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Measuring Mindfulness in Insight Meditation (Vipassana) and Meditation-Based Psychotherapy: The Development of the Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory (FMI)

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N. Buchheld
N. Buchheld
N. Buchheld
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Paul Grossman at Universitätsspital Basel (University Hospital Basel)
Paul Grossman
  • Universitätsspital Basel (University Hospital Basel)
Harald Walach at Kazimieras Simonavicius University
Harald Walach
  • Kazimieras Simonavicius University
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2001 Measuring Mindfulne
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2001 Measuring Mindfulne
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... Research has shown good construct and criterion validity and acceptable internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.73 for employee version) [37]. Mindfulness is assessed using the Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory [38,39] German revised version 13-r [40]. The scale consists of 13 items that can be rated on a scale ranging from 1 = rarely to 4 = almost always with higher scores indicating more mindfulness. ...
A custom tailored, evidence-based, theory-informed intervention for healthcare professionals to prevent burnout (LAGOM): study protocol for a pragmatic randomized controlled trial
Article
Full-text available
  • Sep 2024
  • TRIALS
Background Healthcare professionals in hospitals are exposed to a high level of professional stress, time pressure, workload, and often times poor organizational support. This makes them especially susceptible to burnout. In this pragmatic randomized controlled trial, we test the hypothesis that participation in a 9-week program (LAGOM) that was designed in close collaboration with healthcare professionals, incorporating both individual and organizational aspects reduces emotional exhaustion in healthcare professionals (primary outcome). Methods Eighty four nurses and physicians working at the Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin and the Immanuel Hospital Berlin are automatically randomized to the LAGOM program (n = 42) or to usual care (n = 42) in a one-to-one allocation rate. The primary outcome emotional exhaustion is measured by the Maslach Burnout Inventory—Human Services Survey at baseline, post-intervention, and 1-month follow-up via an online survey. Secondary outcomes include depersonalization, personal accomplishment, subjective stress, mental well-being, self-care, self-efficacy, working conditions, mindfulness, and adverse events. Electrophysiological measures for heart rate variation analysis are captured. The PRECIS-2 tool is used to characterize the degree of pragmatism in our trial. Data analysis and primary intention-to-treat analysis using repeated measures analysis of variance are performed blind to intervention allocation. Per-protocol, subgroup, and secondary outcome analyses are conducted exploratively. An advisory board consisting of various stakeholders accompanies the study process. Discussion If LAGOM proves to be effective in reducing symptoms of burnout, the program could make an important contribution to tackling the problem of the very high burnout rates among healthcare professionals and become an integral part of preventive services offered by hospitals. Trial registration German Clinical Trials Register, DRKS00034060. Registered 31 May 2024.
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... Various tools can be used to assess the qualities of mindfulness [34]. The questionnaire used in this project is the Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory (FMI) developed in 2001 [35], which provides a self-assessment of a subject's aptitude for 'mindfulness' in daily life. Its brief 14-item version [36] has been validated in French [37]. ...
A randomised study to evaluate the potential added value of shared meditation involving people with cancer, health professionals and third persons compared to meditation conducted with patients only: design of the Implic-2 protocol
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  • Sep 2024
  • BMC CANCER
Background In oncology, the suffering of patients and the burnout of health professionals are key issues. Mindfulness meditation is a holistic approach that can help to improve well-being. While numerous studies have shown the benefits of meditation for both patients and health professionals, the added value of offering shared meditation to groups of patients, health professionals and third persons has not been assessed. Beyond strengthening the relationship between carers and patients, opening up meditation sessions to third parties (neither carers nor patients) enables patients to escape the stigma of their illness. We previously conducted a pilot study that validated the feasibility and the relevance of shared meditation with a specifically designed programme. Methods/Design IMPLIC-2 is a two-arm randomised study designed to assess the added value of this meditation programme (optimised following the pilot study), particularly for cancer patients (our target population). People motivated to follow the programme, without previous regular practice of meditation and able to participate in the sessions are eligible. The study will include 96 participants: 16 health professionals, 16 third persons and 64 patients. The latter will be randomized in two arms: the experimental arm (“Shared” meditation) consisting of 4 mixed groups of 8 patients, 4 health professionals and 4 third parties, and the control arm (“Patient” meditation) consisting of 2 groups of 16 patients. Validated questionnaires will be used to measure the effects of the programme, notably in terms of quality of life, perceived stress, feelings of self-efficacy, qualities of mindfulness and self-compassion, and carers’ burn-out. Participants' perception of a change in their quality of life and satisfaction will be measured at the end of the programme. A complementary qualitative focus-group approach will be used to optimise implementation of the programme beyond the study. Discussion The well-being of oncology patients would be improved. Dealing with overworked carers would have a beneficial impact on the way they interact with patients. In addition, encounters between the three types of population will allow otherness to be viewed differently and alleviate suffering by promoting collective humanity. Trial Registration NCT06041607, registered: 09/18/2023. Protocol version Version n°1.2 dated from 08/29/2023.
