺ showing even greater gains of 103.4%, peaking at 824.0% in the plots treated with the ALCRI-vermicompost and humic substances. Zn²⁺ and Mn²⁺ displayed more modest increases of 36.9% and 58.0%, while Cu²⁺ exhibited a remarkable rise of 50.7%, reaching 861.2%, particularly for the ALCRI-anti chlorosis treatments. The results indicate that the application of vermicompost fertilizer, alone or in combination with humic substances, significantly enhanced the soil structure, as confirmed by the SEM examination, which revealed increased porosity and improved aggregation. These consistent improvements over two seasons strongly support the effectiveness of organic and biological treatments in enriching soil with essential micronutrients.
... Total nitrogen was determined using the micro-Kjeldahl method, as described by AOAC [37]. Total protein content was calculated by multiplying nitrogen percent by 6.25. ...
It is well known that 5-aminolevulinic acid (5ALA) is a non-protein amino acid and essential for the formation of biosynthesis of tetrahydropyrroles. So, two field experiments were carried out in a private farm at Sharkia Governorate to study effect of foliar spraying with 5ALA (1, 3, and 6 mgL⁻¹) on both quality and economic characters of two cultivars of Vicia faba L. (Giza 843 and Nubaria 1). Results indicated that plants belong to Nubaria 1 cv. are characterized by significant increases in all components of photosynthetic pigments, indole acetic acid, free amino acids, seed yield /fed and straw yield/fed over those of Giza 843 cv. under control treatments. Notably, yielded seeds of Giza 843 cv. are characterized by significant increases in total carbohydrate and protein content than those of Nubaria 1 cv. Whereas, yielded seeds of Nubaria 1 cv. are characterized by significant increases in total phenolic content and vicine. Moreover, 5ALA treatments significantly increased most of all values of vegetative growth parameters, photosynthetic pigments, indole acetic acid, proline and free amino acids as well as seed and straw yield/fed, total carbohydrate and protein, and phenolic contents accompanied by significant decreases in vicine content of two faba bean cultivars relative to corresponding controls. On the other hand, the increments in most of investigated parameters were in opposite direction with concentration of 5ALA.The least concentration of 5ALA (1mg/L) was the most significant treatment in both cultivars. Since it increased seed yield by 17.86% and 72.27% in Giza 843 cv. and Nubaria 1 cv. respectively relative to corresponding controls. Regarding anti-nutritional substance called vicine, 5ALA at 3mg/L caused significant decrease in vicine content of Giza 843 cv. relative to control. It could be concluded that faba bean plants belong to Nubaria 1 cv. effectively responded to 5ALA at 1mg/L more than faba bean plants belong to Giza 843 cv.
... Random sampling was carried out for each batch of feed produced throughout the experiment. These samples, which represented the diets, were subjected to proximate analysis following the guidelines outlined in AOAC (2000) [4] . The analysis was conducted at the Animal Nutrition Laboratory of Agriculture and Forestry University in Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal. ...
Phytogenics, or plant-based additives, are pivotal for growth enhancement and disease resistance in cultured fish diets. A 60-days feeding trial was carried out in hapas (1m×1m×1.2m) within a grow tank (5 m×5 m×1.5 m) at the Department of Aquaculture, Agriculture hatchery complex. The study aimed to assess growth performance, survival, and gut flora of Cyprinus carpio fed with varying levels of Zingiber officinale rhizome extract. An initial cohort comprising 450 juveniles (fry) of C. carpio, averaging 2.55±0.03 g in weight and 4.9±0.68cm in length, were fed with diets containing 27.15% crude protein, included four concentrations of Z. officinale rhizome extract (1%, 2%, 3%, and 4%), along with a control group (0%); feeding three times a day for a total of 60 days, with each meal amounting to 5% of their body weight. Fish group receiving the diet containing 3% Ginger rhizome extract, showed the highest values for growth performance parameters (p<0.05), including average harvesting weight (10.33±1.32 g/fish), total harvesting weight (247.82±31.60 g/hapa), daily weight gain (0.13±0.01g/fish/day), specific growth rate (2.33±0.18%/ day) in comparison with control group. The mean initial total bacterial count of fries was observed (1.38×10 9 cfu/ml) and notable variances (p<0.05) were observed among groups fed with varying level of Ginger. The least total bacterial count was recorded in group fed 3% ginger rhizome extract on observation at 20 days (1.75×10 8 ±2.64×10 6 cfu/ml), 40 days (1.9×10 7 ±4.23×10 6 cfu/ml), and 60 days (1.62×10 6 ±3.60×10 4 cfu/ml). Similarly, the effects of varying level of ginger rhizome extract on the water quality parameters were not significantly different (p>0.05). The study concluded that supplementing the diet of cultured C. carpio with 3% Z. officinale rhizome extract effectively fosters growth and reduces the bacterial load in the gut of fish.
