No full-text available
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the authors.
The expectancy model of fear
... Namun, trait anxiety merupakan kecenderungan seseorang untuk merespons berbagai stresor sepenuhnya dengan rasa takut, sedangkan sensitivitas kecemasan mengacu pada kecenderungan untuk merespons dengan cemas terhadap gejala kecemasan (Cai et al., 2018). Reiss (1991) mengatakan bahwa trait anxiety memprediksi kecemasan di masa mendatang berdasarkan pengalaman kecemasan di masa lalu, sedangkan sensitivitas kecemasan memprediksi kecemasan di masa mendatang berdasarkan keyakinan yang dinilai oleh Anxiety Sensitivity Index, terlepas dari frekuensi pengalaman kecemasan di masa lalu. Trait anxiety tidak dapat menjelaskan mengapa individu tertentu bereaksi dengan kecemasan terhadap kecemasan mereka sendiri atau sensasi tekait kecemasan. ...
... ASI-3 merupakan skala pengukuran versi keempat dari alat ukur ASI pertama yang dikembangkan oleh Reiss (1991). ASI pertama kali disusun sebagai instrumen unidimensional dengan 16 aitem, terdiri dari 8 aitem dimensi physical concerns, dimensi cognitive concerns dan physical concerns yang masing-masing terdiri atas 4 item. ...
... CFA meninjau model tiga komponen ASI yang saling berkaitan, antara lain physical concerns, cognitive concerns, dan social concerns. Model tersebut sama seperti model awal yang dibentuk Reiss (1991) dan yang terakhir dikembangkan oleh Taylor et al., (2007). Model tiga komponen yang saling berasosiasi ini juga terbukti pula pada penelitian lainnya dengan sampel penelitian yang beda. ...
Anxiety Sensitivity refers to an individual’s fear of anxiety-related sensations. Anxiety Sensitivity Index-3 (ASI-3) is the latest instrument used to measure anxiety sensitivity. So far, there hasn't been any investigation into the psychometric qualities of the Indonesian version of ASI-3. The aims of this rsearch is to to explore the psychometric characteristics of the ASI-3 instrument in Indonesian. Participants in this research were 264 individuals aged 18–54 years (M=23.86, SD=4.61) in Indonesia recruited through convenience sampling. The outcomes of the psychometric assessment using Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), tests for construct validity, and Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient, indicated strong validity and reliability of the ASI-3. This study found the Indonesian version of ASI-3 has a similar theoretical model to the English version. Concluded that the Indonesian version of ASI-3 is a reliable instrument can be used as an adequate measure of anxiety sensitivity in Indonesia. The Indonesian version of ASI-3 can differentiate scores between individuals with and without psychological disorders.Sensitivitas Kecemasan (Anxiety Sensitivity) merupakan rasa takut individu akan sensasi yang timbul terkait kecemasan. Anxiety Sensitivity Index-3 (ASI-3) merupakan alat ukur baru yang digunakan untuk menilai sensitivitas kecemasan, namun belum ada riset yang mengkaji kualitas psikometrik adaptasi alat ukur dan uji psikomerik ASI-3 bahasa Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengeksplorasi karakteristik psikometrik instrumen ASI-3 dalam bahasa Indonesia. Partisipan penelitian ini adalah 262 individu berusia 18–54 tahun (M=23.86, SD=4.61) di Indonesia yang dikumpulkan dengan convenience sampling. Hasil evaluasi psikometrik menggunakan analisis faktor konfirmatori (CFA), uji validitas konstruk, dan penghitungan Cronbach’s Alpha menunjukkan bahwa ASI-3 menunjukkan tingkat validitas dan reliabilitas yang signifikan, serta mengadopsi model teoretis yang serupa dengan versi bahasa Inggrisnya. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa ASI-3 layak digunakan sebagai alat ukur yang efektif untuk menilai tingkat sensitivitas terhadap kecemasan di Indonesia. ASI-3 versi bahasa Indonesia dapat membedakan skor antara individu dengan gangguan psikologis dan individu tanpa gangguan psikologis.
... M. Clark et al., 1997). Reiss and McNally (1985) proposed that this enduring tendency could be attributed to one's beliefs about arousal. If one believes arousal to be dangerous, a given instance of elevated arousal is more likely to be interpreted as a threat. ...
... Panic attacks, they posit, strengthen the belief that arousal is dangerous, thereby both producing avoidance behavior and increasing vulnerability to panic attacks. Reiss and McNally (1985) similarly argued that panic attacks are one path by which an individual may develop the belief that anxiety-related bodily sensations have harmful consequences. Bouton et al. (2001) agreed, positing that the terror of an initial panic attack establishes an association between certain bodily sensations and full-blown panic such that the former predicts the impending possibility of the latter. ...
The network theory of psychopathology posits that mental disorders are systems of mutually reinforcing symptoms. This framework has proven highly generative but does not specify precisely how any specific mental disorder operates as such a system. Cognitive behavioral theories of mental disorders provide considerable insight into how these systems may operate. However, the development of cognitive behavioral theories has itself been stagnant in recent years. In this article, we advance both theoretical frameworks by developing a network theory of panic disorder rooted in cognitive behavioral theory and formalized as a computational model. We use this computational model to evaluate the theory’s ability to explain five fundamental panic disorder-related phenomena. Our results demonstrate that the network theory of panic disorder can explain core panic disorder phenomena. In addition, by formalizing this theory as a computational model and using the model to evaluate the theory’s implications, we reveal gaps in the empirical literature and shortcomings in theories of panic disorder. We use these limitations to develop a novel, theory-driven agenda for panic disorder research. This agenda departs from current research practices and places its focus on (a) addressing areas in need of more rigorous descriptive research, (b) investigating novel phenomena predicted by the computational model, and (c) ongoing collaborative development of formal theories of panic disorder, with explanation as a central criterion for theory evaluation. We conclude with a discussion of the implications of this work for research investigating mental disorders as complex systems.
... The theoretical foundations of anxiety sensitivity are based on Reiss's (1991) Fear Anticipation Model (Ayvaışık, 2000. The Fear Anticipation Model is the motive to avoid situations or events that may cause an individual to fear (Ayvaışık, 2000;Reiss, 1991). ...
... The theoretical foundations of anxiety sensitivity are based on Reiss's (1991) Fear Anticipation Model (Ayvaışık, 2000. The Fear Anticipation Model is the motive to avoid situations or events that may cause an individual to fear (Ayvaışık, 2000;Reiss, 1991). This model states that an individual's effort to avoid a situation that causes fear depends on anxiety sensitivity and expectancy (Mantar et al., 2010). ...
his study examines the mediation role of life satisfaction and resilience variables in the relationships between anxiety sensitivity and perceived stress. The data was collected with the Anxiety Sensitivity Index-3, Life Satisfaction Scale, Perceived Stress Scale, and Brief Psychological Resilience Scale from 347 university students (Mage = 23.15, SD = 5.15; 70% girls, 30% boys). The analyses were examined by structural equation modeling using AMOS 24. The findings suggest that students with high anxiety sensitivity and perceived stress have low resilience and life satisfaction levels. More importantly, resilience and life satisfaction were found to have partial mediation. As a result, it is seen that anxiety sensitivity has a significant effect on reducing perceived stress by increasing students’ resilience and life satisfaction. Therefore, this situation facilitates decreased anxiety levels, greater satisfaction with life, and more robust mental health.
... So, what is AS? It has been defined as a cognitive-affective individual difference variable involving a fear of anxiety-related sensations based on beliefs that those sensations portend dangerous consequences (Reiss & McNally, 1985). For example, a high AS person might fear sensations such as dizziness, difficulties concentrating, or observable shakiness due to beliefs that such sensations signal oncoming catastrophe. ...
... While initially conceptualised as a unidimensional construct (Reiss & McNally, 1985), much work has now shown that AS is better conceptualised as consisting of three dimensions: physical concerns (e.g., fearing that a racing heart is a sign of an oncoming heart attack), cognitive concerns (e.g., fearing that an experience of derealization is a sign that one is going crazy or about to lose control), and social concerns (e.g., fearing that trembling in front of others will lead to social rejection/exclusion). One of our early factor analytic studies of the original 16-item Anxiety Sensitivity Index (ASI; Peterson & Reiss, 1992) revealed these three factors were replicable across gender and further suggested a hierarchical structure to the ASI with the three lower order AS dimensions each loading onto a single higher order global AS factor (Stewart et al., 1997). ...
