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The genus Strombus in the Indo-Pacific
... Stromboideans are a complex of gregarious herbivorous marine gastropods found in tropical and subtropical waters. This study examined the Australian endemic species, Euprotomus iredalei [1] for which no previous anatomical studies have been conducted to date. This study examined the ommatophore of 39 specimens that were collected by commercial aqarium fishermen off the Western Australian coast near Karratha. ...
... A sample (n = 39, Males = 21, Females = 18) of Euprotomus iredalei [1] adult animals were obtained from a collector, and were originally collected in Karratha, Western Australia by commercial aquarium fishers, in late 2022, Maxwell diving in 10 m on clean sand near a coral reef. This area is considered a pristine marine environment [7]. ...
... In conclusion, there is widespread sexual dimorphism in the stromboidean complex in shell size, with larger females than males [1,[14][15][16][17][18][19][20]. Furthermore, sexual dimorphism is known in relative body size, some organs and the radula [21,22], and more generally, morphological and molecular differences observed in non-sexual organs of male and female animals that can affect many aspects of their biological traits [23]. ...
This study examines the difference in right and left ommatophore length of Euprotomus iredalei from Karratha, Western Australia. In all specimens examined (n = 39, Males = 21, Females = 18) there was no evidence of imposex in terms of sexual organ abnormality or gonadal form, and all animals had right and left ommatophores that were of different lengths. This length difference was significant (t(38) = 10.315, p < 0.001) in the length of the ommatophore with the right longer (8.86 mm ± 0.23 SE) than the left (7.32 mm ± 0.19), and the effect size was large (d = 1.05). There was no sexual dimorphism in the difference in proportional length of the ommatophore between males and females (t(38) = 0.056, p = 0.955). This paper indicated that the difference between the left and right ommatophore in the target species and not a consequence of imposex.
... According to Stoner and Ray (1993), a typical migration stays across the tidal current axis for several months and is usually arranged in long (15-200 m) and narrow (1-3 m) bands. An earlier study by Abbott (1960) and Cob et al. (2012) highlighted that habitat preferences of the Strombidae were highly associated with mud, sandy mud and algae bottom of shallow coastal waters and their distribution extends from the intertidal area to a depth of about 6 m. However, data on the present microhabitat selection of the species in the Philippines are scarce and a re-evaluation of their current status is necessary. ...
... L. (Gonggonus) turturella preferred C. rotundata. Dog conchs are highly associated with muddy bottom and seagrass bed areas (Abbott, 1960;Chuang, 1973;Purchon and Purchon, 1981;Cob et al., 2005). L. lentiginosus preferred G. salicornia. ...
... This species is reported to live in sandy and rubbly areas on lagoon reefs, pinnacles and shallow portions of the seaward reef where they are frequent (Colin, 2015). Abbott (1960) reported that Lambis occurs at the low tide mark and can also be found in shallow subtidal zones and on sand and weeds near corals. Results showed that most species of Lambis, namely L. lambis and L. scorpius were all obtained from the G. salicornia at the low tide zone. ...
This study aimed to identify the microhabitat preference of Strombidae species present in selected intertidal zones of Zamboanga del Norte and Misamis Occidental. A total of 406 individuals of Strombidae were collected and identified into 15 species. Most species of Strombidae were recorded to be abundant in seagrasses (Cymodocea rotundata and Thalassia hemprichii) and in algae (Gracilaria salicornia, Ulva lactuca and Ulva intestinalis). Strombidae were also observed along rocks, muddy sand, black sand, sediments and tide pools. A Kruskal-Wallis Test showed that there was a significant difference in species abundance among different microhabitat types (H[6] = 13.46, p = 0.036). This implies that the abundance of species among different habitats was not the same. Supporting this, the Cramer’s contingency test revealed a significant association between the abundance of species to their microhabitat type with a contingency coefficient of 0.76. Canarium labiatum was observed to inhabit G. salicornia, while Canarium mutabile preferred both rocks and tide pools. Canarium urceus favored C. rotundata; Canarium (Canarium) esculentum occurred in G. salicornia and T. hemprichii. Conomurex luhuanus was observed in U. intestinalis and G. salicornia. Euprotomus aurisdianae inhabited the seagrass, while Euprotomus bulla occurred in T. hemprichii and muddy sand. Laevistrombus (Gonggonus) turturella inhabited the C. rotundata. Lastly, Lentigo lentiginosus and all Lambis species were noticed in G. salicornia. Strombidae preferred both seagrasses and algae apparently because these microhabitat types serve as food and nutrient sources to these species.
... Stromboideans are a complex of gregarious herbivorous marine gastropods found in tropical and subtropical waters. This study examined the Australian endemic species, Euprotomus iredalei (Abbott, 1960) for which no previous anatomical studies have been conducted to date. This study examined the eyestalks of 39 specimens that were collected by commercial shermen off the Western Australian coast near Karratha. ...
... A sample (n = 39) of Euprotomus iredalei (Abbott, 1960) adult animals were obtained from a collector, and were originally collected in Karratha, Western Australia by commercial aquarium shers, in late 2022 ...
... There is widespread sexual dimorphism in the stromboidean complex in shell size, with larger females than males [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19]. Furthermore, sexual dimorphism is known in relative body size, some organs and the radula [20][21][22]. ...
Objective
The objective of this study was to determine the length of each eye peduncle of Euprotomus iredalei from Karratha, Western Australia. This study seeks to test the hypothesis that the difference in right and left eye peduncle length is a natural phenomenon and not an aberration caused by imposex, as alluded to in the literature.
Results
In the material examined (n = 39) there was no evidence of imposex and all animals had eye peduncles that were of different lengths. This length difference was significant (t(38) = 10.315, p < 0.001) in the length of the eyestalks with the right peduncle longer (8.86 mm ± 0.23 SE) than the left (7.32 mm ± 0.19), and the effect size was large (d = 1.05). There was no sexual dimorphism in the difference in proportional length of the eye peduncles between males and females (t(38) = 0.056, p = 0.955).
... The traditional classification divided Strombidae into several genera, within which Strombus and Lambis were the two most species-rich groups (Abbott, 1960;Abbott, 1961). Although Strombus and Lambis differ greatly in shell morphology, they possess similar characteristics of soft tissue anatomies, egg masses, and radulae (Abbott, 1961). ...
... The lineage represented by the single species L. lentiginosus was firstly branching off. According to Abbott (1960), Lentigo was originally defined as a subgenus under Strombus, with five species from both Indo-Pacific and Eastern Pacific/Atlantic regions assigned to this group. This allocation, however, was proved as arbitrary due to the different conchological characteristics between the Indo-Pacific species (L. ...
... However, the topology within the third lineage still reflected morphological similarities to some extent. The shell of C. luhuanus, which was firstly branching off, was characterized by a distinct conic shape with a depressed spire and simple outer lip (Abbott, 1960;Simone, 2005;Bandel, 2007). Within the remaining species, both Harpago chiragra and Lambis lambis showed a spider-like shell (Bandel, 2007). ...
The marine gastropod Strombidae is widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions all over the world and possesses high morphological diversity. In order to better understand how morphological characteristics evolved within Strombidae, a robust phylogenetic framework is needed. In the present study, the complete mitochondrial genomes of Lentigo lentiginosus, Euprotomus aratrum, and Canarium labiatum were sequenced. The three newly sequenced mt genomes contained 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes, two ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes, and several non-coding regions, indicating a similar pattern with respect to genome size, gene order, and nucleotide composition compared with those of other strombids reported before. Two different datasets derived from mitochondrial genes were constructed to resolve the internal phylogenetic relationships of Stromboidea and Strombidae. Within Stromboidea, the sister group formed by Clade I [Rostellariidae + (Seraphsidae + Strombidae)] and Clade II [Xenophoridae + (Struthiolariidae + Aporrhaidae)] were fully recovered and supported by morphological synapomorphies as previously suggested. The phylogenetic positions of L. lentiginosus, E. aratrum, and C. labiatum were confirmed within Strombidae, and several morphological similarities were observed corresponding to the present phylogeny. A correlation between strombids speciation events and paleoclimate change was presumed. Our results indicate that complete mt genomes would be a promising tool to reconstruct a robust phylogeny of Strombidae with an increased taxon sampling in the future.
... Some members of the Strombidae express sexually dimorphic characteristics in both physiology and shell morphometrics (Abbott, 1949(Abbott, , 1960(Abbott, , 1961Reed, 1993a;Mutlu 2004;Maxwell, Rowell, et al., 2020a;Maxwell, Rymer, et al., 2021b, Maxwell et al., 2022. While the phenomenon of sex-ratio bias is reported from numerous members of the Strombidae, this may simply be an artefact of aggregation and sampling size (Maxwell et al., 2017;Maxwell, Rymer, et al., 2021b). ...
... While the phenomenon of sex-ratio bias is reported from numerous members of the Strombidae, this may simply be an artefact of aggregation and sampling size (Maxwell et al., 2017;Maxwell, Rymer, et al., 2021b). The shells of many species also show a high degree of variability in colour and form (Abbott, 1960;Maxwell, Rymer, et al., 2020b). Some species, such as Strombus pugilis Linné, 1758(Reed, 1993b, have demonstrated pseudohermaphroditism in observable genitalia, with individuals having both male and female external sex organs (Jenner, 1979;Nicolaus & Barry, 2015). ...
... These species are economically important and are used as an affordable protein source in many Philippine coastal communities. Until recently, these species have been misidentified and synonymised within the Canarium (Canarium) urceus (Linné, 1758) complex (Abbott, 1960;Kreipl et al., 1999). They have recently been restated and recircumscribed, providing a more solid taxonomic footing (Maxwell, Rymer, et al., 2020b). ...
