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High density planting technique in dry region for 'Kesar' mango cultivation - A savlaj pattern
Abstract
Present research was carried out to standardize high density planting technique for sustainable yield in dry region of Maharashtra for 'Kesar' mangoes. Kesar mangoes were planted in drought prone area in light soil where average rain fall is around 400 mm at Savlaj village in Tasgaon tahasil, a drought prone area of Maharashtra. The plantation have made at a distance of 5 m × 4 m in 2002. Initially tree architecture was developed by pruning and training under drip irrigation. Fertilizer application was done through drip using water soluble fertilizers. Later on they were shifted to diffuser technique (a sub soil irrigation technique through earthen pots) for fertilizer application during fruiting period. The quantity of fertilizer was calculated on the fresh fruit nutrient removal basis. From year 2007, the plant started producing sustainable yield of an average of 7 tons/ha. After harvesting, the plants were lightly pruned to developed the plant architecture for next production year.
... Some of the studies on high-density plantings have been fairly simple with a comparison of orchards growing at two, three or four different tree densities (Ram andSirohi, 1988, 1991;Ram et al., 1997Ram et al., , 2001Reddy et al., 2002;Nath et al., 2007;Krishna et al., 2009;Joglekar et al., 2013;Kumar et al., 2014). High-density orchards were generally more productive than low-density orchards, but the optimum planting density varied across the different experiments ( Table 2). ...
... The trees were seven-years-old at the start of the experiment, with data collected for the subsequent three years. Joglekar et al. (2013) investigated the performance of 'Kesar' growing in the same area planted at 500 or 1000 trees per ha. In the first study, average tree canopy volume (127 and 82 m 3 ) and yield per tree (21.1 and 18.3 kg) were lower in the close plots than in the open plots, while yield per ha (6.0 and 9.0 t) was higher (Krishna et al., 2009). ...
... In the first study, average tree canopy volume (127 and 82 m 3 ) and yield per tree (21.1 and 18.3 kg) were lower in the close plots than in the open plots, while yield per ha (6.0 and 9.0 t) was higher (Krishna et al., 2009). In the second experiment, average yields per tree between the fifth and the seventh year after planting were similar in the two plots (18 and 17 kg per tree), whereas average yields per area were higher in the close plots (1.8 and 8.5 t per ha) (Joglekar et al., 2013). The trees were pruned to maintain the structure of the canopy, with paclobutrazol also applied. ...
Mango (Mangifera indica) trees are traditionally established at about 100–200 trees per ha and eventually grow into large specimens 10 m tall or more, making spraying and harvesting difficult. It also takes a long time to recover the initial costs of establishing and maintaining the orchard. There has been considerable interest in planting orchards up to 4000 trees per ha to take advantage of early production and to increase economic returns. However, trees planted at high density soon begin to crowd and shade each other and production falls. We reviewed the performance of high-density orchards in different growing areas, and the role of dwarfing cultivars and rootstocks, tree canopy management and the growth regulator, paclobutrazol to control tree growth. There has been no general agreement on the optimum planting density for commercial orchards which vary from 200–4000 trees per ha in different experiments. Some potential dwarfing material has been developed in India and elsewhere, but these cultivars and rootstocks have not been widely integrated into high-density orchards. Canopy management needs to take into account the effect of pruning on the regrowth of the shoots and branches, light distribution through the canopy and the loss of the leaves that support the developing crop. Pruning must also take into account the effect of vegetative growth on flower initiation. Annual light pruning usually provides better fruit production than more severe pruning conducted less regularly. There have only been a few cases where it has been demonstrated that paclobutrazol can counteract the negative effect of pruning on flowering and fruit production. There are also concerns with residues of this chemical in export markets and contamination of ground waters. The future development of high-density plantings in this crop is dependent on the use of dwarfing cultivars and/or rootstocks and better canopy management strategies. Dwarfing cultivars and rootstocks should provide small- to medium-sized trees with medium to large yields. This can readily be identified in experiments by examining the relationship between yield and tree growth. Research on canopy management should assess the impact of pruning on flowering, light distribution within the canopy and the leaf area supporting the developing crop. The productivity of mango is not likely to be increased by the use of high-density plantings without extensive efforts in plant breeding and canopy management.
... Maximum net returns between different planting density indicated that 5 × 5 m (400 plants/ha) was the highest [78]. In a complete economic study, it was stated that average fruit yield per hectare of 5 × 5 m HDP (high-density plantation) and traditional orchards were 18.48 and 8.65 tons, respectively [79,80]. This yield for the HDP occurs eight years after planting. ...
Water is getting scarce and irrigation practices should become more efficient. Mango orchards require great quantities of water, and policies in developing countries are substituting surface gravity irrigation by pressurized systems. A commercial orchard having mature 25-year-old trees and a 10-year-old HD high-density section were irrigated with micro sprinklers using 100% ETc (crop evapotranspiration) and reduced deficit irrigation treatments of 75% and 50% ETc. Water soil measurements were made with EC-5 probes at 10 and 35 cm in depth to study the effect of the different irrigation treatments. After the 2020 harvest, mature trees were trimmed without achieving pruning severity greater than 1.3. Canopy volume, mango size, fruit yield and water-use efficiency WUE were analyzed during 2020 and 2021. Sporadic storms produced sprinkler watering problems as weeds proliferated within trees. A controller with a fuzzy algorithm optimized orchard management and saved water in trees without decreasing yield and fruit size. It was found that one year after mature trees were trimmed by taking away the larger internal branch, more light penetrated the canopy, increasing yield by 60%; pruning in HD trees presented a yield increase of 5.37%. WUE (water-use efficiency) also increased with pruning and its value increased to 87.6 when the fuzzy controller and the 50% DI treatments were used in mature trees. This value was 260% greater than the one obtained in pruned trees without the controller. HD trees presented a lower WUE and yield per hectare than mature trees.
... Planting density is an important factor affecting tree productivity. High-density orchards have been reported to generally be more productive than low-density orchards (Joglekar et al. 2013;Menzel and Le Lagadec 2017). Mango yield has been shown to increase with increasing planting density through the control of tree growth and improved light interception and distribution (Menzel and Le Lagadec Optimized irrigation 10 1) Y p indicates the contribution to the mango yield gap by the production factors, expressed as the percentage of Yatt. ...
Mango is an important cash crop in the tropics and subtropics. Determining the yield gap of mango and production constraints can potentially promote the sustainable development of the mango industry. In this study, boundary line analysis based on survey data from 103 smallholder farmers and a yield gap model were used to determine the yield gap and production constraints in mango plantations in the northern mountain, central valley and southern mountains regions of Tianyang County, Guangxi, China. The results indicated that the yield of mango in three representing regions of Tianyang County, Northern Mountains, Central Valley and Southern Mountains, was 18.3, 17.0 and 15.4 t ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹, with an explainable yield gap of 10.9, 6.1 and 14.8 t ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹, respectively. Fertilization management, including fertilizer N, P2O5 and K2O application rates, and planting density were the main limiting factors of mango yield in all three regions. In addition, tree age influenced mango yield in the Northern Mountains (11.1%) and Central Valley (11.7%) regions. Irrigation time influenced mango yield in the Northern Mountains (9.9%) and Southern Mountains (12.2%). Based on a scenario analysis, the predicted yield would increase by up to 50%, and fertilizer N use would be reduced by as much as approximately 20%. An improved understanding of production constraints will aid in the development of management strategy measures to increase mango yield.
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