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Qualitative Psychology: A Practical Guide to Research Methods
... The study employed modified grounded theory (MGT) to analyze the experiences of PWUD. MGT facilitated the emergence of themes directly from the data, avoiding preconceived notions and enabling a richer understanding of the interplay between policing and harm reduction services in Nepal (Charmaz, 2015). By uncovering the underlying processes and dynamics that shape the experiences of PWUD, this research aimed to provide actionable insights to inform public health strategies and interventions aimed at reducing harm and improving the well-being of PWUD. ...
... The constructivist approach not only informed the research design but also set the stage for a modified grounded theory methodology (Charmaz, 2015;Mills et al., 2006). Grounded theory, with its iterative and emergent nature, was well-suited to constructivism, as it allowed for the development of theory (Charmaz, 2006(Charmaz, , 2015Strauss & Corbin, 1990). ...
... The constructivist approach not only informed the research design but also set the stage for a modified grounded theory methodology (Charmaz, 2015;Mills et al., 2006). Grounded theory, with its iterative and emergent nature, was well-suited to constructivism, as it allowed for the development of theory (Charmaz, 2006(Charmaz, , 2015Strauss & Corbin, 1990). In this study, in-depth interviews and grounded theory facilitated a comprehensive exploration of how PWUD's experiences with law enforcement were constructed, interpreted, and understood within Nepal's specific socio-cultural and legal contexts. ...
This study explored the impact of drug criminalization and policing on harm reduction efforts in Nepal. In contexts marked by widespread corruption, drug criminalization often exacerbates the mistreatment by law enforcement of people who use drugs (PWUD), creating substantial barriers to their accessing harm reduction services. Utilizing a constructivist framework and a modified grounded theory approach, we conducted in-depth interviews with 20 PWUD to examine their experiences with drug use, interactions with police, and the consequent effects on harm reduction efforts. Three key themes emerged: the exploitation of PWUD as a significant source of income for corrupt police officers, the human rights of PWUD being violated by police, and police behaviors frequently contradicting harm reduction principles and practices. The findings of the study demonstrate how corrupt policing undermines harm reduction initiatives in Nepal. Policy reforms are urgently needed to equip law enforcement with harm reduction knowledge and skills, thus enabling PWUD to access essential services.
... The qualitative analysis was carried out using the grounded theory narrative method (Bernard et al. 2010;Bryant 2017;Chamberlain 1999;Charmaz 2008;Khan 2014;Corbin and Strauss 2008;Pákozdi and Bárdos 2022;Corbin 1997, 1998). The interviews were recorded, then, transcripts were made so that we had a written version of the interviews. ...
... The applied grounded theory method does not involve statistical analysis and quantification; thus, it provided for more intensive data collection. The analysis is a bottom-up process in which the text is elevated to new conceptual levels in several steps, generating a hierarchical structure that assists theory formation (Charmaz 2008;Glaser 2014). In this way, a systematic, inductive, interactive, and comparative model could be established (Wertz 2011). ...
... In this way, a systematic, inductive, interactive, and comparative model could be established (Wertz 2011). Grounded theory is an analytical method that initially pushes to one side (ignores) the researcher's theoretical knowledge (referred to as the state of theoretical agnosticism by Charmaz 2008) and emphasizes the knowledge and information found in the text. The identification of the essential factors is based on the triple coding process characteristic of the grounded theory method (basic/open, axial, and selective codes), which helps to identify, open up, and interpret the essence of the findings (Charmaz 2008). ...
The aim of our research was to create an up-to-date model of the hierarchy of needs of regular soldiers serving in the Hungarian Defense Forces. Our starting point was the theory of motivation, which states that people’s actions are motivated by a system of needs. As qualitative systematic data analysis offers an opportunity to create a relevant (decisive) theory to answer the main research question, we based our analysis on the grounded theory method. The results showed that the needs identified in our model often resembled those identified in other theories, including military models, although on different levels. The hierarchy of needs pyramid that we constructed contains terms such as resources, power, team spirit, development, quest for challenges, and fulfillment and, by way of general background, appreciation. Our research broadened our knowledge regarding individuals’ motivation to choose a military career.
... The data was downloaded into excel form, and then the responses of the qualitative answers for each question were transferred into word documents to make the data accessible for coding using NVivo software version 10. The two authors used a method of constantly comparing the codes within and across different questions and consequently key aspects of the data were identified and developed through a dynamic process (Charmaz 2008). After the codes were narrowed in relation to the responses to specific question, the tokens and percentage of the written response were organized in a table. ...
... Following the transcription and translation, the transcripts were emailed to the participants, to add or clarify any points from the interviews. Then the interview transcripts were coded and checked by the researchers using NVivo to identify the main themes using a constant comparative method (Charmaz 2008). Again, we used thematic analysis to draw out the principal themes in the data to answer research questions 1 and 2, and a detailed transcription to identify parodic features of language to understand not just what was said but also how it was said (Mann 2011;Talmy 2011). ...
This study investigates Chineseness and internationalism through the naming practices of young Chinese learners' at EMI universities. Investigating the participants' use of their English/Chinese names in their immediate study environment to start, our study delves into issues related to who can be defined as Chinese, what Chineseness involves, and its intersection with internationalism. A questionnaire was distributed at a Sino-British university in mainland China and a pre-sessional course in the UK via email in 2019. Data from the 357 questionnaire responses was followed by nine randomly selected respondents who were invited for semi-structured interviews. The data was coded using NVivo 10 and thematic analysis was utilized to understand the key themes. The study found rising confidence among the participants, represented by a rejection of the association between internationalism and western-isation. The participants proffered Chineseness as equal claims to internationalism as western culture, albeit being a continuing site of struggle and confrontation. Further, a distinctive 'Chinese way of thinking' is a key marker of Chinese identity, which alludes to an essentialist Chineseness rooted in mainland China.
... In GT, the researcher usually has no fixed research questions at the onset, but a guiding interest or topic of inquiry, letting the participants provide the problem description through what they bring forth during the interviews. GT procedures include intensive interviewing, shaping interviews after the participants' stories and more targeted interviewing as the research deepens (Charmaz, 2014(Charmaz, , 2015. However, not all aspects of the current study are in line with the original GT model, as the general aim was not to generate a formal theory, but to construct a conceptual analysis of this specific experience. ...
... Moreover, we were unable to keep finding new informants to inform the growing analysis until saturation was reached, as the number of possible informants was limited to the participants of the two pilot study intervention groups. Charmaz (2015) points out, however, that this is a possible and valid way of using GT. ...
Positive psychology is the scientific study of human thoughts, feelings and behaviour that focuses on building resources rather than treating illness. The current pilot study utilised qualitative methods to explore an intervention, ‘Tweens’, based on proven methods from positive psychology. Tweens was designed to be suitable for adolescents aged 11–14, who experienced symptoms of depression, anxiety, or stress. A defining feature of Tweens is that it included both the afflicted children and their parents, and is the first study to examine a positive psychology family intervention for this target group. Using Constructive Grounded Theory, this study sought to determine what meaning, if any, the participants ascribed to Tweens and how they integrated the methods into their daily lives. The study also investigated why some participants did not find the intervention meaningful or effective. The results show that the experienced meaningfulness of Tweens can be divided into three main categories: (1) A sense of belonging or togetherness, (2) The utility of the tools that were taught, and (3) An increased mindsight and learning how to choose actions mindfully. The results are discussed in light of the broaden-and-build theory: when parents and children have shared knowledge and vocabulary for talking about well-being, supportive upward spirals occur. All the adolescents did not perceive the intervention as meaningful, and we discuss variations in depressiveness, problematic life circumstances and possible flaws in the intervention as possible reasons for this.
