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'Influence of employees' perception of colour preferences on productivity in Malaysia office buildings
... Most of the studies were cross-cultural study. Blue and green are consistently found to be the most favourite colours (Kamaruzzaman et al., 2010;Kwallek et al., 1997;Liu et al., 2014;Park, 2009;Poursafar et al., 2016;Valdez & Mehrabian, 1994). However, colour preference is not universal (Taylor, Clifford and Flanklin, 2013) and are influenced by differences in age, gender, cultural aspect (Park & Guerin, 2002;Saito, 1996;Sorokowski et al., 2014), background and experience (Baniani & Yamamoto, 2015). ...
... In the workplace, the preference of colours can influence on worker's mood, wellbeing and performance. (Kamaruzzaman et al., 2010;Poursafar et al., 2016). White is the most favourite neutral colour (Poursafar et al., 2016) and workers prefer to work in a white environment (Kwallek & Lewis, 1990;Kwallek et al.,1996). ...
... Four studies reported the effect of workplace colour on human's productivity. Neutral colours, cool blue colours (Kamaruzzaman et al., 2010) as well as a balance between warm and cool colours can enhance productivity. By contrast, cool colours in the context of architectural office were found to reduce productivity (Poursafar et al., 2016). ...
In the work environment, colour is considered an important design element used to improve aesthetic qualities of the environment and for a company’s branding. This paper reviews existing research on the effects of workplace colour on worker’s mood, wellbeing and other work-related outcomes. In total 40 papers fitted the inclusion criteria and were included in the review. The results show a significant influence of colour on affect (e.g. mood, emotion), wellbeing (e.g. stress, comfort, wellbeing), and performance (e.g. productivity, performance, creativity). The review concludes with suggestions for further research.
Keywords: Colour perception; Colour psychology; Effect of colour; Work environment.
eISSN 2398-4295 © 2018. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA cE-Bs by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open-access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21834/ajbes.v3i13.152
... Looking at their research findings, this paper has discovered that 9 research studies highlighted the salient affects of white colour to human well being and performance (Fehrman & Fehrman, 2004;Kamaruzzaman & Zawawi, 2010;Kuller et al., 2009;Kwallek, 1996;Kwallek et al., 1990;Kwallek et al., 1996;Kwallek et al., 1997;Kwallek et al., 2007;Stone, 2001). Every individual has different level of sensitivity towards environment. ...
... Besides that, it is said most public building is in white colour which is also referred as natural colour. In regards to this, many people thought white has professional quality (Stone, 2001) and widely accepted (Fehrman & Fehrman, 2004;Kamaruzzaman & Zawawi, 2010;Kwallek et al., 1990;Stone, 2001) but unaware of its distinct effects on people (Kwallek et al., 1990;Stone, 2001). The research also suggested that more research on white should be done because many people are still unaware of its impact. ...
... For example, Kwallek and Lewis (1990) found that red has the most arousal effects which has caused to less error made in certain task although it is highly rated as distracting. In contrast, Kamaruzzaman and Zawawi (2010) concluded that blue colour has the most arousal effects and has the highest rating for performing environment. Although it is said that colours are differently perceived and its meaning culturally, the method of studies should be repeated and updated for clearer understanding of colour effects. ...
This paper analyses 40 previous colour studies selected from various disciplines discussing previous methods and colour effects in order to find its significant impact on humans. It reviews factors such as type of setting, method of assessment, instruments and type of colours. Secondly, it discuss how colours or coloured environment have influence working performances; causing certain behavior; creating negative or positive perception to surroundings and task given; and influencing moods and emotions. Finally, this paper highlights the potential scientific approach in finding colour effects on human behaviour. The paper summarized factors to be included for further steps of current investigation.