... The components were thoroughly combined and shaped into pellets using a pelleting machine. The proximate analysis of the crude protein, crude lipid, moisture, ash, crude fiber, and carbohydrate composition of the [5] . Finally, the prepared pelleted feeds were sun-dried and stored in airtight polythene bags at room temperature until feeding. ...
... The contents of dry matter (DM), ether extract (EE), and crude protein (CP) in ingredient, diet, and excreta samples, as well as the levels of crude fiber (CF) and ash in the ingredients, were measured following the guidelines outlined by AOAC International (2007) [41]. The gross energy (GE) of the ingredients, diet, and excreta samples was determined using an automatic bomb calorimeter (Parr 6400, Parr Instruments, Moline, IL, USA). ...
This study examined the effects of replacing corn with an aged brown rice (ABR)–wheat mixture (ABR: wheat = 85%:15%) on laying performance, egg quality, yolk fatty acid profile, economic benefits, serum biochemistry, and nutrient digestibility in laying ducks. A 12-week trial with six hundred 32-week-old Jinding ducks were randomly divided into five groups, with 10 replicates per group, and each replicate contained 12 ducks. The levels of ABR–wheat mixture in the diet were 0%, 12.5%, 25%, 37.5%, and 50%, respectively, to replace equal amounts of corn. The basic diet of the control group was corn–soybean meal (corn accounted for 50%). The experimental period was 12 weeks (from 32 to 43 weeks old). No significant differences were observed in laying performances (p > 0.05). From a numerical perspective, the duck-housed laying rate and egg mass were highest in the 37.5% group and lowest in the 50% group. Yolk color declined linearly (p < 0.05) over 12 weeks. The albumen height and Haugh unit showed a quadratic increase in weeks 4 and 8 (p < 0.05). The relative content of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) increased linearly (p < 0.05), while the relative content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), ω-3 PUFA, ω-6 PUFA, and ω-6/ω-3 PUFA decreased linearly in egg yolks (p < 0.05). The triglycerides (TG) content in serum showed a significant secondary change (p < 0.05), with the 50% group significantly lower than the other treatment groups (p < 0.05). The apparent digestibility of ether extract (EE) in the diets decreased linearly (p < 0.05). The apparent digestibility of crude protein (CP) in the diets was significantly reduced with the 50% group (p < 0.05), while there was no significant difference between the 0% and 37.5% groups (p > 0.05). Compared with the control group, economic analysis revealed net gains of 0.04–0.10 USD/duck at ≤37.5% substitution, but a loss (−0.04 USD) at 50%. In conclusion, the ABR–wheat mixture could reduce the yolk color and yolk PUFA content, but it could improve albumen quality and increase yolk MUFA content. High-level ABR–wheat mixture (50%) significantly reduced the TG content in serum and nutrient digestibility of the diet and also showed a numerical decrease in laying rate and egg mass. Our findings suggest that up to a 37.5% ABR–wheat mixture can effectively replace corn in laying duck diets without negatively affecting laying performance, while improving albumen quality and altering yolk fatty acid composition.
... A Brabender Moisture analyzer (Kernelyzer-G, Duisburg, Germany) was used to determine the moisture content of flour by adopting AOAC. [11] Accordingly, 10 g of the flour sample was dried at a temperature of 155 °C for 20 min. ...
This study investigates the effects of two commercially available enzymes; proteases (Shapeit & Neutrase) and lipases (Lipopan FBG & Lipopan Extra) each at 30, 60, and 90 ppm, on dough rheological properties and cookie quality. Significant gluten breakdown was observed in flour treatment having protease at 90 ppm, reducing the gluten index from 74.0 ± 0.86 (control) to 55.0 ± 0.52 (Shapeit) and 36.0 ± 0.48 (Neutrase). Dough development time (DDT) declined from 5.7 ± 0.067 (control) to 3.9 ± 0.056 min with Shapeit at 90 ppm, whereas it increased for lipase-treated dough upto 6.1 ± 0.058 min especially using Lipopan FBG. Likewise, dough stability time (DST) improved from 7.7 ± 0.14 to 8.2 ± 0.22% in Lipopan FBG (90 ppm) and Lipopan xtra (60 ppm). Visco-amylograph study displayed lesser peak viscosity for dough with protease, whereas lipase treatments revealed steadier change in viscosity. Scanning electron micrographs (SEMs) showed that lipase treatments improved lipid-starch links, but protease disrupted gluten-starch bonding. The sensory test exposed the ideal enzyme levels for improved cookie texture, and overall acceptance was 60 ppm Shapeit or 30 ppm Lipopan FBG addition in wheat flour. These outcomes showed that enzyme applications may provide baking industries to improve product attributes.