... is section exchanges views on roots and utilization of Grounded eory (Glaser and Strauss, 1967;Martin and Turner, 1986;Turner, 1983;Glaser, 1978;Strauss, 1987;Strauss andCorbin, 1990, 1998;Dey, 1999;Charmaz, 2003Charmaz, , 2006Charmaz, , 2008. Grounded eory materialized in the ground-breaking work of Glaser and Strauss (1967). ...
... Additionally, a lot of work has been done concerning the guidance on the application of the Grounded eory methodology. Most notable amongst them include Turner (1983); Martin and Turner (1986);Strauss (1987); Strauss and Corbin (1990); Dey (1999);Charmaz (2003Charmaz ( , 2006Charmaz ( , 2008; Jones and Alony (2011). e result, the detected theory grounded by the evidence to the specific phenomenon, iterates by permanently challenging the concept of the theory with the data and vice versa. ...
Customer Relationship Management (CRM) is the process of achieving a continuing dialogue with customers across all available touch points to maximize their contribution to the overall profitability and evolution of companies as well as to achieve satisfaction and loyalty. CRM-systems as the IT-component of this process support a business strategy to establish long-term and profitable relationships with customers and are constant companions in sales and marketing. They help organizations to increase the value of every customer interaction and drive superior corporate performance. The success of a CRM-system is dependent on the acceptance of the respective users. This paper identifies, due to a qualitative research approach through problem-centered interviews in the global sales organization of a leading company in the flexible packaging industry, necessary criteria for the acceptance and furthermore the success of CRM-systems by its users to contribute to the overall goal of an increased profitability and evolution of companies.
... This study uses a grounded theory (GT) approach to explore the impact of ELET on mental health from the perspective of early leavers, guided by Charmaz's constructivist approach [49][50][51][52][53] and its informed version [54]. Qualitative methods were utilized in order to gain an understanding of participants' experiences with ELET and how this affected their mental health. ...
... The data was then iteratively analyzed in order to identify patterns and construct categories of meaning related to the theme under examination. Robustness tests (exhaustive coding) were conducted throughout the process in order to ensure that the theory accurately reflected reality, but it has also been acknowledged a co-constructive role in achieving this outcome by the team in charge of the analysis [51,52]. ...
This study aimed to explore the relationship between Early Leaving Education and Training and mental health perceived by young Spanish school leavers, as well as develop mid-range theories to better understand this relationship. The study uses a grounded theory approach; specifically, Charmaz’s constructivist approach and its informed version have guided the study. Through qualitative interviews with individuals who had left school prematurely, the results of this study showed a bidirectional relationship between ELET and mental health, where the detriment in the mental health of young people who leave school early should be understood as both a cause and an effect of the process of ELET. In addition, the findings suggest that certain socio-economic and educational factors, such as bullying, academic stress, self-responsibilization of failure, and labels such as “NEET” can contribute to a decrease in mental health. Overall, this study has provided new insights into the ELET-mental health relationship, contributing to the development of mid-range theories that can inform future research and interventions to minimize these problems.
... This means understanding behavior like the participant does, learning their perspective, analyzing it, and giving a name to reoccurring behaviors and ideas (Jourdan, 2008). Essentially, grounded theory starts with a story and tries to figure out what is happening in that story (Charmaz, 2003). One of the unique aspects of grounded theory is the way in which the data are handled. ...
... Data are simultaneously collected and analyzed. Through the process of collecting and analyzing data, major themes emerge and are continuously categorized, refined, and integrated into the theory development (Charmaz, 2003). This process, the gathering, conceptualizing, and interpretation, is integral to the building of theory (Jourdan, 2004). ...
Nowadays, planning is no longer considered merely a scientific and technical career nor a government responsibity. It rather functions as a bridge connecting the planners to institutional changes. In other words, the planning theory does not develop in a social, economic and political vacuum, but is formulated by individuals in social situations with the aim of clarifying the enviroment recommending appropriate procedures and processes. The purpose of this research was to identify the explanatory and normative capability of the Strategic Structural Plans theory in the context of institutionalism so as to enhance the capacity of its application in practice. For this purpose, the grounded theory was adopted as a research strategy within the framework of qualitative methodology. The data collection instruments involved desk study, interviews with experts, managers and specialists, collaborative observations on the environment. The research environment included macro and micro levels. At the macro level, the focus was on comprehensible conditions and components of Iranian spatial planning system, while the micro level served to examine on the local scale the urban planning and management through sample mining in Mashhad, Iran. As a result of this analysis, a total of 159 concepts, 44 categories and 9 major categories and 6 topics were recognized. Among the categories identified, institutionalism in the theory of Strategic Structural Plans was selected because of the frequent appearance in the data and its relation to other categories as axial category, where the paradigm model was outlined emphasizing on the causal and context condition, intervention, strategies and consequences. After a few decades, various research efforts were made in Iran proved that the selected inefficient strategy leads the urban development and promotion of environmental quality of all the involved factors in spearheading the urban development. Based on the substantial knowledge of the shortcomings and failures in the traditional planning model (comprehensive) in preparation of urban development plans on the one hand, and the new development needs and goals for the development of urbanization on the other hand, the Strategic Structural Plans were proposed as a corrective approach to guide the urban development in Iran. Having adopted this approach in urban development plans and assessed the first practical examples provided, it was revealed what was prepared and approved as Strategic Structural Plans (whether in the process of preparation, adoption and implementation or documents and outputs of the plan), were conflicting in terms of content and
... This approach uses an inductive method to derive concepts, constructions, relationships, and principles to comprehend and explain a phenomenon, which is comparable to other naturalistic designs. According to Charmaz (2015), grounded theory is a qualitative research design that uses an inductive technique to develop a model or theory from the data. ...
The attitudes and beliefs of health care workers (HCWs) influence the measures used to stop the spread of drug-resistant infections like methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). One of the most important aspects of fostering a safe clinical setting for care is identifying obstacles and difficulties with suggested practices. The research aims to identify the perceived challenges and barriers for effective MRSA control from the perspective of health care workers. A qualitative grounded theory approach is used. A criterion sampling technique is used to select the sample. Data is collected through semi-structured interviews by following the BERA framework for ethical consideration protocols. Data is analyzed inductively through thematic analysis. The results highlighted that the high cost of MRSA screening, ineffective departmental communication, and staff education are the major challenges that contribute to MRSA infections. The key strategies are proposed to deal with the challenges. The findings revealed that the problems encountered by physicians in both public and private hospitals are similar. The expense of screening for MRSA is exorbitant. Efficient control of MRSA involves evaluating risks, following specific hygiene measures, and performing positive steps towards containment and infection mitigation. Human behavior, microbial epidemiology, and resource constraints are the core issues that face both public and private healthcare systems. The results confirm that consistent implementation of evidence-based practices, strong organizational systems, and a safety culture are more important for effective MRSA control than the ownership model.
... Bu araştırmanın temel amacı, sporcuların antrenörleriyle olan ilişkilerini özerklik, yeterlilik ve ilişkisellik boyutlarında değerlendirmek ve bu algıların Öz Belirleme Teorisi ile olan ilişkisini ortaya koymaktır. Bu nedenle, temellendirilmiş kuram ya da gömülü kuram olarak bilinen yaklaşım benimsenmiştir (Charmaz, 2015;Glaser ve Strauss, 1967). Gömülü kuram, araştırmacının verileri analiz etmek ve anlamak için mevcut kuramsal çerçeveleri kullanmasına dayanan nitel bir yaklaşımdır (Glaser ve Strauss, 1967). ...
Amaç: Bu çalışma, altyapı sporcularının antrenörlere yönelik metaforik algılarını incelemeyi ve bu algıları Öz Belirleme Teorisi (ÖBT) çerçevesinde değerlendirmeyi amaçlamaktadır.