Canarium (Canarium) incisum and Canarium (Canarium) esculentum are small members of the molluscan Strombidae family. Little is known of their population structure. Therefore, we explored this using samples from a population of each. The first sample from Corong Corong Beach, El Nido, Philippines, consisted of 81 adult C. incisum, of which 33 were female and 48 were male. The second sample from Olango Island, Philippines consisted of 73 adult C. esculentum, of which 40 were female and 33 were male. Bias in sex ratio between species was not significant. However, there was bias in sex ratio within species, where males from both species were smaller in axial length than females. We found no evidence of pseudohermaphroditism. The black colouration of the aperture is a phenotype shared by many stromboidians, and 7.4% of C. incisum population exhibited this trait, while the C. esculentum population contained 50.1% black apertures specimens. Preliminary DArTseq analysis indicates that organisms with the black aperture colouration are nested within the populations. Our study fills a knowledge gap on C. incisum and C. esculentum population structure, and gives greater insights to size dynamics of stromboidian taxa in general.
... The genus Conomurex is a widely distributed Indo-Pacific genus, with one Lessepsian migrant, or possibly introduced, member found in the Mediterranean [10]. Two taxa from which the hybrid is derived can be found converging in Indonesia [11]. At present there is only Pacific Ocean species C. luhuanus and the Indian Ocean C. decorus from that region described. ...
... Thailand: Phuket, Bay of Bengal [16]. Indonesia: Poelau Berhala, Sumatra [11]; off Deli, Sumatra [11]. Myanmar: Mergui Archipelago [11]. ...
... Thailand: Phuket, Bay of Bengal [16]. Indonesia: Poelau Berhala, Sumatra [11]; off Deli, Sumatra [11]. Myanmar: Mergui Archipelago [11]. ...
The propensity for hybridisation is well established in Strombidae. I propose that there are three forms of hybridisation: first the true hybrids; second reticulatory hybrids; and third diversificatory hybrids. The illustrated putative true hybrid between Conomurex decorus and Conomurex luhuanus is known from a single example from central Indonesia and represents the first example of intrageneric hybridization for Conomurex. Furthermore, this paper introduces and illustrates the novel concept of diktyzonos for regions of morphological reticulation within and between taxa, and how hybrids can be classified after assessing this dikyzonotic region.
... The genus Conomurex is a widely distributed Indo-Pacific genus, with one Lessepsian migrant, or possibly introduced, member found in the Mediterranean [10]. Two taxa from which the hybrid is derived can be found converging in Indonesia [11]. At present there is only Pacific Ocean species C. luhuanus and the Indian Ocean C. decorus from that region described. ...
... Thailand: Phuket, Bay of Bengal [16]. Indonesia: Poelau Berhala, Sumatra [11]; off Deli, Sumatra [11]. Myanmar: Mergui Archipelago [11]. ...
... Thailand: Phuket, Bay of Bengal [16]. Indonesia: Poelau Berhala, Sumatra [11]; off Deli, Sumatra [11]. Myanmar: Mergui Archipelago [11]. ...
The propensity for hybridisation is well established in Strombidae. I propose that there are three forms of hybridisation: first the true hybrids; second reticulatory hybrids; and third diversificatory hybrids. The illustrated putative true hybrid between Conomurex decorus and Conomurex luhuanus is known from a single example from central Indonesia and represents the first example of intrageneric hybridization for Conomurex. Furthermore, this paper introduces and illustrates the novel concept of diktyzonos for regions of morphological reticulation within and between taxa, and how hybrids can be classified after assessing this dikyzonotic region.
... Sexual dimorphism is well known across the gastropod phylogeny, both in those with a veliger life stage (Muricidae - Son and Hughes 2000) and those that develop directly (Cypraeidae -Griffiths 1961;Littorinidae -Riascos and Guzman 2010;Viviparidae -Sawangproh et al. 2021). This paper focuses on molluscs from the family Strombidae, which are herbivorous gastropods with a veliger life stage, because sexual dimorphism is a well-established phenomenon in this family (Abbott 1949(Abbott , 1960(Abbott , 1961Mutlu 2004;Arularasan et al. 2011;Lee and Park 2013;Halder and Paira 2019). ...
... For example, variations in food availability may result in fluctuating asymmetry between the sexes (McKillup and McKillup 1997;Mutlu 2004;Yang and Zhang 2011). Similarly, differences in post-settlement growth between populations of the same species affects the size at maturity of each sex, thus leading to sex-specific differences in mean body sizes among populations (Abbott 1960;Estebenet et al. 2006). Therefore, the innate variability in size at maturity between populations highlights the need to treat the mean sizes of each geographical population independently when undertaking morphometric analyses; however, as the sexes are mixed and gregarious there is no need to deal with aspects of niche partitioning. ...
... However, the impact of this selection pressure is reduced as males also prefer virgin females (Brownell 1977;Tewfik et al. 1998;Zahradnik et al. 2008); (8) predation occurs primarily during the veliger life-stage and is not considered a major selection factor for inter-population or sex-specific size differences in the Strombidae (Wiedemeyer 1998;Stoner et al. 1998;McIntyre et al. 2006;Preston and Roberts 2007); (9) no intra-population resource access pressures generate sexual dimorphism within a population in Strombidae. The animals are phytophagous raspers living in gregarious populations (Abbott 1960;Catterall and Poiner 1983); (10) sexually dimorphic differences in soft-part morphology are a consequence of allometric physiological differences among sexes or, in rare cases where there appears to be no physiological explanation, a consequence of fluctuating asymmetry (Colton 1905;Mutlu 2004;Simone 2005); (11) in gastropods, larger females, have higher reproductive success (Shawl and Davies 2004;Cardenas et al. 2005); and (12) Cope's Rule in terms of small animals, which states that taxa evolve larger body sizes through time to maximise reproductive potential and heighten the exploitation of resources where carrying capacity is not a signifcant regulator of population size, or where is there no other constraining limiations on size (Blanckenhorn 2000). ...
Modelling sexual dimorphism has important implications for understanding the evolution of size relationships among and within organisms. We present a composite model for the regulation and evolution of sex-specific inter-population shell size in a family of herbivorous marine molluscs, the Strombidae. In particular, this model postulates that gene flow acts as a size regulator that limits inter-population divergence by not allowing the mean size of each sex to deviate significantly between disparate populations. The mean shell size of individuals within populations is affected by the ecological setting in which the animal is growing. The model considers niche divergence as inconsequential in the regulation of sexual dimorphism, whereas environmental regulation for the mean size of a population is considered a significant driving factor. Sexual competition, where males may dislodge other males during copulation, is also considered a non-significant driver of male body size because of the open mating system. In such a system, smaller males can simply mate before larger males have matured. Selection for earlier mating in males so as to maximise lifetime fecundity favours male maturation at small body sizes. Conversely, greater fecundity at larger body size in females argues for larger females. The postulated composite model presented here fills a knowledge gap by graphically illustrating the factors affecting inter-and intra-specific variation. These differences include the modelling of mean inter-population shell size, as well as the regulation of intra-population sex size ratios. The components of this new model can be applied to a wider range of sexually dimorphic organisms to explain the evolutionary factors involved in regulating the observed sexual dimorphism.
... Although Strombidae are gregarious and often found in large colonies (Abbott 1960;Catterall and Poiner 1983;Cipriani et al. 2008;Maxwell et al. 2017b), this is not always apparent in death assemblages. It is possible that small localized populations of Strombus might exist, especially in deeper waters, and only be evidenced by rare examples. ...
... There is a problem with the reconciliation of the Linnean collection material with the current accepted nomenclatural use of S. succinctus, and this species needs revision. Given the use of the name S. succinctus in association with organisms from Sri Lanka in terms of time (Kiener 1843;Duclos 1844;Reeve 1851;Abbott 1960) and number of publications and different authors (e.g. Horst and Schepman 1908;Iredale 1929;Dodge 1956;Dance 1974;Oliver and Nicholls 1975;Walls 1980;Kreipl et al. 1999;Bandel 2007;Dekkers and Maxwell 2020), indicates conservation of that name with its current associated semaphoront could be warranted, but this task falls outside the scope of this study. ...
... 5, 5a. Type Locality: Hong Kong (Abbott, 1960). (1) Comparative Diagnosis. ...
Presented herein is the first verifiable records of Neodilatilabrum Dekkers, 2008 in Australia. The two examples of Neodilatilabrum robustum (Sowerby, 1875) come from Point Cartwright and Dingo Beach, Queensland. These specimens represent an anomaly, being morphologically similar to a localised South China Sea population. The possible modalities to explain its presence at this locality are discussed. This discovery reaffirms the importance of proactive engagement between citizen scientists and institutional workers to enable a greater understanding of regional species richness.
... Recent studies of the Canarium (Canarium) urceus (Linné, 1758) complex (Abbott 1960) have led to a significant recognition of species that have either been buried within the synonymy of that species (Dodge 1946(Dodge , 1956Abbott 1960;Maxwell et al. 2020a), or aggregated to form an oversimplified taxonomy (Maxwell et al. 2020b;Dekkers & Maxwell 2020a, b). Abbott (1960, p. 63) described Strombus (C.) urceus with a focus of not distinguishing those taxa, which "in addition to size, sculptural and color variations that appear within a single colony, there are other geographical clines and groups of morphological variations limited to certain rather discrete geographical areas", a mindset that does not give taxonomic justice to the recognition of potential diversity within the urceus complex. ...
... Recent studies of the Canarium (Canarium) urceus (Linné, 1758) complex (Abbott 1960) have led to a significant recognition of species that have either been buried within the synonymy of that species (Dodge 1946(Dodge , 1956Abbott 1960;Maxwell et al. 2020a), or aggregated to form an oversimplified taxonomy (Maxwell et al. 2020b;Dekkers & Maxwell 2020a, b). Abbott (1960, p. 63) described Strombus (C.) urceus with a focus of not distinguishing those taxa, which "in addition to size, sculptural and color variations that appear within a single colony, there are other geographical clines and groups of morphological variations limited to certain rather discrete geographical areas", a mindset that does not give taxonomic justice to the recognition of potential diversity within the urceus complex. ...