... For shearing force measurement, rectangular pieces (1 cm 2 cross-sectional area) were tested using a tenderness meter equipped with a strain gauge load cell (50 kg capacity), with each sample tested six or more times. Moisture, crude ash, intramuscular fat (IMF), and protein content were determined using AOAC (2005) methods [18]. AAs content in freeze-dried PM muscle (1.5 g) was analyzed following GB 5009. ...
Background
Producing high-quality beef with enhanced muscle composition and reduced fat content is critical for meeting consumer preferences and supporting a balanced diet. Given the substantial variability in beef quality across cattle breeds, this study aimed to identify key determinants of meat quality by examining Gayal (Bos frontalis) and yellow cattle (Bos taurus) through a multi-disciplinary approach.
Results
The results demonstrated that Gayal cattle exhibited superior meat quality, characterized by higher levels of protein, flavor-enhancing and essential amino acids, total amino acids, and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), alongside reduced fat content, with similar trends observed in serum hormone and amino acid profiles. Distinct differences in gut microbial composition, enzymatic activities, and metabolites were observed between the breeds. Gayal displayed increased abundances of key bacterial taxa such as Akkermansia, Paeniclostridium, Escherichia-Shigella, and Clostridium sensu stricto 1, which were associated with enhanced volatile fatty acids (VFAs), ammoniacal nitrogen, and enzymatic activity in the colon. Transcriptomic analysis of the psoas major (PM) muscle revealed significant changes in genes linked to muscle development, amino acid metabolism, and lipid metabolism. Genes related to intestinal amino acid absorption were upregulated in Gayal, while those connected to short-chain fatty acid absorption were downregulated. Correlation analyses underscored the role of gut microbiota and metabolic profiles in modulating gene expression associated with lipid and amino acid metabolism, ultimately influencing meat flavor and quality.
Conclusions
These findings provide actionable insights into the genetic and microbial factors underlying beef quality, offering a foundation for enhancing local cattle resources, optimizing breeding programs, and advancing the production of premium beef to meet both market and dietary needs.
... Samples were pulverized in liquid nitrogen and dried at 50 0 C for seven days. Dried sample (1 g) was digested with a mixture of nitric and perchloric acid, as per the standard nitric-perchloric acid digestion method [1]. The digested and filtered sample (300 μL) was diluted with deionized water (14,700 μL) and analyzed in a flame photometer (Cole-Parmer instrument, Model 02655-15) to estimate [Na + ] and [K + ]. ...
The inherent complexity of adaptive mechanisms to salinity stress necessitates novel approaches to plant
breeding. In rice, wide introgression is an approach that is yet to be fully exploited, especially from the not-so-distant
species related to cultivars. We explored the genetic combining potential of the AA-genome wild species
Oryza rufipogon, the closest progenitor of cultivated Oryza sativa ssp. japonica, to uncover physiological novelties
for salinity tolerance created by transgressive effects. Comprehensive evaluation of a set of chromosome segment
substitution lines (CSSL) for various physiometric traits revealed the occurrence of individuals transgressing the
parental phenotypic range. This indicates that introgression of alien O. rufipogon genomic segments into O. sativa
genomic background can alter the overall potential of the recipient by creating novel physiological attributes
better than the donor or worse than the recipient. In-depth characterization of transgressive tolerant and
transgressive sensitive CSSLs showed the occurrence of novel attributes in terms of energy balance and gas
exchange that positively correlated with enhanced or reduced potential for salinity tolerance. Integrated
morphological, physiological, biochemical, ionomic, genomic, and transcriptomic profiling revealed five
genomic regions with QTL effects, and seven genes with putative eQTL effects that explain the occurrence of
transgressive phenotypes. Genes with eQTL effects are associated with the regulation of cytokinin-mediated
processes, MYB transcription factors, and transmembrane transport, that positively correlated with the maintenance
of shoot biomass, regulation of stomatal conductance, and modulation of cellular homeostasis. The
transgressive lines had non-parental expression patterns for eleven genes that originated from O. rufipogon. These
genes gained new patterns of regulation (de-regulation effects) in the genomic background of O. sativa indicating
the unleashing of cryptic functions through introgression.