Materyal ve Metod: Bu araştırmada nitel bir araştırma tasarımı kullanılmıştır. Araştırmaya, 10–13 yaş aralığında toplam 78 altyapı sporcusu katılmıştır. Sporcuların antrenörlerine yönelik algılarını ortaya koymak amacıyla “Antrenör ...... gibidir, çünkü ......” ifadesini tamamlamaları istenmiş ve bu doğrultuda açık uçlu veri toplanmıştır. Araştırmada elde edilen veriler, gömülü kuram yaklaşımı kapsamında üçlü kodlama süreci izlenerek analiz edilmiştir. Kodlama sürecinde verilerden türetilen kavram ve temalar, Öz Belirleme Kuramı’nın temel psikolojik ihtiyaçları (ilişkisellik, özerklik ve yeterlik) bağlamında yorumlanmıştır.
Bulgular: Metaforik ifadeler altı ana kategoride toplanmıştır: Destek ve Şefkat, Eğlence ve Pozitif Atmosfer, Fiziksel Özellikler ve Güç, Liderlik ve Yönetim, Sportif Figür, Çalışkanlık ve Özveri. Katılımcıların toplamda 41 farklı metafor ürettikleri görülmüştür. Frekansları en yüksek kategoriler Destek ve Şefkat ile Eğlence ve Pozitif Atmosfer kategorileri olmuştur. Bu kategorilerde öne çıkan metaforlar ise melek (f=10), eğlence (f=9) şeklindedir.
Sonuç: Araştırma, altyapı sporcularının antrenörlerini algılama biçimlerinin onların temel psikolojik ihtiyaçlarını nasıl etkilediğini ortaya koymaktadır. Sporcuların antrenörlerini bağlılık ihtiyaçlarını karşılayan bir rehber, özerkliklerini destekleyen bir lider ve yeterliklerini artırıcı bir güç kaynağı olarak algıladıklarını göstermiştir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Altyapı sporcuları, Antrenör, Metafor, Öz Belirleme Teorisi (ÖBT).
... As data were being collected, I simultaneously analyzed the existing transcripts [123]. This approach, inspired by grounded theory [22], allowed me to rene and adjust the interview protocol based on preliminary ndings and to enhance the ongoing analysis. Although inspired by grounded theory, I did not strictly adhere to this methodology. ...
... In contrast, grounded theory, as a qualitative research method, emphasizes a "bottomup" approach, abstracting concepts from actual data and gradually building a theoretical framework. After data collection, researchers go through stages such as open coding, axial coding, and selective coding, revising the theory iteratively until data saturation is reached [19]. Ultimately, comparing the formed theory with the existing literature can verify its scientific validity and applicability. ...
Sustainable community development is a prerequisite for national parks’ coordinated ecological and socio-economic development. This study analyzes the sustainable development challenges communities face in national parks, including the marginalization of indigenous peoples, the passive role of stakeholders, and insufficient protection of community interests. Using a grounded theory approach and a mixed research method (semi-structured interviews and questionnaires), the development constraints of community residents in Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park in China were systematically studied. The research framework identified five core dimensions (economic, social, ecological, institutional, and cultural) and eight major categories that characterize the community’s development dilemma. The analysis revealed systemic problems, including differences in income distribution, limited access to resources, gaps in policy implementation, and ambiguous stakeholder roles. A new framework for coordinated development of national park communities was constructed through multidimensional analysis, and coordinated development strategies were proposed from the five dimensions of economy, society, ecology, institution, and culture. These findings contribute to the theoretical underpinnings of national park governance in China and offer a transferable methodological system for managing nature reserves and national parks worldwide, particularly in achieving a balance between ecological protection and community development needs.
... The sub-team then met together to review findings and analyze data. Analysis of the data was informed by grounded theory, a qualitative research method that uses data to generate theory, rather than allow theory to inform interpretation of the data [22]. In this approach, the researcher analyzes the data with no presuppositions about the nature of the responses. ...
... This strategy is similar to other naturalistic designs in its use of an inductive process to derive concepts, constructs, relationships, and principles to understand and explain a phenomenon. Grounded theory is qualitative research design which requires inductive approach to create model or theory out of the data (Charmaz, 2015). ...
Methicillin-intolerant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is the most prevalent multidrug-resistant bacterium linked to healthcare. Although acute care hospitals (ACHs) and intermediate-and long-term care facilities (ILTCFs) are interconnected, little is known about how MRSA spreads between different healthcare settings. Methicillin-intolerant Serious issues are caused by Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) worldwide. PCC addresses patients' psychological and emotional needs, which affect health outcomes, and increases adherence to infection prevention procedures. Better adherence to treatment plans and hygienic habits results from PCC's encouragement of patients to participate in their care actively. PCC in MRSA is neglected area, to fill this gap the research aims to understand the transmission dynamics of MRSA through patients narratives. the qualitative research design is adopted to explore MRSA effected patients perception. Grounded theory is used inductively and data was collected from MRSA-affected patients. the sampling is done by criterion sampling technique. The data is collected via semi-structured in-depth interviews with MRSA-infected patients. All the ethical guidelines and protocols are rigorously adhered. The data is analyzed by thematic analysis. Two major themes emerged after rigorous coding and chunking of the collected data. The results lead to a comprehensive model.
... As data were being collected, I simultaneously analyzed the existing transcripts [123]. This approach, inspired by grounded theory [22], allowed me to refine and adjust the interview protocol based on preliminary findings and to enhance the ongoing analysis. Although inspired by grounded theory, I did not strictly adhere to this methodology. ...
This study examines how WhatsApp has evolved from a personal communication tool to a professional platform, focusing on its use by small business owners in India. Initially embraced in smaller, rural communities for its ease of use and familiarity, WhatsApp played a crucial role in local economies. However, as Meta introduced WhatsApp Business with new, formalized features, users encountered challenges in adapting to the more complex and costly platform. Interviews with 14 small business owners revealed that while they adapted creatively, they felt marginalized by the advanced tools. This research contributes to HCI literature by exploring the transition from personal to professional use and introduces the concept of Coercive Professionalization. It highlights how standardization by large tech companies affects marginalized users, exacerbating power imbalances and reinforcing digital colonialism, concluding with design implications for supporting community-based appropriations.
... This involved facilitators providing verbal feedback on the themes integrated with the workshop activities. We sought disconfirming voices (objectivism) and provided opportunities for reflection on personal experiences, creating opportunities to add data (constructivism) [62]. ...
Background
Opioid medications are important for pain management, but many patients progress to unsafe medication use. With few personalized and accessible behavioral treatment options to reduce potential opioid-related harm, new and innovative patient-centered approaches are urgently needed to fill this gap.
Objective
This study involved the first phase of co-designing a digital brief intervention to reduce the risk of opioid-related harm by investigating the lived experience of chronic noncancer pain (CNCP) in treatment-seeking patients, with a particular focus on opioid therapy experiences.
Methods
Eligible patients were those aged between 18 and 70 years with CNCP at a clinically significant level of intensity (a score of ≥4 of 10). Purposive sampling was used to engage patients on public hospital waitlists via mail or through the treating medical specialist. Participants (N=18; n=10 women; mean age 49.5 years, SD 11.50) completed semistructured telephone interviews. Interviews were transcribed verbatim, thematically analyzed using grounded theory, and member checked by patients.
Results
Eight overarching themes were found, listed in the order of their prominence from most to least prominent: limited treatment collaboration and partnership; limited biopsychosocial understanding of pain; continued opioid use when benefits do not outweigh harms; a trial-and-error approach to opioid use; cycles of hopefulness and hopelessness; diagnostic uncertainty; significant negative impacts tied to loss; and complexity of pain and opioid use journeys.
Conclusions
The findings of this study advance progress in co-designing digital brief interventions by actively engaging patient partners in their lived experiences of chronic pain and use of prescription opioid medications. The key recommendations proposed should guide the development of personalized solutions to address the complex care needs of patients with CNCP.
