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The fighting fishes (Teleostei: Osphronemidae: Genus Betta) of Singapore, Malaysia and Brunei
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... bellica, Sauvage 1884), Dusky betta (B. fusca, Regan 1909), Peaceful betta, Mahachai betta, B. ocellata (Tan and Ng 2005), the Mekong fighting fish, Siamese fighting fish (B. splendens, Regan 1909), B. stiktos (Tan and Ng 2005), and Howong betta (B. ...
... fusca, Regan 1909), Peaceful betta, Mahachai betta, B. ocellata (Tan and Ng 2005), the Mekong fighting fish, Siamese fighting fish (B. splendens, Regan 1909), B. stiktos (Tan and Ng 2005), and Howong betta (B. unimaculata, Tan and Ng 2005). ...
... splendens, Regan 1909), B. stiktos (Tan and Ng 2005), and Howong betta (B. unimaculata, Tan and Ng 2005). The maximum intraspecific p distance and K2P divergences were 20.64 ± 1.72% and 24.84 ± 2.54%, respectively, in B. splendens. ...
Background
The number of nucleotide sequences in public repositories has exploded recently. However, the data contain errors, leading to incorrect species identification. Several fighting fish (Betta spp.) are poorly described, with unresolved cryptic species complexes masking undescribed species. Here, DNA barcoding was used to detect erroneous sequences in public repositories.Objective
This study reflects the current quantitative and qualitative status of DNA barcoding in fighting fish and provides a rapid and reliable identification tool.MethodsA total of 1034 barcode sequences were analyzed from mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) and cytochrome b (Cytb) genes from 71 fighting fish species.ResultsThe nearest neighbor test showed the highest percentage of intraspecific nearest neighbors at 93.41% for COI and 91.67% for Cytb, which can be used as reference barcodes for certain taxa. Intraspecific variation was usually less than 13%, while most species differed by more than 54%. The barcoding gap, calculated from the difference between inter- and intraspecific sequence divergences, was negative in the COI data set indicating overlapping intra- and interspecific sequence divergence. Sequence saturation was observed in the Cytb data set but not in the COI data set.Conclusion
The COI gene should thus be used as the main barcoding marker for fighting fish.
... Studies on the diversity and distribution of Betta fish in the Southeast Asian region have also been reported from several countries, for instance, 12 species were reported from Thailand, namely B. simplex, B. prima, B. pugnax, B. pi (Tan & Ng 2005;Tanpitayacoop & Na-Nakorn 2005), B. smaragdina (Tan & Ng 2005;Monvises et al. 2009), B. mahachaiensis, B. siamorientalis (Kowasupat et al. 2012a(Kowasupat et al. , 2012b, B. imbellis, B. splendens (Tan & Ng 2005;Kowasupat et al. 2014), B. pallida, B. ferox and B. apollon ). Furthermore, three species were also identified in Cambodian waters, namely B. prima (Tan & Ng 2005), B. siamorientalis and B. stiktos (Kowasupat et al. 2012a, while two species were reported from Brunei (B. ...
... Studies on the diversity and distribution of Betta fish in the Southeast Asian region have also been reported from several countries, for instance, 12 species were reported from Thailand, namely B. simplex, B. prima, B. pugnax, B. pi (Tan & Ng 2005;Tanpitayacoop & Na-Nakorn 2005), B. smaragdina (Tan & Ng 2005;Monvises et al. 2009), B. mahachaiensis, B. siamorientalis (Kowasupat et al. 2012a(Kowasupat et al. , 2012b, B. imbellis, B. splendens (Tan & Ng 2005;Kowasupat et al. 2014), B. pallida, B. ferox and B. apollon ). Furthermore, three species were also identified in Cambodian waters, namely B. prima (Tan & Ng 2005), B. siamorientalis and B. stiktos (Kowasupat et al. 2012a, while two species were reported from Brunei (B. ...
... Studies on the diversity and distribution of Betta fish in the Southeast Asian region have also been reported from several countries, for instance, 12 species were reported from Thailand, namely B. simplex, B. prima, B. pugnax, B. pi (Tan & Ng 2005;Tanpitayacoop & Na-Nakorn 2005), B. smaragdina (Tan & Ng 2005;Monvises et al. 2009), B. mahachaiensis, B. siamorientalis (Kowasupat et al. 2012a(Kowasupat et al. , 2012b, B. imbellis, B. splendens (Tan & Ng 2005;Kowasupat et al. 2014), B. pallida, B. ferox and B. apollon ). Furthermore, three species were also identified in Cambodian waters, namely B. prima (Tan & Ng 2005), B. siamorientalis and B. stiktos (Kowasupat et al. 2012a, while two species were reported from Brunei (B. ...