The study was carried out with the main objective to prepare silage using leaves of Melocanna bacifera a dominantly available bamboo species in Mizoram. The chemical composition and fermentation coefficient (FC) of the fresh bamboo leaves were analyzed before silage preparation. The DM content of the fresh bamboo leaves (Melocanna baccifera) was 40.38 g per 100 g of fresh bamboo leaves. The buffering capacity of the bamboo leaves sample was estimated 30.95 mE per 100 g DM. A lower water soluble content (WSC) of the fresh bamboo (4.8%) leaves makes it difficult for ensiling without additives. A uniform spray of molasses solution (4%) was applied and compacted until filled to the bamboo basket and silo bag capacity. Lastly, the basket and silo bags were made airtight and left unopened for 45, 60, 75 and 90 days. By the end of treatment period, portion of the silage materials were taken to evaluate the quality of ensiled bamboo leaves before offering to the lactating dairy cattle. The present research revealed that the duration of storage of bamboo leaves silage, beyond 45 days, resulted in a decline in its nutrient composition, organic acid content, and fermentation characteristics. In comparison to bamboo basket silage (BBS), it was found that silo bag silage (SBS) had the highest quality at 45 days of ensiling for animal feeding.
Early weaning is an essential practice in pig farming to achieve better economic returns; however, insufficient nutrition during the early weaning stage can result in poor growth and increased mortality. This study evaluated the effects of Moringa oleifera leaf meal (MOLM) supplementation on intake, growth performance, oxidative stress, behavioral responses, and economic outcomes in early weaned Landlly piglets. A total of 16 Landlly piglets, weaned at 35 days with an average body weight of 8.66 ± 0.38 kg, were used in this study. These piglets were randomly divided into two groups, with 8 piglets in each group. The control group was fed a basal diet, while the treatment group received the same basal diet supplemented with 5% MOLM. MOLM supplementation significantly improved growth performance, with the treatment group achieving a 9.24% higher final body weight and a 17.73% greater body weight gain compared to the control group (P < 0.05). Oxidative stress, measured through malondialdehyde levels, was significantly reduced in the treatment group (P = 0.04), indicating that MOLM mitigated lipid peroxidation and oxidative damage. Behavioral observations revealed a significant reduction in stress-related like belly nosing (P < 0.001). Additionally, cortisol levels were significantly lower in the treatment group by day 14 (P = 0.013). MOLM supplementation resulted in a lower cost of rearing per piglet and a higher net profit. This study concluded that MOLM supplementation not only improved growth performance, reduced oxidative stress and stress-related behaviors but also provided a substantial economic benefit, making it a viable nutritional strategy for improving the profitability in piglet production systems.
Artisanal cheeses face unique challenges due to changes in the present approaches to food safety, health, and environmental sustainability. This work aims at tackling such challenges in Pico cheese, by addressing outdated PDO criteria, the need to tackle coagulase-positive staphylococci (CoPS) and to promote circular economy by upgrading cheese whey. Model raw- and pasteurized milk cheeses were prepared with autochthonous lactic acid bacteria (LAB) as inoculants and analyzed for their composition, proteolysis, and microbiological parameters. CoPS were isolated and the risks they pose in terms of One Health evaluated by assessing phenotypic virulence factors and antibiotic resistance patterns. To assess the potential of autochthonous LAB for controlling CoPS, a challenge test was performed. Probiotic requeijão was prepared using autochthonous LAB as inoculants for upgrading whey. This work confirmed the need to update Pico cheese specifications regarding proteolysis indexes. Biofilm production was present in all Pico cheese CoPS, but resistance was only found against penicillin and cefoxitin. Adding salt or extending maturation time up to 60 days did not afford the desired level of CoPS control. Lactococcus lactis L1C21M1, however, was able to keep CoPS populations at 3 log cfu g−1 in the challenge test. Requeijão was a suitable substrate for probiotic autochthonous Lactococcus lactis L3A21M1 and L3B1M7.
