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The Impact of Push Phases Takeoffs Angles on Performance in the Dominant Hop Technique
Abstract
The purposes of this study were to compare the technique dominant hop used by elite world triple jumper to determine the impact of modality angles push phases allowing the elite to exceed 17-meter. Bing Yu (1982) confirmed that, any athlete came to the typical (39%:30%:31%) ratio distribution as big performance in the hop phase as modality to the Russian technique (which emphasizes the hop phase). From that our subjects were the results of (Idowu P. 3rd, Copello A. 6th) World Athletics Championships 2009 and their results at the World Athletics Championships 2011 (Idowu P. 4th, Copello A. 5th), where our elites of world championships practiced the hop dominant technique as technique in the two competitions. In the lack of new technology, modern measuring instruments kinematics or kinetics. Our study was based on rapports takeoff angels as measure of stride length jump distance based on the results of the practice (the same elites and the same technique). After statistical treatment, we confirm that: 1) the takeoffs angels push phases are a criterion mean to assess and judge the level of application of elite; 2) any less change takeoffs angels pushes in step phase change the angular momentum created by hop phase.
Distribution of triple jump phases was deemed as a technical factor because the phase ratio significantly affects the actual distance in the triple jump. The objective of this study was to identify the phase ratio that is a measure of effort distribution in the triple jump. Hop-dominant, balanced, and jump-dominant techniques were three triple jump techniques defined based on phase ratio which are compared with its of world triple jumpers. The descriptive method was used in this research and subjects were male Indonesian triple jump athletes whose films were taken to be analyzed using Dartfish motion analysis. The percentage analysis obtained from each phase was calculated by comparing it with the total distance of the jump. The largest percentage value of the three phases was the type of jump performed. The performance of the world's triple jumpers was used as a comparative model for analysis to assess the quality of the movement and each athlete's movement sequence form was compared with movement of world triple jumper. The data revealed that the ratio of hop, step, and jump phases was 32% :30% :38%. The phase ratio of Indonesian triple jumper that produced the greatest jump distance was achieved in the jump phase. Despite phase ratio of each subject was wildly different but it was a good index detector of perfect distribution phase that demonstrates the good practice model especially for Indonesia triple jumper athletes.
Teaching triple jump to middle and high school aged athletes might be challenging. This article discusses the basics of triple jump and how to best teach it. The authors suggest establishing a jumping foot first and then building on each phase of the jump: Beginning with the Hop phase, incorporating the Step phase next, and lastly, ending with the Jump into the pit. It is crucial to practice each phase with its preceding phase(s) so that athletes can clearly identify the transition between phases. To assist teaching this complex technique, a few important points are emphasized in the end of the article.
The triple jump is one of two track and field events in which the athlete aims to maximize the horizontal distance jumped. This jump is comprised of 3 take-off phases (hop, step, and jump), each playing an important role, as they require the jumper to tolerate extremely high forces of impact and to maintain a high level of horizontal velocity. The purpose of the study was to investigate the biomechanical characteristics of the 3 take-off phases in the triple jump in a top female athlete. The 3 take-off phases of the top national female triple jumper were videotaped and analyzed using 2D motion analysis. Three cameras (DSR-SR 68) were placed on the lateral sides of the 3 take-off points, to record the motions of the 3 take-off phases. Results indicated that maximum loss of the horizontal velocity was in the hop phase (1.13 m/s), while the maximum braking time was in the jump phase (0.05 sec). The maximum pushing time was in the jump phase (0.10 s), while the pushing time was equal in the hop and step phases (0.05 s). In conclusion, the success of the triple jump is the result of the physical and technical qualities of the jumper. The excessive loss in horizontal velocity during the 3 take-off phases is the main factor limiting the performance of the top female athlete.
