Article

Mediterranean botanic gardens and the introduction and conservation of plant diversity

November 2015

Authors:

The botanic gardens of the Mediterranean have played an important role in the study of the plant life of the region through exploration, taxonomic and ecological studies, introduction of new material and more recently in the conservation of germplasm in genebanks, living collections and conservation, recovery and reintroduction of threatened species. Many gardens still house important germplasm of early introductions such as citrus fruits. The region houses a large number of botanic gardens but their distribution and range of facilities is very uneven and proposals are made for actions to remedy these problems.

The French Conservatoires botaniques nationaux (FCBN) network.

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The cultural heritage of Mediterranean botanic gardens*

Article

Dec 2018

Vernon Heywood

Heywood, V. H.: The cultural heritage of Mediterranean botanic gardens.-Fl. Medit. 28: 207-218. 2018.-ISSN: 1120-4052 printed, 2240-4538 online. Mediterranean botanic gardens represent a rich and diverse cultural heritage, both tangible and intangible. They include spectacular landscapes and the plantings include many important introductions of both ornamental and economically important species. The gardens also contain many buildings of great architectural merit, some historic, some modern. Also important are the historic glasshouses and shade houses. Many of these gardens contain important herbarium collections that have served a key role in the preparation of Floras and major botanical libraries containing historical works of great value as well as works of art, sculptures paintings, drawings, and other illustrations and invaluable historic archives. The intangible cultural heritage of these gardens is represented by the impact that they have had the inhabitants of the cities and towns in which they are located and on generations of visitors-students, professionals and the public. With the decline of teaching and research in botany as a university discipline, some of these collections are at risk of dispersal or an even worse fate. In the face of these uncertainties a series of proposals to help safeguard this invaluable heritage is given, including the compilation of an inventory of these historically important buildings, libraries, works of art and archives and the use of the latest scanning and imaging techniques so that a visual record is prepared.

BOOK OF ABSTRACTS PESTICIDES 2016

Chapter

Dec 2017

Luisa Patrolecco

Implementation of total fluorescence fingerprinting as a rapid and low cost approach for monitoring pesticide remains in soils and waters in Morocco

Chapter

Jan 2017

Promotion of the agricultural production constitutes a main challenge for Morocco. This goal often results in an increased use of pesticides and fertilizers compromising soils and waters. Moreover, in addition to large stocks of pesticides, the invasion by locusts from southern countries requiring massive use of insecticides remains a potential threat for Morocco. Consequently, a continuous monitoring of the different environmental compartments (soil, water, and air) is increasingly needed for all the Moroccan territory Owing to hundreds of soil and water samples to control, it is important to develop simple and inexpensive methods to assess pollution levels by pesticides in agricultural soils and neighboring waters. The sophisticated chromatographic methods, in spite of their high accuracy, are very expensive and hardly accessible; they can be reserved for laboratory accurate analyses and statutory inspections. The purpose of this research is to palliate to this issue by developing a spectrometric approach for monitoring soils and waters; an approach which is effective, fast, easy to implement and reliable. In this sense, fluorescence spectroscopy presents a high potential owing to its high sensitivity, ease and rapidity. Total excitation-emission (TEEMs) and total synchronous fluorescence (TSFMs) mappings make it possible to detect remains of fluorescent pesticides in soils or waters. The present investigation aims at the creation/extension of a total excitation-emission and total synchronous fluorescence mapping database to fingerprint those fluorescent pesticides in large use in Morocco. These fluorimetric fingerprints must allow the direct identification of any targeted fluorescent pesticide persisting in soil or water. After a large survey among farmers and agricultural product distributors, to target the best-selling and most used pesticides in different Moroccan regions, one hundred and five (105) pesticides have been fingerprinted. Applicability tests were carried out on the basis of field pre-surveys information and total fluorescence results. In the present work, the maps and synchronous spectra of a set of 57 commercial pesticides are reported. Moreover, four examples of TEEMs/TSFMs fingerprinting applications to recognize pesticide remains in soil samples are shown. The agricultural plantations monitored are located in the great agricultural region Doukkala at the western Atlantic side of Morocco. The catalogue has been enriched by a PCAbased statistical study to constitute groups of pesticides with similar spectrometric fingerprints. The emitting similarity inside pesticide groups, despite different active principles, was explained by similarity of formulation products. The implemented spectrofluorimetric approach is satisfying and seems suitable, at least, as a warning method in case of massive contamination of soils or waters.