... 2) Manual refinement: Using iterative discussions and consensus-building methods that are standard in qualitative coding approaches to developing grounded theory [17,28,97], the research team iteratively grouped the clusters based on thematic and conceptual similarities (e.g., combining a cluster about "stringing together ideas" and a cluster about "a chef combining ingredients" into the dominant metaphor of "synthesizer"), focusing on distinctiveness between and coherence within clusters, until we reached consensus. This resulted in a final set of 20 clusters (Note that we did not pre-constrain the number of clusters in the final set.) ...
How has the public responded to the increasing prevalence of artificial intelligence (AI)-based technologies? We investigate public perceptions of AI by collecting over 12,000 responses over 12 months from a nationally representative U.S. sample. Participants provided open-ended metaphors reflecting their mental models of AI, a methodology that overcomes the limitations of traditional self-reported measures. Using a mixed-methods approach combining quantitative clustering and qualitative coding, we identify 20 dominant metaphors shaping public understanding of AI. To analyze these metaphors systematically, we present a scalable framework integrating language modeling (LM)-based techniques to measure key dimensions of public perception: anthropomorphism (attribution of human-like qualities), warmth, and competence. We find that Americans generally view AI as warm and competent, and that over the past year, perceptions of AI's human-likeness and warmth have significantly increased (). Furthermore, these implicit perceptions, along with the identified dominant metaphors, strongly predict trust in and willingness to adopt AI (). We further explore how differences in metaphors and implicit perceptions--such as the higher propensity of women, older individuals, and people of color to anthropomorphize AI--shed light on demographic disparities in trust and adoption. In addition to our dataset and framework for tracking evolving public attitudes, we provide actionable insights on using metaphors for inclusive and responsible AI development.
... Transcripts were cross-checked by a human researcher for accuracy. Data was analyzed using an iterative inductive qualitative coding approach based on grounded theory [8]. Our initial code categories corresponded to our research questions: macro, for market-level factors shaping newsroom decisionmaking about AI; meso, for inter-organizational factors shaping newsrooms' decisions to partake in LLMs; and micro, for user-level needs and functionality that a journalism-specific LLM would enable. ...
Journalism has emerged as an essential domain for understanding the uses, limitations, and impacts of large language models (LLMs) in the workplace. News organizations face divergent financial incentives: LLMs already permeate newswork processes within financially constrained organizations, even as ongoing legal challenges assert that AI companies violate their copyright. At stake are key questions about what LLMs are created to do, and by whom: How might a journalist-led LLM work, and what can participatory design illuminate about the present-day challenges about adapting ``one-size-fits-all'' foundation models to a given context of use? In this paper, we undertake a co-design exploration to understand how a participatory approach to LLMs might address opportunities and challenges around AI in journalism. Our 20 interviews with reporters, data journalists, editors, labor organizers, product leads, and executives highlight macro, meso, and micro tensions that designing for this opportunity space must address. From these desiderata, we describe the result of our co-design work: organizational structures and functionality for a journalist-controlled LLM. In closing, we discuss the limitations of commercial foundation models for workplace use, and the methodological implications of applying participatory methods to LLM co-design.
... The same topic guide was utilised in both countries. However, the nature of civil society makes a flexible approach necessary where some topics would be investigated in more detail and for this paper the saturated category was "emergence narratives" and processes along the lines of what Charmaz (2015) calls theoretical sampling, to make sure organisations at different stages and junctures were included. The data used for this article are constituted by interviews with founding member for 24 organisations particularly selected for their suitability to analyse emergent processes, actors' motivations, resources used and ways of working, since interviewees retrospectively recalled and narrated the emergence stories of their organisations. ...
The study contributes new knowledge about civil society and non-profit action in superdiverse neighbourhoods that face socioeconomic challenges in England and Sweden. Locally based grassroot organisations are of special interest and demonstrate substantial voluntary altruism. Since little is known about the nature of civil society in these conditions, this paper addresses a gap in knowledge using material from interviews with founders and actors of grassroots action and micro-mapping in four neighbourhoods. The analysis draws upon perspectives within Social Sciences to shed light on the offerings of grassroots activity with a particular focus on emergence narratives. Three axes of interest frame the analysis: actors’ motivations, resources and ways of working. In short, actors base their work on lived experiences and a shared vision to mitigate inequalities not addressed by mainstream services. Actors employ a creative use of local resources to achieve shared goals, building on the diversity of local population in innovative ways and developing value-driven assets-based approaches alongside flexible ways of working.
... It is believed that good qualitative research stems from the researchers' extraordinary talent; however, Charmaz (2015) argues that this view is not factual. Instead, she emphasizes that high-quality qualitative research results from a robust qualitative methodology. ...
Everyday sadism represents a significant aspect of the subclinical dark personality constellation, characterized by individuals who inflict pain on others for pleasure or personal gain. Such individuals may derive satisfaction from various forms of abuse: be it verbal, physical, or simply through observing others suffering. These subclinical dark traits are frequently observed in workplace environments, where individuals may hold a range of positions. In professional settings, they exhibit unprovoked aggression, engage in gossip, undermine colleagues discreetly, and partake in various counterproductive behaviors that they attempt to normalize through rationalization. Their lack of empathy prevents them from feeling shame for their actions. While sadists are undeniably deviant by nature, this paper investigates whether they also engage in what can be termed "deviant silence," where they remain silent for their own benefit. Using constructivist grounded theory, a qualitative research method that captures participants' vivid perspectives, we explored this concept further. Our empirical findings reveal two key characteristics of everyday sadists that contribute to deviant silence: self-prioritization and insecurity. Also, we explored characters from the Indian epic Ramayana to understand whether every human has the potential to become an everyday sadist.
... Phenomenology is well-suited for investigating subjective experiences, focusing on the meanings individuals ascribe to their lived reality (Creswell, 2013;Maxwell, 2013). While grounded theory is valuable for generating new theories (Charmaz, 2015), our aim was not necessarily to develop a new theoretical framework but to understand how employees make sense of and navigate ethical challenges in their work environment. This approach allows us to uncover the complexities of individual experiences in the Nigerian banking sector that may not emerge from a theory-building process like grounded theory (Moustakas, 1994;Oktay, 2012). ...
The normative theory of ethical egoism has been widely applied in management studies, and there is an increasing number of organisations subscribing to its core tenet of best interest and self-interest. Using ethical egoism and ethical impact theory, this article examines the reality of business ethics and ethical professionalism in the Nigerian banking sector by focusing on the different targets set by banks for their employees and the impacts thereof on their work and non-work lives. We present the findings of interviews with 47 present and past bankers in Nigeria, and these findings suggest that banks use egoism to set and ethicise unreasonable loan and deposit targets for their workers. Our findings further indicate that the pressure and consequences of not meeting these targets have forced many bankers to engage in various forms of unethical behaviour, such as bribery and ‘corporate prostitution’. We explain how bankers’ work-life balance and health are negatively affected in the contemporary banking workplace, in which organisational wellbeing is valued above employees’ wellbeing. This article makes a unique and original contribution to the study of corporate egoism and its associated implications in the global South.
... Common methods in qualitative research allow for flexibility and close engagement with the subject matter. Grounded theory, for instance, involves gathering detailed data to inductively build theories rooted in participants' narratives [5], [6]. Ethnography enables researchers to immerse themselves within a community or organization, gaining insights into the social norms and cultural values that shape behavior [7], [8]. ...