... The young show a narrow, broken spiral band of brownish black on the body whorl. Nuclear whorls 2.5, translucent yellowish and glossy" (Abbott 1960, p. 66 (Abbott 1960). ...
This part of the Canarium (Canarium) urceus (Linné, 1758) after Abbott (1960) revision examines the Australian species of that complex. Currently, there is one recognised species, Canarium (Canarium) orrae (Abbott, 1960), which is divided herein into two species, with the description of Canarium (Canarium) darwinense n. sp. from the Van Diemen Gulf and Darwin surrounds. The C. (C.) darwinense is distinguished from C. (C.) orrae in morphological form. The southern range of C. (C.) orrae is extended to Monkey Mia, Shark Bay. Examples of C. (C.) orrae were also noted from the North Coast of Sumbawa, Indonesia, and Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea. While there is a geographic break in the distribution of C. (C.) orrae creating two populations, Western Australian and Gulf of Carpentaria, populations from these two ranges could not be distinguished using morphology. Future research will likely show genetic differences as a consequence of drift caused by isolation, thus leading to the potential recognition of two cryptic subspecies.
... In doing so, it provides a practical example of how clades are resolved and defined so as to provide a nomenclature that is stable. This stability comes with the grounding of the nomenclature in a wellresolved phylogeny and avoids the long-term problem of revisions generating paraphyletic higher taxa of older classifications (Abbott 1960(Abbott , 1961Latiolais et al. 2006). ...
... There have been four major systematic revisions on the nature of stromboids after Abbott (1960Abbott ( , 1961. Latiolais et al. (2006) based their work on a mix of morphology and genetics. ...
... When these four approaches are compared, some welldefined clades are clear over all, which enable the contextualization of more focused monographs and papers within the broader clade structure ( Figure 4). There have been a number of other smaller targeted monographs and papers that have contributed to understanding aspects of the cladistic relationships between West African and American taxa, and these fall into two groups: those grounded in a phenetic approach (Clench and Abbott 1941;Abbott 1960); and those that use morphology and some form of spatiotemporal evidence (Petuch 1994). Latiolais et al. (2006) and Simone (2005) determined Strombus Linné, 1758 to contain Strombus pugilis Linné, 1758, Strombus alatus Gmelin, 1791 and Strombus gracilior Sowerby, 1825. ...
Four species of the Pahayokea (Gardnericypraea) Petuch and Drolshagen, 2011 subgenus are reclassified as Akleistostoma (Gardnericypraea) subgenus species. This represents a continuation of geographically separate, but parallel, evolutionary tracks throughout the Piacenzian Pliocene Tamiami Formation
... An internal clade within Neostrombinae containing the five genera Maculastrombus (see Liverani et al. (2021) for content), Neostrombus (see Liverani et al. (2021) for content), Terestrombus (see Liverani et al. (2021) for content), Tridenarius (see Liverani et al. (2021) for content) and Canarium (see Liverani et al. (2021) for content). It excludes Dolomini (see for internal content) and other unresolved clades such as Conomurex (see Abbott (1960) for content), Laevistrombus (see Maxwell et al. (2019a) for content) and Barneystrombus. Diagnostic Apomorphies. ...
... This clade is contained within the Neostrombinae (see for content), contains the two clades Doxanderina (see for content) and Dolomenina (see for content). It excludes Conomurex (see Abbott (1960), for content), Mirabilistrombus, Laevistrombus (see Maxwell et al. (2019a) for content) and Neostrombini (see Liverani et al. (2021) for content). Diagnostic Apomorphies. ...
... This clade is contained within the Neostrombinae (see for content), contains the two clades Doxander (see for content) and Neodilatilabrum (see for content). It excludes Conomurex (see Abbott (1960), for content), Laevistrombus (see Maxwell et al. (2019a) for content), Dolomenina (see for content) and Neostrombini (see Liverani et al. (2021) for content). Diagnostic Apomorphies. ...
This paper provides the International Code of Phylogenetic Nomenclature RegNum repository registration numbers for the clades defined in The Festivus. The definitions are based on the current understanding of the internal resolution within Stromboidae, and maybe amended as further taxa are resolved. This set of registration references reflects the refined definitions that have become necessary with the activation of the PhyloCode (2020) and the RegNum protocols. The use of types is not a requirement of the PhyloCode, but there use herein does resolve much of the differences between the IZCN and PhyloCode in practice. Errata for Maxwell and Rymer (2021) are noted at the end.
... There has not been a taxonomic revision of the genus Gibberulus for over half a century (Abbott 1960), and the last published population survey was carried out even earlier (Abbott 1949). At present, Gibberulus is considered to contain one species, and this was subdivided into three subspecies. ...
... Literature records.-Egypt, Gulf of Suez (Abbott 1960); Ras Banas (Abbott 1960); Sinai (Mienis 1984); Saudi Arabia 20 miles north of Jeddah (Abbott 1960); Somalia Berber a (Abbott 1960); Sudan Port Sudan (Abbott 1960, Mastaller 1978; Suakin (Mastaller 1978); Israel Eilat ('Hadar' in Abbott 1960). ...
... Literature records.-Egypt, Gulf of Suez (Abbott 1960); Ras Banas (Abbott 1960); Sinai (Mienis 1984); Saudi Arabia 20 miles north of Jeddah (Abbott 1960); Somalia Berber a (Abbott 1960); Sudan Port Sudan (Abbott 1960, Mastaller 1978; Suakin (Mastaller 1978); Israel Eilat ('Hadar' in Abbott 1960). ...
Abstract.—The gastropod family Strombidae has sparked the recent interest of taxonomists as early revisions of the family are re-examined, with a plethora of new species and genera being described. This has brought a greater understanding of the level of diversity within the family, which has assisted in conceptualizing its evolutionary intergeneric relationships. However, gaps in the revisions remain. This paper examines the extant members of the genus Gibberulus after half a century of neglect. After examination of type material and original descriptions, the species are recircumscribed, and a new species, G. dekkersi, new species, is presented, bringing the total number of species in the genus to four. In addition, information of the geographic range of each species is provided. We suggest that, as further revisions of the Strombidae are conducted, particularly of those species with large fragmented distributions, a greater diversity of species will be found and described.
... A survey of the literature on strombids was undertaken to find historical records of strombid species found on Green Island. Specimens held in institutions from which literary sources have been drawn include the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia (ANSP, Abbott 1960) ...
... Species were compared to material from the systematic collection of Stephen Maxwell in the first instance to gain provisional identification. Identification was then checked against the current literary status for each species (Kira 1959;Abbott 1960Abbott , 1961Walls 1980;Willan 2000;Dekkers and Maxwell 2020;Liverani et al. 2021). Where taxa identifications were problematic in terms of classification, an explanation is provided to ensure taxonomic clarity. ...
... We found four literary references to Strombidae on Green Island, all published prior to 1972. Two were locality records contained within species distributions drawn from large scale monographic studies detailing the genera Strombus Rafinesque, 1815 (Abbott 1960) and Lambis Röding, 1798 (Abbott 1961). The remaining two were illustrative texts for general species identification (Rippingale & McMichael 1961;Cernohorsky 1972 Kira, 1959(MCZ, Abbott 1960 (1901, AM -C.9664;1946, AM -C.217537;1948, AM -C.217538;1949, AM -C.217539;1962, AM -C.105026;1969, QM -MO.83568;1970, ...
This study provides a checklist of the distribution and relative abundance of Strombidae from the nearshore environment of Green Island, Queensland, Australia. Historical records indicate that this island has not been surveyed for at least half a century. We used an opportunistic sighting survey method, where we walked the path of the receding tidal line around the island, counting and measuring all species that we observed directly. We also recorded the substrate on which each individual was collected as sand, sand-seagrass or seagrass. Eleven species of Strombidae were found. The survey provided the first record of Ministrombus athenius (Duclos, 1844) from North Queensland. This study provides base-line data on the presence and distribution of near-shore Stromboidea that will enable future studies to detect and monitor changes in the composition of near-shore strombid species.
... We use the International Code of Phylogenetic Nomenclature (PhyloCode 2020), and demonstrate how its application can also conform to the requirements of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN 1999). Abbott (1960) viewed the Canarium Schumacher, 1817 as a large subgenus of Indo-Pacific Strombidae incorporating the smaller species of the family that were generally compact shape, with unflaring lips, lirate mouths and strombid operculum not curved. Abbott (1960) presented the fossils for the "urceus-mutabilis-labiatus Group" representing a taxonomic demarcation to gather the preceding taxa into a collective group, before presenting the remaining taxa. ...
... Abbott (1960) viewed the Canarium Schumacher, 1817 as a large subgenus of Indo-Pacific Strombidae incorporating the smaller species of the family that were generally compact shape, with unflaring lips, lirate mouths and strombid operculum not curved. Abbott (1960) presented the fossils for the "urceus-mutabilis-labiatus Group" representing a taxonomic demarcation to gather the preceding taxa into a collective group, before presenting the remaining taxa. Many of these remaining taxa have now been removed from Canarium into genera such as Terestrombus Kronenberg &Vermeij, 2002 andTridentarius Kronenberg &Vermeij, 2002, while others such as the Canarium elegans complex remain still ...
... A total of 31 taxa were selected based on the classification of Abbott (1960) and the species included in that work or described later but within the subgenus Canarium (Table 1) or its derivatives. The (sub)genus Canarium of Abbott (1960) is at present regarded as sitting at the rank of genus (MolluscaBase eds. ...