... The zinc values of the current study were 0.528 -0.216 mg/100 g which were within the FAO ranges of 0.23 -2.1 mg/100 g. Observations on zinc were similar to other studies (De et al., 2010 andLilly et al., 2017), although, higher than fishes from Malaysia (Kamaruzzaman et al., 2010), Turkey (Dural and Bickici, 2010) and Okavango Delta of Botswana (Mogobe et al., 2015), but lower than from southwest coast of India (Rejomon et al., 2010). ...
... The copper concentrations were similar to other studies (Rejomon et al., 2010;Mogobe et al., 2015;and Lilly et al., 2017). However, higher than that reported by Turkmen et al., (2008); Raja et al., (2009);Dural and Bickici (2010); and Kamaruzzaman et al., (2010), but lower than earlier report from this area (De et al., 2010) and fishes from Gresik coastal waters of Indonesia (Soegianto and Hamami, 2007). ...
The purpose of the current study was to determine certain mineral components in edible tissue in different species of fish from Greater Zab River, Erbil Governorate- Kurdistan Region-Iraq. A total of 180 fish namely Capoeta trutta, Chondrostoma regium and Leuciscus cephalus were collected from Gali Balinda, Bn Khiveta, Galiesule, Pirsal and Bekhme between July and November 2019. After removal of eviscerated, deboned, head and fins, fish were washed with purified water and muscle samples were collected above the lateral line between the dorsal fin and the caudal fin, then dried for important and non-essential metals examination at 750 C for 48 h. Results showed that levels of K, Na, P, Ca, Cd and Hg in the edible tissue of Chondrostoma regium fish were significantly higher than in the Capoeta trutta and Luciobarbus esocinus fish, whereas the edible tissue in Capoeta trutta exhibited the highest mean values for lead, barium and arsenic. In all species, the highest concentrations of K, Na, and Mg were recorded in Gali Balinda, whereas the highest concentration of P and Ca were recorded in Pirsal during studied period. According to the results, the government should have environmental policies to improve, keep and enrich the water quality assessment in Greater Zab River
... For instance, a meta-analysis completed by Jalil, Yunus, Said & Iqbal (2015), who wrote multiple publications on the learning environment, claims that according to Jacobs & Hustmyer (1974), Küller, Mikellides & Janssens (2009), and Kwallek & Lewis (1990), red has the most arousal effects, however, hidden threats exist to invoke reduction in attention and moderation in perceiving activities. Whereas a study done by Kamaruzzaman and Zawawi (2010), associate professors from the University of Malaya and the University Technology MARA, Malaysia, respectively, concluded that blue color has the most calming effects and has the highest rating for performing in an environment. Thus, wall colors in a classroom produce a milieu that can be a source of stimulation and concentration. ...
... Laying eyes on color provokes a specific sensation. For instance, the red color tends to grab people's attention and yields excitement and courage; on the other hand, the color of green functions as emotionally calming to eyes as well as filtering out distractions (Kamaruzzaman & Zawawi, 2010). In consideration of that, Grube (2013), an internationally accredited color designer, claims that "Proper color usage on classroom walls creates an enriched learning environment that increases student achievement, accuracy, instructor effectiveness, and staff efficiency. ...
The aim of this study was to investigate the psychological impact of colored classroom walls on individuals. The research was conducted with eighth-grade students from an international school in Chiang Mai, Thailand. A total of 34 students with a variety of cultural backgrounds participated in this study. Students attended their regular classes with the three wall colors of purple, green, and red, while the Bourdon Attention Test was utilized as an assessment of the students' attention level. Data from the two conditions, control and experimental groups, each consisting of both pre-test and post-test, were collected and examined to find out the effects of different wall colors on the student's attention. The results indicate that the classroom with red-colored walls showed a significant impact on the participant’s attention. In summary, this paper will contribute to enhancing awareness of how wall colors in educational facilities affect student’s learning activity as well as to assist future designer’s decisions on the usage of appropriate colors.
