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Demand for health - theoretical and empirical investigation
... Many authors have confirmed the existence of an education gradient in health (for a detailed review of empirical findings see Grossman, 2006). Positive effects of schooling have been found for mortality (for example, Mackenbach and Bakker, 2002) and general health (for example, Grossman, 1972). Health behaviour also is heavily influenced by education. ...
... According to Grossman (1972), education improves the efficiency of health production, mainly because of better knowledge about the relationships between certain behaviour and health and a higher demand for health, since health determines productivity on the labour market. In economics health is seen as closely related to human capital since health enables participation in the labour market, and therefore investment in health can also be interpreted as investment in human capital (Becker, 1993: 54). ...
... At the same time health determines the amount of time for which returns can be gained (Becker, 1993). Grossman (1972) further developed this thought using the term 'health capital'. He believes that human capital can be seen as consisting of two different sources: knowledge capital and health capital (Grossman, 2006). ...
... Para verificar a associação entre a posição ocupacional do indivíduo e a ocorrência e a intensidade da depressão, precisamos de um modelo causal que consubstancie a construção do modelo empírico. Neste trabalho, optamos pelo modelo de capital de saúde, proposto por Llena-Nozala, Lindebooma e Portraita (2004), que, por sua vez, se baseou no modelo clássico de Michel Grossman (1972). ...
... A saúde é percebida como um bem de consumo ao afetar o bem-estar e, portanto, a capacidade dos indivíduos em desempenhar suas atividades diárias, gerando satisfação de forma direta ao consumidor. Por outro lado, a saúde também é percebida como um bem de investimento, por gerar satisfação de forma indireta mediante a produção de dias saudáveis, os quais contribuirão para o aumento da produtividade e, consequentemente, para o aumento do nível de renda (Grossman, 1972;2000). ...
... Similarmente ao modelo proposto por Grossman (1972), a proposta de Llena-Nozala, Lindebooma e Portraita (2004) vai além do modelo de investimento em saúde por parte dos indivíduos. Assim como no modelo de Grossman, os indivíduos recebem um estoque de saúde que se deprecia a cada período, sendo essa taxa de depreciação diferente para cada indivíduo. ...
O objetivo deste artigo é investigar a desigualdade entre homens e mulheres na ocorrência e na intensidade da depressão, e verificar se existe associação entre esses indicadores e a ocupação dos indivíduos. Para tal, foram utilizados os dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde (PNS). O indicador de depressão foi construído com base no Patient health questionnaire, por meio da teoria de resposta ao item (TRI). Em seguida, caracterizou-se a distribuição do indicador, utilizando-se o método de distribuição relativa. A associação entre a ocorrência e a intensidade da depressão e a ocupação foi estimada com uso do modelo de duas partes. Os resultados revelam que, embora as ocupações não estejam relacionadas à probabilidade de ocorrência da depressão, elas estão associadas à sua intensidade, para os indivíduos com algum nível de depressão. Ocupações mais qualificadas estão positivamente relacionadas com a intensidade da depressão, sobretudo para os homens.
... From the perspective of literature, oral health is a determining factor in the sustainability of human capital. Michaela Grossman [1] declared that health is a durable capital good which is inherited and depreciates over time. From the perspective of economic appreciation, the author [1] considers that investment in health takes the form of medical care purchases and other inputs, and depreciation is interpreted as the natural deterioration of health over time. ...
... Michaela Grossman [1] declared that health is a durable capital good which is inherited and depreciates over time. From the perspective of economic appreciation, the author [1] considers that investment in health takes the form of medical care purchases and other inputs, and depreciation is interpreted as the natural deterioration of health over time. Therefore, from an economic and social perspective, state authorities are challenged to develop sustainable health policies based on public health spending, a health insurance system with permanent access to health services and medical education, In 1990, the Romanian government embarked on a fundamental, albeit slow-paced, health care reform, shifting the health system towards a more decentralized and pluralistic social health insurance system, with 18 health systems and Romanian contractual relationships between health insurance houses as purchasers and health care providers. ...
... where: i refers to the country (i = 1,8); t refers to the year (t = 1, 15); y is the dependent variable; X is the independent variable; β 1 , β 2 and β 3 are the coefficients of the explanatory variables; u i,t are the observation-specific errors. For the model, the dependent variable is Dental Health (DentalH), reflected by the number of dentists per one-hundred-thousand inhabitants, starting from the presumption of the authors [4][5][6][7]30], according to which a greater number of dentists generates more demand and determines the greater attention of the citizens regarding dental health care. ...