Groundnut oil plays a critical role in nutrition and cooking within Nigeria. This study investigates the impact of sunlight on the bacteriological and proximate qualities of locally produced groundnut oil from Wuse, Kubwa, and Bwari in the Federal Capital Territory (FCT) Nigeria. Samples were collected and analyzed using standard methods and procedures. Percentage moisture content, ash content, protein and carbohydrate were high in the raw groundut oil when compared to the fried groundnut oil. Before exposure to sunlight the mean colony of bacteria was highest (5.60 ± 0.28 ×10-3) in raw groundnut oil collected from Bwari market and was lowest (2.36 ± 0.18 ×10-3) in fried groundnut oil collected from Kubwa market. After exposure to sunlight, the mean bacteria colony was highest (5.63 ± 0.12 ×10-3) and lowest (3.46 ± 0.20 ×10-3) in both raw and fried groundnut oil collected from Kubwa. A total of five bacteria species were isolated and identified from the unexposed and exposed oil samples and the identitied bacteria species are Escheriscia coli, Campylobacter sp. Salmonella sp.,Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus. The antibiotic susceptibility test shows that all bacteria isolates were sensitive to pefloxacin except Staphylococcus aureus. All the bacteria isolates were resistant to gentamycin except Bacillus cereus. All bacteria isolates were sensitive to ampiclox, chloranphenicol and ciprofloxacin. Overall, the results showed significant differences in the nutritional and microbial quality of oil depending on sunlight exposure and processing methods. This study highlights the importance of improved handling and storage practices to enhance food safety and oil quality.
This study was carried out to determine the effects of different additives (molasses and wheat bran) and their rates (0%, 5%, 10% and 15%) on the silage quality of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.). Molasses and wheat bran had significant effects on quality characteristics of quinoa silage. Molasses and wheat bran increased the dry matter rate, crude protein, lactic acid and propionic rates of quinoa silage, while pH, ammonia, crude ash and acetic acid contents decreased. While molasses had no effect on the ADF (acid detergent fibre) rate, wheat bran caused an increase in the ADF rate. While wheat bran caused a significant increase in the NDF (neutral detergent fibre) rate compared to the control, molasses caused a decrease in the NDF rate. While molasses significantly increased the RFV value, wheat bran caused a decrease in the RFV (relative feed value). While the butyric acid rate was high only in the 5% wheat bran application, no significant difference was observed in other applications compared to the control.
Sesame, the “queen of oilseeds,” is highly valued for its edible oil, though it contributes very small proportion to the world’s vegetable oil production. Oil content in sesame seeds is close to 50% and protein to 25% of the seed weight. A variety of extraction methods are used to obtain oil from sesame seeds. Among them, mechanical cold press extraction method is highly preferred for oil extraction, as it yields improved oil quality without affecting oil expelling conditions. However, the oil recovery is comparatively lower (~65%) than the chemical methods of oil extraction. Chemical methods are preferred for oil extraction due to higher oil recovery; however, the chemical solvents used had a deleterious impact on the human health and environment which pushed the development of innovative, ecofriendly oil extraction techniques. These advanced techniques employ aqueous extraction, pressurized fluids, phase-partitioning, enzyme-assisted aqueous extraction, etc., which offers numerous advantages such as high extraction yields and quality in short period with minimized solvent utilization. The fatty acid composition of sesame oil depicts that it is high in oleic (40–41%) and linoleic acid (41–43%), which makes it highly nutritive. Also, sesame oil is rich in native antioxidants, viz., lignans (sesamin, sesamolin, sesamol), tocopherols, phytosterols, etc. This chapter also compares the nutritional quality of sesame oil and other vegetable oils. In addition to better oil extraction techniques, there is pressing need to develop efficient techniques for assessing the quality of the extracted oil in order to detect any food fraud committed by mixing low-priced edible oils with high-value oil. Although techniques used in past were reliable, majority of them were destructive assays, hence there is need for improvement in non-destructive methodologies. A range of non-destructive methods that are fast, accurate, and reliable have been devised, which include NIR spectroscopy, FTIR spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, hyperspectral imaging (HIS), E-noses, etc. These non-destructive methods can nowadays be implemented through portable analyzers. The information compiled in this chapter may assist oilseed researchers and processors in selecting appropriate method for extracting sesame oil and for assessing its quality.