New challenges for the Moroccan agricultural sector to cope with local and global changes

Chapter

Full-text available

Jan 2017

Mohamed Taher Sraïri

The Moroccan agricultural sector is facing emerging challenges. First, the country is characterized by a significant water stress, as the volume of renewable water per capita does not exceed 750 cubic meters per year. In addition, climate change scenarios predict a decrease by 10 to 15% of average rainfall over the next decades and a rise of 2°C in temperatures. As a consequence, water scarcity will be exacerbated. Second, the current national agricultural strategy, namely the ‘Green Morocco Plan’, aims to increase the overall production of the agricultural sector. To do so, public authorities encourage the adoption of drip irrigation by means of financial support for drilling boreholes and for pumping equipments, e.g. to irrigate fruit trees and vegetables. As a consequence, in many areas of the country, groundwater depletion is of growing concern. Third, domestic markets have become saturated and fruit prices have plummeted, particularly citrus, hindering the original hypothesis of improved economic water productivity by horticultural crops. Moreover, the current agricultural strategy has neglected rain-fed staple crops, such as cereals and pulses, and farmers growing these crops receive limited support. Fourth, the whole economic growth of the country appears to be highly vulnerable to the annual rainfall variability. Because of demographic growth, the country has become a net importer of food, e.g. soft wheat; edible oils, lentils and milk powder, and this may be harmful for its food security. Fifth, Morocco remains a rural country, since 40% of its inhabitants are still considered as employed in the agricultural sector. This is already generating increased tensions on agricultural land. In particular, the numerous land tenure statuses often impede investments in agricultural activities that would be made on the long term. Despite these challenges, the growing domestic demand for food products constitutes a strong opportunity for improved livelihoods for the people employed in this sector. As a consequence, young farmers engage in innovative learning processes in order to achieve higher crops and livestock yields, as well as improved farms’ profitability. Altogether, these elements suggest that the Moroccan agricultural sector will need to actively face new challenges, especially in relation to water management in a context of climate change, sound extension services and improved labor remuneration, as well as the satisfaction of growing food demand. These challenges may require new governance standards, which impose not only to produce higher quantities of food products but also to do so in an environmentally sustainable way. Priority should be hence set to capacity-building of human resources and to promoting rain-fed systems that integrate crops and livestock rather than focusing only on support to heavy investments in irrigation, with limited attention to market and environmental issues.

AppTree: An Intelligent Platform for Discovering the World of Plants

Article

Full-text available

May 2022

AppTree" is an intelligent platform to bring researchers, visitors, and all interested people closer to the oldest and most attractive botanical garden at the University of Tehran. AppTree can scan the QR-Barcode of each plant in person by smartphone or search various plants on the website and get all the useful knowledge about them. Also, the ability of AppTree is the recognition of different plants which don't have labels. The plant recognition part is a machine learning module that can identify more than 100 different species of plants and give the user details about them. This novel platform is based on Android and Web-app and the identification of new plants type is done by machine learning approach. We utilized VGG19, a deep CNN, to classify images and to identify unlabeled plants. The classification accuracy, F1-score, recall, and precision were 98.25, 93.16%, 88.21%, and 94.85%, respectively, on the plant dataset of the University of Tehran. The proposed method was compared with other deep learning architectures such as AlexNet, AlexNetOWTBn, and GoogLeNet on the same dataset and obtained higher performance. Our AppTree platform has achieved considerable success and easily can be extended to use in other botanical gardens.