Le présent article résume notre programme de recherche sur la sensibilité à l’anxiété (SA) – un facteur dispositionnel cognitif et affectif impliquant des craintes de sensations liées à l’anxiété en raison de croyances selon lesquelles ces sensations entraînent des conséquences catastrophiques. La SA et ses dimensions d’ordre inférieur sont considérées comme des facteurs transdiagnostiques de risque ou de maintien des troubles émotionnels et des troubles addictifs. La compréhension des mécanismes par lesquels la SA exerce ses effets peut révéler des cibles d’intervention clés pour les programmes de prévention et de traitement axés sur la SA. Dans le présent article, je passe en revue les recherches fondamentales que nous avons menées pour comprendre les mécanismes qui relient la SA à ces troubles et à leurs symptômes. Je décris également les interventions transdiagnostiques ciblées sur la SA et j’illustre la manière dont la recherche fondamentale a permis d’orienter le contenu de ces interventions. Enfin, je passe en revue les projets en cours dans mon laboratoire et je souligne les orientations futures importantes dans ce domaine. Bien que des progrès considérables aient été réalisés au cours des trois dernières décennies et que la recherche ait considérablement fait avancer notre compréhension de la SA en tant que facteur transdiagnostique, de nombreuses questions restent en suspens. Les réponses devraient nous aider à affiner les interventions afin d’en faire bénéficier au maximum les personnes qui ont une grande peur d’avoir peur.
... Anxiety sensitivity is an extreme fear of anxiety-related sensations and symptoms that are believed to have harmful physical or social consequences (Reiss & McNally, 1985). The processes called anxiety expectancy and anxiety sensitivity play a role in people 's motivation to avoid a fearful event or situation. ...
... Anxiety expectation is the expectation that a person will experience anxiety or fear in a particular situation. However, anxiety sensitivity has been suggested to be a persistent basic fear and predisposition to various anxiety disorders (Reiss & McNally, 1985). Anxiety sensitivity is an important cognitive process that provides cognitive structure and symptoms to the origin and symptoms of anxiety disorders (Mantar et al., 2011). ...
The study's objective was to determine the mediation role of anxiety sensitivity in the relationship between interpersonal competence and phubbing. The study was an observational cross-sectional study based on the survey with the aim to determine the mediation role of anxiety sensitivity in the relationship between interpersonal competence and phubbing. In this context, data were collected from a convenience sample of 321 participants with the Phubbing Scale, Anxiety Sensitivity Index-3, Interpersonal Competence Scale (ICC)-Short Form. Data were analyzed with regression-based mediation analysis and Pearson correlation coefficient. The analysis demonstrated that phubbing was positively related to anxiety sensitivity and negatively related to interpersonal competence. Furthermore, the mediation analysis showed that the anxiety sensitivity had a mediating effect in the relationship between interpersonal competence and phubbing. Furthermore, the bootstrap (10000) method was used to determine whether the mediation analysis was significant. These findings suggest that the level of anxiety sensitivity partly explains the inverse relationship between interpersonal competence and phubbing. Research results both support previous research results and reveal new findings. The findings of the research indicate that anxiety sensitivity is more effective than interpersonal competence in phubbing.
... Anxiety sensitivity (AS) is another preexisting individual vulnerability that can intensify emotional reactions to upsetting material (Taylor, 2014). AS is a trait-like tendency to fear arousal-related sensations, due to beliefs about the harmful consequences of anxiety (Reiss & McNally, 1985). It is a well-established predictor of anxiety and trauma-related symptoms (Kashdan et al., 2008;Marshall et al., 2010), and is thought to act as an amplifying factor, increasing both the experienced aversiveness of uncomfortable emotional experiences and the desire to avoid them (Taylor, 2014;Zvolensky et al., 2018). ...
During the preparation of this work, the authors used ChatGPT 3.5 in order to help condense content written by the second author as part of their master's thesis. After using this tool/service, the authors reviewed and edited the content as needed and take full responsibility for the content of the publication. All procedures were performed in compliance with relevant laws and institutional guidelines and have been approved by the appropriate institutional committee(s) (Ref. Number: 22-080-H, dated 25/10/2021; Ref. Number: REB-21-56, dated 5/11/2021). Informed consent was obtained for experimentation with human subjects and privacy rights of human subjects were observed. Portions of this article are based on a master's thesis and were presented at the Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies (2023). A growing body of research suggests that trigger warnings do not actually reduce distress in those viewing emotionally provocative stimuli and may at times even worsen it. However, little is known regarding the potential benefits of modifying trigger-warning language so that it employs therapeutically consistent messaging to encourage adaptive coping. The current study explored whether a modified trigger warning might be more effective than a traditional trigger warning in reducing participants' negative affect (NA) when exposed to distressing content. University students (N = 606) participated in an online study and were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: traditional trigger warning, modified trigger warning, or a no-warning control group. NA was measured before and after display of two emotionally provocative stimuli (one article and one video). Anxiety sensitivity (AS) and posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) were also measured to assess whether these preexisting individual vulnerabilities might moderate participants' responses to the different messages. Although the carefully pilot-tested stimuli were successful in increasing NA, there was no significant effect of trigger-warning condition, despite ample statistical power. AS and PTSS were associated with higher overall levels of NA but did not interact with study condition. These results add to the growing body of literature suggesting trigger warnings (whether traditional or modified) do not succeed in their goal of reducing the distress elicited by emotionally provocative content, including among vulnerable individuals. Alternative approaches to traditional trigger warnings are considered that may help individuals cope adaptively with potentially distressing material.
... Anxiety sensitivity had been proposed as a predisposing factor for the development of anxiety disorders (Reiss, 1991) and depression (Xie et al., 2023), and was considered to be a trait-like cognitive vulnerability distinct from trait anxiety, which could have amplified pre-existing anxiety levels (Olatunji & Wolitzky-Taylor, 2009). Anxiety sensitivity was considered a central aspect of the expectancy theory of anxiety (Reiss & McNally, 1985). Trait Anxiety and AS were different but related constructs as they both referred to the propensity to experience anxiety or fear (Fernández-Valdés, 2015), implying that fear of anxiety symptoms causes anxiety and its sensations to be regarded as dangerous. ...
Objectives
Mindfulness involves the ability to pay full and conscious attention to what is happening in the present moment. Scientific evidence supports its benefits in the educational field, contributing to the development of strategies that help students cope academically, socially and emotionally. Meta-analyses on mindfulness in the Spanish educational context reported significant improvements along the same lines. The aim of this study was to determine whether a mindfulness-based intervention for primary school students improved their sensitivity to anxiety.
Method
A total of 352 students (170 boys, 182 girls) aged 6 to 12 years participated in Spain. A quasi-experimental pre-test-post-test design was used, with experimental group (266 students) and control group (86 students). Anxiety sensitivity was measured with the Anxiety Sensitivity Index for Children. The intervention followed a sequential learning order based on the Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) programme.
Results
A significant decrease in anxiety sensitivity was observed in the post-intervention measure. Additionally, comparisons of pre-test and posttest scores in the control group revealed significant differences. In terms of effect size, the difference between pre- and post-intervention scores was close to medium (Cohen's d = 0.43).
Conclusions
The efficacy of the programme was confirmed, and it was shown that the mindfulness intervention was beneficial; in the experimental group, anxiety sensitivity decreased significantly compared to that in the control group after participation in the programme.
... Apesar de a relação do medo para com a atividade física ter sido alvo de poucos estudos, a sensibilidade à ansiedade (por vezes denominada como um "medo de sentir medo"; Craske & Barlow, 2015) tem recebido maior atenção por parte da investigação. A sensibilidade à ansiedade é o medo de sensações somáticas relacionadas à excitação comumente experimentadas quando alguém está experimentando ansiedade ou pânico, por exemplo, através do aumento da frequência cardíaca, respiração difícil, tensão muscular e sudorese, devido a uma avaliação errônea dessas sensações somáticas como perigosas (Reiss & McNally, 1985). Esta sensibilidade à ansiedade é um fator que pode contribuir para a baixa tolerância durante a atividade física e, em última análise, evitar a contínua realização do comportamento. ...