The pirarucu (Arapaima gigas), an Amazonian fish with high protein content, is a promising raw material for burger production, although it presents low levels of fiber and bioactive compounds. In contrast, the peel of yellow pitaya (Selenicereus megalanthus), rich in fiber and antioxidants, is often discarded, despite its potential as a functional ingredient. This study aimed to produce pitaya peel flour (PPF) and evaluate its potential application in the formulation of pirarucu burgers. PPF was obtained through ethanolic extraction (60%, 1:1 m/v), followed by pressing, freezing (-80 °C), and freeze-drying (0.998 mbar at -40 °C for 48 hours). The flour was characterized in terms of its functional properties and incorporated into burgers at levels of 0% (control), 2.5%, and 5%. The samples were evaluated for proximate composition, color, texture, and technological properties. PPF showed low moisture, lipid content, and water activity, along with high levels of fiber, protein, and bioactive compounds, significant antioxidant activity, and high solvent retention capacity. The addition of PPF to the burgers resulted in nutritional improvements (increased protein, fiber, lipid, and ash content) and technological enhancements (reduced shrinkage, higher post-cooking yield, and better moisture retention). Additionally, the flour imparted a yellowish color due to the presence of betaxanthins from the pitaya peel and influenced texture by increasing hardness and adhesiveness. It can be concluded that PPF is a promising functional ingredient for the development of value-added, sustainable fish burgers.
The turkey neck is a by-product of slaughter with technological potential, whose value can be added through boning and marination, enabling consumption and the development of new turkey-based products. Thus, this work evaluated the influence of temperature and solids concentration in brine during the marination process on turkey necks. The turkey neck was marinated in sodium chloride, water, and maltodextrin for 0, 20, 45, 70, 95, 120 min. The influence of the parameters on the gain of solids and loss/gain of water was carried out through multiple regression and the response surface methodology, in addition to adjusting the data using Azuara’s model. The apparent diffusion coefficient of solids in meat was determined by the analytical solution of the mass conservation equation with the diffusion contribution of Fick's Law for an infinite flat plate. Higher concentrations of sodium chloride promoted greater gain in solids and loss of water in marinated meat, and the best condition was the temperature condition of 8 °C; concentration of 20% NaCl and 5% MD for a period of 20 min. Apparent diffusivity varied between 1.28x10-9 m2.s-1 and 5.75x10-9 m2.s-1. The gain in solids showed a good fit of the Azuara’s model to the experimental data with R2>0.90. It is concluded that marination is an alternative to the use of turkey neck cuts and the determination of these parameters is essential for the characterization of the process since it is a raw material that can be used as an ingredient for new products.
The application of biochar as a soil amendment has gained increasing attention due to its potential to improve soil properties, enhance plant growth, and mitigate environmental stresses. This study aims to evaluate the effects of different biochar treatments—wood biochar (WBc), vegetable biochar (VBc), and a mixture of wood and vegetable biochar (WVBc)—on the growth, physiological, and biochemical responses of Pisum sativum L. seedlings. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of biochar treatments—wood biochar (WBc), vegetable biochar (VBc), and a mixture of wood and vegetable biochar (WVBc)—on Pisum sativum L. seedlings. Seedlings were grown under controlled conditions, and various growth, physiological, and biochemical parameters were assessed, including plant biomass, photosynthetic efficiency, nutrient content, oxidative stress markers, and antioxidant defense responses. The findings revealed significant improvements across several plant growth metrics, including root and shoot lengths, fresh and dry biomass, with WVBc showing the most pronounced effects. Root length increased by 75.45%, shoot length by 32.4%, and shoot fresh weight by 43.4% compared to the control. Photosynthetic parameters also improved, with total chlorophyll content increasing by 50.1%, net photosynthetic rate by 28.3%, RWC by 17.0%, and WUE by 22.5% under WVBc treatment. Enhanced photosynthesis was attributed to higher nitrogen availability and improved soil moisture retention. Biochemical analyses indicated significant increases in total protein and carbohydrate content, with WVBc treatment yielding the highest gains. Additionally, glycine betaine (GB) production increased by 44.7%, while proline content decreased by 46.1%, suggesting improved stress tolerance. The reduction in oxidative stress markers (MDA and H₂O₂) further supports the role of biochar in mitigating oxidative damage. Moreover, biochar treatments enhanced the activities of key antioxidant enzymes and increased levels of non-enzymatic antioxidants such as reduced glutathione (GSH), ascorbic acid (AsA), and α-tocopherol, thereby boosting the plants’ antioxidant defenses. The WVBc treatment significantly enhanced nutrient uptake, particularly nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorus, contributing to improved mineral content and plant health. Overall, this study highlights mixed wood-vegetable biochar (WVBc) as an effective soil amendment that enhances plant resilience, nutrient use efficiency, and crop productivity, offering a promising strategy for sustainable agriculture and stress mitigation.
