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International Association of Scientific Innovation and Research (IASIR)
(An Association Unifying the Sciences, Engineering, and Applied Research)
International Journal of Engineering, Business and Enterprise
Applications (IJEBEA)
www.iasir.net
© 2012, IJEBEA All Rights Reserved Page 1
ISSN (Print): 2279-0020
ISSN (Online): 2279-0039
The Effect of Temperature Variations on Solar Cell Efficiency
Qusay Assim Hanna Al-Naser1, Noorah M. Al-barghooth2, and Noor A. Al-Ali3
1, 2, 3) Department of Electrical Engineering
University of Technology
Baghdad - 09641
IRAQ
qusayalnasir@yahoo.com1, qusayalnaser@gmail.com1 , white.light21@yahoo.com2 , lost_985@yahoo.com3
Abstract: In this work, the influences of temperature variations on the different solar cell parameters are
studied. It is useful to understand the effect of temperature on the solar cell and module performance, in order
to estimate their performance under various conditions. The short circuit current Isc increases so monotonous
with temperature and then saturates to a maximum value before decreasing at high temperatures. The open
circuit voltage Voc increases linearly with temperature. The fill factor and efficiency, which are directly related
with Isc and Voc follow the variations of the letters. The phenomenon is explained by the behaviour of the
mobility which is a temperature activated process. The maximum efficiency of (27%) is obtained in which
Isc= 92 mA and Voc= 147 mV.
Keywords: solar cell; temperature; open circuit voltage; short circuit current; irradiance; efficiency.
I. Introduction
The most important parameters that describe the operating conditions of a solar cell are the total irradiance,
the spectral distribution of the irradiance and the temperature. Usually the solar cell designer asses their devices
by evaluating the efficiency at standard reporting conditions (SRC: illumination =1000 W/m2,
temperature=25°C and AM1.5 reference spectrum). However, these conditions practically never occur during
normal outdoor operation as they do not take into consideration the actual geographical and meteorological
conditions at the installation site 1.
In this paper, we discussed the temperature variations effect on the parameters of the solar cells. This will be
explained using crystalline silicon solar cells as an example, but the concept is also applicable to other types of
solar cells.
II. Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells
Amongst the various existing photovoltaic (PV) technologies, crystalline silicon (c-Si) is the most developed
and well understood due to mainly its used in the integrated circuit industry. In addition, silicon is at present the
most abundant material found in the earth’s crust and its physical properties are well defined and studied.
Crystalline silicon (c-Si) dominates the PV technology market with a share of approximately 80% today. These
technologies are the highly efficient but are at the same time the most expensive amongst the flat-plate existing
PV technologies mainly because of their relatively costly manufacturing processes 2, 3.
III. Experimental Work
This section describes the functioning of an idealized single-junction PV cell emphasizing its main
parameters and the relation between these parameters and the temperature.
A. Open Circuit Voltage
The open circuit voltage (Voc) corresponds to the voltage across the internal diode when the total generated
photocurrent flows through this diode. The open circuit voltage is strongly dependent on temperature. This must
be considered, as solar cells installed outdoors can reach temperature, depending on the installation
(e.g., possibilities for ventilation), up to 40 K higher than the ambient temperature 4.
For an ideal p-n junction, Voc, can be given as 5, 6:
[1]
Where, K, is Boltzmann constant, T, is the temperature, q is the electronic charge, Iph, is the photocurrent, and Is,
is the diode saturation current.
Author et al., International Journal of Engineering, Business and Enterprise Applications, 1 (4), June-July, 2012, pp. 555-563
© 2012, IJEBEA All Rights Reserved Page 2
B. Short Circuit Current
The short circuit current (Isc) found to be dependent on the temperature. It is found that the short circuit
current increases with temperature and tends to be saturated at a maximum value followed by a decrease at high
temperatures 7. For an ideal p-n junction, Isc, can be given as 5:
[2]
C. Fill Factor
The fill factor (FF) is the ratio of the peak power to the product of Isc and Voc. The fill factor determines the
shape of the solar cell I-V characteristics. Its value is higher than 0.7 for good cells. The fill factor is useful
parameters for quality control test 6. The fill factor can be given as 8, 9:
[3]
Where Im is the maximum current and Vm is the maximum voltage.