Discover the Wonderful World of Plants with the Help of Smart Devices

Conference Paper

Full-text available

Jan 2020

Views of Moroccan University Teachers on Plant Taxonomy and Its Teaching and Learning Challenges

Article

Full-text available

Nov 2022

Plant taxonomy includes the identification, description, and classification of plants at the level of species or other taxa. This study aims to analyze the views of university teachers on plant taxonomy and its teaching, the causes of the shortage of plant taxonomists, and the challenges encountered by students in learning plant taxonomy. University teachers in Morocco (n = 24) responded to a survey consisting of fixed and open-ended questions. The data was analyzed by inductive and deductive content analysis. The results showed that all university teachers considered a taxonomist as a scientist and plant taxonomy as a dynamic and highly scientific, and descriptive discipline. They stated that the taxonomist community is in crisis because of the shortage of plant taxonomists and the decrease in the quality of training provided at the university. The biggest challenges in learning plant taxonomy were the prevalence of traditional teacher-centered methods, the inadequacy of time and didactic resources spent on teaching, and the Latin nomenclature. The difficulties associated with the concept of evolution and the diversity of classifications were also mentioned. The angiosperm group was the most difficult for students to understand. Furthermore, this research shows that the financial, human, institutional, pedagogical, and didactic resources for the teaching of plant taxonomy are insufficient and do not allow for the use of teaching methods supporting learning. How to plant taxonomy is taught is important, and when it is considered difficult, it can lead to a reluctance to study plant species and be one of the reasons for the decline in plant taxonomists in Morocco. Consequently, this issue can negatively affect the preservation and conservation of local flora.

Plant conservation in Mediterranean-type ecosystems

Article

Full-text available

Feb 2021

The present paper is an overview of state of the art in plant conservation in Mediterranean-type Ecosystems (MTEs), highlighting current studies and neglected topics. A review of the literature dealing with this issue and a general analysis of the results was performed, delving into relevant plant conservation biology topics. The main topics considered were: 1) reproductive biology and genetic conservation, 2) threat factors and effects of global change, and 3) evaluation of conservation status and protected areas selection. This study illustrates differences in the number of documents published in northern countries of the Mediterranean Basin concerning southern and eastern countries and compared with other MTEs. It also highlights the paramount importance of public organizations as funding entities. Additionally, it points to a decrease in traditional subject categories related to plant conservation and increased multidisciplinary conservation research and novel methodologies (e.g., phylogenomics, SDM). To overcome existing biases among the different MTE regions, integrating actions at a transnational level would be necessary, with standard conservation policies and strategies. Moreover, research should be supported with more important participation and funding from private entities, with a clear focus on specific conservation proposals. In contrast, certain weaknesses were detected, some related to the limited information available about threatened plant species and the scarce use of the available data from genetic conservation research in management plans. Consequently, the authors consider that future conservation efforts should be addressed to improve the knowledge of threatened MTEs’ flora and implement a manual of good practices, which would make use of the available research information to put forward more direct proposals for management and conservation.

New sustainable approach for historical garden restoration: the case study of Ludwig Winter’s Gardens in Liguria Region

Article

Jun 2020

Conservation-oriented restoration – a two for one method to restore both threatened species and their habitats

Article

Full-text available

Apr 2019

Sergei Volis

There is an urgent need for a new conservation approach as mere designation of protected areas, the primary approach to conserving biodiversity, revealed its low conservation efficiency and inability to cope with numerous challenges faced by nature in the Anthropocene. The paper discusses the new concept, which proposes that ecological restoration becomes an integral part of conservation planning and implementation, and is done using threatened plant species that are introduced not only into locations where they currently grow or grew in the recent past, but also into suitable locations within their potential distribution range. This new concept is called conservation-oriented restoration to distinguish it from the traditional restoration. Although the number of restoration projects focusing on recreation of once existing natural habitats is instantly growing, the majority of ecological restoration projects, in contrast to conservation-oriented restoration, have predominantly utilitarian goals, e.g. improvement or air quality, erosion control or soil replenishment. Conservation-oriented restoration should not be seen as an alternative either to the latter, or to the conservation dealing with particular threatened species (species-targeted conservation). These three conservation approaches, traditional ecological restoration, species-targeted conservation, and conservation-oriented restoration differ not only in broadly defined goals and attributes of their targets, but also in the types of ecosystems they are applicable to, and complement each other in combating global deterioration of the environment and biodiversity loss. © 2019 Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences

Wild botanic gardens as valuable resources for innovative environmental education programmes in Latin America

Article

Apr 2018

Wild botanic gardens consist of natural or semi-natural land remnants immersed in large urban areas or botanic gardens, which are managed for purposes of biodiversity preservation and public recreation. In Latin America, they tend to be affected by budget limitations; however, they serve as valuable resources that permit the development of innovative environmental education programmes. Specifically, we are considering the appropriateness of implementing critical environmental education and socio-constructivist programmes. As for practical considerations, it is important to include diverse epistemologies, and therefore, strategies or procedures characteristic of science teaching, such as problem-based learning, together with other characteristics of social activism and popular education initiatives, such as assemblies or meetings, and others characteristic of more traditional and indigenous worldviews, such as celebrations of the earth. In this way, Latin American wild botanic gardens may play a role in constructing environmentally responsible societies and the nurturing of a culture of reflective inquiry.

“Science, art and responsibility”: The scientific and social functional changes of a 500-year history of botanical gardens. I. artistic appearance

Article

Sep 2017

H.W. Huang

The modern botanical gardens that originated in mid-16th century with the rise of natural sciences and gardening arts during the late European renaissance, reached its heyday during the 18th century when Western colonizers explored, studied, collected, and spread plants all over the world. The 500-year history of botanical gardens is full of human curiosity through the exploration of the mysteries of nature and exotic plants, a gradual cognitive history of human exploration of nature, the use and transformation of nature, and harmonious coexistence with nature. This process in the history of humans begins in a chaotic and disordered plant kingdom and results in classified cognition. The paper attempts to analyze the progress of scientific research and the changes of social functions in the world of botanical gardens in the past 500 years from the dimensions of science and art, and uses history as a mirror to examine the future development and historic undertakings of Chinese botanical gardens. This article starts with artistic appearance to provide an overview of the 500-year development process of the world’s botanical gardens, while focusing on milestone events of the history in order to provide reference of thinking for Chinese botanical garden community.

User Tasks Description: a Retrospective, Recent Contributions and some Research Challenges @ RoCHI 2020

Book

Oct 2022

Philippe Palanque

Science, art and responsibility: The scientific and social function changes of a 500-year history of botanical gardens. II. Intension of sciences

Article

Mar 2018

Hongwen Huang

The advance trajectory of scientific research in the world botanical gardens over past 500 years is not only a microcosm of the whole history of biological sciences, but also reveal the unremitting pursuit of mankind exploration and utilization of plant resources for development of economy and society. From the 16th-17th centuries, botanical garden’s main studies on medicinal plants and drug discovery, to the 18th-20th centuries’ founding plant taxonomy and then branching to various botanical disciplines, to nowadays’ plant molecular biology and genomics, metabolomics and so on, scientific research connotation of botanical gardens have been mainstream process during these centuries when not only laid the foundation of plant taxonomy in the 18th century, but also made indelible contributions to many biological discoveries and establishment of theoretical system since the 18th century. Meanwhile, since the 16th century, the introduction and domestication of crop plants across continents, regions and countries have profoundly changed the world economic and social structure and affected the rise and fall of many countries. The botanical gardens have played a pilot and leading role for introduction and spread of crop plants over the past 500 years. This paper attempts to review historical track of intension of sciences of botanical gardens in recent 500 years for revealing future trend of the research fields relating to plant macro and micro biology and era of big data in today’s botanical gardens in order to provide reference of valuable thinking for scientific research in botanical gardens of China.