This study aimed to examine the repercussion of microwave (MW)
power and slice thickness on drying characteristics and biochemical properties turmeric. The experiment studies were designed
using response surface methodology (RSM). 13 experiments were
conducted with thicknesses between 2 and 6mm and MW powers
ranging from 250 to 650W. Furthermore, RSM was used to obtain
turmeric-optimizing conditions. Quadratic models were used to fit
the biochemical parameters including moisture content (MC), protein, total phenolic content (TPC), total carbohydrate, total oil,
crude fibre and antioxidant activity (AA); additionally, slice thickness (mm) and MW power (W) were also taken into consideration.
The models were fitted using a central composite rotatable design
(CCRD). The findings of the analysis of variance (ANOVA) statistical
test suggested that the optimal dried turmeric qualities were
reached at a MW power of 514.68W and a slice thickness of
2.5mm, resulting in a drying time of 35.376min, MC of 9.135%,
total carbohydrate of 55.962%, true protein of 9.455g/100g, crude
fibre of 5.521%, total oil of 6.522%, TPC of 374.628mg GAE/100g
and AA of 46.106%. The close agreement between experimental
and predicted values validated the model’s effectiveness. These
findings have practical implications for improving turmeric product
quality, extending shelf life and reducing drying time and energy
consumption, thereby promoting sustainable and efficient spice
processing practices.
This study investigated the techno-functional and sensory properties of plant-based protein powders formulated with different ratios of pigeon pea and rice proteins. Three formulations (80:20, 65:35, and 50:50 rice protein: pigeon pea protein) were developed and compared with commercial protein powders. Microscopic analysis revealed that pigeon pea protein exhibited a plate-like, porous structure, while rice protein had a more compact, aggregated morphology, influencing bulk density, solubility, and hydration properties. Thermal analysis indicated differences in denaturation behavior, potentially affecting the techno-functional properties of the final formulations. Protein content ranged from 67.4 to 69.6%, significantly higher than a commercial reference (46.9%). Bulk density varied from 0.24 to 0.29 g/cm³, while solubility improved in blended formulations (20.2–40.4%) compared to rice protein alone (1.2%). Sensory evaluation showed that all formulated powder beverages were preferred for their appearance and texture, with other attributes comparable to the commercial product. Formulation 3 (50:50) emerged as the optimal blend, achieving the highest protein content (69.9%), enhanced solubility (40.4%), improved wettability (91 s), and favorable overall acceptability. These findings highlight the potential of pigeon pea–rice protein blends in developing plant-based protein powders with improved functional and sensory properties, providing a viable alternative to commercial products.
The study investigated the effects of dry and wet aging for 38 days on the meat quality of Longissimus lumborum (LL) muscles from 50% Wagyu × 50% Sahiwal (WSF1) crossbred steers. LL muscles were obtained from four crossbred steers at 24 h postmortem, cut into two sections, and randomly assigned to either dry aging (no packaging in a walk-in cold room at 1.5 ± 1 °C, 70% RH) or wet aging (vacuum-packed in low-density polyethylene K-nylon bags and stored in the same conditions) for 38 days. Dry-aged LL had significantly higher weight loss but lower cooking loss compared to wet-aged LL (P < 0.05). Aging methods did not affect pH, color, shear force, collagen and troponin T degradation (P > 0.05). Dry-aged LL had lower polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) than wet-aged LL (P < 0.05). Wet-aged LL exhibited higher inosine 5’-monophosphate (IMP) and guanosine 5’-monophosphate (GMP) levels than dry-aged LL (P < 0.05). No differences were observed in free amino acid content between aging methods (P > 0.05). Wet aging reduced weight loss (2.88% vs. 11.86%) and increased PUFA (3.58% vs. 2.75%), IMP (50.37 vs. 20.04 mg/100 g), and GMP (3.70 vs. 1.82 mg/100 g) compared to dry aging, highlighting the impact of aging on WSF1 beef loin quality.
This research paper presents the design and development of a compact unit for reducing the moisture content of honey across various types and moisture levels. The unit features a cylindrical drum, perforated discs and an air circulation system that ensures unidirectional honey flow, driven by gravity, to prevent reverse flow. Performance was tested on different honey types, including litchi, mustard, multifloral, coriander and ajwain, by measuring the time taken to achieve moisture reduction. The unit effectively reduced moisture content by up to 17% for various honey types. Water activity measurements confirmed microbiological stability below the critical limit for all honey types. The study also examined the effect of air temperature on drying efficiency, with ANOVA analysis highlighting its significance on drying times. Quality analysis indicated that key physicochemical properties remained within permissible limits, ensuring the honey’s quality post-processing.
Given the increasing demand for protein sources and the need for efficient use of slaughter by-products, pig hearts offer high nutritional value and potential for techno-functional applications. The pH-shifting technique...