... Exclusion criteria included a history of disabling physical illness, diagnosed mental disorders, substance abuse, dissatisfaction with participation, previous involvement in psychological intervention classes, and incomplete questionnaires. Data were collected using standard questionnaires, including the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (Bagby et al., 1994), the Anxiety Sensitivity Index (Reiss & McNally, 1985), the Internalized Shame Scale (Cook, 1993), and the Levels of Self-Criticism Scale (Thompson & Zuroff, 2004). The Toronto Alexithymia Scale is a 20-item measure with a five-point Likert scale, where higher scores indicate greater levels of alexithymia. ...
The aim of the research is to predict emotional dysregulation based on internalized shame and self-criticism, with anxiety sensitivity acting as a mediator among married students. The current study was conducted in a correlational design with path analysis on 100 married students during the academic year 2022-2023 from several universities and higher education institutions in Mashhad. To collect data, standardized questionnaires were used. The results from the model estimation indicated that emotional dysregulation based on internalized shame and self-criticism, with anxiety sensitivity as a mediator, is not predictable among married students. Additionally, the results showed that there is no direct relationship between internalized shame and emotional dysregulation. There is a positive relationship between self-criticism and emotional dysregulation with a coefficient of 0.43. There is no direct relationship between anxiety sensitivity and emotional dysregulation. There is a positive relationship between comparative self-criticism and anxiety sensitivity with a coefficient of 0.35. Finally, it was found that there is a positive relationship between the shyness component of internalized shame and anxiety sensitivity with a coefficient of 0.36.
... This approach entails converting verbal, descriptive accounts of key phenomena into precise mathematical models allowing for testing their explanatory adequacy and enabling iterative development (e.g., Ryan et al., 2023 for emotion dynamics). For example, drawing on verbal theoretical concepts, such as anxiety sensitivity (Reiss & McNally, 1985) and catastrophic misinterpretation of bodily sensations (Clark, 1986), Robinaugh et al. (2019) devised and tested a computation model of panic disorder. ...
... Anxiety sensitivity questionnaire was developed by Reise et al. [37,38] This questionnaire is a self-reporting tool with 16 questions which is graded according to the five-point Likert scale (very low = 0 to very high = 4). The degree of experience of fear of anxiety symptoms with higher scores is determined. ...
... Anxiety sensitivity (AS) is another preexisting individual vulnerability that can intensify emotional reactions to upsetting material (Taylor, 2014). AS is a trait-like tendency to fear arousal-related sensations, due to beliefs about the harmful consequences of anxiety (Reiss & McNally, 1985). It is a well-established predictor of anxiety and trauma-related symptoms (Kashdan et al., 2008;Marshall et al., 2010), and is thought to act as an amplifying factor, increasing both the experienced aversiveness of uncomfortable emotional experiences and the desire to avoid them (Taylor, 2014;Zvolensky et al., 2018). ...
... Putative risk factors for mental health disorders, including anxiety sensitivity (i.e. the dispositional belief that arousal-related sensations are harmful; McCracken & Dhingra, 2002;Taylor et al., 2007), fear of negative evaluation (i.e. the dispositional apprehension of evaluation by others; Leary, 1983), illness and injury sensitivity (i.e. the dispositional tendencies to fear physical harm and injury, viewed as fundamental fears predictive of several anxiety-and fear-related challenges; Carleton et al., 2006;Reiss, 1991;Reiss & McNally, 1985;Taylor, 1993), intolerance of uncertainty (i.e. dispositional challenges concerning the perceived absence of key, sufficient, or salient information; Carleton et al., 2007), pain anxiety (i.e. the dispositional tendency to experience anxiety or fear in relation to actual or potential pain, viewed as a mechanism that can underly and maintain chronic pain; Asmundson et al., 1999;McCracken et al., 1992), and state anger (i.e. ...
Mental health disorders are particularly prevalent among public safety personnel (PSP). Emotional Resilience Skills Training (ERST) is a cognitive behavioural training program for PSP based on the Unified Protocol for the Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders (i.e. Unified Protocol). The current study was designed to assess whether ERST is associated with reduced putative risk factors for mental disorders and increased individual resilience. The PSP-PTSI Study used a longitudinal prospective sequential experimental cohort design that engaged each participant for approximately 16 months. PSP from diverse sectors (i.e. firefighters, municipal police, paramedics, public safety communicators) completed self-report measures of several putative risk variables (i.e. anxiety sensitivity, fear of negative evaluation, pain anxiety, illness and injury sensitivity, intolerance of uncertainty, state anger) and resilience at three time points: pre-training (n = 191), post-training (n = 103), and 1-year follow-up (n = 41). Participant scores were statistically compared across time points. Participants reported statistically significantly lower scores on all putative risk variables except pain anxiety, and statistically significantly higher resilience from pre- to post-training. Changes were sustained at 1-year follow-up. The results indicate that ERST is associated with reductions in several putative risk variables and improvement in resilience among PSP.
... Anxiety sensitivity is the fear of anxiety-related symptoms (e.g sweating, increased heart rate) and it has been shown to be predictive of development and persistence of anxiety disorders (Deacon and Abramowitz, 2006;Hovenkamp-Hermelink et al., 2019, Reiss andMcNally, 1985). Early work investigating AS demonstrated contributions to the etiology and maintenance of panic disorder (PD; Schmidt, Lerew, & Jackson, 1997;. ...
Despite various interventions for anxiety disorders, effects can take months and many individuals do not respond. Activity in the anterior cingulate cortex is a consistent predictor of treatment outcomes, and can be measured by medial frontal theta (MFT) event-related potentials. This study used task-based electroencephalography and MFT to predict anxiety sensitivity treatment response at mid-treatment, 1-week post-treatment, and 6 months post-treatment. Results indicated that lower medial to lateral prefrontal theta phase synchrony was associated with greater symptom improvement.
... For example, negative emotional experiences associated with PA could contribute to fear of engaging in such activities. However, the focus of our study was on general fear and anxiety experienced in the past week, rather than specific fears related to PA, or "anxiety sensitivity", which refers to the fear of experiencing anxiety-related symptoms, such as increased heart rate and breathing difficulties [20,21,56]. This lack of specificity may have limited our ability to detect significant associations. ...
Background
The present study assessed physical activity (PA) and sedentary behavior (SB) levels and their motivational and emotional health-related correlates, in outpatients following a cardiovascular rehabilitation (CR) program, and compared these variables with those of a healthy control group.
Methods
The study included 119 participants: 68 CR outpatients (Mage 57.76 ± 10.76; 86.76% males) and 51 control participants matched on age (Mage 57.35 ± 6.33 years; 45.10% males). PA and SB were assessed using accelerometers during the first week post-discharge for outpatients and during a typical week for controls. Motivational (i.e., perceived capabilities, affective and instrumental attitudes, intention, approach-avoidance tendencies) and emotional health-related variables (i.e., anxiety, depressive symptoms, fatigue, pain intensity) were measured using validated scales. PA and SB data from 17 outpatients and 42 controls were valid for analysis, resulting in a final sample of 59 participants.
Results
CR outpatients engaged an average of 60.21 (± 34.79) min of moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA), and 548.69 (± 58.64) min of SB per day, with 18 more minutes of MVPA per day than controls (p = .038). Univariate and multivariate regressions indicated that positive affective attitudes were associated with higher MVPA (b = 10.32, R² = 0.07, p = .029), and that males spent more time in SB than females (b = 40.54, R² = 0.09, p = .045). Univariate and multivariate logistic regressions showed that meeting the World Health Organization’s weekly guidelines for MVPA was associated with higher perceived capabilities toward PA and more positive affective attitudes (OR = 1.17, p = .030; OR = 1.26, p < .001, respectively). Interaction tests showed no significant differences in these results between outpatients and controls.