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... It is sensitive to change and can also be used with subjects without previous meditation experience (Walach et al., 2006). The initial form of the FMI had 30 items (Buchheld, Grossman, & Walach, 2001), but a later study refined it and made a short version comprising 14 items, such as, "I am open to the experience of the present moment," evaluated with a 4-point scale (Rarely, Occasionally, Fairly often, or Almost always) (Walach et al., 2006). The FMI has been used to measure the effects of mindfulness-based therapies or programs (Foley, Baillie, Huxter, Price, & Sinclair, 2010;Keune, Bostanov, Hautzinger, & Kotchoubey, 2011;Neff & Germer, 2013), but as far as we know, our present study was the first to use it to assess the effects of listening to natural sounds. ...
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... The Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory, validated in Lebanon, 90 is composed of 14 items describing all aspects of mindfulness such as attention to the present moment; nonjudgmental attitude; openness to one's sensations, emotions, and thoughts; and insightful understanding. 91 This instrument is used to characterize the person's experience of mindfulness. Each item is scored based on a 4-point Likert scale with 1 = rarely and 4 = always. ...
Profiles of University Students in Terms of Sexual Dysfunction: The Role of Anxiety, Depression, Eating Attitudes, and Mindfulness
Article
  • May 2024
Objective: Sexual dysfunction (SD) can interfere with sexual desire and satisfaction and is associated with an impairment in one’s emotional, mental, physical, and social function. Despite its importance, SD remains understudied in Lebanon, possibly due to its sensitive nature. Therefore, this research aimed to address this gap by examining the relationship between SD and certain psychological and behavioral factors. The objective was to investigate the relationship between SD and eating attitudes, depression, anxiety, and mindfulness among university students in Lebanon using a cluster analysis approach. Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out between July and September 2021. Using the snowball technique, a sample of 363 Lebanese university students was recruited. SD was measured using the Sexual Dysfunction Questionnaire, with higher scores indicating higher sexual arousal/desire. Eating attitudes, anxiety, depression, and mindfulness were measured using the Eating Attitude Test, Lebanese Anxiety Scale, Patient Health Questionnaire, and Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory, respectively. Results: Participants were divided into 3 clusters: cluster 1 “moderate well being” (n = 109, 30.0%) was characterized by moderate eating attitudes, anxiety, depression, and mindfulness; cluster 2 “positive well-being” (n = 186, 51.2%) was characterized by having the lowest mean eating attitude, anxiety, and depression scores, while having the highest mean mindfulness score; and cluster 3 “negative well-being” (n = 68, 18.7%) was characterized by the highest mean eating attitude, anxiety, and depression scores, while having the lowest mean mindfulness score. Females compared to males (β = −0.87) and belonging to cluster 2 (β = −1.32) or cluster 3 (β = −1.32) were significantly associated with less sexual arousal. Conclusion: The results align with previous findings suggesting that mindfulness has a role in SD. The current study highlights the importance of taking into consideration factors that interplay with SD. Mental health providers should consider integrating aspects of mindfulness into their practice when working with patients with SD. Additionally, addressing the taboo surrounding sexual health will be crucial to destigmatize this topic. The findings emphasize the need for accessible campaigns by sexual health organizations to raise awareness.
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Emotional Intelligence and Job Performance
Chapter
  • Aug 2024
Introduction by the Editor: Workplace emotional health plays a vital role in managing stress and maintaining strong interpersonal relationship in the workplace. Workplace emotional health is regulated by mainly four factors namely work load, emotional intelligence, emotional blackmail and emotional labour. A study undergone by Chin yen et al., in 2023 states that workplace emotional health can be measured by four factors emotional expression strategies, emotional awareness, interpersonal adaptation and work load. Stress is crucial to academic and industrial jobs, which should be regulated in a productive way. The results of this study revealed that workplace emotional health can be regulated by three factors emotional control, interpersonal relationship management and self-motivation. The same way a manager’s emotional quotient also affects the subordinate’s productivity. Zhang et al., adopted a multilevel framework investigation in 2020 to find out the link between group leader’s emotional intelligence with group performance, came out with a reliable result of two factors group cohesion and person-group fit. A good match between job match and group member’s characteristics may help in addressing these issues in advance.