This revision of the genus Canarium Schumacher, 1817 after Abbott (1960) advances
our understanding of the phylogeny of Strombidae. Morphological characters were used to generate a phylogeny using maximum likelihood and including all of the recognised species. This resulted in the recognition of one tree, and within that tree the existing genera Canarium Schumacher, 1817 Tridentarius Kronenberg & Vermeij, 2002 and Terestrombus Kronenberg & Vermeij, 2002, and two more Maculastrombus n. gen. and Neostrombus n. gen. were recognisable clades. Furthermore, within the genus Canarium, four subgenera, Canarium (Canarium), Canarium (Conundrum), Canarium (Elegantum), and Canarium (Stereostrombus), were identified and described. We describe and define taxa that are compatible with the requirements of the International Code of Phylogenetic Nomenclature (PhyloCode 2020), and also conform to the requirements of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN 1999). This revision assists in generating a system of nomenclature that reflects the hypothetical relationships, and is at the same time practical in its application. We designate type localities and types for included species that were not yet addressed up until now
... Based on the identification, the species from this family that are present in the research sites are Conomurex luhuanus, Laevistrombus canarium, Canarium urceus and Lambis sp., all are edible species (Poutiers, 1998b). Most of these species had been previously classified under the genus Strombus, where Conomurex, Laevistrombus and Canarium are considered as the subgenera of Strombus (Abbott, 1960). However, based on phylogeny and morpho-anatomical analysis, these subgenera were elevated to the genus level (Simone, 2005;Latiolais et al., 2006;Bouchet and Rosenberg, 2011;Bouchet, 2017a;2017b). ...
... However, based on phylogeny and morpho-anatomical analysis, these subgenera were elevated to the genus level (Simone, 2005;Latiolais et al., 2006;Bouchet and Rosenberg, 2011;Bouchet, 2017a;2017b). Although species from these genera are distributed worldwide, they mostly occur within the Indo-Pacific region especially in the tropical waters (Abbott, 1960;Zaidi et al., 2009;. ...
... The common name of Canarium urceus is little pitcher conch, while the Bajau Laut people called it "dollen mattoah". Canarium urceus are somewhat similar to Canarium labiatum: both having high spires and elongated-ovate in shape but can be distinguished based on its columella, siphonal canal and the sculpture of their body whorl (Abbott, 1960;Poutiers, 1998a). The shell of Canarium urceus has a more drawn out siphonal canal, and a smooth central portion of the columella that is only lirate (having fine thread-like lines) at both ends (Abbott, 1960). ...
This study focuses on the mollusc remains recovered from the archaeological sites of Bukit Tengkorak, Melanta Tutup and Bukit Kamiri in Semporna, Sabah. These three sites had been radiocarbon dated from 3,000 to 800 BP where Bukit Tengkorak is a Neolithic site, while Melanta Tutup and Bukit Kamiri have both Neolithic as well as Metal Age cultural contexts. This study is aimed at analysing the mollusc remains in order to strengthen interpretations on prehistoric diet, subsistence activities, past environment and adaptation of the prehistoric societies in Semporna, Sabah. The method uses an archaeomalacological approach involving three processes of analysis: (i) identification that involves anatomic and taxonomic analysis, (ii) taphonomic categorisation and (iii) statistical quantification. Based on identification, 65 species of molluscs originating from various habitats such as freshwater, mangrove, estuary, intertidal, subtidal and lagoon had been identified. Taphonomic categorisation indicated that the mollusc remains functioned as food wastes, grave goods and raw materials for shell artefact production. Quantification analysis revealed the dominance of marine species among the samples in Bukit Tengkorak and Melanta Tutup, while freshwater species dominated Bukit Kamiri. The results of this research also suggested that the prehistoric societies of Semporna gathered molluscs selectively by targeting certain molluscan species from different environments about ten km away from their habitation sites.
... Historical revisions of the Canarium urceus (Linnaeus, 1758) complex have tended to grossly underestimate the diversity contained within the group, with a tendency to overlook the distinctive regional species (Dodge 1946(Dodge , 1956Abbott, 1960). A recent revision sought to define and restrict C. urceus to a distinctive regional morphotype centred on Singapore (Maxwell et al. 2020a). ...
... A recent revision sought to define and restrict C. urceus to a distinctive regional morphotype centred on Singapore (Maxwell et al. 2020a). Additionally, a more nuanced approach to this taxon has disentangled those taxa previously described and recognised as species that have been buried by Abbott (1960) within the synonymy of that taxon (Maxwell et al. 2020b). Abbott (1960) is known for his oversimplification of the taxonomy of many groups of Mollusca (Turbinellidae -Dekkers and Maxwell 2018; Seraphsidae - Maxwell et al. 2018;Strombidae -Maxwell et al. 2019b). ...
... Additionally, a more nuanced approach to this taxon has disentangled those taxa previously described and recognised as species that have been buried by Abbott (1960) within the synonymy of that taxon (Maxwell et al. 2020b). Abbott (1960) is known for his oversimplification of the taxonomy of many groups of Mollusca (Turbinellidae -Dekkers and Maxwell 2018; Seraphsidae - Maxwell et al. 2018;Strombidae -Maxwell et al. 2019b). Abbott (1960) did recognise the diversity of the C. urceus complex. ...
This study introduces four new species within the Canarium urceus complex. Canarium daveyi nov. sp. and the sympatric C. geelvinkbaaiensis nov. sp. from the region surrounding Geelvink Bay in northeastern Indonesia, C. youngorum nov. sp. from the island of northeastern Papua New Guinea, and finally Canarium manintveldi nov. sp from the southern South Pacific centred on Fiji and Vanuatu. These new species differ from, and are described based on, the morphology and geographical distribution from known species belonging to the C. urceus complex. This study comprises part three in a series examining the broader C. urceus complex.
... Strombidae Rafinesque, 1815 is a frequently encountered marine gastropod family common to most tropi cal oceans. Members of the Strombidae express sexually dimorphic characteristics in both physi ology and shell morphometrics, particularly in relation to the mean body size and length of the adult shell (Abbott, 1949(Abbott, , 1960(Abbott, , 1961Reed, 1993a;Mutlu, 2004). The shells of individuals within a population may vary greatly, with occasional examples having rare colour phenotypes (Abbott, 1960). ...
... Members of the Strombidae express sexually dimorphic characteristics in both physi ology and shell morphometrics, particularly in relation to the mean body size and length of the adult shell (Abbott, 1949(Abbott, , 1960(Abbott, , 1961Reed, 1993a;Mutlu, 2004). The shells of individuals within a population may vary greatly, with occasional examples having rare colour phenotypes (Abbott, 1960). Some species, such as Strombus pugilis Linné, 1758(Reed, 1993b have demonstrated that there are more than two sexes within a population, with the reporting of masculinised females, a condition referred to as pseudohermaphroditism, or imposex, and defined as the imposition of male sexual characteristics on females in gastropods (Jenner, 1979;Nicolaus & Barry, 2015). ...
... Some species, such as Strombus pugilis Linné, 1758(Reed, 1993b have demonstrated that there are more than two sexes within a population, with the reporting of masculinised females, a condition referred to as pseudohermaphroditism, or imposex, and defined as the imposition of male sexual characteristics on females in gastropods (Jenner, 1979;Nicolaus & Barry, 2015). There is little or no knowledge regarding any of these population characteristics in members of the stromboid genus Canarium Schumacher, 1817, worldwide, with most work having been conducted during the mid to late twentieth century on taxonomy and basic physiology (Abbott, 1949(Abbott, , 1960(Abbott, , 1961Geary & Allmon, 1990;Reed, 1993a). ...
Canarium labiatum is a small gastropod of the Strombidae family that is commonly encountered in the inter-tidal zones of tropical Queensland, Australia, yet little is known of its population structure. A targeted survey of the Canarium labiatum population on Green Island, located near Cairns, Queensland, was conducted on 12 August 2015. Ninety adult specimens were collected, of which 49 were female and 41 were male. The sample demonstrated significant sexual axial-length size dimorphism, with a bias towards larger females. While we collected more females than males, this did not represent a statistically significant bias, and rather may reflect the clustering nature of the sample. In addition, there was no evidence of pseudohermaphroditism in females within the population under consideration. Interestingly, 11.1% of the sample did not show banding and brown/grey-blue maculations on a light grey shell, the typical colour pattern associated with Canarium labiatum. This paper fills a knowledge gap in Queensland's Canarium labiatum population structure and provides a basis for a wider study into the size dynamics of Strombidae in general, but Canarium in particular.
... Röding (1798), is present in mng. One of us (uw) made a visit to mng and indeed managed to track down some influence that adopted some of the system established by Röding we are aware of was Link (1807), who adopted e.g., Lambis more or less in the sense of Röding, i.e., Strom bus plus Lambis sensu Abbott (1960;1961). But on the other hand, Link also adopted the Lamarckian genera Rostel laria (Link, 1807: 129) and Pteroceras [sic!] (Link, 1807: 109). ...
... able to identify this illustration with certainty. Until the specimen illustrated by Martini is discovered, the name Lambis car naria Röding should be considered a nomen inquirendum. (1777) is somewhat inaccurate. The figs 827 and 828 both appear on pl. 81 (not 80!), and represent a specimen of the nominal taxon Strombus lentiginosus Linnaeus, 1758. Abbott (1960 listed L. rana in the synonymy of S. len tiginosus Linnaeus, 1758, considering it a replacement name by Röding for S. lentiginosus. This statement is considered not to be correct, as Röding did use the epithet "lentigino sus", vide supra, # 796, with a different additional reference, which is an indication that Röding considered his L. ...