Conclusion
The study highlights an association between higher perceived capabilities and positive affective attitudes toward PA with higher PA levels after outpatient CR. While these findings suggest that enhancing these motivational variables may be beneficial for increasing PA levels after CR, longitudinal and experimental studies are needed to further establish their role.
... 14 I take this to be a virtue of the emotional spine hypothesis, as indeed, there does not seem to be a straightforward correlation between emotion words and specific physiological, psychological, and cognitive experiences. To see this, consider fear, which has been argued to come in different guises based on its trigger: fear of injury, fear of anxiety, and fear of negative evaluation (Reiss & McNally, 1985;Reiss, 1991). Relatedly, the experience of fear also differs depending on one's behavioural reaction. ...
This paper explores the relation between language and emotion and thus contributes to both language sciences and affective sciences. In both fields, insights from the other field are conspicuously absent. The core empirical claim presented is that there are no grammatical categories dedicated to encoding emotions. This seems to be universally the case and hence appears to be no accident. The absence of grammatical categories dedicated to encoding emotions is surprising given the otherwise close connection between language and emotions as evidenced by phylogenetic, ontogenetic, and neurological properties. Hence, one cannot attribute the absence of emotion categories to a complete disconnect between language and emotions (or cognition more generally). Moreover, one might expect such categories to exist, based on cognitive and evolutionary considerations. The conclusion to be drawn is that emotions are not to be considered primitives that could be directly linked to grammatical categories, but instead that emotions are constructed. In this way, the properties of grammar provide new evidence for the theory of constructed emotions. It is further proposed that linguistic theory may shed light on how emotions are constructed. Specifically, the article explores the hypothesis that the same architecture is responsible for the construction of complex linguistic expressions and for the construction of emotions. As such, the article introduces a novel research agenda, i.e. the emotional spine hypothesis, which invites new avenues of interdisciplinary research.
... While low levels of anxiety may lead to complacency, excessive anxiety, such as that experienced by programmers under pressure, can hinder performance. The concept of anticipatory anxiety, as outlined in the Anxiety Sensitivity Theory (Reiss & McNally, 1985), is particularly relevant to PA. Anticipatory anxiety occurs when individuals fear potential negative outcomes in advance of an event. Programmers often experience anticipatory anxiety as they anticipate the challenges and uncertainties associated with coding and software development. ...
The study investigates the potential of anxiety clusters in predicting programming performance in two distinct coding environments. Participants comprised 83 second-year programming students who were randomly assigned to either a block-based or a text-based group. Anxiety-induced behaviors were assessed using physiological measures (Apple Watch and Electrocardiogram machine), behavioral observation, and self-report. Utilizing the Hidden Markov Model and Optimal Matching algorithm, we found three representative clusters in each group. In the block-based group, clusters were designated as follows: "stay calm" (students allocating more of their time to a calm state), "stay hesitant" (students allocating more of their time to a hesitant state), and "to-calm" (those allocating minimal time to a hesitant and anxious state but displaying a pronounced propensity to transition to a calm state). In contrast, clusters in the text-based group were labeled as: "to-hesitant" (exhibiting a higher propensity to transition to a hesitant state), "stay hesitant" (allocating significant time to a hesitant state), and "stay anxious" (remaining persistently anxious in a majority of the coding time). Additionally, our results indicate that novice programmers are more likely to experience anxiety during text-based coding. We discussed the findings and highlighted the policy implications of the study.
... Anxiety sensitivity is the dispositional fear that arousal-related sensations (e.g., dizziness, 241 stomach pain) are harmful (Reiss & McNally, 1985;Taylor et al., 2007). The ASI-3 is an 18-242 item self-report measure of anxiety sensitivity across three dimensions: physical concerns (6 243 items; e.g., "When my stomach is upset, I worry that I might be seriously ill"); cognitive 244 concerns (6 items; e.g., "It scares me when I am unable to keep my mind on a task"); and social Leary, 1983). ...
Objective: Despite the higher prevalence of mental health disorders among serving Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) relative to the general population, RCMP cadets begin training with lower putative risk and greater perceived resilience than young adults in the general population. The current study was designed to assess the effectiveness of the Cadet Training Program-the paramilitary training RCMP recruits complete to become serving RCMP-in strengthening RCMP cadets' mental health by examining putative risk and resilience factors among post-training/pre-deployment cadets. Method: Post-training/pre-deployment cadets (n=492; 70.5% men) completed self-report measures of several putative risk variables (i.e., anxiety sensitivity, fear of negative evaluation, pain anxiety, illness and injury sensitivity, intolerance of uncertainty, and state anger) and perceived resilience. Cadets' post-training/pre-deployment scores were compared to their pre-training scores (see Khoury et al., 2023) on the same measures, and to scores from Canadian, American, Australian, and European young adult control samples. Results: Participants had significantly lower scores on all putative risk variables with the exception of state anger, and significantly higher scores on perceived resilience, at post-training/pre-deployment compared to pre-training. Participants also had significantly lower scores on all putative risk variables, and significantly higher scores on perceived resilience, compared to scores from young adult control samples. Conclusion: These uncontrolled pilot findings suggest the Cadet Training Program may be beneficial for RCMP cadets' mental health and provide further evidence that the nature of policing, rather than individual differences in risk and resilience, likely explain serving RCMP's relatively higher prevalence of mental health disorders.
... Anxiety sensitivity is the dispositional fear that arousal-related sensations (e.g., dizziness, 241 stomach pain) are harmful (Reiss & McNally, 1985;Taylor et al., 2007). The ASI-3 is an 18-242 item self-report measure of anxiety sensitivity across three dimensions: physical concerns (6 243 items; e.g., "When my stomach is upset, I worry that I might be seriously ill"); cognitive 244 concerns (6 items; e.g., "It scares me when I am unable to keep my mind on a task"); and social Leary, 1983). ...
Despite the higher prevalence of mental health disorders among serving Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) relative to the general population, RCMP cadets begin training with lower putative risk and greater perceived resilience than young adults in the general population. The current study was designed to assess the effectiveness of the Cadet Training Program—the paramilitary training RCMP recruits complete to become serving RCMP—in strengthening RCMP cadets’ mental health by examining putative risk and resilience factors among post-training/pre-deployment cadets. Post-training/pre-deployment cadets (n = 492; 70.5% men) completed self-report measures of several putative risk variables (i.e., anxiety sensitivity, fear of negative evaluation, illness and injury sensitivity, intolerance of uncertainty, pain anxiety, and state anger) and perceived resilience. Cadets’ post-training/pre-deployment scores were compared to their pre-training scores (see Khoury et al. in Front Psychol 14:1048573, 2023) on the same measures, and to scores from Canadian, American, Australian, and European young adult control samples. Participants had significantly lower scores on all putative risk variables with the exception of state anger, and significantly higher scores on perceived resilience, at post-training/pre-deployment compared to pre-training. Participants also had significantly lower scores on all putative risk variables, and significantly higher scores on perceived resilience, compared to scores from young adult control samples. These uncontrolled pilot findings suggest the Cadet Training Program may be beneficial for RCMP cadets’ mental health and provide further evidence that the nature of policing, rather than individual differences in risk and resilience, likely explains serving RCMP’s relatively higher prevalence of mental health disorders.
... Introduction 2018). It is a personality trait exhibited by individuals who fear anxiety because they believe that sensations experienced during anxiety will lead to negative physical, social, and cognitive consequences (Reiss & McNally, 1985). Prolonged experiences of anxiety lead individuals to find suicide as a means of alleviating the distress caused by anxiety. ...