... Fehrman and Fehrman (2000), and Ou, Ronnier Luo, Sun, Hu, Chen, Guan, Woodcock, Caivano, Huertas, Tremeau, Billger, Izadan and Richter (2011) all conclude that colours are preferred in the order of blue, red, green, purple, orange and then yellow. Several researchers (Kamaruzzaman & Zawawi 2010;Manav 2006;Madden et al., 2000;Singh 2006) agree that blue is the most liked colour across nations. Ling and Hurlbert (2007) state that the colour blue is also the colour most favoured by both males and females. ...
... The most significant difference from these results compared to the literature (Fehrman & Fehrman, 2000;Ou et al., 2011) is that purple was ranked as the second favourite colour by this study's respondents, while the literature suggested purple to be ranked fourth. The findings of this study are consistent with the literature (Kamaruzzaman & Zawawi 2010;Manav, 2006;Madden et al., 2000;Singh 2006) in terms of blue being the most preferred colour, and yellow and orange being the least preferred. ...
This study reports on the colour preferences of 409 Generation Y students from two higher education institution campuses located in South Africa’s Gauteng province for certain consumer products. The preferences were indicated using a self-administered questionnaire. These respondents aged 18 - 24 years claimed that blue as their favourite colour. In addition, the respondents indicated having a strong preference for consumer products coloured black. These findings, the first of their kind to be reported on in South Africa, offer important insights for marketers targeting this cohort and may be used as a guideline to incorporate colour into the design of products in such a way as to appeal to Generation Y students.
DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n21p69
... It is found in the study by Kamaruzzaman and Zawawi (2010), that the interior wall colour is important to increase efficiency in the work environment. Using subtle colour pallets and shades can improve office well-being. ...
Homagama area is being developed as a TechCity with an increased employable population. Consistent efficiency of work, and workforce satisfaction during the eight-hour duration spent at work requires a healthy environment. The objective of this study is to investigate the design strategies in Homagama offices with regard to the degree of employees" satisfaction. The design components such as building orientation, interior colour, method and comfort of light and ventilation of the office spaces were evaluated based on the information available in the literature. A field survey, and a structured interview were conducted among randomly selected employees in three selected state offices. The data were analyzed in relation to the level of satisfaction against design. According to the literature, light-coloured interior, and climatic-responsive buildings reveal more employee satisfaction. Two of the three buildings have used mechanical systems for lighting and ventilation. Passive design strategies have rarely been used. However, the office design with the highest satisfaction has applied positive climatic responses. It has been identified that the lack of ventilation and excessive glare in the building are the most critical design problems which need to be improved in these offices. It is concluded that the offices have to specifically consider the health, and well-being of the employees. The architectural design of office spaces must be upgraded using the principles and the strategies of passive design, which can improve the office well-being of the employees, their efficiency, and reduce the energy demand. It will contribute to creating user-friendly, energy-efficient, and environmentally responsive, sustainable healthy workplaces.
... Colour was defined by [36] as the characteristics possessed by an item that helps it transmits or reflects light to a person's eyes, causing various sensations to be felt by the eye. Colors are to many people, an important source of information, they influence our emotions and we make decisions based on what we see and how we interpret them [37]. Philosophers have considered that color affects intellect and actions, and that when individuals constantly meet situations where different colors are tagged with a certain event, they unconsciously create distinct peculiarities to that colour [6]. ...
... Mehta and Zhu (2009) state that participants in their study preferred blue backgrounds to red backgrounds for both creative and detail-oriented tasks. In accordance, colour preference studies show that blue and green are the most preferred colours over the other colours (Guilford & Smith, 1959;Kamaruzzaman & Zawawi, 2010;Kwallek et al., 1996;Liu et al., 2014). ...