Antecedentes históricos de jardines botánicos en Córdoba y origen del Real Jardín Botánico de Córdoba* Historical precedents of botanical gardens and origin of the Real Botanical Garden of Córdoba

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2014

Angel Montero

Resumen Son varias las citas bibliográficas sobre jardines históricos en Córdoba, tanto de aclimatación, como botánicos desde el siglo VIII al XIX. Aunque hay un salto temporal importante en las citas de la existencia de estos jardines desde el final del periodo de dominación árabe al siglo XVIII, con una continuación en el XIX y XX, sí podemos hablar de lo que parece una cierta tradición en Córdoba. Todos ellos están hoy desaparecidos, lo que deja en la cita bibliográfica o documental el registro de su existencia o, como mucho, en posibles restos indirectos de aquella actividad, sobre todo arqueológicos. Dichos jardines han formado parte, en mayor o menor medida, de la historia de la ciudad. Se desconoce durante cuanto tiempo estuvieron activos, salvo el jardín botánico del antiguo Instituto Provincial (s. XIX-XX) que lo hizo durante cincuenta años. Heredero de esta tradición es el actual Real Jardín Botánico de Córdoba, que comenzó su andadura en 1980 con una decisión del Ayuntamiento en sesión plenaria. Previamente, había tenido lugar un cambio en el Plan General de Ordenación Urbana para adaptar el lugar a zona verde y ampliar un parque creado años antes. A raíz de este cambio, la Universidad de Córdoba planteó al Consistorio la creación de un jardín botánico en ese lugar como alternativa a la ampliación del parque. La idea fue bien recibida por el Ayuntamiento, que tomó la decisión de crear el que actualmente es el Real Jardín Botánico de Córdoba. Abstract Many are the references about historical gardens, both acclimation and botanical, in Córdoba from the 8 th until 19 th centuries. Even though there is an important time leap in the references about the existence of such gardens from the period of Arabic dominance until 18 th century, with new episodes in 19 th and 20 th , we can see these gardens as a tradition in Córdoba. Abd al-Rah 1 man I (8 th century) had plants in his Al-Rusafa Palace which he had ordered to bring from Syria and other regions in order for them to acclimatise and distribute them all over the country later, like it occurred with a pomegranate tree variety. Abd al-Rahman III (10 th

The floristic composition of some historical botanical gardens in the metropolitan of Cairo, Egypt.

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2007
AFR J AGR RES

In this article, we studied the historical background of six major historical botanic gardens that were established by the Khedive Ismail (1863-1879) in the second half of 19 th century in Cairo city, and report their floristic composition. These gardens were Zohriya, Aquarium, Ezbekiya, The Zoo, Orman and Horreya. In addition, the present status of these six gardens was addressed in particular, area, land use, landscape architecture and the taxonomic diversity of the plants growing in each garden. The distribution patterns of the recorded species were also presented using the multivariate analysis techniques (classification and ordination). An updated annotated list of cultivated species in these gardens will be provided.

L'art d'acclimater les plantes exotiques: Le jardin de la villa Thuret

Book

Jan 2010

Si les arbres du jardin Thuret savaient parler, quelles histoires ils pourraient nous conter ! Défilé de visages aux regards curieux, succession de modes de culture et d'usages, visiteurs aux costumes changeants. Depuis cent cinquante ans, des milliers de plantes ont été invitées à séjourner au cap d'Antibes sous le regard attentif des botanistes et des jardiniers. Certaines s’y sont tant plu qu’elles ont fondé famille et, façonnant le paysage de la Riviera, ont transformé à jamais une terre ingrate en un paradis de verdure. Pénétrons dans ce monde vertical et écoutons son histoire…

The Columbian Exchange: Biological and Cultural Consequences of 1492

Book

Jan 2003

Alfred W. Crosby

Gardens, Landscape, and Vision in the Palaces of Islamic Spain

Article

Apr 2002
Gard Hist

The role of Mediterranean botanic gardens in plant conservation

Article

Jan 1979

S. M. Walters

Since the Kew Conservation Conference held in September 1975, there has been encouraging progress in several inter-related fields all broadly concerned with the conservation of the vascular flora of Europe, and an account is given of the most important of these developments. The Resolutions adopted by the Kew Conference include one specifically urging that special attention be given to protecting the threatened floras of islands, and of those parts of the world with Mediterranean or similar climates, because of their comparative richness in narrowly endemic species. Quick action is needed through the OPTIMA organisation and in other ways to implement certain practical suggestions for cooperation between the Botanic Gardens of the Mediterranean region and those of other parts of Europe. These suggestions are outlined and presented in order of urgency.