Repeated suicide attempts are a significant risk factor for suicide, and anxiety sensitivity has been proposed as one of the individual characteristics that increase such attempts. However, there is a lack of research that explores the underlying mechanism of how anxiety sensitivity is associated with suicide attempts. The present study examined the mediating effect of rumination and hopelessness in the relationship between anxiety sensitivity and repeated suicide attempts among psychiatric patients. The moderating effect of gender in this mediating relationship was also investigated. Two hundred twenty-nine patients who visited the psychiatric department at a university hospital in Seoul completed self-report measures and structured clinical interview. Data on demographic characteristics as well as anxiety sensitivity (ASI-3), rumination (RRS), and hopelessness (BHS) were collected. Structured interviews (SCID-5-CV) were also administered to identify their history and frequency of suicide attempts. The results indicated a significant mediating effect of rumination and hopelessness in the relationship between anxiety sensitivity and repeated suicide attempts. This association differed by gender, demonstrating a moderated mediation effect. More specifically, the mediation effect was not significant among men. In the case of women, the simple mediation effect of hopelessness was significant (indirect effect = 0.008, Boot SE = 0.003, 95% CI [0.003, 0.016]), and the serial mediation effect of rumination and hopelessness was also significant (indirect effect = 0.006, Boot SE = 0.003, 95% CI [0.003, 0.012]). The results imply a significant link between hopelessness and suicide attempts, specifically observed in women (interaction effect = 0.081, SE = 0.033, 95% CI [0.015, 0.146]). The present study highlights the prominent role of anxiety sensitivity regarding suicidal risks among patients with mental disorders. Moreover, it is vital to consider both rumination, a maladaptive emotion regulation strategy, and feelings of hopelessness to understand their repeated suicide attempts better. In addition, this study provides evidence of the importance of gender-specific interventions in suicide prevention measures.
... Apesar de a relação do medo para com a atividade física ter sido alvo de poucos estudos, a sensibilidade à ansiedade (por vezes denominada como um "medo de sentir medo"; Craske & Barlow, 2015) tem recebido maior atenção por parte da investigação. A sensibilidade à ansiedade é o medo de sensações somáticas relacionadas à excitação comumente experimentadas quando alguém está experimentando ansiedade ou pânico, por exemplo, através do aumento da frequência cardíaca, respiração difícil, tensão muscular e sudorese, devido a uma avaliação errônea dessas sensações somáticas como perigosas (Reiss & McNally, 1985). Esta sensibilidade à ansiedade é um fator que pode contribuir para a baixa tolerância durante a atividade física e, em última análise, evitar a contínua realização do comportamento. ...
O crescimento de teorias comportamentais assentes em mecanismos de processamento duplo reflete uma mudança do paradigma cognitivista-social predominante, procurando um maior reconhecimento dos fatores automáticos/implícitos no estudo do comportamento. A presente revisão narrativa visa providenciar uma maior clareza quanto à definição de afeto, emoção e humor, apresentando de seguida modelos teóricos de processamento duplo que consideram os afetos básicos como aspeto essencial nos processos implícitos e, direta ou indiretamente, nos processos explícitos. Algumas dessas teorias que serão abordadas neste trabalho são: a Teoria Afetiva-Reflexiva da Inatividade Física e do Exercício (ART), a Teoria da Minimização do Esforço na Atividade Física (TEMPA), o Modelo de Adoção e Manutenção da Atividade Física (PAAM), e a Estrutura dos Afetos e do Comportamento Saudável (AHBF). Neste artigo será descrito com detalhe as associações entre os determinantes implícitos (e.g., afeto, hábito) e explícitos (e.g., intenção, traços autorregulatórios) e a prática regular de exercício físico. Sugerimos que a falta de consideração que os fatores associados ao processamento implícito têm sofrido, limitam a compreensão e criação de intervenções que possam promover a adoção e manutenção de um comportamento (e.g., exercício físico) a longo prazo. Por fim, concluímos com uma breve reflexão sobre as ligações entre modelos e possíveis sobreposições, bem como direções futuras de investigação e aplicações práticas.
... A cognitive factor that may be conceptually associated with trauma appraisal is anxiety sensitivity. Anxiety sensitivity refers to the enduring fear of arousal-related sensations due to the belief that they have harmful consequences for the individual (Reiss, 1985). According to the Anxiety Sensitivity Index (ASI; Reiss et al., 1986), perceived consequences of anxiety can be classified into three dimensions, namely physical (e.g. ...
... Over cognitive and social concerns, physical concerns are more strongly associated with panic symptoms Olthuis et al., 2014b), to the extent that they are often considered to be the active panicogenic factor over global AS (Pilecki et al., 2011). Theoretical support comes from Clark's cognitive theory of panic (1986), which suggests that when one interprets an otherwise benign sensation as a sign of catastrophe -characterologically true of those with high AS physical concerns (Reiss, 1991;Reiss & McNally, 1985) -perception of threat is enhanced, attention to threat increases, severity of symptoms worsens, and risk for panic is exacerbated. Longitudinally, physical concerns predict panic symptoms (Jurin & Biglbauer, 2018) and the course of panic disorder (PD; Pérez-Benitez et al., 2009); importantly, these studies relied on an earlier version of the ASI-3, the ASI, which was less psychometrically sound (Taylor et al., 2007), particularly in the measurement of cognitive and social concerns. ...
Background/Purpose
Anxiety sensitivity (AS) is a transdiagnostic risk factor for mental health disorders. While its lower order factors – social, physical, and cognitive concerns – and their associations with emotional disorders have been examined independently of each other, research has not fully appreciated that these factors might appear to different degrees in individuals, with psychopathology implications.
Methods
We used cluster analysis to investigate how the lower order AS factors appear in treatment-seekers with high AS and how these manifestations of AS (i.e., the different clusters) are uniquely associated with psychopathology. Participants (N = 154; from two studies) were high AS treatment-seeking adults with anxiety and/or depressive disorders who completed a diagnostic interview and self-report measures of AS and anxiety and depression symptoms.
Results
A four-cluster solution emerged including a Multidimensional cluster (33.8% of the sample) and Social (28.6%), Physical (21.4%), and Cognitive (16.2%) clusters. Validation analyses revealed cross-cluster differences in age, gender, ethnicity, and psychopathology, the latter reflecting known associations between AS and mental health (e.g., depression symptoms were significantly highest in the Cognitive and Multidimensional clusters).
Conclusions
Results provide valuable insight into the heterogeneity of high AS as it appears clinically, with implications for best matching treatment approaches for this population.
... First, anxiety sensitivity refers to the fear of arousalrelated sensations based on the belief that they may lead to adverse consequences such as death, insanity, or social rejection (Reiss, 1985). The most commonly used measurement is the Anxiety Sensitivity Index (ASI-3) (Taylor et al., 2007), and its structure fits the generally recognized 3-dimensional structure of anxiety sensitivity (cognitive, somatic, and social domains). ...
Most measurements of sensitivity focus on specific domains. The present study aimed to revise a scale that measures a broader concept of psychological sensitivity and ensure its applicability in the Chinese cultural context. We validated and assessed the psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the Lynn and Accardi Sensitivity Scale (LASS) in a non-clinical sample of Chinese university students. The LASS was translated into Chinese and back-translated. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to test the 3-factor structure of the LASS (Negative Self-Evaluation, Emotional Sensitivity, Social Approval). Subsequently, its reliability and validity were examined (Sample 1: n = 622, Subsample 2: n = 38). CFA provided support for the 3-factor model. The LASS-Ch demonstrated good internal consistency and test-retest reliability. The correlations between the LASS-Ch and established scales (Highly Sensitive Person Scale, Emotional Intensity Scale, Social Interpersonal Anxiety Scale, Interpersonal Sensitivity Measure, Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-RSC, Patient Health Questionnaire-9) provided preliminary evidence of convergent and discriminant validity. The results of this study indicate that the LASS-Ch possesses good psychometric properties and is an effective and reliable tool for assessing psychological sensitivity in the Chinese cultural context.
... Anxiety sensitivity, the fear of arousal-related bodily sensations, consists of physical, cognitive, and social fears; it stems from misinterpreting anxiety symptoms as dangerous and is recognized as a transdiagnostic risk factor for psychopathology (Lang et al., 2002;Marshall et al., 2010;Reiss, 1987Reiss, , 1991Reiss & McNally, 1985;Reiss et al., 1986;Stephenson et al., 2009;Taylor, 2003). Individuals high in anxiety sensitivity may fear that physical sensations are a precursor to negative health states (e.g., a heart attack), that the inability to concentrate is reflective of having mental problems, and that externally observable bodily reactions (e.g., shaking/trembling and rapid breathing) will elicit social rejection (Taylor, 1999). ...