Understanding the influences of colour on individuals is essential for creating better work environments that result in higher employee performance. The effects of interior colour on employees' mood and well-being, which affects their performance, are undeniable and crucial. Many studies indicate that correctly applying colour in indoor work environments can increase employee satisfaction and productivity, increasing company profits. Job performance is defined as behaviours or activities carried out to achieve goals, and it is a behavioural outcome that is influenced by psychology, physiology, and individual preferences. The influence of colours on these issues has received a lot of attention. Therefore, this article examines existing colour literature to provide information on the impact of colours in work environments. The review includes 35 studies from 1959 to 2020, which are discussed in terms of psychology, physiology, preference, and behaviour outcomes to gather information that can be applied to any environment where individuals perform work activities. The findings suggest that the influence of colours in work environments is unavoidable and requires further investigation and comprehension.
... 16 Besides the effects of warm or cool colors, the effect of white should also be investigated, as it is regarded as a natural color, representative of a professional environment, and is widely used in public buildings. 29 Although its distinct effect is largely unknown, 22 the color white may have salient effects on human well-being and performance. For instance, significantly more proofreading errors occurred and higher states of dysphoria or depression were reported in a white office as compared to a red or blue office. ...
This study investigated the effect of contrast in neutral-, warm-, and cool-colored spaces on spatial memory. Spatial memory was measured in terms of architectural scale and recollection of architectural elements and furniture. Participants (N = 114) viewed a short virtual simulation video of a residential studio and were asked to sketch a map of the architectural elements on distributed grid paper. Spatial memory was measured in terms of scale, and item recall rate. Contrast and hue had no significant effect on the memorization of proportional scale. However, high-contrast schemes allowed for a significantly higher recollection of architectural elements than low-contrast schemes. In comparing the effect of hues, a significant difference was seen in recalling detailed furniture and lighting items. Participants reported significantly better spatial memory of neutral and warm color schemes than of cool color schemes. There was no interaction effect between contrast and hue in the color combinations. These results can be applied in the design of color schemes for architectural spaces requiring enhanced spatial cognition and memory.
... Air quality also becomes vary and can have a significant impact on employee's health and the wellbeing (World Green Building Council, 2014). The color scheme in a workplace has a considerable effect on employee psychological aspects (Kamaruzzaman & Zawawi, 2010) with their work performance. Facilities and amenities of workplace create an impact on employee's health, wellbeing and finally on employee engagement towards their work. ...
The organizational success is depending on the employee engagement to their work to achieve organizational goals effectively. Physical environment and the design of the working place are the crucial factors determine the positive work engagement. However, in the present context, designing a workplace has become a somewhat difficult task due to owners, architects, and developers are constructing improper workplaces for any type of job due to a lack of information about appropriate office layout. Therefore, the convenient physical environment with appropriate layout is one of the most important factors that affect employee job engagement. Consequently, the study attempts to identify effects of workplace designs on employee job engagement in selected Public Commercial Banks in Colombo District, Sri Lanka. Sample selection of the study based on convenient sampling including 101 employees from Bank of Ceylon and Peoples Bank in Colombo. For the aim of data collection, a structured questionnaire survey was conducted on a sample of employees. The collected data were analyzed using IBM SPSS statistics using regression analysis. According to the study's findings, the use of various office layouts varies depending on the designation level of employees at a selected public commercial banks. Also, office layout, noise, quality of air, colors and privacy have positive significant impact to the job engagement of employees in public commercial banks. The study will assist property managers and human resource managers in determining employee perceptions and attitudes regarding their workplace, which will be important in developing strategies. Finally, through the convenient and attractive work place designing in future planning context, increase employees’ job engagement to achieve organizational goals effectively in Sri Lanka. Keywords: Employee Job Engagement, Physical Environment, Work Place Design
... 3) Room color factor had two levels: the level of green and blue. The color selection is based on previous research saying that cool color cause workers make fewer mistakes than the warm or neutral colors [11]. The dependent factor is human performance and will be affected by those 3 factors. ...