Sustainable dental health is reflected in the high quality of the medical act and the high quality of the medical service, which cannot be achieved without considering the existing social context, especially the economic development of a state, where certain economic variables can become real levers of influence. The goal of this paper is twofold—theoretical and empirical. Firstly, at the theoretical level, we provide the context and the development of the health legal framework and the state of the Oral Health System and the provision of dental medical services in the eight Romanian Regions of Development. The second aim is to evaluate the relationship between dental health and well-being for the case of regions of Romania over the period 2001–2015. To review the dental health care in Romania, we will use descriptive analysis as the methodology, and to explore the relationship between dental health and economic determinants, we will use an econometric model, the OLS model. Our working hypothesis is that dental health care is influenced by the economic variables in a country. The results show a positive and significant relationship between dental health care and the most important indicator of well-being, the level of income. Of course, an important role is played by the complexity of education, expressed by research and development, which determines a significant positive relationship with dental health in the development regions of Romania.
... However, given the human capital investment on quality education and improved health security, there would be eventually increases in the economic output of a nation, hence an increased longevity rate of the people. (Grossman, 1972) The Grossman model was first posited by Grossman (1972); Grossman (2000). Contoyannis, Jones, and Rice (2004) popularized this model, by calling it the demand for health models. ...
... However, given the human capital investment on quality education and improved health security, there would be eventually increases in the economic output of a nation, hence an increased longevity rate of the people. (Grossman, 1972) The Grossman model was first posited by Grossman (1972); Grossman (2000). Contoyannis, Jones, and Rice (2004) popularized this model, by calling it the demand for health models. ...
... Another feature of this model is that just like other capital stock or goods that can depreciate, health can depreciate over time; therefore, health should be treated as investment and consumption goods. Grossman (1972); Grossman (2000) model stresses that health being treated as investment good yields net returns on outcomes of health as high rate of life expectancy and low rate of mortality over time; these net returns translate to economic growth. This means that personal remittances being used as an out-of-pocket healthcare expenditure is an investment on health goods, which will yields net returns on outcomes of health, such as high rate of life expectancy and low rate of adult mortality, hence, an influence on the economic growth of a nation. ...
Remittance flows have usually been channelled to the improvement of health outcomes among its recipients in different countries of the world. Its implication for the overall wellbeing of the people and growth of the economy has been tremendous. This study therefore examined remittance flows and health outcomes in Nigeria and its implication for economic growth. Using time series data set from 1980 to 2019, VAR-granger causality approach, and VAR-impulse response function method, it was found that personal remittances granger causes out-of-pocket health expenditure. The results of the VAR-impulse response function indicated that shocks to life expectancy exert positive significant impact on economic growth. Similarly, shocks to mortality rate have positive significant influence on economic growth. However, shocks to personal remittances exert significant negative impact on the Nigerian economic growth. Policies that support the free flow of remittances should be put in place by the government. Again, households should use their remittance receipts largely on expenditures that promote their health and well-being.
... When an individual is attending for a sight test, s/he is depicting demand for better vision as a consumption good and as an investment good to allow them to undertake other activities and participate in the labour market freely. Grossman (1972) Grossman (1972) ...
... When an individual is attending for a sight test, s/he is depicting demand for better vision as a consumption good and as an investment good to allow them to undertake other activities and participate in the labour market freely. Grossman (1972) Grossman (1972) ...
... The model also estimates that an increased level of education will lead to increased usage. In some cases it was found that the decision to visit the doctor is positively related to preventive care usage, however this effect The framework underpinning the model to be used in this analysis is derived from the human capital approach, which is the basis for both Kenkel's (1994) and Grossman's (1972) work. Within the human capital framework, the individual has an initial stock of knowledge or health (as is the case with the sight test) which s/he can increase in order to improve his/her productivity in the market and non-market sector of the economy. ...
p>This thesis examines the factors that influence the individual’s decision to undertake an investment in health that, in the short term, provides a health improvement and, in the longer term, provides a potential screening benefit which may require additional health investment. Additionally the thesis examines the methodology of modelling tools that support decision-makers in making resource allocation decisions.
The first chapter reports the literature review of economic theory surrounding health investment especially in relation to prevention, which is applied to the sight test; examining the sight test as a health improvement and as a screening tool. The second chapter empirically examines ‘what factors impact the individual’s decision to undertake a re-investment in health, based on an increase in information’, specifically in the sight test market. The third chapter empirically examines the second part of the main hypothesis, ‘how does the risk of requiring an additional heath investment impact on the decision to undertake the initial investment’, specifically within the general practitioner and prescription charges paradigm. The fourth chapter focuses upon the additional analysis examining the methodology of modelling tools used within healthcare resource allocation decision-making where resources are limited and the impact upon final decision of using a specific tool.