Objective: Those bereaved by suicide are at greater risk of prolonged distress compared to those bereaved by other modes of death. Trauma- and emotion-related factors may increase this vulnerability. Finding the body of the deceased may intensify postsuicide distress. Anxiety sensitivity, fear of one’s anxiety-related symptoms, has been positively associated with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in other trauma populations but has not been studied in the suicide bereaved. Method: This study examined the relationships among finding the body, anxiety sensitivity, and PTSD in a treatment-seeking, suicide-bereaved sample (N = 50). Pretreatment baseline data on demographics, the Anxiety Sensitivity Index, and the PTSD Checklist were analyzed. Results: Younger age (r = −.31, p = .03), being a person of color (r = −.32, p = .02), and fewer days since the loss (r = −.30, p = .03) were associated with greater PTSD. Controlling for age, race, and days since the loss, PTSD was unrelated to finding the body, F(1, 45) = 0.01, p = .92, but was positively associated with anxiety sensitivity (pr = .32, p = .03). In simultaneous regression analyses, age, race, days since the loss, finding the body, and anxiety sensitivity accounted for 33% of the variance in PTSD, F(2, 44) = 4.29, p = .003; anxiety sensitivity was the only significant predictor of PTSD symptoms (β = .36, t = 2.35, p = .02). Conclusions: Anxiety sensitivity has important implications for the development and maintenance of PTSD in the suicide bereaved and should be assessed and targeted in suicide postvention.
... The structure of anxiety sensitivity as one of the various psychological metadiagnostic components is effective in the emergence, maintenance, and spread of anxiety disorders (5). Anxiety sensitivity can be described as a fear of fear or fear of symptoms of anxiety, due to the belief that these symptoms have a negative consequence; which is considered a strong and dangerous factor for clinical anxiety (6)(7)(8)(9). ...
Background and Purpose: Anxiety disorders is one of the most common psychological problems in children. To prevent and treat anxiety, a valid instruments is needed. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of accessing to the valid instruments to prevent, evaluate, and treat childhood anxiety sensitivity.
Method: This research was carried out using the descriptive-survey method. The statistical population consisted of all 10-to-13-year-old, fourth-to-sixth-grade students in Kermanshah in the academic year of 1400-1401. From the target population, 592 students were selected as the study sample, using cluster random sampling method, and responded to the Childhood Anxiety Sensitivity Index (Silverman et al., 1991) and the Multidimensional anxiety scale for children (March et al., 1997). Data were analyzed in SPSS-22 and R- 4.0.2 software.
Result: The study indicates that the anxiety sensitivity scale has an acceptable internal consistency (α=0.85); the correlation between the two implementations of this scale within two weeks was in the range of 0.71 to 0.92 (p<0.01). Also, the results of confirmatory factor analysis showed that the threefactor model of this scale has an appropriate fit in Iranian society.
Conclusion: The Childhood Anxiety Sensitivity Index in Iran has appropriate psychometric properties and this instrument can be used to assess the degree of the childhood anxiety sensitivity.
... These shifts in destination choice and consumption patterns find support in various theoretical frameworks. Omar et al. (2021) apply Reiss' (1985) "expectancy theory" to connect COVID-19-driven changes with tourists' contagion risk sensitivity. This result aligns with studies by Kim et al. (2022), Peluso and Pichierri (2021), and Yu et al. (2023), thereby highlighting that the older population is the one that has modified its tourist consumption patterns the most, while solo activities increased, as opposed to group travel. ...
In the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic, the dynamics of short-term rental demand, particularly on Airbnb, have seen pivotal shifts. Using Madrid as a case study, this research used strategic sampling to investigate changes in occupancy, housing attributes, and online reputation. Leveraging a sup-likelihood ratio test and a hedonic-type pooled panel-data Logit regression, we identified a marked structural break. Findings revealed a diminished demand-side bargaining power, resulting in increased rental prices and reduced information transparency. These results offered critical insights for tourism industry stakeholders, especially destination managers and Airbnb hosts.
... For example, negative emotional experiences associated with PA could contribute to fear of engaging in such activities. However, the focus of our study was on general fear and anxiety experienced in the past week, rather than specific fears related to PA, or "anxiety sensitivity", which refers to the fear of experiencing anxiety-related symptoms, such as increased heart rate and breathing difficulties [20,21,56]. This lack of specificity may have limited our ability to detect significant associations. ...
Introduction. After a serious injury (e.g., stroke), patients are enrolled in a phase 1 (i.e., to help inpatients recover from their impairments) and then a phase 2 (i.e., to help outpatients reduce the risk of injury recurrence and improve their quality of life) rehabilitation program (RP). Physical activity (PA) during phase 1 and 2 RP has been shown to limit patient disability (Anderson et al., 2016; Hashem et al., 2016). Sedentary behaviors (SB) during phase 1 RP were associated with longer hospital stay and higher risk of all-cause mortality (Ek et al., 2020). Little is known about the levels of PA and SB in inpatients and outpatients during and after RPs, as well as the motivational and affective variables that underlie them. The main objectives of the present study were to assess the levels of PA and SB during a phase 1 RP (inpatients) and in the first week after discharge from a phase 2 RP (outpatients) using device-based measures and to test their associations with motivational (i.e., intention, perceived capabilities, attitudes) and affective (i.e., depressive symptoms, anxiety, fatigue, pain intensity) variables. Outpatients’ levels of PA and SB, and their associations with the motivational and affective factors were compared with control participants (i.e., living in the community without care).
Methods. The dataset included 161 (34% women) participants (42 inpatients following a 3-week phase 1 RP, 68 outpatients following a 6-week cardiac phase 2 RP, and 51 control participants). PA and SB were assessed using a Polar™ watch during the phase 1 RP and using accelerometers during the week after discharge from the phase 2 RP, or during a typical week (control participants). Motivational and affective factors were assessed at baseline and at the end of the RPs for inpatients and outpatients, and at baseline for control participants.
Results. During the phase 1 RP, inpatients (i.e., Polar™) averaged 3503 (± 4141) steps, 1.17 (± 1.19) hours of walking, 7.8 (± 20.40) min of moderate-to-vigorous intensity PA (MVPA), and 6.97 (± 3.1) hours of sitting per day. The perceived capability to engage in PA during the RP was associated with the number of steps taken during the phase 1 RP (p = .039). In the week after discharge from the phase 2 RP, outpatients (i.e., accelerometers) took a mean of 10083 (± 4493) steps per day and spent an average of 60 (± 35) min in MVPA and 549 (± 59) min sitting per week. In the week following discharge from the rehabilitation, 88.2 % of outpatients achieved the recommended weekly level of 150 min of MVPA. Results showed that outpatients spent an average of 18 min more per day in MVPA than control participants (p = .038). Among outpatients, the likelihood of meeting the recommended level of 150 min of MVPA per week was higher if their perceived capability, instrumental and affective attitudes at the end of phase 2 RP were stronger (OR = 1.3, p = .030; OR = 1.03, p = .006; OR = 1.1, p < .001, respectively). The same associations were observed among control participants.
Conclusion. Patients admitted to a phase 1 RP after an acute hospital stay have low levels of PA and high levels of SB. Outpatients showed relatively high levels of PA in the first week after discharge from their phase 2 RP. These findings highlight the importance of developing strategies to increase PA and decrease SB in inpatients. They also suggest that motivational factors may influence PA after and during RP.
... Anxiety sensitivity (AS) is a personality trait and characterized by fear that feelings and symptoms associated with anxiety could yield harmful physical or social consequences. According to the "fear expectation model", it is defined as "fear from fear" or "fear from anxiety" [14], including physical concerns (e.g., fear of a heart attack from a racing heart), cognitive concerns (e.g., fear of "going crazy" because of difficulty concentrating) and social concerns (e.g., fear of being embarrassed by trembling in public) [15]. As an important susceptibility factor of affective disorders, AS has been reported to be association with major depression disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder [16]. ...