The purpose of this study was to find the biomechanical research project result carried out at 2011 IAAF World championship in Daegu. This project was approved by the International Amateur Athletic Federation(IAAF) and financially supported by the Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism(MCST) and, Korea Association of Athletics Federations(KAAF). The total number of the project members was 20, including the members of the Scientific Committee, the Korean Society of Sport Biomechanics(KSSB) and graduate students as assistants. The objective of this project has been to analyze the performance in the track events(100 m, 110 mH) and field events(Long Jump, High Jump, Triple Jump, Pole Vault, Javelin Throw and Shot Put). This project was focused on the biomechanical research only. This kind of analysis has been carried out at major competitions for more than a decade, as it provides coaches and athletes with very useful information as an aid to training programmes and competition preparation. The biomechanical analysis of the top athletes in the world in each specialty serves as a reference for assessing technique and rationalizing the results achieved. The results will be disseminated world-wide and coaches will be in a better position to design training strategies in line with current world trends.
Research Methods in Biomechanics, Second Edition, demonstrates the range of available research techniques and how to best apply this knowledge to ensure valid data collection. In the highly technical field of biomechanics, research methods are frequently upgraded as the speed and sophistication of software and hardware technologies increase. With this in mind, the second edition includes up-to-date research methods and presents new information detailing advanced analytical tools for investigating human movement. Expanded into 14 chapters and reorganized into four parts, the improved second edition features more than 100 new pieces of art and illustrations and new chapters introducing the latest techniques and up-and-coming areas of research.
Research Methods in Biomechanics, Second Edition, assists readers in developing a comprehensive understanding of methods for quantifying human movement. Parts I and II of the text examine planar and three-dimensional kinematics and kinetics in research, issues of body segment parameters and forces, and energy, work, and power as they relate to analysis of two- and three-dimensional inverse dynamics. Two of the chapters have been extensively revised to reflect current research practices in biomechanics, in particular the widespread use of Visual3D software. Calculations from these two chapters are now located online with the supplemental software resource, making it easier for readers to grasp the progression of steps in the analysis. In part III, readers can explore the use of musculoskeletal models in analyzing human movement. This part also discusses electromyography, computer simulation, muscle modeling, and musculoskeletal modeling; it presents new information on MRI and ultrasound use in calculating muscle parameters. Part IV offers a revised chapter on additional analytical procedures, including signal processing techniques. Also included is a new chapter on movement analysis and dynamical systems, which focuses on how to assess and measure coordination and stability in changing movement patterns and the role of movement variability in health and disease. In addition, readers will find discussion of statistical tools useful for identifying the essential characteristics of any human movement.
The purposes of this study were to describe and compare the impact of biomechanics assessment in the development of the techniques in triple jump to allowing our coach. The importance of biomechanical principles in the evaluation of performance. In the lack of new technology Kinematic and kinetic analysis and the argument of Algerian coach to the objective assessment, our study based on exploring the literature and everything related to the subject of our research as a reference to answer the questions asked in this study: • Are there differences in distribution properties phase ratio observed for our simple total, championships, and best performances? • Which sentencing we can observe in this variance distribution of phases? • Which amendment we can give an athlete to predicts a modality distribution of phases? For that, we have choose the Analysis qualitative of variance and correlation of the distances achieve in each of the phases with the official distance of jumper, " T " and " f " ANOVA with LSD to compare implementation distribution of phases (hop, step and jump) with the results accuses. Our aim for this research is to down on: • The importance of modern technology in assessing the performance of the athletes. • The impact of biomechanics assessment in the development of the techniques triple jump. • describe the importance of ratio phase to identify the mistakes used by athlete. Keywords: the phase / modality of theoretical and practical technique / triple jump.
The purposes of this study were (a) to describe the techniques used by elite triple jumpers and (b) to determine which characteristics were significantly related to the officially recorded distance of the jump. The subjects were the 12 finalists in the Triple Jump at the 1984 Olympic Games. Two motion-picture cameras placed with their optical axes at right angles to the runway were used to record the performances of the subjects. Means and standard deviations of the variables identified in a theoretical model and correlations between these variables and the distance of the jump were computed. Correlation of the distances achieved in each of the phases with the official distance of the jump suggested that, although the hop and jump phases made greater percentage contributions to the official distance than did the step phase, they accounted for only small amounts of the variance in that distance. Significant correlations of other independent variables with the distance of the jump suggested that the more th...