The use of large language models (LLMs) for qualitative analysis is gaining attention in various fields, including software engineering, where qualitative methods are essential for understanding human and social factors. This study aimed to investigate how LLMs are currently used in qualitative analysis and their potential applications in software engineering research, focusing on the benefits, limitations, and practices associated with their use. A systematic mapping study was conducted, analyzing 21 relevant studies to explore reported uses of LLMs for qualitative analysis. The findings indicate that LLMs are primarily used for tasks such as coding, thematic analysis, and data categorization, offering benefits like increased efficiency and support for new researchers. However, limitations such as output variability, challenges in capturing nuanced perspectives, and ethical concerns related to privacy and transparency were also identified. The study emphasizes the need for structured strategies and guidelines to optimize LLM use in qualitative research within software engineering, enhancing their effectiveness while addressing ethical considerations. While LLMs show promise in supporting qualitative analysis, human expertise remains crucial for interpreting data, and ongoing exploration of best practices will be vital for their successful integration into empirical software engineering research.
... Common methods in qualitative research allow for flexibility and close engagement with the subject matter. Grounded theory, for instance, involves gathering detailed data to inductively build theories rooted in participants' narratives [5], [6]. Ethnography enables researchers to immerse themselves within a community or organization, gaining insights into the social norms and cultural values that shape behavior [7], [8]. ...
Context. The use of large language models for qualitative analysis is gaining attention in various fields, including software engineering, where qualitative methods are essential to understanding human and social factors. Goal. This study aimed to investigate how LLMs are currently used in qualitative analysis and how they can be used in software engineering research, focusing on identifying the benefits, limitations, and practices associated with their application. Method. We conducted a systematic mapping study and analyzed 21 relevant studies to explore reports of using LLM for qualitative analysis reported in the literature. Findings. Our findings indicate that LLMs are primarily used for tasks such as coding, thematic analysis, and data categorization, with benefits including increased efficiency and support for new researchers. However, limitations such as output variability, challenges capturing nuanced perspectives, and ethical concerns regarding privacy and transparency were also evident. Discussions. The study highlights the need for structured strategies and guidelines to optimize LLM use in qualitative research within software engineering. Such strategies could enhance the effectiveness of LLMs while addressing ethical considerations. Conclusion. While LLMs show promise for supporting qualitative analysis, human expertise remains essential for data interpretation, and continued exploration of best practices will be crucial for their effective integration into empirical software engineering research.
... The analysis focused on identifying key themes and patterns related to risk assessment, risk communication, and risk management, while ensuring that the coding process remained data-driven and not influenced by prior assumptions. By employing a mix of concept-driven and data-driven codes, this study ensured a rigorous analysis that balanced the conceptual framework with the raw data [29][30][31]. To ensure reliability and minimize bias, two researchers were properly trained before independently coding the interviews. ...
Background
Food safety stands as a critical public health concern in China. People’s perceptions and communication regarding food safety crises significantly impact their emotions and food preferences. The rise of social media has also complicated information sharing and decision-making. Exploring public’s cognitive, emotional and behaviral responses toward food safety risks is crucial for improving food safety practices and public health.
Methods
From fall 2018 to fall 2023, 23 in-depth interviews were held using a semi-structured protocol aligned with the Risk Analysis Framework (RAF) components: risk assessment, communication, and management.
Results
Our findings showed that the public blamed unethical agriculture practices and food processing for food safety issues. People, dissatisfied with mainstream media, turned to social media to collect food safety information. Many adopted self-protective behaviors, assuming personal responsibility for food safety.
Conclusion
Findings from this study highlighted individuals’ concerns about environmental pollution and the use of chemical substances in food safety issues. The results underscored the need for accurate and prompt media coverage, stronger government regulation, industry self-regulation, and targeted consumer education to effectively tackle these challenges.
... An analysis of ESP learning styles was conducted using grounded theory. The use of this method allows researchers to analyze complex human experiences in a rational and flexible manner (Charmaz, 2015). The data had to be reorganized and integrated through categorization. ...
In vocational institutes, English for Specific Purposes (ESP) education should incorporate basic linguistic skills with professional communication abilities. There is a problem with ESP teaching that uses the traditional teaching model of general English, which fails to consider the needs of students. To tackle this problem, the aim of this study is to identify the preferred perceptual ESP learning styles of 254 students in seven Chinese vocational institutes. Data collection and analysis were conducted using a mixed-methods approach that combined both quantitative and qualitative methods. An adapted version of the Perceptual Learning Style Preference Questionnaire (PLSPQ) developed by Joy Reid (1987) was used at the first stage. Subsequently, in response to the questionnaire results, 15 students participated in semi-structured interviews. The results showed that a significant number of students chose minor learning modes rather than major learning modes. According to the data analysis, kinesthetic learning was the most preferred learning style, whereas group learning was the least preferred. The second to fifth places belonged to individual, tactile, visual, and auditory learning styles. The findings of the study have implications for ESP teachers, curriculum designers, and researchers considering students’ preferred learning styles, changes in the learning environment, and materials adaptations.
... This enables researchers to discover the meaning and reasoning of categories (Charmaz, 2017c). Researchers can aim to develop features and dimensions of constructs (i.e., categories) (Charmaz, 2015;Gioia et al., 2013). ...
Purpose
There is a growing need for methodological plurality in advancing operations management (OM), especially with the emergence of machine learning (ML) techniques for analysing extensive textual data. To bridge this knowledge gap, this paper introduces a new methodology that combines ML techniques with traditional qualitative approaches, aiming to reconstruct knowledge from existing publications.
Design/methodology/approach
In this pragmatist-rooted abductive method where human-machine interactions analyse big data, the authors employ topic modelling (TM), an ML technique, to enable constructivist grounded theory (CGT). A four-step coding process (Raw coding, expert coding, focused coding and theory building) is deployed to strive for procedural and interpretive rigour. To demonstrate the approach, the authors collected data from an open-source professional project management (PM) website and illustrated their research design and data analysis leading to theory development.
Findings
The results show that TM significantly improves the ability of researchers to systematically investigate and interpret codes generated from large textual data, thus contributing to theory building.
Originality/value
This paper presents a novel approach that integrates an ML-based technique with human hermeneutic methods for empirical studies in OM. Using grounded theory, this method reconstructs latent knowledge from massive textual data and uncovers management phenomena hidden from published data, offering a new way for academics to develop potential theories for business and management studies.
... To protect anonymity, pseudonyms were assigned to all participants, and identifying information was altered without compromising the interpretation of the findings, such as years of seniority, work location or position. The recorded interviews were analyzed thematically (Charmaz, 2015) in three stages. First, all the data were read in order to become familiar with their contents and understand their potential to contribute to a comprehensive picture of the theoretical framework of crossing-boundaries, and to ensure that they were complete. ...
Introduction
In recent decades, Israel’s public sector diversity policy has led to the recruitment of many Arab female police officers (FAPO). For Arab women, joining the police force is seen as boundary-crossing, highlighting the tension between their professional, civilian, and ethno-national identities. While they are Israeli citizens, Arabs are often perceived as an unassimilated minority due to nationality, religion and culture. Arab women face numerous obstacles in integrating into the broader labor market, both from the state and their own society. Therefore, entry into the public sector, like the police force, is of great significance. However, some may view joining the Israeli police as cooperating with the majority-hegemonic group or even as betrayal.
Method
Qualitative, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 27 FAPO employed by the Israel Police asking how they articulate the ethno-national identity complexity in their pursuit of quality jobs in the Israeli police force, and how they justify dealing with the challenges this presents.
Results
The analysis sheds light on the interviewees’ subjective perspective of their recruitment to the police force, i.e., the ways they experience their crossing of ethno-national boundaries and the conflictual identity experience inherent in the process.
Discussion
These insights offer a better understanding of the FAPO’s experiences regarding their justification work while facing criticism and value conflicts. The contributions of this study are threefold: 1. It advances the literature on the labor market integration of Arab women from the theoretical perspective of boundary-crossing. 2. It adds to the theory of boundary-crossing in the labor market for minority women in distinct locations. 3. It provides insights into the subjective perspectives and experiences of FAPO, contributing to organizational knowledge about minority policing in a deeply divided society characterized by tense relations between the minority and the police.