It is found that the risk of requiring an additional (costly) investment will decrease the likelihood of initial investment in health, though once the initial investment is undertaken additional investment will be undertaken if required. The choice of modelling methodology will, given identical data and assumptions, not affect the final outcome or alter the decision-makers’ final result.</p
... Health expenditures are seen as one of the top priority issues evaluated with different aspects in the health economics literature (13,(26)(27)(28)(29). The literature primarily focuses on the determinants of health expenditures. ...
... Grossman (27) argues that a positive change in health investments will positively affect health outcomes in any society. Secondly, the literature explores the relationship between health expenditures and macroeconomic indicators (economic growth, productivity, etc.) (12, 14-16, 19, 21, 39-45). ...
Introduction
The main purpose of the study is to examine the relationship between health expenditure indicators and economic growth in OECD countries.
Methods
In this context, health expenditures and economic indicators data of 21 OECD countries were analyzed by the Driscoll-Kraay standard error approach within the scope of panel data analysis. While Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and income per capita were used as dependent variables, the amount of out-of-pocket health spending, per capita health expenditure, the amount of public health expenditure, the ratio of drug expenditures to gross domestic product, the share of current health expenditures in GDP were used as independent variables.
Results
According to the results, in the model (Model 1) where real GDP level was used as the dependent variable, all health expenditure indicators were positively related to the economic growth. When the estimation results of Model 1 are examined, it is predicted that there will be an increase of 0.09% in GDP in case of a 1% increase in the share allocated to health services from GDP. In case of a 1% increase in the amount of out-of-pocket spending on healthcare, it is foreseen that there may be an increase of 0.04% in the real GDP. In the model (Model 2) where the per capita income variable is the dependent variable, it is seen that the increase in out- of-pocket health spending has a decreasing effect on the per capita income level, while the increase in public expenditures has an increasing effect on the per capita income level. From the findings of Model 2, it was found that if a 1% increase in the share of current health expenditures in GDP, there may be an increase of 0.06% in the amount of per capita income.
Discussion
Concludingly, it is possible to say that that public resources allocated to health services play an important role in the economic growth.
... Many studies of foreign scientists are dedicated to the study of issues and problems related to the effectiveness of innovative approaches in the healthcare economy, among them the following works are worth noting: Akenroye, 2012;Arrow, 1978;Becker, 2009;Berman, 1995;Burns & Burns, 2012;Culyer et al, 2000;Enthoven & Kronick, 1989;Feldstein, 2012;Folland, Goodman & Stano, 2016;Frank & McGuire, 2000;Friedman, 2001;Fuchs, 2000;Getzen, 1997;Ginter, Duncan & Swayne, 2018;Grossman, 2017aGrossman, , 2017bGrossman, , 2017cHenderson, 2017;Hurley, 2000;Kobelt, 2002;Lordkipanidze, 2021aLordkipanidze, , 2021bMcPake, Normand, Smith & Nolan, 2020;Manning et al., 1987;Menvielle, Audrain-Pontevia & Menvielle, 2017;Newhouse, 1992;Pauly, 1967;Phelps, 2017;Shengelia, 2016;Sloan & Hsieh, 2017;Verulava, 2009Verulava, , 2019Williams, 1987;Zweifel, Breyer & Kifmann, 2009, etc. Also, it is possible to obtain important information about this direction in the relevant reports of many international organizations and research institutions. ...
... The idea of human capital was developed by M. Grossman and it was presented as both an individual and a collective investment, because health benefits both the individual and society and is given greater importance than the various goods and services consumed in modern times (Grossman, 2017a;2017b;2017c). Investment in people and society is a contribution to health capital, and its outcome is consumption. ...
The subject of our research is the main features of optimizing the process of formation of innovative approaches in private and state hospitals in Georgia.
Objectives: The main aim of the research is to determine the stimulating effect of innovative processes in the development of the health economy and the improvement of the quality of management of local medical institutions; Also, analyze the obstacles to the implementation of the main principles of innovative management and determine the ways to overcome them. On the basis of the mentioned, the perspectives of the formation of innovative approaches in the country should be identified and the practical-methodical recommendations necessary for its development should be developed.
Methods/Approach. The methodological basis of the research is both general-scientific and economic research methods, namely: positive and normative analysis, demand-supply analysis, analysis and synthesis, systematic and logical approaches, grouping, comparison and evaluation methods.