M??dail F, Qu??zel P. Hot-spots analysis for conservation of plant biodiversity in the Mediterranean Basin. Ann Mo Bot Gard 84: 112-127

Article

Nov 1996
ANN MO BOT GARD

Due to the increase of human impact on the world scale, there is an urgent need to identify the sectors of the greatest biodiversity that are also the most endangered. Examination of the plant biodiversity of the five regions with a mediterranean climate (SW Australia, the Cape region of South Africa, California, mediterranean Chile, and the Mediterranean basin) clearly demonstrates their key role in the world context. The delimitation and definition of 10 red alert areas or 'hot-spots' situated in the Mediterranean basin and in Macaronesia are explained in detail. The 10 sectors identified are: the Canary Islands and Madeira, the High and Middle Atlas mountains, the Baetic-Rifan complex, the Maritime and Ligurian Alps, the Tyrrhenian Islands, Southern and Central Greece, Crete, Anatolia and Cyprus, the Syria-Lebanon-Israel area and, lastly, the Cyrenaic Mediterranean. There are two main centers of biodiversity in the Mediterranean basin: one in the west that includes the Iberian Peninsula and Morocco, and one in the East that includes Turkey and Greece. This analysis demonstrates the uniqueness and fragility of the island habitats.

The Columbian Exchange: Biological and Cultural Consequences of 1492

Article

Jan 2003

Alfred W. Crosby

The role of botanic gardens as resource and introduction centres in the face of global change

Article

Feb 2011

Vernon Heywood

One of the consequences of global change, especially demographic and climatic, will be a demand for novel plant germplasm of all kinds suited to the new ecoclimatic conditions predicted and plant introduction will assume a new importance. As a consequence, botanic gardens will face an unprecedented opportunity to regain their role as introduction centres and become major actors in the assessment of new germplasm, both of ornamentals as well as other economically important plants. Plant introduction has remained largely unchanged over the past 400years and is as often ad hoc, poorly organized and insufficiently collaborative, but if it is to meet the needs of today’s situation it needs to be overhauled. In particular: (1) the basis of plant introduction needs to be broadened; (2) closer cooperation with agricultural genebanks should be established; (3) agreement should be reached between botanic gardens and the agricultural sector on their respective responsibilities (4) the quality and sampling of the accessions should be more strictly controlled; (5) proper evaluation of the introductions before they are disseminated; (6) information on the accessions of introduced plants and their fate needs to be more effectively maintained and disseminated; and (7) full cognizance should be taken of policies to protect against invasive species and care should be taken to evaluate the risks that new introductions might represent. Finally, consideration should be given to preparing a set of guidelines or even a code of conduct for plant introductions by botanic gardens in association with other agencies. KeywordsAcclimatization–Germplasm–Global change–Underutilized species–Invasive species–Guidelines–Codes of conduct

Jan 2007
22-25

D Agostini

Agostini, D. 2007: I Giardini botanici Hanbury: luogo di sperimentazioni. -Quad. Ri-Vista, Ric. Prog. Paesaggio 4: 22-25.

Italian Gardens: a Cultural history. -London. --2014: The Land where the Lemon Trees Grow: A story of Italy and its Citrus fruit

Jan 2006

H Attlee

Attlee, H. 2006: Italian Gardens: a Cultural history. -London. --2014: The Land where the Lemon Trees Grow: A story of Italy and its Citrus fruit. -London.

Designing seed banks for in situ conservation purposes: more species or better quality? A key strategic issue for the reintroduction of rare species into the wild

Jan 2015
15-18

P Bardin
S Buord

Bardin, P. & Buord, S. 2015: Designing seed banks for in situ conservation purposes: more species or better quality? A key strategic issue for the reintroduction of rare species into the wild. -BGjournal 12(1): 15-18.

Il Giardino Coloniale di Palermo e la sua attività durante l'ultimo quadriennio 1907-1910

Jan 1911
3-13

A Borzi

Borzi, A. 1911: Il Giardino Coloniale di Palermo e la sua attività durante l'ultimo quadriennio 1907-1910. -Boll. R. Orto Bot. Giardino Colon. Palermo 10(1-3): 3-13.