... Одной из современных тенденций качественных исследований является определение динамики в процессе кодирования текстовых данных. Качественный анализ, описывающий процессы, предполагает следующие действия: выделение компонентов и их взаимосвязей, структуры, фаз; разбор развития событий, их последовательности; представление, что произошло и должно произойти; выявление изменений во времени смыслов происходящего для участников (Charmaz, 2015;Dey, 1993). Технически это связано с использованием в процессе кодирования (при обработке данных с помощью метода обоснованной теории) отглагольных существительных (герундий в английском языке) -«коротких, конкретных, активных кодов», помогающих выделять в данных неявные процессы (Charmaz, 2015, с. 69). ...
The cyclic dynamics of coping with difficult and stressful situations is described in a number of theoretical concepts, and in empirical studies of coping. It is characterized by feedbacks, repetitive stages, strengthening and weakening of the process. In general, this corresponds to the systemic idea of the process, the dynamics of which is not reduced to the sum of interrelated elements. However, most often in modern psychology of coping, the design of a cross-sectional study is used, correlations are determined. This does not allow studying cyclical dynamics. The article is devoted to the analysis of the problem associated, on one hand, with the existence of theoretical and empirical confirmations of cyclic coping processes; and on the other hand, with the need for data integration, and the need to identify the procedures for the scientific analysis of cycles. It is shown that in the psychological studies of coping cycles are described in different ways: 1) they are conceptually declared (postulates and metaphors); 2) are determined in the author’s process of scientific reflection; 3) are declared as a structural element of a problematic task or data processing method; 4) are empirically studied, which requires specific procedures for collecting and processing data and also specially organized conditions. These include: multiple measurements of coping, taking into accounting the time parameters of the process’s development and the influence of feedback. The article proposes the following methodological solutions to the problem: a) the use of situational version of questionnaires and daily reports – in quantitative research; b) the use of graphic techniques and circular schemes of coding text data – in qualitative research; c) application of simulation. A classification has been developed to analyze different types of cyclic dynamics. It includes the levels of coping cycles: structural, functional, scripting, genealogical, and cultural. The prospect of developing the problem of coping’s cyclical dynamics involves a systematic analysis of the perception of difficult situations and coping, the ability to predict the process over time and evaluate the consequences of different coping strategies in the short and long term.
Keywords: coping dynamics, cyclical dynamics, difficult life situation, behavior model, feedback.
... Multilingualism has also been linked to divergent thinking and creative behaviour (Kharkhurin, 2008;-two abilities linked to design. Specifically, Kharkhurin (2008, p.225) demonstrated that bilinguals have a superior ability "to simultaneously activate and process multiple unrelated concepts from distant categories", and that speaking more than one language supports nonverbal creativity, while it hinders verbal creativity (Kharkhurin,2010 This chapter explores the historical development of Grounded Theory (Glaser & Strauss, 1967) and its evolution (Glaser, 1978(Glaser, , 1998Strauss & Corbin, 1998) which led to Constructivist Grounded Theory (CGT) (Charmaz, 2000(Charmaz, , 2008(Charmaz, , 2014(Charmaz, , 2015(Charmaz, , 2017b(Charmaz, , 2017a. Here, I explain the rationale for using this approach, summarise its implications for my study, and position myself (and the research team) as practitioner-researcher. ...
This study explores Rapid Design Interventions and their outcomes on participants and organisations. Rapid Design Interventions (RDI) involve high-paced and intense workshops delivered by design facilitators according to design principles, using design methods and tools, in a hands-on fashion.
Although numerous studies highlight the business value of design, most are interested in quantifiable results - the outputs. As such, there is still limited knowledge about the softer change that occurs as a result of design, the outcomes, and specifically as a result of Rapid Design Interventions. This study addresses this gap.
Using Constructivist Grounded Theory (CGT) together with thematic analysis, this study draws on data gathered from participants of RDI, design facilitators and design thinkers, as well as leaders of organisations using RDI in the United Kingdom, Armenia and the United States. In line with the principles of CGT, the author was embedded in the research situation as a practitioner-researcher.
The findings from this study indicate that RDI deliver three main outcomes. They help the participants develop an enhanced (1) entrepreneurial agency and creative confidence and (2) a strategic understanding of their organisation. Further, the participants start to integrate a design innovation approach into their day-to-day practice and their teams’, leading their organisations (3) towards a Design Innovation culture.
The theory developed from this study contextualises these outcomes as being influ-enced by interactions between the DFs and their designerly approach, and the RDI participants, their organisational context and the external environment within which the organisation sits. Further, it identifies factors supporting the sustainment of these outcomes, from a supportive organisational culture, to a regular Design Innovation practice and exposure as well as the establishment of long-term relationships between participants and Design Facilitators.
The study contributes to the understanding of Design Facilitation as a practice by identifying the phenomenon of Design Listening, which the author proposes as a key skill in enabling the creation of outcomes. Further, by focusing on the outcomes of Rapid Design Interventions, the research demonstrates that Design Facilitation aids in better understanding of the role of such activities in relation to the innovation read-iness of an organisation as well as the role of People as key catalysts for innovation.
The contribution of this research is significant to academics interested in the field of design facilitation, to practitioners and design facilitators to enable a more purposeful design and deployment of RDI and to organisations in developing the potential power of design practice and directing their resources towards it.
... In coding the transcribed interviews, we followed the essential methodological premises [14], aiming to develop codes that describe the content of the speakers' talk, aspects that are taken for granted, and the intertwining of structure and context in monitoring, maintaining, preventing, or transforming actions and utterances produced within the interview (according to [33]). After the open coding phase, the researchers organized two sessions to consolidate the codes into relevant categories and themes [22]. ...
Significant and rapid advancements in cancer research have been attributed to Artificial Intelligence (AI). However, AI's role and impact on the clinical side has been limited. This discrepancy manifests due to the overlooked, yet profound, differences in the clinical and research practices in oncology. Our contribution seeks to scrutinize physicians' engagement with AI by interviewing 7 medical-imaging experts and disentangle its future alignment across the clinical and research workflows, diverging from the existing "one-size-fits-all" paradigm within Human-Centered AI discourses. Our analysis revealed that physicians' trust in AI is less dependent on their general acceptance of AI, but more on their contestable experiences with AI. Contestability, in clinical workflows, underpins the need for personal supervision of AI outcomes and processes, i.e., clinician-in-the-loop. Finally, we discuss tensions in the desired attributes of AI, such as explainability and control, contextualizing them within the divergent intentionality and scope of clinical and research workflows.
... As noted, the research adopted a GT approach and used a broad knowledge of the DRR literature as 'sensitizing concepts' or 'points of departure' for the research (Charmaz, 2003). The literature review, presented above, was conducted after the analysis, in order to see where the concepts in the current analysis 'fit in with it' (Charmaz, 2003,108). ...
This study discusses the role of the socio-cognitive setting of the village in the development of effective DRR on the Island of Simeulue, Aceh, Indonesia. Simeulue was the first place struck by the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, but suffered less than 10 casualties. A wider program of qualitative research focusing on narrative interviews examined the cultural drivers of the island's DRR found that a traditional story related in and about local villages provided local people with intimate spatial knowledge and self-efficacy to take appropriate action at the sign of onset of a tsunami. A diverse literature relating to the influence of local places on individual and community identity indicates that the integration of social and place orientation can contribute to effective DRR. A review of the alignment of investment in integrating place, community empowerment and resilience is discussed. It is proposed that investment in ‘villaging’ is not only warranted, it has the potential to generate transformative change in resilience and DRR.