The objective of this study is to describe and compare the techniques used by elite triple jumpers in the world to determine the impact of the modality distribution ratios in achieving results. Our subjects were the 2009-2011 global elite’s finalists with five (5) Algerian amateur athletes. In the absence of technological methods in Algeria, our study explores the reports (IAAF):
1. To describe the phase distribution of the practice model between our world champions (2009 and 2011)
2. To compare the credibility theory of distributions ratio achievement with the modality dominant techniques practiced by champions (2009 and 2011).
3. To answer this question: can we consider the phase difference ratios as a bad distribution error in the technical ideal?
As a result, we chose the analysis of variance and the correlation of relative distances obtained from each phase of the official distance achieved by the athlete. For the study statistics, our used data is based on the "t" independent method compared to the impact phase distributions (hop, step, and jump) charged with the results achieved in the test. However, our goal for this research is:
• Using biomechanics to determine errors and integrate the modern scientific methods in monitoring the athletic program.
• To allow our elites and their coaches to examine the impact of modality distribution ratios in achieving results in order to choose the good combined efforts and the selected template model practiced to improve the best performance in training and competition.
The purposes of this study were to describe and compare the techniques used by elite world triple jumper and the Algerian elite team to determine the impact of distribution modality phases allowing the elite to exceeds 17-meter. Our subjects were two world elite 2009 and two Algerian national elite 2013. In the lack of new technology Modern measuring instruments kinematics or kinetics, our study based in measure of the Phase distribution ratio as measure of Stride length Jump distance. That literature review two schools, the Russian technique (which emphasizes the hop phase) and the Polish technique (which emphasizes the jump phase). Our aims for this study are: Are there any statistically significant differences between the results of the samples in the distance achieved? Are there any statistically significant differences between practical Ratio relative distances (world 2009-national 2013)? Are there any statistically significant differences between Stride length phase distances (world 2009-national 2013)? For that, we have chosen the analysis of variance and correlation of the distances achieved in each of the phases with the official distance of jumper and “T” student to compare implementation distribution of phases (hop, step and jump) with the results accuses. Based on the practices and weaknesses of elites in practice, we confirm: (1) All the samples practice the Russian technique as model in the distribution of the phase ratio; (2) The problem of our elites is in the hop phase distribution and its relationship with other phases; (3) Improve achieve horizontal vertical velocity in hop phase as solution.
The purposes of this study were to compare the technique practiced by elite world triple jumper to determine the impact of modality pushes Phrases Takeoffs Angles and the Distributions of Strides Lengths phases allowing the elite to exceed 17-meter, were we have neglect dependence on the practice distribution modality, to explore the weakness in results. From the confirmation of (Hui Liu, 2012) that the weakness or the success of the jumper is in the role of the velocity conversion coefficient affected which technique achieved the longest distance to the assessment of (James G. Hay and John A. Miller, Jr., 1985). That the triple Jump is composed of three takeoff phases (Hop, Step, and Jump), each plays an important role, as they require the jumper to tolerate extremely high forces of impact and to maintain a high level of horizontal velocity. Through previous theoretical background, our subjects were The Results of world elite 2009. In the lack of new technology, Modern measuring instruments kinematics or kinetics. Our study based on rapports takeoff angels as measure and Stride length Jump distance of world elite 2009 from the (Project by the German Atletecs Federration, 2009) To verify the hypothesis that support: The factors affecting the performance are due, to the confirmation of (Gordon Robertson & all, 2004) that any less change in the step phase change the angular momentum created by hop phase and the Effort distribution decides jumping techniques in different phases especially in the hop and step phases set by (Hay, 1992). From the limits of search, our aims for this study to answer the question: Are there any causal relationship takeoff angel's pushes phases and their Strides Lengths distributions decides jumping with the Finale Results from the conditions of our experience? For that, we have chosen the analysis of the Regression, variance and correlation of takeoff angels Breaks phases and distances achieved in each of the phases with the official distance of jumper to compare implementation takeoff angels push phases with distribution of phases (hop, step and jump) with the Performance. Based on the Effort distribution decides jumping techniques and practice takeoff angels push phases of our samples, we confirm: (1) That the distribution of phases (hop, step and jump) and takeoff angels push phases is a criterion mean to assess and judge the level of application of elite; (2) the good phase takeoff angels push hop phase transmitting is the key to a great feat in triple jump.