The Betta broodfish supply in Indonesia majorly comes from wild populations and fetches a higher price compared to
hatchery cross-breeds, especially Betta rubra. This condition exerts pressure on the wild populations. Therefore, this study
aims to examine the diversity, distribution, and conservation status of Betta fish species list in the study area. A total of 422 Betta fishes were collected from January 2019 to January 2021 from 19 of 59 sampling locations surveyed, consisting of four species, namely, Betta imbellis (TL: 14.09–31.98 mm; BW: 0.03–0.39 g), B. splendens (TL: 21.09–40.14 mm; BW: 0.05–0.70 g), B. rubra (TL: 11.35 to 47.80 mm; BW: 0.02–0.90 g), and B. dennisyongi (TL: 20.09–47.81 mm; BW: 0.07– 0.91 g). There are four Betta species occurred in Aceh waters, namely B. dennisyongi, B. rubra, B. splendens, and B. imbellis. The results showed that B. dennisyongi was found at 8 sampling locations and had higher local distribution (13.56% LD) followed by B. rubra (8.47% LD), B. splendens (6.78% LD) and B. imbellis which had the lowest distribution and was only found in two locations (3.39% LD). Furthermore, field measurements (in situ) of water quality in the wild habitat showed temperature ranging from 23.7 to 31.9°C while pH ranged from 5.24 to 8.51. Based on the IUCN Redlist data, B. rubra is categorized as being critically endangered.
... Wild betta fish are found in some endemic regions throughout Malaysia, Indonesia and Thailand. Tan and Ng (2005) [1] described numerous wild betta species found in Malaysia, including B. coccina, B. persephone and B. livida, the latter of which are the focus of this study (see Table 1). ...
... Wild betta fish are found in some endemic regions throughout Malaysia, Indonesia and Thailand. Tan and Ng (2005) [1] described numerous wild betta species found in Malaysia, including B. coccina, B. persephone and B. livida, the latter of which are the focus of this study (see Table 1). ...
... Tan and Ng [1] described adult B. livida as having small, unique bodies (the standard length is less than 40 mm), with a uniform deep red (maroon) body colour. They have midlateral bodies and both genders have an iridescent green blotch that often fades throughout adulthood. ...
Betta livida is an endangered endemic species of wild fighting fish affected by habitat
degradation and exploitation. Despite this concern, the literature on the conservation of wild betta is
negligible. Conservation is a non-use value, whereas the species itself is a use-value because they are
sought after in the ornamental fish trade business. Therefore, the contingent valuation method (CVM)
was applied in this study to establish the monetary value for species conservation by determining
hobbyists’ willingness to donate (WTD) for conservation. Fish hobbyists are the most prominent
backbone of the industry and are the most acquainted with the targeted species. Hence, hobbyists’
knowledge, perceptions and attitude towards species conservation have also been explored and
weighed against the WTD. Purposive sampling was employed with a total of 150 respondents in
Klang Valley. The findings show that the WTD was influenced by double-bound CVM, age (AGE)
and hobbyists who owned the species (OWNB). In contrast, knowledge, perceptions and attitudes
were not significant. Using probit regression analysis, hobbyists’ WTD for species conservation was
MYR 9.04 annually. The survey also revealed concern for species that are wild-caught by hobbyists.
Hence, the results of this study offer preliminary insights into the WTD for wild betta and local
freshwater fish conservation in Malaysia.
... The IUCN Red List has classified some of the species in genus Betta as the endangered species; meanwhile, the group's information is limited [10]. Betta fish's grouping for a long time is based on the morphological characters [11,12,13,14]. With the development of technology and the use of DNA, currently has developed a systematic study using molecular data, or a combination of both [15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25]. ...
... The pugnax group has lancet-shaped caudal fins; the coccina group is perfectly rounded while the albimarginata and unimaculata caudal fins are rounded modified with a flat caudal tip. Differences in morphological characters in the four groups are also explained by Tan and Ng [11]. The pugnax group has characteristics of lancet-shaped on caudal fins. ...