Luca Ghini (1490-1556) Il Padre Fondatore della botanica moderna nel contesto dei rapporti scientifici Europei del sedicesimo secolo

Jan 2012
227-246

D Von Engelhardt

von Engelhardt, D. 2012: Luca Ghini (1490-1556) Il Padre Fondatore della botanica moderna nel contesto dei rapporti scientifici Europei del sedicesimo secolo. -Ann. Mus. Civ. Rovereto Sez. Arch., St., Sc. nat. 27: 227-246.

The Legacy of Muslim Spain (Handbook of Oriental Studies: the Near and Middle East

Jan 1992
987-999

García Sánchez

García Sánchez, E. 1992: Pp. 987-999 in: Salma Khadra Jayyusi (Ed.), The Legacy of Muslim Spain (Handbook of Oriental Studies: the Near and Middle East, Vol. 12) (Handbuch der Orientalistik. Erste Abteilung, der Nahe Und Mi)

1646: Hesperides, sive, de malorum aureorum cultura et usu

G B Ferrrari

Ferrrari, G.B. 1646: Hesperides, sive, de malorum aureorum cultura et usu. -Romae.

Objectives and strategies for a network of Mediterranean botanic gardens

Jan 1990
57-61

V H Heywood

Heywood, V. H. 1990: Objectives and strategies for a network of Mediterranean botanic gardens. -Pp. 57-61 in: Hernandez Bermejo, E. & al. (eds.), Conservation Techniques in Botanic Gardens. -Koenigstein.

Thomas Hanbury e il suo giardino/and his garden

Jan 1992

M Muratorio
G Kiernan

Muratorio, M.& Kiernan, G. 1992: Thomas Hanbury e il suo giardino/and his garden. -Genova.

Msnuel de l'acclimateur ou choix de plantes recommandées pour l'agriculture, l'industrie et la médecine et adaptées aux divers cliamts de l

Jan 1887

C Naudin
F Muller

Naudin, C. & von Muller, F. 1887: Msnuel de l'acclimateur ou choix de plantes recommandées pour l'agriculture, l'industrie et la médecine et adaptées aux divers cliamts de l'Europe et des pays tropicaux. – Antibes.

Orti botanici, giardini alpini

Jan 1990

F M Raimondo

Raimondo, F. M. 1990. Orti botanici, giardini alpini, arboreti. – Palermo.

Jardines de aclimatación en la España de la Ilustración

Jan 2002

Puerto Sarmiento

Puerto Sarmiento, F. J. 2002: Jardines de aclimatación en la España de la Ilustración. -Ciencias 68. www.ejournal.unam.mx/ciencias/no68/CNS06804.pdf

iii The delimitation of the Mediterranean climate zone adopted here is that of

Jan 1997

iii The delimitation of the Mediterranean climate zone adopted here is that of Médail & Quézel (1997).

Giardino Botanico Superiore o degli Ananassi

Jan 2003

F Volpi

Volpi, F. 2003: Giardino Botanico Superiore o degli Ananassi, in Litta Medri (Ed.), Il Giardino di Boboli. – Milano.

Orangeries: A Metamorphosis in Glass (Evergreen Series

Jan 1998

M Saudan
S Saudan-Skira

Saudan.M. & Saudan-Skira, S. 1998: Orangeries: A Metamorphosis in Glass (Evergreen Series). – Koln.

1887: Msnuel de l'acclimateur ou choix de plantes recommandées pour l'agriculture, l'industrie et la médecine et adaptées aux divers cliamts de l'Europe et des pays tropicaux

C Naudin
F Muller

Il Giardino di Boboli

Jan 2003

F Volpi

Volpi, F. 2003: Giardino Botanico Superiore o degli Ananassi, in Litta Medri (Ed.), Il Giardino di Boboli. -Milano.

Mediterranean botanic gardens and the introduction and conservation of plant diversity

Abstract and Figures

No full-text available

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