... The most significant difference from these results compared to the literature is that purple was ranked as the second favourite colour by this study's respondents, while the literature suggested purple to be ranked fourth. The findings of this study are consistent with the literature (Kamaruzzaman & Zawawi 2010;Manav, 2006;Madden et al., 2000;Singh 2006) in terms of blue being the most preferred colour, and yellow and orange being the least preferred. The student participants indicated having a high preference for all mentioned products in the black colour, together with the lack of preference for orange and yellow products. ...
... 16 Besides the effects of warm or cool colors, the effect of white should also be investigated, as it is regarded as a natural color, representative of a professional environment, and is widely used in public buildings. 29 Although its distinct effect is largely unknown, 22 the color white may have salient effects on human well-being and performance. For instance, significantly more proofreading errors occurred and higher states of dysphoria or depression were reported in a white office as compared to a red or blue office. ...
This study investigated the effect of contrast in neutral‐, warm‐, and cool‐colored spaces on spatial memory. Spatial memory was measured in terms of architectural scale and recollection of architectural elements and furniture. Participants (N = 114) viewed a short virtual simulation video of a residential studio and were asked to sketch a map of the architectural elements on distributed grid paper. Spatial memory was measured in terms of scale, and item recall rate. Contrast and hue had no significant effect on the memorization of proportional scale. However, high‐contrast schemes allowed for a significantly higher recollection of architectural elements than low‐contrast schemes. In comparing the effect of hues, a significant difference was seen in recalling detailed furniture and lighting items. Participants reported significantly better spatial memory of neutral and warm color schemes than of cool color schemes. There was no interaction effect between contrast and hue in the color combinations. These results can be applied in the design of color schemes for architectural spaces requiring enhanced spatial cognition and memory.
... So the purpose of the selection of colour schemes is to get better quality of the job. If the colours do not match, workers can get negative influences such as stress, depression, and boredom [22]. ...
Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) has been known for decades to has strong influence towards productivity. A poor IEQ will bring negative impact on workforce health. However, until now IEQ factors have not been taken into consideration by office management or building contractor. Especially in Indonesia, attention is only put to selling price, size, location, and facilities. Hence, this research aims to discover the effect of IEQ (thermal, lighting, and colour layout) on human performance and discover the optimal combinations of those. This research found out that those factors have significant impact on human performance and discovered that temperature of 23.5°C, lighting of 500 lux and blue colour as the layout is the optimal combination. The increase of office management and interior designers' awareness to consider IEQ factors in designing a productive workplace environment is expected in regards to this result.
... Before beginning with any design layout, the architect and designer need to study the building"s characteristics from the floor plan given, the user"s need and preferences, the employer budget and most importantly meeting the number of variable elements as interior design office space encompass variety of functions. A further pointed out that it is also important to identify users" satisfaction as it is the main factor of success in any organization to increase work performance (Kamaruzzaman, S.N., E.M.A. Zawawi, 2010). It is continued to explain that in proposing an appropriate layout, designers need to understand the need to link and to orientate the flow of office room and individual cubicle to provide an interdependent relation between the user, type of work requirement, the physical environment and workplace component (Marmaras, N., B. Pavard, 2000). ...
Before one could understand the most important elements in considering the work performance in relation to the work environment, it is first poignant to look at the criteria of a conducive office environment. Objectives: To determine the factors that contribute for a conducive office working environment. This paper suggests a way to gain a conducive office working environment that can influence to produce high performance and outcome. Results: Several factors that can confluence and contribute a conducive working environment ae formulated. Conclusion: It is hope that this factors of conducive working environment can be adapted to be a guideline that will help to improve the current working
... Before beginning with any design layout, the architect and designer need to study the building"s characteristics from the floor plan given, the user"s need and preferences, the employer budget and most importantly meeting the number of variable elements as interior design office space encompass variety of functions. A further pointed out that it is also important to identify users" satisfaction as it is the main factor of success in any organization to increase work performance (Kamaruzzaman, S.N., E.M.A. Zawawi, 2010). It is continued to explain that in proposing an appropriate layout, designers need to understand the need to link and to orientate the flow of office room and individual cubicle to provide an interdependent relation between the user, type of work requirement, the physical environment and workplace component (Marmaras, N., B. Pavard, 2000). ...