... This grouping is also supported by morphological forms that are similar to each other. Tan and Ng [11] describe that the Betta pugnax group has the characteristics. They have a black line chin bar from under the eye to the lower jaw, there are transverse bars in the form of black transverse stripes on the dorsal, anal and caudal fins in adult male individuals and have caudal fins lancet-shaped. ...
Cytochrome b gene mitochondrial DNA was used to study the Palo fish from Bukit Rangkak tributary, Harau Valley, West Sumatra. The study aimed to determine the taxonomy of Palo fish, which morphological suspected as the Betta group. Phylogenetic analysis was used to solve the relationship of Palo fish with other species of the Betta. The alignment of the DNA sequences was carried out with Clustal X version 2 and analysis of phylogenetic tree using MEGA 6 software program. Based on the analysis of the cytochrome b gene sequence (1047 bp), it is known that the genetic differences of Palo fish from two tributaries of Bukit Rangkak river is 0.0% and with other Betta fish ranges from 13.0-35.5%. The phylogenetic tree has shown that Palo fish has a close genetic relationship with the Betta picta (13.0%). The result showed that Palo fish is at the different species in the genus of Betta and proposed as a new species.
... The genus Betta, popularly known as fighting fishes, consists of small-fish (not larger than 110 mm SL) adapted to swampy, stagnant-water pool and hill stream habitats. They possess the ability to breathe atmospheric air, display specialized egg and brood care (either oral brooding or bubble-nest building) and exhibit strong territorial instincts (Britz, 2001;Rüber et al., 2004;Tan & Ng, 2005). The genus Betta currently contains some 70 species (Tan & Ng, 2005;Schindler & Schmidt, 2008;Tan, 2009;Tan & Ahmad, 2018;pers. ...
... They possess the ability to breathe atmospheric air, display specialized egg and brood care (either oral brooding or bubble-nest building) and exhibit strong territorial instincts (Britz, 2001;Rüber et al., 2004;Tan & Ng, 2005). The genus Betta currently contains some 70 species (Tan & Ng, 2005;Schindler & Schmidt, 2008;Tan, 2009;Tan & Ahmad, 2018;pers. obs.). ...
... obs.). The most recent revision, by Tan & Ng (2005), covered all 23 Malaysian species considered valid at that time: Peninsular Malaysia with 13 species-B. bellica Sauvage, B. coccina Vierke, B. hipposideros Ng & Kottelat, B. Ng et al. 2017 provided an overview of all freshwater fishes documented in Sabah based on Inger & Chin's (1962) pioneering work. ...
Betta nuluhon, new species, is described from a hill stream habitat in western Sabah. This species is allied to both B. chini and B. balunga, and differs from rest of its congeners in the B. akarensis group in having the following combination of characters: yellow iris when live; mature males with greenish-blue iridescence on opercle when live; mature fish with distinct transverse bars on caudal fin; slender body (body depth 22.1–25.2 % SL); belly area with faint reticulate pattern (scales posteriorly rimmed with black); absence of tiny black spots on anal fin; lateral scales 29–31 (mode 30); predorsal scales 20–21 (mode 20). Notes on a fresh series of B. chini are also provided.
... Regan's (1910 specimens were from Sarawak and are actually B. akarensis Regan, 1910, andB. ibanorum Tan &Ng, 2004 (see Tan & Ng, 2005). Subsequent findings were based mainly on collections by German aquarists (e.g., Vierke, 1979;Linke, 1991). ...
... Methods for counts and measurements follow Tan & Ng (2005), modified from Witte & Schmidt (1992). Some descriptive terms follow that of Tan & Kottelat (1998). ...
... See Tan & Ng (2005) for a list of comparative material. ...
Betta anabatoides is redescribed based on fresh material from Kalimantan Selatan and Kalimantan Tengah, in Indonesian Borneo; a neotype is designated. Betta midas, new species, is described from the lower Kapuas basin in West Kalimantan. It differs from B. anabatoides in being more slender and having a greater number of gold scales.
... Plate 17 (Britz, 2001) and in Peninsular Malaysia, 15 species had been recorded including the recently described species from blackwater swamps, Betta omega (Tan & Ahmad, 2018). Most of the species within this genus sharing few similarities of diagnostic characters and has been classified into 13 species group (Tan & Ng, 2005 -Grand et al., 2017). ...