D. Efficiency
Only part of the solar radiation incident on the solar cell is converted to electricity. The ratio of the output
electrical energy to the input solar radiation is defined as the efficiency value. It depends on the type of cell. For
the module efficiency value, the output power is divided by the total radiation incident on the module. Because
the entire area of the module is not covered with solar cells, the module efficiency value is lower than the
efficiency value of the single cell 3. The efficiency (η) can be given as 9:
[4]
Where Pin is the power input.
IV. Result and discursions
The open circuit voltage (Voc) is one of the most important parameters for the solar cell efficiency. It is
depended on temperature as shown in equation [1]. For T= (81 to 89) step 2, Iph= 50 mA, and Is= 1*10-10 A.
The Voc increases as temperature increased as shown in table (1).
Table I Open circuit voltage versus temperature
T (° C)
Voc (mV)
81
133
83
140
85
147
87
152
89
157
Figure (1) shows the effect of temperature variation on the Voc. At 81C° the Voc has it lower value of 133 mV and
increased with temperature to reach its maximum value of 157mV at 89C°.
Figure 1 The relation between open circuit voltage and temperature
130
135
140
145
150
155
160
80 82 84 86 88 90
Voc(mV)
T (° C)
Author et al., International Journal of Engineering, Business and Enterprise Applications, 1 (4), June-July, 2012, pp. 555-563
© 2012, IJEBEA All Rights Reserved Page 3
The short circuit current Isc of the solar cell depending on the Voc and temperature as shown in equation [2].
The short circuit current, Isc, versus temperature is shown in table below:
Table II Short circuit current versus temperature
T (° C)
Isc (mA)
81
80
83
85
85
92
87
85
89
80
Figure (2) shows the effect of temperature variation on the Isc. The short circuit current Isc increases with
temperature and tends to reach its maximum value of (92 mA) at temperature of (85°C). After (85° C), the Isc
start to decrease with temperature increase and return to 80 mA at T=89°C.
Figure 2 The relation between short circuit current and temperature
Solar cell efficiency considered the most important indicator shows how the solar cell works according to
different parameters conditions. Solar cells efficiency can be obtained as shown in equation [4]. Where FF and
the Pin are kept constant, which are equal to 0.85 and 1000 W/ respectively.
The efficiency at different temperatures is shown in table below:
Table III The efficiency solar cell versus temperature
Figure (3) shows that at T=81°C, the efficiency of 14% is obtained and as the temperature increased the
efficiency increased to reach its maximum value of 27% at T=85°C, after that the temperature still increased
and the efficiency start to decreased after 85°C. The efficiency of 15% is obtained at higher temperature of
(89°C).
78
80
82
84
86
88
90
92
94
80 85 90
Isc(mA)
T (° C)
T (° C)
Isc (mA)
Voc (mV)
η%
81
80
7
14%
83
85
19%
85
92
27%
87
85
21%
89
80
15%
Author et al., International Journal of Engineering, Business and Enterprise Applications, 1 (4), June-July, 2012, pp. 555-563
© 2012, IJEBEA All Rights Reserved Page 4
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
80 85 90
ƞ%
T (° C)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
81 83 85 87 89
133
140
147 152 157
80 85
92
85 80
0.14 0.19 0.27 0.21 0.15
Temperature
Voc (mv)
Isc (mA)
Efficiency
Figure 3 The relation between the efficiency and temperature
V. Conclusion
The efficiency of a crystalline silicon solar cells photo module depends on the sun insulation reaching its
surface, and in this paper we have studied the influence of temperature variations on the solar cell parameters.
The open circuit voltage (Voc) increases linearly with temperature and a maximum value of 157 mV at 89° C is
obtained. The short circuit current (Isc) increase with temperature increases until reaching a maximum value of
92 mA at 85°C and then decreases for highest temperatures. The efficiency follows the changes of open circuit
voltage and short circuit current. The maximum efficiency obtained is 27%. Figure (4) show the changes of
Voc, Isc and η in each case.
Figure 4 Solar cell characteristics at different cases of parameter variation
Author et al., International Journal of Engineering, Business and Enterprise Applications, 1 (4), June-July, 2012, pp. 555-563
© 2012, IJEBEA All Rights Reserved Page 5
References
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