Background
Irritability is common in multiple psychiatric disorders and is hallmark of disruptive mood dysregulation disorder. Child irritability is associated with higher risk of suicide and adulthood mental health problems. However, the psychological mechanisms of irritability are understudied. This study examined the relationship between anxiety sensitivity and irritability among youth, and further explored three possible mediated factors: selective attention for threat, delayed reward discounting, and insomnia.
Methods
Participants were 1417 students (51.7% male; mean age 13.83 years, SD = 1.48) recruited from one high school in Hunan province, China. Self-report questionnaires were used to measure irritability (The Affective Reactivity Index and The Brief Irritability Test), anxiety sensitivity (The Childhood Anxiety Sensitivity Index), selective attention for threat (The Davos Assessment of Cognitive Biases Scale-attention for threat bias subscale), insomnia (The Youth Self-Rating Insomnia Scale), and delayed reward discounting (The 27-item Monetary Choice Questionnaire). Structural equation modal (SEM) was performed to examine mediated relations.
Results
Anxiety sensitivity was modestly related to irritability and insomnia (r from 0.25 to 0.54) and slightly correlated with selective attention for threat (r from 0.12 to 0.28). However, there is no significant relationship of delayed rewards discounting with anxiety sensitivity and irritability. The results of SEM showed that selective attention for threat (indirect effect estimate = 0.04) and insomnia (indirect effect estimate = 0.20) partially mediate the relationship between anxiety sensitivity and irritability, which explained 34% variation.
Conclusions
Anxiety sensitivity is an important susceptibility factor for irritability. Selective attention for threat and insomnia are two mediated mechanisms to understand the relationship between anxiety sensitivity and irritability.
... In contrast to these, the mutual maintenance model focuses on how chronic pain and PTSD are maintained after the conditions develop (Sharp & Harvey, 2001). The mutual maintenance model proposes that symptoms of pain evoke symptoms of PTSD and vice versa, each of which is worsened by attentional and reasoning biases, anxiety, and the interpretation of that anxiety (i.e., anxiety sensitivity; Reiss & McNally, 1985), trauma reminders, avoidance depression and low activity, and cognitive demand. We note that most of the hypothesized relationships in the shared vulnerability and mutual maintenance models are bidirectional, while the triple vulnerability model centers on how chronic pain and PTSD emerge without focusing on the directionality of specific model constructs. ...
Objective: Making meaning out of the experience of chronic pain and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a core process of recovery and symptom management of the comorbidity and a key active ingredient in the treatment for these conditions. Managing the effects of chronic pain and PTSD symptoms often evokes anxieties that could be considered existential (e.g., loss of meaning in life and concerns about one’s identity). However, current theoretical models of co-occurring chronic pain and PTSD do not capture core meaning-making processes involved in either condition, resulting in the potential to overlook their centrality. The objective of the current work is to integrate current theoretical models of co-occurring chronic pain and PTSD with theory and science related to meaning-making and existential anxiety. Method: A targeted literature review was used to develop a novel model of co-occurring chronic pain and PTSD. Results: The present work introduces the integrated model of co-occurring chronic pain and PTSD, which is a first attempt at integrating current theoretical perspectives of co-occurring chronic pain and PTSD with the literature on meaning-making and closely related existential perspectives. We outline model-specific hypotheses and describe model implications and future directions. Conclusions: The model provides clinicians and researchers with a more thorough conceptualization of how chronic pain and PTSD interact, which symptoms to target, and which outcomes may be important for individuals who have both chronic pain and PTSD. As a result, the model has the potential to improve pain and PTSD outcomes, and perhaps health outcomes more broadly, within this population.
... On the other hand, acquired beliefs (e.g., learning) about the consequences of anxiety may strengthen or weaken individual differences in the motivational strength of anxiety sensations. That is, changes in the level of an individual's anxiety sensitivity may occur through cognitive, operant, or respondent conditioning processes (see, e.g., Reiss & McNally, 1985;Schmidt et al., 2000;Watt et al., 1998). For example, the experience of panic may affect the vulnerability anxiety sensitivity imposes, "scarring" the individual to be prone to elevated anxiety sensitivity (see also the classical conditioning model of Goldstein & Chambless, 1978). ...
This investigation sought to expand existing knowledge of anxiety sensitivity in a sample of high school students (N = 2,365) assessed over 4 years. The stability of anxiety sensitivity levels across assessment periods was examined, and cluster analyses were used to identify different developmental pathways in levels of anxiety sensitivity. Groups of adolescents with stable low, stable high, and escalating anxiety sensitivity levels were identified. Adolescents with stable high or escalating anxiety sensitivity were significantly more likely to report experiencing a panic attack than individuals with stable low anxiety sensitivity. Results also indicated that Asian and Hispanic adolescents tended to report higher anxiety sensitivity but that their anxiety sensitivity was less strongly associated with panic than that of Caucasian adolescents.
... Anxiety sensitivity is one cognitive-based individual-difference dimension associated with panic attacks and PD. Anxiety sensitivity refers to the fear of anxiety-related symptoms that are based on beliefs that such sensations have negative somatic, social, or cognitive consequences (Reiss & McNally, 1985). According to this perspective, anxiety sensitivity rep-resents a stable cognitive dimension that serves to amplify anxious and fearful responding to potentially evoking stimuli. ...
Although control over aversive events maintains a central role in contemporary models of anxiety pathology, particularly panic disorder, there is little understanding about the emotional consequences of specific types of control processes. In the present study, offset control over 8 20% carbon dioxide-enriched air administrations was experimentally manipulated in a large nonclinical population (n = 96) varying in anxiety sensitivity (high or low) and gender. Dependent measures included self-reported anxiety, affective reports of valence, arousal, emotional control, and physiological indices of heart rate and skin conductance. High anxiety-sensitive participants who lacked offset control reported significantly greater elevations in self-reported anxiety, emotional displeasure, arousal, and dyscontrol relative to their yoked counterparts with offset control. In contrast, low anxiety-sensitive individuals responded with similar levels of cognitive and affective distress regardless of the offset control manipulation. Although the provocation procedure reliably produced bodily arousal relative to baseline, at a physiological level of analysis, no significant differences emerged across conditions. These findings are discussed in relation to offset control during recurrent interoceptive arousal, with implications for better understanding anxiety about abrupt bodily sensations.
Theories of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) suggest that worry serves as avoidance from uncomfortable internal states, particularly emotions. Years of research have centralized the role of aversion to emotions, particularly fear of anxiety, in the maintenance of GAD. Existing literature has largely overlooked the role of shame aversion in GAD, despite theoretical ties between self-conscious emotions, particularly shame, and symptoms of GAD. This study examined the associations among worry, shame aversion, and aversion to other emotions (anxiety, depression, anger, and positive emotions) in a sample of individuals screened for GAD. N = 113 individuals completed self-report questionnaires. Shame aversion was significantly positively associated with worry, and with aversion to other emotions. Only shame aversion accounted for unique variance in past-week worry when compared with aversion to other emotions. These findings suggest that shame should be explored and potentially addressed in GAD interventions. Future research should examine the relationship between shame and GAD symptoms using a causal design and may consider evaluating the impacts of existing psychotherapies on shame.
Objective: The mechanism behind prolactin (PRL) elevation in stress-induced hyperprolactinaemia (si-HP) in humans is unclear. This study aimed to investigate the effect of psychological stress and venous puncture (VP) pain on si-HP.
Methods: The study included 91 individuals (nine males, 82 females) referred for HP. Anxiety levels were assessed using the Anxiety Sensitivity Index-3 (ASI-3) and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-1 and STAI-2), and visual scales were used to evaluate trypanophobia, nosocomephobia, and scanxiety. Serial PRL measurements (SPM) were performed with venous cannula (VC) at 0 minutes (min), 30 min, and 60 min for the first 32 patients and with the VP method at the same intervals for the following 59 patients. si-HP was defined as PRL levels at 60 min (PRL60min) decreasing to normal limits according to gender.