Ora-pro-nobis mucilage (MOPN) (Pereskia aculeata Miller) is rich in proteins and possesses emulsifying, thickening, and gelling properties, capable of influencing the viscosity of colloidal systems. Its use as an alternative to commercial pectin enhances local ingredients, such as native plants, and contributes to the diversification of products in the food industry. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of MOPN as a substitute for commercial pectin in the production of jaboticaba jelly. For this, the mucilage was extracted from the leaf extract by precipitation with ethanol and lyophilization. The jellies were prepared with jaboticaba extract, sugar, pectin or mucilage, and citric acid, being cooked to reach 65 ºBrix. The formulations were analyzed for pH, titratable acidity, moisture, water activity, bioactive compounds, color, and rheological behavior. The data were subjected to ANOVA, with means compared by Tukey's test (p<0.05). The addition of MOPN altered the pH, reduced the titratable acidity, and increased the water activity of the jellies, indicating the need for preservatives. The mucilage preserved bioactive compounds, increasing total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity, but reduced anthocyanins, affecting color. The jellies showed a lighter and less reddish hue, likely due to pH changes. All formulations exhibited non-Newtonian pseudoplastic behavior, but the consistency index of the jellies decreased with the addition of mucilage. MOPN is a promising substitute for pectin, although its influence on color and stability requires further studies for optimization.
To achieve quality strawberry production without hampering its nutritive value, the use of eco-friendly organic amendments is seen as a preferable resort. Keeping in view their lucrative effects, an experiment was carried out during 2021–2022 aimed at evaluating the impact of organic nutrient sources on growth, yield and soil properties of strawberry cv. ‘Sweet Charlie’. The experiment was set up in a naturally ventilated polycarbonate house and was laid out in randomized block design (RBD) and replicated thrice. The effects of these various alternative combinations (vermicompost, humic acid, neem cake, plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria [PGPR] and jeevamrit) were investigated during studies. There was a 0.19%, 0.18 and 1.90% increase in plant height, leaf area and number of crowns in T6, respectively, over control (T10). Similarly, an improvement of 3.80, 6.39 and 13.59% in the number of flowers, fruit set and yield was eventually recorded under the same treatment. There was also a 20.00, 15.96, 0.24 and 0.80% significant increase with respect to carbon partitioning in shoots, soil organic carbon, available N and K under T6 compared to control. In addition to this, 53.05, 43.14 and 14.29% enhancement under T6 for bacterial, actinomycetes and fungal counts were also observed. Treatment T6, with the promising performance comprising 80% recommended dose of nitrogen (RDN)—40% through vermicompost (120 g/m² bed), 40% through neem cake (60 g/m² bed), humic acid (10 g/plant), and jeevamrit + PGPR, each 25 ml/plant, displayed the effective potential for nutrient management in cultivating strawberries within an organic production system.
Arsenate (As) pollution poses severe health issues due to its non-essentiality and mobility through food chains. The current investigation was conducted to study the stimulating capacity of aqueous garlic extract (AGE) to impede As toxicity in fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.). Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis of AGE revealed the presence of organosulfur and phenolic compounds. The irrigation with 50 mM As hampered the morphological, physiological, and biochemical traits of fenugreek. As-induced toxicity increased levels of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), hydroxyl radical (OH•), and lipid peroxidation. The modified antioxidative machinery and increased osmolyte levels (amino acids, proline, and glycine betaine) were recorded following As application. Furthermore, As disrupted the ultrastructure of chloroplasts, mitochondria, cellular membranes, cell walls, and xylem vessels. AGE priming reduced As accumulation and restored plant growth, photosynthetic traits, and metabolic constituents. The antioxidative potential of AGE bioactive components upregulated enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants and maintained the normal cell redox status of As-stressed fenugreek plants. Furthermore, AGE priming promoted superoxide dismutase (SOD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APOX) activities, limiting reactive oxygen species burst and membrane leakage. Additionally, AGE priming effectively restored normal ultrastructural compartments and cellular turgidity, preventing cell apoptotic symptoms and reducing As-induced cellular toxicity. The stimulatory potential of AGE can be assigned to its antioxidant components, which reduce oxidative stress and boost ROS detoxification mechanisms including the ascorbate–glutathione (ASA-GSH) cycle. Thus, As negatively impacted fenugreek, increased oxidative stress and disrupted cellular structures, but AGE priming countered As effects by enhancing antioxidants and cellular integrity, supporting plant recovery.
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