... 847, which is a specimen of the nominal species S. tricor nis [Lightfoot], 1786, here refigured Fig. 10. Neither Clench & Abbott (1941) in their review of living Western Atlantic Strombidae, nor Abbott (1960) in his review of Indo-Pacific Strombidae mentioned Lambis velum in their synonymies. To unambiguously fix the identity of Lambis velum Röding, 1798, the shell illustrated in Martini 1777, pl. ...
We examined the collection in the Museum der Natur Gotha (mng) for specimens of Stromboidea, once in the collection of the German physicist Joachim Friedrich Bol-ten, first described in a sales catalogue by Peter Friedrich Röding in 1798 and subsequently auctioned in 1819. We were able to recognize nine specimens of Stromboidea originating from the Bolten collection with certainty, all once in the private collection of Friedrich Christian Schmidt, that is indicated as ex Bolten in the collection catalogue of mng. Apart from that, we discovered 45 specimens acquired possibly once being part of the Bolten collection. A critical listing of all Stromboidea we encountered in Röding's sales catalogue is added. Names attributed to Bolten (= Röding) by the compiler of the catalogue in mng are discussed. Turris operosa Röding, 1798 is the first available name for Strombus turritus Lamarck, 1822 (non Röding, 1798 nec Link, 1807) and is here recombined to Doxander operosus (Röding, 1798) comb. nov.. The family-level taxon Seraphsi-dae should be attributed to Gray, 1853 and the genus-level taxon Terebellum should be attributed to Bruguière, 1798. Lectotypes are designated for: Lambis velum; Lambis con torta; Tibia indiarum; Turris operosa; and Terebellum lin eatum all of Röding, 1798. There are two different printings of the Museum Boltenianum by Röding. Possible future research is briefly addressed.
... In doing so, it provides a practical example of how clades are resolved and defined so as to provide a nomenclature that is stable. This stability comes with the grounding of the nomenclature in a wellresolved phylogeny and avoids the long-term problem of revisions generating paraphyletic higher taxa of older classifications (Abbott 1960(Abbott , 1961Latiolais et al. 2006). ...
... There have been four major systematic revisions on the nature of stromboids after Abbott (1960Abbott ( , 1961. Latiolais et al. (2006) based their work on a mix of morphology and genetics. ...
... When these four approaches are compared, some welldefined clades are clear over all, which enable the contextualization of more focused monographs and papers within the broader clade structure ( Figure 4). There have been a number of other smaller targeted monographs and papers that have contributed to understanding aspects of the cladistic relationships between West African and American taxa, and these fall into two groups: those grounded in a phenetic approach (Clench and Abbott 1941;Abbott 1960); and those that use morphology and some form of spatiotemporal evidence (Petuch 1994). Latiolais et al. (2006) and Simone (2005) determined Strombus Linné, 1758 to contain Strombus pugilis Linné, 1758, Strombus alatus Gmelin, 1791 and Strombus gracilior Sowerby, 1825. ...
The phylogeny of the American Strombidae the genus Lobatus is limited to the extant Lobatus raninus and several fossil precursors, the genera Macrostrombus, Aliger and Titanostrombus are re-installed as valid genera. The genus Persististrombus which was used as a sink for a plethora of species, is limited to the extant Persististrombus granulatus, fossil American species and a few Eocene to Miocene European species, which we enclose within Persististrombini nov. tribus along with Thetystrombus. Two new genera for the Miocene ancestral basal taxa of Aligerini nov. tribus, Edpetuchistrombus nov. gen. and Antestrombus nov. gen., both of which represent basal reference points enabling greater clarity in the resolution of early West African and American Strombidae radiations are proposed. This revised phylogeny informed by total evidence and historical revisions will assist in providing an evolutionary-based nomenclature that offers a structural basis for further explanation of the radiation and diversification of taxa within the Strombidae.
... C. persicus is restricted to the south coast of Arabia and the Persian Gulf (Moolenbeek & Dekker 1993) and does not live in the Red Sea. In the Indo-Pacific region, C. persicus lives on sandy bottoms and in coral sand from shallow water to a depth of about 19 m (Abbott 1960). In the Mediterranean, adult C. persicus inhabit sandy or slightly gravelly bottoms and feed on seaweeds and detritus (Mutlu 2004). ...
... The largest specimen reached a remarkable size of 75.1 mm. Abbott (1960) descibed an average size of 40-51 mm. ...
Journal of MoFA (Mollusc Research Austria)
... C. persicus is restricted to the south coast of Arabia and the Persian Gulf (Moolenbeek & Dekker 1993) and does not live in the Red Sea. In the Indo-Pacific region, C. persicus lives on sandy bottoms and in coral sand from shallow water to a depth of about 19 m (Abbott 1960). In the Mediterranean, adult C. persicus inhabit sandy or slightly gravelly bottoms and feed on seaweeds and detritus (Mutlu 2004). ...
... The largest specimen reached a remarkable size of 75.1 mm. Abbott (1960) descibed an average size of 40-51 mm. ...
The first record of Conomurex persicus (Swainson,
... Canarium (Canarium) urceus (Linnaeus, 1758) is one of these overlooked species. Until recently, this species has been used as a "holding name" for much of the Canarium (C.) complex (Abbott 1960;Kreipl 1999;Liverani 2014). However, recent revisions have provided a more solid taxonomic footing for the species (Maxwell et al. 2020b), and this has resulted in many of the species that had been included within the synonymy of C. (C.) urceus being recircumscribed and validated (Maxwell et al. 2020c), or being separated out, resulting in the circumscription of new species (Dekkers & Maxwell 2020;Maxwell & Dekkers 2021a, 2021bDekkers et al. 2022). ...
... As for other populations of stromboideans (Abbott 1949(Abbott , 1960Reed 1993a;Mutlu 2004;Maxwell et al. 2017Maxwell et al. , 2020a, we also found sexual size dimorphism in the axial length of the shell in this population, with females being statistically larger than males. Sexual size dimorphism in favour of females is a symplesiomorphic state in stromboideans, with the expression of this phenomenon established in fossil taxa (Geary & Allmon 1990). ...
The Molluscan family Strombidae Rafinesque, 1815 is taxonomically diverse, with a widespread global distribution. However, the population structure of many of these taxa remains enigmatic. There is a growing interest in exploring population structures within species across their distributions to understand factors affecting morphological diversity. In particular, there is an inherent focus on sexual-size dimorphism between females and males in both physiology and shell morphometrics, as well as sexual bias (Mutlu 2004; Maxwell et al. 2017, 2020a, 2021), in order to provide a basis from which models of sexual dimorphism in general might be generated. Furthermore, the expression of pseudohermaphroditism in stromboideans, which is linked to the environmental causal agent tributyltin (TBT), a marine pollutant, has also been the focus of recent studies, with varying findings in expression ranging from absent to 36 % within populations (Multu 2004; Maxwell et al. 2020a; Reed 1993a, 1993b; Ruaza 2019). In addition, another population dynamic that has received recent attention is the expression of colour phenotypes within and between populations (Maxwell et al. 2020a, 2021). Despite these recent studies and the development of a general model for sexual dimorphism (Maxwell et al. 2022), many stromboideans still remain unstudied in terms of morphological variability, sex-ratio bias and pseudohermaphroditism, particularly at the population level.
... Ukuran panjang cangkang siput gonggong jantan matang gonad adalah 63,449±5,352 mm, lebih kecil (P<0,05) dibanding induk betina matang gonad (66,953±5,876 mm). Hasil ini didukung oleh Abbott (1960), bahwa penentuan ukuran siput matang gonad siput Strombidae didasarkan pada panjang cangkang sebagai salah satu karakter utama yang paling berkorelasi dengan kematangan gonad genus ini. Beberapa jenis siput Strombidae lainnya menunjukkan ukuran cangkang siput jantan lebih kecil dari siput betina. ...
... Ukuran induk siput S. canarium jantan matang gonad adalah 54,67±3,76 mm dan betina 55,56±3,72 mm (Cob et al., 2008), siput ratu (S. gigas) jantan 234 mm dan betina 249 mm (Poveda dan Cardenas, 2006). Cangkang siput Strombidae berhenti tumbuh panjang setelah mencapai dewasa (Abbott, 1960). Ketika siput gonggong telah dewasa, pertumbuhan panjang minimal dan pertumbuhan cangkang berikutnya dalam bentuk penebalan cangkang dan bibir luar (Dolbeth et al., 2005). ...
Siput gonggong Laevistrombus turturella merupakan siput laut yang banyak dikonsumsi masyarakat di Provinsi Kepulauan Riau sehingga populasinya diperkirakan menurun. Upaya pelestarian siput ini perlu dilakukan salah satunya dengan budidaya. Kegiatan budidaya memerlukan ketersediaan induk matang gonad. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menganalisis ukuran induk siput gonggong matang gonad berdasarkan panjang cangkang dan warna gonad, serta mengevaluasi pengaruh paparan suhu berbeda terhadap kecepatan penentuan jenis kelamin induk. Panjang cangkang siput gonggong diukur dengan jangka sorong, kemudian dipecahkan untuk mengamati warna gonadnya. Data dianalisis dengan student t-test. Perlakuan paparan suhu air 15°C (P1), 20°C (P2), dan 30°C (P3). Tujuh ekor induk siput gonggong dimasukkan ke dalam akuarium sesuai perlakuan, durasi waktu keluar tubuh lunak siput gonggong dari cangkang dicatat. Data dianalisis dengan uji Kruskal Wallis. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan ukuran rata-rata panjang cangkang induk siput gonggong matang gonad dari laut Madong-Tanjungpinang adalah 63,449±5,352 mm (jantan) dan 66,953±5,876 mm (betina). Penentuan jenis kelamin siput gonggong dapat dipercepat dengan pemberian kejutan suhu dengan suhu air 20°C.