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The Modeling Of Causal Relationships Between Subjective Vitality, Mindfulness, And Academic Self-Efficacy Among Yarmouk University Students
Article
Full-text available
  • Sep 2022
The current study aims to model causal relationships between subjective vitality, Mindfulness, and academic self-efficacy among Yarmouk University students. The study sample consisted of (1197) male and female students from Yarmouk University who were selected by the available stratified random method according to the educational level and gender. To achieve the objectives of the study, the scale of self-vitality developed by Al-Obaidi (2020), the academic self-efficacy scale developed by Abdullah and Saleh (2019), and the mental alertness scale of Baer and colleagues (2006) were used. The results of the study show a high level of subjective vitality, as well as the availability of an average level of mental alertness and academic self-efficacy among Yarmouk University students. Furthermore, the study shows that the optimal model for the study is all measures taken: subjective vitality, mental alertness, and academic self-efficacy. None of the articles of the scale were deleted, according to the results of the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and the results of the Model fit measurements. The results show a direct link of statistically significant between vitality and mental alertness, as the effect is (0.706). The results also show a positive (direct) relationship of statistical significance between academic self-efficacy and mental alertness the effect is (0.664). The results show a positive relationship of an (indirect) statistical significance between subjective vitality and mental alertness through academic self-efficacy, the indirect effect is (0.613). Keywords: Subjective Vitality, Mental Alertness, Academic Self-efficacy
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The effects of self-leadership and mindfulness training on leadership development: a systematic review
Article
Full-text available
  • Jun 2024
Investment in leadership development programs (LDPs) does not reliably increase leaders’ competence in core socioemotional skills related to self-management, self-awareness, and relationship-building with employees. Training programs focused on self-leadership, in combination with mindfulness practices, have the potential to address this gap. However, robust research that assesses the suitability and efficacy of such programs is lacking. In this article, the results of a systematic review of the literature on self-leadership and mindfulness in the context of LDPs are reported. A total of 52 articles were selected from an initial pool of 284 articles, subjected to textual analysis, and coded in terms of the reported impact levels for all of the examined training programs. This study revealed that training in self-leadership competencies and skills improved stress resilience, job performance and satisfaction, and positive attitudes and increased leaders’ abilities to organize and motivate their teams. Mindfulness training was strongly linked to stress reduction and self-regulation as well as to enhanced sleep and reduced burnout. Mindfulness also appeared to improve job performance and emotional regulation and to increase the ability to establish positive relationships with employees.
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Mechanisms of Mindfulness: A Longitudinal Study of a Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction Program
Article
Full-text available
  • May 2024
  • Mindfulness
Objectives This study sought to identify the temporal order in which mindfulness facets develop during Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) and the effect of early changes on later changes in these facets and their relation to changes in depression, anxiety, and stress. Methods This longitudinal study of 147 adults participating in a MBSR program examined relationships between components of mindfulness, self-compassion and measures of depression, anxiety, and stress. Self-report measures were administered pre-course, mid-course, end-of-course, and 3-months post-course. Results Initial improvements in decentering, non-reactivity, and self-compassion were observed early in the MBSR course (p-values < 0.05), followed by later changes in observing, acting with awareness, and nonjudging. Bivariate latent growth curve modelling suggested changes in the mindfulness components of decentering and nonreactivity coincided with decreases in anxiety and stress (p-values < 0.05). However, in a path analysis, changes in self-compassion appeared to uniquely contribute to changes in depression and anxiety, over and above the effects of other mindfulness components (p-values < 0.05). These changes in self-compassion were associated with simultaneous and precursory change in non-reactivity and non-judgment. Conclusions These findings elucidate the possible temporal order of change in mindfulness facets through MBSR. Self-compassion may be a prominent mechanism of change in the MBSR program, along with non-reactivity and decentering. However, additional longitudinal research is needed with alternate model specifications to confirm the proximal role of self-compassion in longitudinal symptom change. Results are tempered by a relatively short period of longitudinal observation with a possible nonresponse bias. Preregistration Because the trial was conceived prior to 2009, pre-registration was not possible. However, the trial was registered on anzctr.org.au after data collection and analysis. [Title: “Mechanisms of mindfulness: A longitudinal observational study of the effects of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) on depression, anxiety, and stress among participants in a MBSR program”, Identifier: ACTRN12623000485639].
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