The objectives of this study were to detect some causal relationships in significant differences optimum distribution ratios phases that the most sources agree that it varies from athlete to the other. Our subjects were the finalists (2009-2011) with Hop-dominated technique, 17 meter as minimum performance and the best performance in the world triple Jump with Jump-dominated technique, 18 meter as minimum performance in other comparison. In the absence of technological means in Algeria, our study explores the reports (IAAF) in order to answer: Which causal relationship explained or dismissed the Optimum distribution ratios phases in the two-practiced dominant technique (Hop and Jump) to achieve results? For this, we chose the analysis of the Regression to be compared, the impact phase distributions (hop, step and jump) charged with the results achieved in their test. Our goal for this research is: Improve search through the Optimum use of data results champions. Find a causal relationship between dominant technique and results as research topic in Optimum ratios phases. The most important results obtained: Optimum distribution ratios phases in the hop-dominated technique varies from athlete to other because the respect of the model theories Russian requires the Stride length of the three phases typically to (39%: 30%: 31%).Optimum distribution ratios phases in the jump-dominated technique should be us as optimum phase ratio in condition that the Stride length of the three phases typically to (34%29%37%).
The purposes of this study were to determine the functions of actions of the limbs during each of the three support phases of the triple jump and their relationships with the performance of the triple jump. Four elite male triple jumpers were participated as subjects. The Pearson product moment correlation coefficient were used to determine and compare the relationships between the change in each component of the normalized angular momentum of the whole body about center of gravity and the actions of the extremities during different support phases. A level of significance at =.05 was set. After analyzing the angular momentum and correlation during support phase of the hop, step, and jump, the following findings are obtained: The actions of the arms created a side-somersaulting angular momentum about the whole body center of gravity toward the side of the free leg during the support phase of the step, and a somersaulting angular momentum about the whole body center of gravity during each support phase. The action of the free leg created a somersaulting angular momentum about the whole body center of gravity during the support phases of the hop and step.
The triple jump is an athletic event involving three ground contact phases during which athletes must trade off the maintenance of horizontal velocity against the generation of vertical velocity. Previous studies have indicated that individual athletes have a linear relationship between the loss in horizontal velocity and the gain in vertical velocity during each phase. This study used computer simulation to investigate the effects of constraining the takeoff velocities in the hop phase on the velocity trade-offs in this and subsequent phases. Kinematic data were obtained from an entire triple jump using a Vicon automatic motion capture system, and strength and anthropometric data were collected from the triple jumper. A planar 13-segment torque-driven subject-specific computer simulation model was used to maximise the distance of each phase by varying torque generator activation timings using a genetic algorithm. Vertical takeoff velocities in the hop phase were constrained to be 100%, ±10%, ±20%, and ±30% of the performance velocity, and subsequent phases were optimised with initial conditions calculated from the takeoff of the previous phase and with no constraints on takeoff velocity. The results showed that the loss in horizontal velocity during each contact phase was strongly related to the vertical takeoff velocity (R(2)=0.83) in that phase rather than the overall gain in vertical velocity as found in previous studies. Maximum overall distances were achieved with step phases which were 30% of the total distance of the triple jump confirming the results of experimental studies on elite triple jumpers.
Abstract Phase ratio is a measure of effort distribution in the triple jump. Hop-dominant, balanced, and jump-dominant techniques were three triple jump techniques defined based on phase ratio. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the phase ratio on the performance of the triple jump. Three-dimensional kinematic data of 13 elite male triple jumpers were obtained during a competition. Computer simulations were performed using a biomechanical model of the triple jump to optimise the phase ratio for the longest actual distance using each of the three techniques for a given athlete with altered velocity conversion coefficients. The velocity conversion coefficient affected which technique achieved the longest actual distance. The actual distance obtained using the hop-dominant technique was significantly longer than that obtained using the other two techniques (P = 0.007, P = 0.001) when the velocity coefficient was between 0.35 and 0.55. The actual distance obtained using the jump-dominant technique was significantly longer than that obtained using the other two techniques (P = 0.001, P = 0.002) when the velocity coefficient was between 0.80 and 1.30. No consistent optimum technique across participants and no significant difference in performance among the three techniques were found (P > 0.524) when the velocity coefficient was between 0.60 and 0.75.
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