... In most papers regarding the Stromboidea (e.g. Abbott, 1960Abbott, , 1961Kronenberg & Berkhout, 1984), only a handful of species are recorded from the island of Borneo (parts of which belong to Indonesia, Malaysia and Brunei), even though it is in the centre of the area of many species. From 1992 to 1997 the author lived in the town of Miri (Sarawak, Malaysia), Borneo, which gave him the opportunity to study recent molluscs from shallow marine environments in the NW part of the island (Malaysia [Sarawak and Sabah] and Brunei) and a few Miocene to Holocene fossil faunas in the same area. ...
... 4fig. 18; character- istic for D. marginata septima, according toAbbott, 1960:i Malawal i ir Mandidarah ~ ~ p SULU %% SEA ♦ ♦ ~ Sandakan _ i , i i i . ~ Semporna r i i ,'CELEBES ; SEA ~ .~ ...
An overview is given of the species of Stromboidea hither-to known to occur in NW Borneo (Malaysia and Brunei), and information is provided regarding the (depositional) environments in which they live. It was found that most species are either restricted to sandy and muddy environments along lin-ear clastic shorelines, or to coral reef environments. Dolomena hickeyi is recorded for the first time from Malaysia and Brunei (South China Sea and Sulu Sea), which greatly expands its hitherto known distribution. The taxonomic position of D. dilatata forma orosmina should be revised: it is at least a sub-species, possibly a separate species. Although very variable, all populations of D. marginata belong to the subspecies D. marginata robusta. Additional evidence is provided for the distinction of Laevistrombus canarium and L. turturella as separate species. Two forms of Gibberulus gibberulus are reported, but a further review comprising material from a larg-er area is required to establish whether these are separate taxa. Varicospira crispata is for the first time recorded from shallow water environments.
NOTE: An update and expansion of this paper appeared as Notes on molluscs from NW Borneo 8 which also covers the Xenophoridae.
NOTE - more in https://www.researchgate.net/publication/356695661_Notes_on_molluscs_from_NW_Borneo_8_Stromboidea_Addendum_including_the_description_of_two_new_genera_and_seven_new_extinct_species
... The restriction of marine invertebrates to "oceanic" and "continental" habitats has been documented for a range of organisms (e.g., land snails [80], marine snails [81,82,83], hermit crabs [7]), and a variety of biotic and abiotic factors may explain this pattern (reviewed in [7]). Interestingly, clades associated with continental habitats are characterized by much faster rates of secondary sympatry than species associated with insular habitats in both vertebrates (e.g., [84,85]), and invertebrates (e.g., [86,7,83]). ...
Identifying accurately species is critical for our understanding of patterns of diversity and speciation. However, for many organisms with simple and variable morphological traits, the characters traditionally used by taxonomists to identify species might lead to a considerable under appreciation of their diversity. Recent advances in molecular-data based computational methods have considerably improved our ability to identify and test species limits. Here, we use an integrative approach to delineate species in a complex of sea cucumbers. We used a three-step approach to show that “ Holothuria impatiens ”, a common, shallow-water species, occurring across the Indo-Pacific, the Western Atlantic and the Mediterranean Sea, targeted locally by fisheries, is a complex of at least 13 species. (1) We used the Generalized Mixed Yule Coalescent (GMYC) model to identify putative species without a priori hypotheses. In the process, we also show that the number of putative species estimated with GMYC can be affected considerably by the priors used to build the input tree. (2) We assessed based on coloration patterns and distributional information, the most relevant hypothesis. This approach allowed us to identify unambiguously 9 species. However, some of the lineages consistently assigned to belong to different species using GMYC, are occurring in sympatry and are not differentiated morphologically. (3) We used Bayes factors to compare competing models of species assignment using the multispecies coalescent as implemented in *BEAST. This approach allowed us to validate that the species identified using GMYC were likely reproductively isolated. Estimates of the timing of diversification also showed that these species diverged less than 2 Ma, which is the fastest case of closely related species occurring in sympatry for a marine metazoan. Our study demonstrates how clarifying species limits contribute to refining our understanding of speciation.
... consider Strombus taeniatus Quoy & Gaimard, 1834 as valid after hiding in synonymy for many years (Abbott, 1960). These authors regarded the species as valid, partly based on the detailed description of a living animal with different colors than we know from other species in the genus. ...
A population of Strombus taeniatus Quoy & Gaimard, 1834 is rediscovered from Indonesia. This species was reinstated as a valid species after a long period of hiding in synonymy of Laevistrombus canarium (Linnaeus, 1758) (Maxwell et al., 2019). Recently offered shells on an auction website match with the description and drawing in Quoy & Gaimard, 1834 and the holotype in the Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris.
... The last published taxonomic list was in Liverani (2014), which is the addition to the previous Kreipl et al. (1999), both in the loose leaeve issues (to be placed in binders) in the Conchology series. Of course the basis for every study on Strombidae are both famous works of Abbott (1960,1961). ...
The taxonomy of the family Strombidae Rafinesque, 1815 is presented composed from the following sources: WoRMS database (World Register of Marine Species) or MolluscaBase, Existing literature and personal understanding of the phylogeny of Strombidae. Key-literature is listed in a literature section. It is not a definite listing: new species are described every year and new literature but also older literature is still missing in the literature section. Especially the extinct (fossil) species need adding and updating.
... Laevistrombus canarium, also known as Strombus canarium or the dog conch, is a member of the Order Littorinimorpha and the subclass Caenogastropoda. The dog conch is an oceanic mollusk with a high market value in many Asian countries [1]. Dog conch is consumed as seafood by humans and is known for its ornamental value and use in fishery tools [15,50]. ...
... 7. Type locality: "Madras, Tamil Nadu, South East India" is hereby designated as the type locality. This also matches the type locality given by Abbott (1960) to this elongated species (p. 100). ...
The identities of Strombus succinctus Linnaeus, 1767 and Strombus septimus Duclos, 1844 are compared and confirmed as being conspecific. This results in the description of a new species in Margi-strombus Bandel, 2007: Margistrombus eloiseae sp. nov.
... The C. urceus urceus is commercial seafood in the Philippines and Indo-Pacific Region (Erlambang and Siregar, 1995;Cob et al., 2007). This species is abundant wherever it occurs, and is generally associated with sandy mud bottoms and seagrass beds (Abbott, 1960;Erlambang and Siregar, 1995;Cob et al., 2007). It was the most abundant herbivorous mollusk within the study site. ...
A total of 877 individuals of Canarium urceus urceus were collected, measured and evaluated for their morphological attributes in the four (4) sites in Caraga Region: Lianga and Cortes Surigao del Sur; Nasipit, Agusan del Norte and Claver, Surigao del Norte. The shells were morphometrically measures in terms of its shell length (SL), body whorl length (BWL), shell width (SW), shell depth (SD), shell outer lip thickness (SOLT), aperture length (AL), operculum width (OW) and operculum length (OL). The morphometric comparison in different sites detected significant differences in all shell characters across sampling sites. The Principal Component Analysis (PCA) revealed that the most classified characters are the BWL, AL and SL across sampling sites. The most classified characters for male, female and imposex are the OW and SW according to canonical discriminate analysis (CDA). The operculum of imposex is much wider compared to female and male. However, the male gastropod operculum is wider compared to a normal female. In terms of SW of the gastropod, the females have much wider SW and globular than males that are slender in shape. Abstract Keywords: canrium urceus urceus, morphometry, multivariate analysis
... Material examined: INDONESIA, Sulawesi, Bau Bau (GVC x 18); PHILIPPINES, Bohol, Talibon (GVC x 1), Zamboanga (GVC x 4); THAILAND, Trang, Kantang (GVC x 1) . Original description: "The type species is Strombus thersites Swainson, 1823 (Abbott, 1960: pl. 17, fig. ...
Based on the ICZN (1999) Articles 13.1.1 and 13.3, it is concluded that the (sub)genera described by Bandel (2007) are to be considered as valid. The taxa classified in said genera are reconfirmed.
... Herbivorous gastropods mainly live on macroalgae, including green, red, and brown algae [15,16]. Several studies have reported that L. canarium is widely distributed in the seagrass bed ecosystem of Indian and Pacific regions [17][18][19][20]. Seagrass leaves provide a place for planktonic organisms to settle. ...
Simple Summary
The dog conch (Laevistrombus canarium) is a marine gastropod mollusk widely distributed in the Indo-Pacific region. It is an economically crucial species; however, its population has been declining due to overfishing and overexploitation. Hence, we developed a novel polyculture and water-flow method for mass production of this species. Furthermore, the findings from this work also uncover the potentiality of L. canarium in integrated multitrophic aquaculture (IMTA) and its implication for aquaculture and resource restoration.
Abstract
Laevistrombus canarium, also known as dog conch, is a marine gastropod mollusk widely distributed in the Indo-Pacific region. It is an economically crucial species; however, its population has been declining due to overfishing and overexploitation. In this study, the suitable salinity for juvenile L. canarium was between 20 and 35‰. Diatoms and biological detritus by using flow-water from the fish pool were the most favorable diets for newly metamorphosed and 10 mm juveniles. In the polyculture experiment, L. canarium was cultured with whiteleg shrimp, tilapia, small abalone, purple sea urchin, and collector urchin. Better growth was found in all co-culture groups except with whiteleg shrimp. We also found that the polyculture system with or without substrates significantly affected the growth of juveniles. Additionally, we observed that water temperature was the most crucial factor for growth and survival; a water temperature of less than 10 °C might cause the death of L. canarium. We have proposed a novel polyculture and water-flow method for mass production of L. canarium and evaluated the feasibility and benefits of polyculture with other species. The findings from this work reveal the potentiality of L. canarium in integrated multitrophic aquaculture (IMTA) and its implication for aquaculture and resource restoration.