Results: There were 23 HP (-), 25 HP (+), and 19 si-HP individuals, as well as 24 with macroprolactinaemia. The frequency of si-HP in the VC group (n = 7/32) was similar to that in the VP group (12/59, p=0.9). The PRL0min and PRL60min levels of the VC group were similar to those of the VP group. Trypanophobia, nosocomephobia, scanxiety, ASI-3, STAI-1, and STAI-2 scale scores were similar between the si-HP group and other groups. Trypanophobia, nosocomephobia, scanxiety, ASI-3, STAI-1 and STAI-2 scales scores were not correlated with PRL0min, or PRL60min levels.
Conclusion: Si-HP is independent of states momentary or trait anxiety, and phobias trypanophobia, nosocomephobia and scanxiety. In this context, the relevance of the nomenclature of si-HP is controversial.
Obsessive-compulsive symptoms (OCS) increase with age during childhood and adolescence, and subthreshold OCS in childhood associate with a higher probability of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) diagnosis in adulthood. Additionally, average age of onset for OCD is in adolescence, with the majority of OCD cases emerging by early adulthood. Despite these trends, the specific course of OCS development in adolescence is relatively unknown. To this end, the present prospective longitudinal study used latent growth mixture modeling and a diverse community sample of 3,335 high schoolers to identify and characterize growth trajectories of OCS across middle to late adolescence. Results identified three trajectories: High-but-Remitting, Moderate-but-Escalating, and Low-and-Stable. Results also indicated age, gender, anxiety sensitivity, and distress tolerance as significant predictors of trajectory group membership, such that younger age and being female predicted classification in the High-but Remitting group, greater anxiety sensitivity predicted classification in both the Highbut-Remitting and Moderate-but Escalating groups, and greater distress tolerance predicted a lower likelihood of classification in the High-but-Remitting and Moderate-but-Escalating groups. Taken together, these trajectories have illustrated the temporal course and development of OCS across key developmental years. Moreover, the trajectories and their corresponding predictors may help identify adolescents who are particularly vulnerable to developing OCD.
Psychiatric factors play a significant role in the ongoing human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) pandemic. In less than four decades, advances in HIV medical care and research have transformed acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) from a rapidly fatal illness of unknown cause into a chronic, manageable illness. Vast strides have been made in clinical care and pathogenesis research in the fields of HIV prevention and psychiatric care, including pre- (PreP) and and post-exposure (PEP) prophylaxis. Although AIDS is an entirely preventable infectious illness, HIV transmission continues throughout the world. Transmission of HIV continues to be fueled by many factors, including stigma of HIV and mental illness as well as discrimination, criminalization, and risky behaviors. A comprehensive biopsychosocial approach to sexual health and mental health and diminution of stigma are key to both HIV prevention and HIV care. Integration of psychiatric care into HIV prevention and treatment entails use of a biopsychosocial approach that maintains a view of each individual with HIV as a member of a family, community, and society who deserves to be treated with dignity and compassion. This textbook provides an update on HIV medicine and psychiatry; introduces the concept of HIV/AIDS as “the great magnifier of maladies”; explores the paradoxes and disparities of HIV care; explains how HIV psychiatry is a paradigm for the psychiatric care of the medically ill (psychosomatic medicine); and sets the stage for an understanding of how integrated care can prevent transmission of HIV and reduce morbidity and mortality in persons with HIV.
Bu çalışma yetişkinlerde kaygı duyarlılığı ile sağlık kaygısı arasındaki ilişkiyi ve bu ilişki için aracı olarak öz-şefkat kavramını inceleyerek kavramın aracı rolünü ortaya koymayı hedeflemektedir. Bu hedef doğrultusunda, araştırmaya 18 yaş ve üzeri 290 yetişkin katılımcı dahil edilmiştir. Katılımcıların yaş ortalaması 32.11’dir (S = 15.06). Katılımcılara uygulanan ölçek seti katılımcıların sosyodemografik bilgilerini incelemek amacıyla Sosyodemografik Bilgi Formu, kaygı duyarlılıklarını ölçmek amacıyla Kaygı Duyarlığı İndeksi, sağlık kaygısı düzeylerini değerlendirmek amacıyla Sağlık Anksiyetesi Ölçeği ve öz-şefkat düzeylerini değerlendirmek amacıyla Öz-Duyarlık Ölçeğinden oluşmaktadır. Araştırmanın değişkenleri olan kaygı duyarlılığı, sağlık kaygısı ve öz-şefkat değişkenleri arasındaki ilişkisel sonuçlar istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bulunmuştur. Buradan hareketle gerçekleştirilen kaygı duyarlılığının sağlık kaygısı üzerindeki yordayıcı etkisinde öz-şefkatin aracı rolünün sınandığı hiyerarşik çoklu doğrusal medyatör regresyon analizinin sonucuna göre kaygı duyarlılığının sağlık kaygısı üzerindeki yordayıcı etkisinde öz-şefkatin kısmi aracı etki gösterdiği bulunmuştur. Araştırmanın bulguları literatür kapsamında tartışılmıştır. Son olarak, mevcut çalışmanın literatüre katkısı ile, çalışmanın sınırlılıkları ve ilerideki çalışmalar için öneriler sunulmuştur.
To meaningfully use the Anxiety Sensitivity Index-3 (ASI-3) with athletes, measurement invariance must be established. Thus, we sought to determine appropriate factor structures for the ASI-3 in an athlete sample, assess measurement invariance between an athlete sample and a less active sample, and compare ASI-3 scores between these groups. Two university student samples were recruited: an athlete sample ( n = 216) and a less active control sample ( n = 321). Results supported bifactor and hierarchical factor structures for the ASI-3 overall and in the athlete sample. Measurement invariance of these factor structures was established. ASI-3 score comparisons indicated that the athlete sample had significantly lower levels of global anxiety sensitivity, and lower physical and social concerns. Results support the use of the ASI-3 to address mental health concerns in athletes and permit meaningful comparisons between athletes and nonathletes using the ASI-3 and its subscales.
Although the ethno-religious and linguistic differences characterising Africa are blessings to the continent and its peoples, politicians’ and other elites’ misdeeds have made these differences to become or seem otherwise. This study rises to demonstrate that literature, both oral and written, could be used as a viable means of dealing with the fear of ethno-religious and linguistic differences in post-colonial African politics. The demonstration shall have reflections on Reiss and McNally’s Expectancy Theory of fear, which theorises and explains fear with its variants and characteristics, offers an understanding of fear and contributes to how to deal with fear. Descriptive survey, qualitative approach and text-content analysis were employed. Drawing from secondary data, observation and focus group discussion, the study reveals that post-colonial African politicians and other elites continuously hold on to these differences, mislead the masses about the differences and use them to cause fear, political tension, intolerance, disintegration, sour intergroup relations and insecurity among Africans in and outside the political arena. The study submits that just as scrupulous African politicians and elites use literature negatively in the light of a culture of deceit to deceive the masses about their differences, it could be used positively to deal with the fear by instilling confidence and the spirit of smooth intergroup relations for peace and unity in post-colonial Africans. Mind training, attitudinal change, wide sensitisation, cultural reformation, good neighbourliness and deconstructing elitist rhetoric, tales and incitement are the panacea.
We sought to determine the efficacy of a music intervention in decreasing state anxiety and dental-related anxiety among patients awaiting dental clinic services, particularly those with high AS-physical concerns (i.e., fear of adverse physical consequences of arousal sensations). Forty-six dental patients between the ages of 20 and 78 years (61% female) participated in the intervention. While awaiting dental procedures, patients completed the Anxiety Sensitivity Index-3 and were exposed to music selected by experts to be either relaxing (n = 24) or neutral (n = 22). During the exposure period, participants completed the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-State Form-6, and the Dental Anxiety Scale-4 as outcome variables. Contrary to predictions, participants exposed to relaxing (vs. neutral) music did not report lower levels of dental or state anxiety. Paradoxically, participants in the relaxing music condition showed a significant positive correlation between AS-cognitive concerns (e.g., fear of losing control) and AS-social concerns (e.g., fear of public embarrassment) with dental anxiety. Dental clinics should be more intentional in their selection of music in the waiting room, as patients with high AS-cognitive and/or high AS-social concerns may experience a paradoxical increase in dental anxiety from music intended to be relaxing.
ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any references for this publication.