This study explores the effects of colours on people's emotional states and behavioral intentions in a real‐world city hotel guestroom. For this study, blue, yellow, and gray were selected. According to literature, when it is desired to make a change on colour scheme in hotel rooms, the alteration should be applied to secondary colour while keeping the dominant colour constant. Thus, in this study, the alterations of colour scheme are only applied to bedspread and pillows fabrics. As results indicate, blue and yellow are associated with pleasure and arousal, whereas the gray colour evokes displeasure and no arousal. Yellow and blue are found to cause approach behavior in terms of customer loyalty, while the colour gray is found to cause avoidance behavior in city hotel guestrooms. There is a positive relationship between both pleasure and approach behavior and between arousal and approach behavior. The results can be useful for interior architects, designers, and hoteliers who emphasize touching guests' emotions and increasing approach behavior by creating favorable colour schemes. This study combines colour, emotion, and behavioral intentions in hospitality context which plays an essential role in filling gap in the literature about the effects of colour in a hospitality context.
The second edition of Corporate Real Estate Asset Management is fully up to date with the latest thought and practice on successful and efficient use of corporate office space. Written from an occupier’s perspective, the book presents a ten-point CREAM model that offers advice on issues such as sustainability, workplace productivity, real estate performance measurement, change management and customer focus. In addition, new case studies provide real-life examples of how corporations in the UK, USA, Hong Kong and Abu Dhabi actively manage their corporate real estate. The book is aimed at advanced undergraduate and graduate students on corporate real estate, facilities management and real estate courses and international MBA programmes.
In learning environment, colour is believe to be able to cause positive or negative behaviour such as avoidance or withdrawal behaviour; affecting performance and stimulate senses. It is learned that visual stimulation contributes to improvement of attention span, develops cognitive abilities and refresh one's perception towards his environment but varied due to differences of gender and background. This paper focuses on perception and preferences of colours for hostel room as a learning environment amongst undergraduate students at Universiti Teknologi MARA and Universiti Putra Malaysia. It aims to verify the previous findings concerning preference differences among gender in a population and extends the method using visible colour survey. 798 students who are also the hostel residents aged between 19 to 27 years old took part in this random survey. The survey recorded patterns of students’ colour preferences and recommendation colour for their hostel rooms. The preference survey includes 11 colours (red, blue, green, pink, purple, brown, orange, yellow, white, black and gray) together with colour description in value and saturation level with five point Likert scales. Furthermore, the respondents were asked to indicate 12 emotional responses and nominated their preferred colour directly using visible colour survey method from a three dimensional unit of Munsell Colour Tree. The analysis reveals various patterns of colour preferences when the colour options are visible between genders which significantly influence their preference behaviour. The outcomes become the turning point to investigate the effects of colour on students’ alertness during learning activity based on subjects’ preferences and existing colour theory.
Office employees spend a lot of their time inside a building, where the physical environments influence their wellbeing and directly influence their work performance and productivity. In the workplace, it is often assumed that employees who are more satisfied with the physical environment are more likely to produce better work outcomes. Temperature, air quality, lighting and noise conditions in the office affect the work concentration and productivity. Numerous studies have consistently demonstrated that characteristics of the physical office environment can have a significant effect on behaviour, perceptions and productivity of employees. Most of the previous researchers in their studies are more focused on a single factor that could give an effect on employee's performance at work. However, no study was done to examine the relationships between the whole factors of physical office environment and employees' performance. Therefore this paper presents a literature review of several environmental factors which directly or indirectly affect employees work performance. Several factors of environments such as the effects of workplace design, indoor temperature, colour, noise and also interior plants towards employees well-being and performance have been discussed. (C) 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Selection and/or peer-review under responsibility of Universiti Teknologi MARA Perak and Institution of Surveyors Malaysia (ISM)
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