... Besides providing mollusks a protected habitat, mangrove forests also provide other resources like firewood, medicines, dyes and raw materials for other products (Hughes et al. 2003 (Severns 2000). Strombus canarium has long been associated with mud and sandy-mud bottoms from shallow coastal to deeper intertidal waters (Abbott 1960). Trochus niloticus and Turbo marmoratus inhabit the most exposed areas of the coral reefs (Borsa & Benzie 1996;Yamaguchi 1997). ...
... Stromboidea is currently understood to comprise five Recent families: Aporrhaidae, Rostellariidae, Seraphsidae, Strombidae and Struthiolariidae (Bouchet et al., 2017). By far the largest of these is the family Strombidae, which is widespread in tropical and subtropical seas, and comprises more than 90 species currently considered valid (Abbott, 1960(Abbott, , 1961Kreipl and Poppe, 1999;Liverani, 2013;WoRMS, 2020). Strombids inhabit mostly shallow waters, but some have been found in deeper habitats; for example, Dolomena labiosa has been collected at depths in excess of 780 m (MNHN IM-2007-36711; http://coldb.mnhn.fr/catalognumber/mnh ...
Members of the gastropod superfamily Stromboidea (Littorinimorpha) are characterised by their elaborate shell morphologies, distinctive mode of locomotion, and often large and colourful eyes. This iconic group comprises over 130 species, including many large and charismatic species. The family Strombidae is of particular interest, largely due to its commercial importance and wide distribution in tropical and subtropical waters. Although a few strombid mitochondrial genomes have been sequenced, data for the other four Recent families in Stromboidea are lacking. In this study we report seven new stromboid mitogenomes obtained from transcriptomic and genomic data, with taxonomic representation from each Recent stromboid family, including the first mitogenomes for Aporrhaidae, Rostellariidae, Seraphsidae and Struthiolariidae. We also report a new mitogenome for the family Xenophoridae. We use these data, along with published sequences, to investigate the relationships among these and other caenogastropod groups. All analyses undertaken in this study support monophyly of Stromboidea as redefined here to include Xenophoridae, a finding consistent with morphological and behavioural data. Consistent with previous morphological and molecular analyses, including those based on mitogenomes, monophyly of Hypsogastropoda is confirmed but monophyly of Littorinimorpha is again rejected.
... The genus Strombus is one of the economically important seashells and it can also be used as human foods which occurred throughout the tropical and subtropical regions. 1 The variety of seashells in Myanmar is mentioned in even the oldest reports of the first explorers. 2 Some authors have reported significant variations in spatial and temporal distribution and abundance of some species within this genus. ...
... : Strombus, Lentigo, Tricornis, Lambis). Les Strombidae sont apparus à la fin de l'Éocène et au Miocène inférieur et ont prospéré au Pliocène et au Pléistocène inférieur (Abbott, 1960). Nous constatons que l'essor des Strombidae semble concomitant avec le déclin des Campanilidae. ...
The species Campanile madagasikara sp. nov. is described from the Upper Miocene of Cap Amparafaka, Madagascar. The genus Campanile is recorded for the first time to Cenozoic in Madagascar. Indeed, the genus has not hitherto been recorded from Madagascar, a part of Cretacous sediments. This is the most recent occurrence of the genus so far recorded from Madagascar. Miocene Campaniles are only found in Southeast Asia, New Zealand, Australia and East Africa. The discovery of theMalagasy species described here suggests the existence of relict areas in the Indian Ocean and the Pacific at the Neogene and even at present in Australia. The identity of the spiral cords is researched by their topological and ontogenetical
correspondences, then codified by a terminology. This descriptive method used by Pacaud et al. (2014) allows to clarify the presentation of the characters and to propose structural homologies.
Résumé – L’espèce Campanile madagasikara nov. sp. est décrite du Miocène supérieur du Cap Amparafaka à Madagascar. Le genre Campanile est signalé pour la première fois au Cénozoïque à Madagascar. En effet, le genre n’a pas jusqu’ici été rencontré à Madagascar, à part dans les sédiments crétacés. Il s’agit donc de l’occurrence la plus récente du genre jusqu’ici enregistré à Madagascar. Les Campanile au Miocène sont seulement présents en Asie du Sud-Est, en Nouvelle-Zélande, en Australie et en Afrique de l’Est. La découverte de l’espèce malgache décrite ici suggère l’existence d’aires relictes dans l’océan Indien et le Pacifique au Néogène et jusque dans l’actuel en Australie. L’identité des cordons spiraux est recherchée par leur correspondance topologique et ontogénétique, puis codifiée par une terminologie. Cette méthode descriptive utilisée par Pacaud et al. (2014) permet de clarifier la présentation des caractères et de proposer des homologies structurales.
... In spite of the intensive scientific work which is merely based upon some molluscan and echinodermal families in the Indo-West-Pacific (Abbot, 1960;Burgess, 1967Burgess, ,1970Cernohorsky, 1967;Habe, 1964;Kira, 1962;Powell, 1964;Rosewater, 1965;Kay, 1979), yet there is comparatively scarce information for the Red Sea, especially in the field of taxonomical studies of molluscs. In recent times, few studies were published on the faunal composition of molluscs in this region, namely that of Cypraeids (Foin, 1972;Mienis, 1971b;O'Malley, 1971;Schilder, 1965). ...
... Strombidae species are important molluscs in shallow water of tropical and subtropical areas from past time until now [16][17][18][19] . Species in Stromboidae varied greatly in shell shapes, which results in high morphological diversity 19,20 . ...
The complete mitochondrial genomes of Harpago chiragra and Lambis lambis (Strombidae) were determined with the size of 15,460 bp and 15,481 bp, respectively, and both sequences contained 13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNAs, and two rRNAs. H. chiragra and L. lambis have similar mitochondrial features, corresponding to typical gastropod mitochondrial genomes, such as the conserved gene order, a high A + T content (66.22% for H. chiragra and 66.10% for L. lambis), and preference for A + T-rich codons. The start or termination codon of same protein-coding gene in H. chiragra was consistent with that in L. lambis, except for the termination codon of cox1 gene (TAG for H. chiragra and TAA for L. lambis) and the start codon of nad4 (GTG for H. chiragra and ATG for L. lambis). Pairwise sequence alignments detected different degrees of variations in H. chiragra and L. lambis mitochondrial genomes; and the two species had lower levels of genetic distance (0.202 for nucleotide sequence) and closest relationships as compared to Strombus gigas and Oncomelania hupensis. The 13 partitioned nucleotide sequences of protein coding genes of H. chiragra and L. lambis were aligned with representatives of the main lineages of gastropods and their phylogenetic relationships were inferred. H. chiragra and L. lambis share the same gene order as Littorinimorpha species, except Vermetoidea, which demonstrate a gene rearrangement in species. The reconstructed phylogeny supports three major clades within Littorinimorpha: 1) Stromboidea, Tonnoidea, Littorinoidea, and Naticoidea, 2) Rissooidea and Truncatelloidea, and 3) Vermetoidea. In addition, a relaxed molecular clock calibrated with fossils dated the diversification of Strombidae near 112 (44–206) Mya and a possible radiation is detected to occur between 45–75 Mya, providing implications to understand the Cenozoic replacement event (65–135 Mya) of Aporrhaidae by Strombidae.
The superfamily Stromboidea is a clade of morphologically distinctive gastropods which include the iconic Strombidae, or ‘true conchs’. In this study, we present the most taxonomically extensive phylogeny of the superfamily to date, using fossil calibrations to produce a chronogram and extant geographical distributions to reconstruct ancestral ranges. From these results, we confirm the monophyly of all stromboidean families; however, six genera are not monophyletic using current generic assignments (Strombidae: Lentigo, Canarium , Dolomena , Doxander ; Xenophoridae: Onustus, Xenophora ). Within Strombidae, analyses resolve an Indo-West Pacific (IWP) clade sister to an East Pacific/Atlantic clade, together sister to a second, larger IWP clade. Our results also indicate two pulses of strombid diversification within the Miocene, and a Tethyan/IWP origin for Strombidae – both supported by the fossil record. However, conflicts between divergence time estimates and the fossil record warrant further exploration. Species delimitation analyses using the COI barcoding gene support several taxonomic changes. We synonymise Euprotomus aurora with Euprotomus bulla , Strombus alatus with Strombus pugilis , Dolomena abbotti with Dolomena labiosa , and Dolomena operosa with Dolomena vittata . We identified cryptic species complexes within Terebellum terebellum , Lambis lambis , “Canarium” wilsonorum, Dolomena turturella and Maculastrombus mutabilis . We reinstate Rimellopsis laurenti as a species (previously synonymised with R. laurenti ) and recognise Harpago chiragra rugosus and Lambis truncata sowerbyi valid at the rank of species. Finally, we establish several new combinations, rendering Lentigo , Dolomena , and Canarium monophyletic: Lentigo thersites , Dolomena robusta , Dolomena epidromis , Dolomena turturella , Dolomena taeniata, Dolomena vanikorensis , D. vittata , “Canarium” wilsonorum , Hawaiistrombus scalariformis , Maculastrombus mutabilis , Maculastrombus microurceus .
This study presents new records of an invasive species of sea snail, the 'Persian conch'-Conomurex persicus (Swainson, 1821)-in the Central Mediterranean. These records consist of the first one for the Maltese archipelago and the second one for Italy.
A new species of the genus Ministrombus Bandel, 2007 is described from Australia (Queensland) and New Caledonia (Lifou) and compared with other species in this genus.