... Grounded analysis (see Charmaz, 2003) was not considered to be suitable, since it is generally used to elucidate a process, rather than compare events. Similarly, more inductive, rather than deductive procedures, such as interpretive phenomenological analysis (IPA, see Osborn & Smith, 2003) or discourse analysis (see Willig, 2003), ...
p>This thesis focuses on two prominent theories of addiction and the predictions that they make when applied to DSH. Results from the second study indicated that those who self-harm endorse many criteria of clinical dependence and behavioural addiction. The results also suggested that theories of addiction may go some way towards enhancing our understanding of the mechanisms that maintain DSH. Reported pain was significantly higher for early self-harming episodes compared to later episodes and accidental episodes and accidental episodes of injury. Longer lasting tension effects were reported for later episodes. Episodes of DSH also regulated the intensity of happiness, anger and sadness. This supports predictions made by the Opponent Process theory (OPT) of addiction. However, OPT could not account for all of the results. Emotional regulation was not more pronounced in later episodes, neither were injuries more severe. Further testing of this theory was therefore necessary. The third study considered the valence of cues associated with self-harm, using implicit and explicit measures. The findings indicate that the valence of the cues was not aiding the maintenance of the behaviour, i.e. that motivation to maintain self-harming persisted regardless of the attribution of the cues, refuting predictions made by OPT. The final set of studies used an implicit task to test predictions made by another addiction theory (the Incentive Sensitisation Theory; Robinson & Berridge, 1993). An attentional bias toward words associated with self-harm and personalised self-harm picture stimuli was demonstrated by those currently self-harming but not by those who had never self-harmed, supporting predictions made by the theory; however abstainers also demonstrated a lack of attentional vigilance to self-harm cues, refuting predictions made by IST.</p
... This step is pretty much like the theoretical sampling of CGT. As Charmaz (2015) suggested, the goal of the researcher is to develop features of emerging categories to reach theoretical categories. She stated that it's not collecting and analysing a new set of data. ...
This paper proposes an Artificial Intelligence (AI) Grounded Theory for management studies. We argue that this novel and rigorous approach that embeds topic modelling will lead to the latent knowledge to be found. We illustrate this abductive method using 51 case studies of collaborative innovation published by Project Management Institute (PMI). Initial results are presented and discussed that include 40 topics, 6 categories, 4 of which are core categories, and two new theories of project collaboration.
... A qualitative methodology informed by the grounded theory approach was used to allow us to generate the hypotheses mentioned above [8]. The approach inductively helped to consolidate these hypotheses through constant comparison [34], taking into account the narratives of the women who had participated in the first study (n = 15) and comparing them with published testimonies (n = 10), while further exploring the literature and consulting experts including one expert with lived experience to discuss and consolidate our emerging theorisation. ...
The practice of female genital mutilation (FGM) is a social norm embedded in the patriarchal system and is resistant to change due to its roots in the tradition of the practising communities. Despite this difficulty in change, some women succeed in changing their attitudes towards the practice. In trying to understand what makes these women change their attitudes, we identified in a previous study, the critical life events at which change occurs (turning point). These turning points were described with emotions and conflicting feelings based on which we hypothesised that emotion regulation and the resolution of conflicts of loyalty might be possible mechanisms that explain the change of attitudes by the women. In this article, we sought to investigate how the mechanisms interact and how they were at play to explain the change. We, therefore, triangulated our previous data, fifteen women interviewed twice, with the published life stories and public testimonies of 10 women with FGM, and interviews of six experts chosen for their complementary fields of expertise to discuss the emerging concepts and theory, generated by our study. The data were analysed using framework analysis and an element of the grounded theory approach (constant comparison). As a result of our theorisation process, we propose a model of change in five stages (Emotion suppression, The awakening, The clash, Re-appropriation of self, and Reconciliation). This describes the process of a woman’s journey from compliance with FGM and community norms to non-compliance. Our study reveals how the women whose stories were analysed, moved from being full members of their community at the cost of suppressing their emotions and denying their selves, to becoming their whole selves while symbolically remaining members of their communities through the forgiveness of their mothers.
... In this study, member checking was utilized to explore whether the results and themes generated in Study 1 resonated with SCCs [58]. The methodological value of this approach is objectivism (i.e., validation of previous findings through disconfirming voices) and constructivism (i.e., gaining new insight data via reflection) [59]. ...
Sport cultures transmit values for anticipated conduct. Recent events have resulted in injuries/deaths of National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) student-athletes, usually during off-season football training. Through media reports, strength and conditioning coaches (SCC) have been allegedly involved by incorporating military-style training (MST). Mental toughness (MT) has been associated with hypermasculine subcultures in sports. For the first time, perceptions of collegiate SCCs were chosen to contribute to the development of cultural best practices in sports, via a multiphase mixed-method design (Phase 1, n = 465; Phase 2, n = 72; Phase 3, n = 99). Quantitative and qualitative data were collected aiming to confirm and explore the use of MST in the NCAA, its connection to SCCs, its association with MT development, and the role of the media. MST is uncommon in the NCAA. MST takes place mostly during the off-season in the form of physical, in-scope protocols while football is the most common sport. MST promotes MT. The recent media backlash is considered unfounded. Cultures promoted by SCCs do not indicate conformity of student-athletes to unethical/unhealthy expectations. Future sport psychology research and practice should continue to prioritize culture, cultural identities, and physical and mental well-being.
Online food delivery (OFD) services constitute a unique business model incorporating the foodservice, sharing economy, and technology industries. Despite these complex dynamics, existing literature predominantly concentrates on consumer perspectives during the COVID-19 pandemic. To address this gap, this study explores how OFD drivers’ voices shape the new OFD work paradigm and its influence on the OFD ecosystem. Using the computational grounded theory approach, this research identified key challenges OFD drivers face and examined how those challenges evolved throughout the pandemic. Our findings highlight drivers’ crucial role in the OFD ecosystem and provide a comprehensive understanding of drivers’ challenges. The research offers a foundation for future studies on drivers’ perspectives and stakeholder inter-relationships within the OFD industry, particularly in the post-COVID period. From a practical standpoint, this study recognizes the need for involvement from other major OFD stakeholders and provides recommendations to each stakeholder group to create a sustainable sharing ecosystem.
Background Healthier SG (HSG), introduced in July 2023 by Singapore’s Ministry of Health as a nationwide primary care reform initiative, aims to enhance preventive care within the primary care sector, strengthen patient-physician relationships, and integrate health and social care. It incorporates a transition to capitation-based payment models and introduces structured “health plans” within consultations. Given the significant role of primary care physicians in implementing HSG, understanding their perspectives – including their attitudes, as well as the facilitators and barriers they encounter – is critical for addressing operational challenges and ensuring the initiative's success. Methods A qualitative study was conducted using semi-structured interviews with 15 primary care physicians from both public and private sectors directly involved in HSG. Participants were purposively sampled, and data were analysed using thematic analysis, guided by Braun and Clarke’s framework, to identify key attitudes, facilitators, and barriers. Results Participants were unanimously supportive of HSG’s objectives, particularly its emphasis on preventive care and potential to address long-term healthcare challenges. However, participants also expressed frustration with various implementation issues. Facilitators included heightened patient engagement in preventive health, a structured framework to prioritise preventive care during consultations, and subsidies that increased patient uptake of recommended vaccinations and screenings. However, there were barriers including increased administrative workload, challenges in integrating HSG tasks into existing clinical workflows, and concerns about financial sustainability, particularly in private practices. Participants also noted significant gaps in patient understanding of HSG, which disrupted consultations and workflows. Conclusion While the objectives of HSG were supported by physicians, its implementation posed substantial operational and financial challenges. Addressing these barriers requires improved administrative processes, enhanced system integration, and targeted public education efforts. Policymakers should consider tailored strategies for public and private healthcare providers to ensure the programme’s long-term success. These findings provide valuable insights for optimising HSG and can inform similar healthcare reforms in other contexts.