This report is the first on freshwater fishes of Ulu Paip Eco-Park Forest, Kedah, which aims to document the fish species richness in this recreational forest. All species were collected from the main stream, Sungai Karangan, and its unnamed tributaries. In total, 20 species of fishes from 10 families were recorded. Cyprinidae is the most dominant family with six species followed by Danionidae with three species. Other families contribute at least one species each. Most of the species recorded here are commonly found in the northern part of Peninsular Malaysia. Further studies should be expected to record more species and the utilization of various sampling gear such as electro fishing technique would be able to record the true species richness of fishes in this area.
... Prominent examples of blackwater endemics are representatives from the family Osphronemidae including members of the genera Betta, Parosphromenus and Sphaerichthys. Species belonging to these genera are thought to be some of the most rangerestricted fishes globally (Kottelat & Ng, 2005;Tan & Ng, 2005). They are also possibly some of the most threatened freshwater taxa in S.E. ...
This book contains topics on the role of climatic factors on the epidemiology, prevalence, distribution, prevention and control of fish diseases. The 25 chapters that are divided into three main parts that discuss freshwater ecosystems and biological sequestrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide; microbial diseases (viral, bacterial and fungal infections) and parasitic diseases (protozoan and metazoan infections).
... Prominent examples of blackwater endemics are representatives from the family Osphronemidae including members of the genera Betta, Parosphromenus and Sphaerichthys. Species belonging to these genera are thought to be some of the most rangerestricted fishes globally (Kottelat & Ng, 2005;Tan & Ng, 2005). They are also possibly some of the most threatened freshwater taxa in S.E. ...
This chapter focuses on changes due to anthropogenic activities, invasive fish species and changes in biodiversity in freshwater lakes and rivers in South East Asia. SE Asia's fresh waters are expected to be under increasing pressure from the region's rapidly growing human population. This will likely be exacerbated by the synergy between various anthropogenic impacts. For example, the projected effects of global climate change are likely to drive the intensification of habitat modification, exacerbate influx of pollutants and aggravate risks of biological invasions, among others. In some cases, anthropogenic impacts on fresh waters may even trigger feedback mechanisms in which the causes and consequences are mutually reinforcing. Despite this, the importance of freshwater resources means that human exploitation of inland waters cannot be avoided entirely. More realistically, mitigative measures should instead focus on preserving or incorporating natural elements in freshwater ecosystems. Given sufficient motivation, trade-offs between human and biodiversity needs can be optimized for greater long-term sustainability.
Three families (Anabantidae, Helostomatidae, Osphronemidae) and 32 species of anabantoids, and nine species of channids (Channidae) are recorded from Sumatra and adjacent islands. Three new species are described. Betta cracens, new species, differs from other members of the B. pugnax group in having the most slender body (body depth 21.2-24.2% SL), more anal fin rays (27-29) and lateral scales (32-33). Betta fasca is redescribed and a lectotype is designated. An allied species, Betta raja is described, differing from B. fusca in having a longer head (HL 33.9-37.4% SL, vs. 33.2-33.8), more lateral scales (30-32, vs. 29) and a relatively longer pelvic fin. Betta rubra is redescribed from type and recent material. Luciocephalus aura, new species, is described from Jambi province; where it is syntopic with L. pulcher, but differs in having different body and fin patterns, most prominently the presence of numerous iridescent green spots on central stripe (vs. absence of green spots). The taxonomy of Luciocephalus pulcher is also clarified and a neotype is designated. The taxonomy of Channa marulioides and C. melanoptera is discussed.
Eighty-two species of fish are recorded from inland localities on the Anambas and Natuna Islands. Among these are two species from earlier museum records not obtained on the recent two surveys in 2002. Forty-seven species (10 restricted to freshwater) are reported from the Anambas islands; and 55 species (21 restricted to freshwater, among which two are endemic) are reported from the Natuna islands. Of the two endemic species, Betta aurigans, new species, is described from the lowland swamp forest streams of Pulau Natuna Besar (formerly Pulau Bunguran). It differs from congeners of the B. akarensis group in having a greenish-gold opercle, gold scales on the belly, a distinct hump behind head of large males, 29-30 anal fin-rays and 33-33(1)/(2) lateral scales.