This dissertation presents a classical revision of Strombus urceus Linné, 1758 post Abbott 1960 (Mollusca, Neostromboidae, Strombidae) and has resolved this monospecific group into twelve species. This involved a review and the presentation of novel theories in the areas of speciation, hybridisation and clade recognition. The species concept was reviewed and a new theory for species conception was generated, essentialistc pluralism, which frees the taxonomist from the rigidity of a species conceptuality and enables the taxonomist to define a taxon based on the taxonomist’s perceived necessity. The novel idea of species and subspecies was reconceptualised such that subspecies is a rank that is restricted to those organisms where differences in genetic sequence data are the only way to distinguish organisms. If organisms can be differentiated without the use of genetics, then these are to be considered full species. The novel theory of how hybridisation leads to recognisable speciation, in particular when a set of organisms become identifiable as distinct species in real time, is identified. At the supraspecies level, the principles for clade recognition is presented. These principles are applied to circumscribe and define the clades that contain the target species below the level of superfamily using phylogenetic nomenclature. This is the first work to demonstrate that morphologically generated clades are acceptable in the diagnostic process required under the PhyloCode, demonstrated by their accepted registration by that body. This study is also the first to use phylogenetic nomenclature in the Mollusca. In order to achieve this recognition, the internal clades within Stromboidae were recognised and defined, something all workers on the complex have failed to do. These are supported by morphological differences and fall into discrete biogeographical regions. This thesis also presents a novel model that seeks to explain the spatiotemporal expression of sexual size dimorphism in stromboidians. Females show significant differences in the shape of the shell, which is reflected in the shape of the body whorls and width of the anterior aperture. Historically, the presence of a black aperture in what is now considered different species was an argument for the synonymisation of them. Using morphometric data and DArTseq data, I demonstrate that this phenotype does not define a species, and is considered a historical phylotypic remnant of a speciation or hybridisation event. The phylogeography of the species complex is presented with reference to interglacial periodicity, current dispersal potential, ecological barriers, and DArTseq data and morphometrics. At the species and intraspecies taxonomic levels, the type of Strombus urceus was identified and the species taxonomically stabilised after 200 years of instability. The synonymy of Strombus urceus was found to contain four valid species, one of which required recircumscription. Two subspecies were recognised prior to this study, both of which have now been recircumscribed as species. A total of six new taxa were recognised, resulting in the deconstructing of the once monotypic complex into twelve species. This thesis demonstrates that Abbott (1960) greatly underestimated stromboidean diversity and that, with biogeography and classical morphological analyses, species can be robustly described and radiation patterns postulated.
The intertidal zone, covering the nearshore fringe of coasts and islands and extending from the high-water mark to areas that remain fully submerged, encompasses a range of habitats containing resources that are as important to modern populations as they were to humans in prehistory. Effectively bridging land and sea, intertidal environments are extremely dynamic, requiring complexity and variability in how people engaged with them in the past, much as they do in the present. Here we review and reconsider environmental, archaeological, and modern socio-ecological evidence from the Zanzibar Archipelago on eastern Africa’s Swahili coast, focusing on marine molluscs to gain insight into the trajectories of human engagement with nearshore habitats and resources. We highlight the potential drivers of change and/or stability in human-intertidal interactions through time and space, set against a backdrop of the significant socio-economic and socio-ecological changes apparent in the archipelago, and along the Swahili coast, during the late Holocene.
Sea snail gonggong is an icon of Tanjungpinang-Riau Islands Province. It is a favorite seafood item in Riau Islands Province, and is high economic value but not known widely yet. Until now, sea snail gonggong has been highly exploited but the research on this snail is very limited. The aim of this study was to morphology and molecular characterization of Bintan gonggong snail (Strombus sp.) as a species validation. Bintan gonggong snail included thick-shelled gonggong and thin-shelled gonggong. Morphology identifcation of species Bintan gonggong snail was based on morphometric variability. Molecular identifcation used partial Histone-H3, MEGA version 6.06, and bioinformatics analysis. The result showed that the morphological identifcation of thick-shelled and thin-shelled gonggong based on shell width, the lip thickness, and total weight signifcantly different, but other variables (i.e shell length, shell depth, aperture length, and gonggong weight) were not signifcantly different (p<0.05). Resulted of a molecular identifcation with phylogenetic analysis that the thin-shelled and thick-shelled Bintan gonggong snails were 1 species and a genetic distance of 1%. They were not species Strombus canarium, Strombus vitatus, and Strombus epidromis. Bintan gonggong snails were Strombus turturella (Leavistrombus turturella). DNA sequences of Bintan gonggong have been registered in Gen-Bank with registration numbers MH348131 (thinshelled gonggong) and MH348132 (thick-shelled gonggong).
This revision demonstrates that an integrated taxonomic approach to classical taxonomic practice can lead to increased internal cladistic resolution within a clade, including the recognition of new taxa at all nomenclatural levels. In particular, this revision has two aims: 1) to complete an α-taxonomic revision of Seraphsidae (Stromboidea); and 2) to resolve the infrafamilial relationships within Seraphsidae using morphological cladistics. An annotated synonymy was generated for each taxon, the precedence of names determined, and revised descriptions formulated. Character sets that reflect the synapomorphies within the major subclades of Seraphsidae were coded and a cladogram generated using maximum likelihood within the tnt program with default settings. Four forms of material and evidence were used in this systematic review: 1) the type material for each taxon; 2) non-type physical material; 3) published images; and 4) literary references for specimen localities without illustration. The current morphologically-based classification of Seraphsidae was found to be sound in terms of current species delimitations. Regardless of this, the use of an integrated taxonomy improved understanding of the internal cladistic relationships within Seraphsidae, which led to higher resolution of the internal cladistic arrangements and taxonomic delimitation. Furthermore, this increased resolution is now reflected in the family nomenclature. Two new subfamilies are proposed, Seraphsinae and Pseudoterebellinae, which are used to distinguish the two clades within Seraphsidae based on form: members of Seraphsinae are involute, while members of Pseudoterebellinae are evolute. Pseudoterebellum is proposed as a new genus to show the discontinuity in the fossil record and highlight the structural differences between it and Terebellum. A new species from Jamaica, Seraphs kaindraperi, is described, being the first record from that location and that geological period and is morphologically distinct from other described taxa. This revision included Mauryna within Seraphsidae on the grounds that it provides a basal link to the Seraphsidae sister taxa Semiterebellum and Terebellopsis, all of which are currently contained within Rostellariidae, and all three clades may in time be brought together under one family. All clades have been constructed to be in compliance with both the ICZN and PhyloCode. It was not possible within the context of this revision to test the results of the α-taxonomic findings against phylogenies generated with molecular data. This was due to the high number of extinct taxa within the Seraphsidae.
Aliger gigas is an economically important and vulnerable marine species. We present a new mitogenome of A. gigas from the Mexican Caribbean and use the eight publicly available Strombidae mitogenomes to analyze intra- and interspecific variation. We present the most complete phylogenomic understanding of Hypsogastropoda to date (17 superfamilies, 39 families, 85 genera, 109 species) to revisit the phylogenetic position of the Stromboidea and evaluate divergence times throughout the phylogeny. The A. gigas mitogenome comprises 15,460 bp including 13 PCGs, 22 tRNAs, and two rRNAs. Nucleotide diversity suggested divergence between the Mexican and Colombian lineages of A. gigas . Interspecific divergence showed high differentiation among Strombidae species and demonstrated a close relationship between A. gigas and Strombus pugilis , between Lambis lambis and Harpago chiragra , and among Tridentarius dentatus / Laevistrombus canarium / Ministrombus variabilis . At the intraspecific level, the gene showing the highest differentiation is ATP8 and the lowest is NAD4L, whereas at the interspecific level the NAD genes show the highest variation and the COX genes the lowest. Phylogenomic analyses confirm that Stromboidea belongs in the non-Latrogastropoda clade and includes Xenophoridea. The phylogenomic position of other superfamilies, including those of previously uncertain affiliation, is also discussed. Finally, our data indicated that Stromboidea diverged into two principal clades in the early Cretaceous while Strombidae diversified in the Paleocene, and lineage diversification within A. gigas took place in the Pleistocene.
As global change accelerates in the Anthropocene, the “shifting baselines” paradigm is also exacerbated. In this context, it is important to make historical data available in order to assist in evaluating and mitigating the changes occurring. Even though data from the first two decades of the 21st Century do not represent a pristine or true baseline condition, it is important to collate and curate data from this period. Unfortunately, many data are unpublished or stored in temporary repositories for a short time horizon (e.g. 3-10 years) or in printed format only, greatly limiting detection and access. We present data from four studies on shallow water invertebrates in Palu Bay collected over the period from 2008 to 2010. The taxonomic groups covered are Molluscs (Gastropods), Echinoderms and Cnidaria (corals), with some data on other taxa. These data will be of especial interest as a reference in evaluating the condition and recovery of the coastal ecosystems of Palu Bay after the 2018 tsunami.
Speciation as a consequence of lineage reticulation is not uncommon. A taxonomic and nomenclatural issue arises when a putative hybrid becomes established and is, therefore, in contention for species recognition. While giving a unique name to a hybrid may be acceptable under the codes that govern nomenclature, this does not address issue of whether it constitutes a valid species. We suggest that there are two classes of hybrids. The first type of hybrid is episodic and not consistently present through time and, although such taxa may have a definition and name, we contend that they should not be considered species. The second type of hybrid is one that is indicative of a stable and continuing reticulation, where its definition and name identify and validate a reference point to enhance evolutionary explanation. We highlight that a conflict with the codes that govern functional nomenclature does not occur if the original author did not identify the taxon they were describing as a hybrid. In spatiotemporally stable populations, we argue against the retrospective invalidation of an existing species based on gained insights into putative hybrid ancestry. Instead, hybrid ancestry should be treated as bringing casual understating to the evolution of an organism. In contrast, arguing for hybrid ancestry under the current rules at the time of describing a taxon is seen as presenting an argument for invalidation if the rules are applied in the strictest sense. Furthermore, we argue that the collapse of infrafamiliar taxa based on hybrid ancestry reduces the explanatory potential of the nomenclature. We present a case study in which names now attributed to putative hybrids within Strombidae are considered for validation.
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