Being able to effectively teach for affective learning domain delivery is now pivotal in instances of medical and healthcare education where numbers of older adults are rising exponentially in the United Kingdom (UK) as a direct demographic consequence of the baby boom generation. As a healthcare professional discipline, podiatric medicine has a key role in the maintenance of ambulatory health and wellbeing for older adults, so these statistics have clear implications for the education and training of graduates within this academic discipline. In the context of allied health professional practice, future practitioners need to be equipped and prepared not only to provide functional podiatric management but also to understand and integrate the greater sociological implications of an ageing population into practice. This chapter uses an illustrative case study from teaching practice to engage readers in the use of televised fiction to stimulate critical reflective practice when working with vulnerable older people and their families and carers.
Qualitative research is, oftentimes, an emotional, relational, political and intellectual rollercoaster ride. This heightens the risk of methodological, ethical and relational fallouts. Constructivist grounded theory enables researchers to confront the multiple ways in which deeply embedded aspects of identity, personal values, biases and emergent research relationships impact the research process. In this article, we demonstrate how a reflexive stance in constructivist grounded theory enhances bracketing and loosens the grip of both positionality and methodolatry. The discussion draws on the lived experiences of conducting and supervising autobiographically inclined doctoral research. The article underscores the need for a strong reflexive stance, not just during fieldwork, but right from the onset, at the conceptualisation stage. A reflexive stance, on the part of both students and supervisors stands to benefit the decolonisation project and can help guard against epistemic violence.
Objectives
Coaches have an unclear role and the industry shares a complex border with therapeutic practices. This study explored the nature of the relationship between coaching and therapeutic practices, how coaching professionals experience, navigate and manage this boundary, and sought to identify what roles they adopt.
Design
Seven International Coaching Federation Master Certified Coaches self-selected to participate. Sixty-minute semi-structured interviews were conducted using an initial interview schedule comprised of 15 questions.
Method
A qualitative methodology was adopted to explore the social reality and operation of coaches within their professional context. A grounded theory method of data collection and analysis was utilised to explore gaps in the profession’s current understanding of roles and boundaries.
Results
A range of borders and boundaries were identified. The nature of the relationship between coaching and therapeutic practices appears to hinge on each coach’s self-selected boundaries. Such boundaries appear to be delineated most often by a coach’s feelings of competency and their client’s ability to process and move forward within coaching.
Conclusions
Findings suggest that the main difference between coaching and therapeutic practice is driven by how coaches perceive the work they do as opposed to differences in the processes, content and roles.
Mental health impacts children’s educational experiences (Bowman, McKinstry, Howie & McGorry, 2020). Research shows mental ill-health for military-children is 11% higher than non-military children (Johnson & Ling, 2012). With 170,000 service children in the UK, this is arguably an area of priority research. Military lifestyles afford benefits to military children (Pollock & Van Reken, 2001), but also unique stressors; high mobility and separation from parents are evidenced (Allen & Stanley, 2007; Sogomonyan & Cooper, 2010). Research concerning the unique needs and associated stressors of military children primarily adopts medical or psychological perspectives (Pexton, Farrants & Yule, 2018) and despite being identified as vulnerable (Horten, 2005), military children are largely overlooked by educational researchers (Stites, 2016). Employing a constructivist grounded theory methodology (Charmaz, 2014), this research explores the experiences of school-staff supporting military pupils in mainstream state schools. Data gathering comprised semi-structured interviewing with four school-staff. Data analysis followed processes advocated by Charmaz (2014). Findings were theoretically sensitised through a focused literature review exploring staff confidence and self-efficacy, collective efficacy, Social Cognitive Theory (Bandura, 1986), Ecological Systems Theory (Bronfenbrenner, 1989). Reconceptualization of findings provides new theoretical insights around how school staffs’ perceived confidence and self-efficacy fluctuate under different circumstances and how staff employ strategies in seeming attempts to restore both. This led to the development of the grounded theory: ‘the shift from I-to-we in restoring staff confidence and self-efficacy in a system-of-power versus a system that empowers’. Implications for EP-practice and strategic local authority developments are discussed, highlighting the benefits and challenges of implementing a culture of supervision into school-practice. Further implications also include the need for direct support for school staff, and indirect support for military pupils. The potential benefits of such for the wider school-context are considered. Further reflections highlight the transformative impact of the research journey for the researcher. The potential sources of biases in the research are noted, including ongoing project work in the researcher’s host Local Authority and the researcher’s own assumptions. Accordingly, the ‘theory’ presented can be seen as a localised narrative of wider social processes.
This qualitative study investigates the impact on the therapeutic relationship when client and therapist do not share a mother tongue. Using a grounded theory method, it analyses and describes the accounts of 12 monolingual English-as-mother tongue therapists working in English with clients who speak English as an additional language (EAL).
The therapists related their experiences of working with adult refugees, international students, non-UK employees of multinational corporations, and first and subsequent generations of migrants into the UK. The therapists identified factors in themselves, and in their clients, which: (a) threatened the therapeutic relationship (fragmenting factors); and (b) strengthened the therapeutic relationship (integrating factors).
The five fragmenting factors are here conceptualised as blocks, uncertainties, apprehensions, unknowns and other differences. The five integrating factors are conceptualised as: the therapist’s view of the relationship, the therapist’s view of the client, the therapist’s own experience of difference, the therapist’s view of understanding, and the rewards for the therapist.
The article is devoted to the analysis of the response of Azerbaijanis to life situations of change. Since the situations of change are characterized by dynamism, uncertainty and a great expenditure of resources, and the perception of such events is often associated with stress and threat, the phenomenon of responding to changes and structural uncertainty may be studied in the context of coping. The empirical research was conducted out within the framework of mixed methods approaches and included two stages. At the first stage, the quantitative data of the Azerbaijani sample (N = 278) were analyzed. The indicators of consistency and intercorrelations of scales, descriptive statistics, as well as the results of the exploratory factor analysis of the questionnaire “Types of response to a changing situation” were considered. Changes in the psychometric properties of the questionnaire were identified. In order to explain the discovered facts at the second stage, qualitative data were analyzed: descriptions of response models to changes (N = 42; using the method of grounded theory in the version of K. Charmaz) and explanations of the drawings “Image of changes” (N = 88). It was found that the majority of Azerbaijani respondents report a rare preference for structural uncertainty and a frequent desire to maintain the stability of the situation. The difference between the models of response to changes described by Azerbaijani and Russian students-psychologists is shown. While the methods are called similar (planning, positive reappraisal, etc.), their combination in models, and categorization (whether the action refers to acceptance or rejection of changes) diverge. Based on the analysis of quantitative and qualitative data, an ambivalent response is described: the use of both accepting and rejection the change strategies. The results are discussed in two contexts: 1) cultural values of Azerbaijan (collectivism, orientation on rules); 2) the need to comprehensively consider of coping strategies. The study expands the understanding of the mechanisms of cultural determination of coping with the situation of change, and offers a new data analysis scheme that allows to identify cultural differences.
Oliver Bokelmann untersucht in der vorliegenden Studie Aneignungsprozesse demokratischer Kompetenzen Jugendlicher im Rahmen von Projekten in Kooperation von Jugendhilfe und Schule. Überlegungen zur Demokratiepädagogik in der Kinder- und Jugendhilfe sowie demokratietheoretische Betrachtungen stellen dabei die theoretischen Grundlagen dar. Durch teilnehmende Beobachtungen und Interviews wird gezeigt, dass durch Kooperation ein ‚fluider Zwischenraum‘ entsteht, den keine der beiden Institutionen ausschließlich für sich beanspruchen kann. Der Reflexionen über die Genese und Konstitution dieses pädagogischen Raumes kommt dementsprechend besondere Bedeutung zu.
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