Results: The proposed individual proposals and recommendations will create the desired incentives in terms of innovative development and economic sustainability of the country's medical field. All this will increase the quality of local medical institutions, help them gain a competitive advantage and achieve long-term success.
Conclusions: The paper examines the mechanisms and activities promoting innovative development in the field of healthcare in Georgia, which directly or indirectly contribute to the development of innovative approaches in the country; In addition, on the basis of theoretical materials and practical studies, the basic recommendations necessary for the innovative development of the healthcare economy in Georgia have been formulated.
... The decision to subscribe for or enroll in a health insurance scheme is a function of several variables, but only those variables that contributed significantly to the model were used. These variables were derived from the demand for health insurance theory (Grossman, 1972;Folland et al., 2016), Andersen's health seeking behavior model, and empirical studies (Andersen and Newman, 1973;Andersen, 1995). ...
... This finding is consistent with the theory of demand for health care, health care utilization and health investment. This could be explained by the fact that youthful age is associated with good health, all things being equal, but as individuals age, their health stock diminishes, and they tend to invest more in health including the demand for health insurance (Grossman, 1972;Andersen and Newman 1973;Folland et al., 2016). The findings on the age and age square variable, however, contrast that of Ayitey et al. (2013) which did not find these variables as significant determinants of enrollment in the NHIS. ...
Health care financing is a major development challenge and health policy concern to policy makers and health care consumers. Millions of households in developing countries have no financial access to health care. Ghana's National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS) was established in 2003 to provide access to health care for all residents of Ghana. Though the NHIS has somewhat increased financial access to health care, barely a third of the population have health insurance and enrollment rates are low and undulating, and inequalities in coverage are pervasive. The study aimed to estimate the predictors of NHIS enrollment to ascertain the most significant factors for policy implementation to increase coverage. We conducted an empirical analysis of data extracted from Ghana Living Standards Survey (GLSS) Round 6, 2012-2013, (n = 65,663). A logistic regression model was employed for the multivariate analysis. The results show that that age, higher income, being female, higher education, prior medical seeking, place of residence, significantly predicted NHIS enrollment positively. Rural residence, poverty, unemployment, and being male were inversely associated with enrollment. Adopting measures that will encourage family and group enrollment, and targeting men, youth, the poor and rural residents, and replicating global best practices could increase enrollment in NHIS.
... Die vorliegende Arbeit stellt ein MIMIC-Modell zur Schätzung der latenten Variable Gesundheit für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland vor. Mit einigen Ausnahmen stehen die Vorzeichen der geschätzten Modellparameter im Einklang mit den Vorzeichen der Bestandsgrößenmodelle von Grossman 1972und Muurinen 1982. So finden wir einen negativen Nettoeffekt des monatlichen Haushalts-Nettoeinkommens auf die Inanspruchnahme ärztlicher Leistungen. ...
... Die Nachfrage nach medizinischen Leistungen leitet sich nach Grossman (1972) aus der Nachfrage nach Gesundheit ab. Der Gesundheitszustand (G) bildet neben dem Konsum anderer Güter ( C) das Argument einer intertempo ralen Nutzenfunktion der Form: ...
... Most individuals prioritize their health and consider access to quality health care to achieve their health goals. Grossman (1972) developed an economic framework for analyzing the demand for health care using two approaches: first, health care as an input in the production function for health; and second, health care as the output produced by health care providers (doctors, nurses, hospitals, etc.). However, in most analyses, the first approach is more widely used. ...
There is a trend of decreasing the poverty rate in Indonesia. But in the Province of West Kalimantan, there are still five districts with poverty rates that are above the average national rate, namely Melawi, Landak, Ketapang, Sintang, and North Kayong districts. The purpose of this study is to estimate the relationship between government transfers which are proxied by the amount of GAT (General Allocation Transfer) Funds, economic growth, and the quality of human resources in terms of education and health which are proxied by the average years of schooling and public-health insurance membership. Once these factors can be identified, it is hoped that the government will find it easier to reduce poverty levels. Based on Nested Test, model that passes the goodness of fit test is The Common Effect model so this model is used in estimating and interpreting in this research. It shows that there is no difference in the behavior of the research variables, either between time or between individuals. The findings of this study that the economic growth variable is not significant in reducing the poverty level, the variable of literacy level have a significantly negative effect on the poverty level, the variable of public-health insurance membership has significantly positive on the poverty level, and the central government transfer variable proxied by GAT has significantly positive effect significant to the poverty level.
... The human capital model of demand for health proposed by Grossman's in (1972) shows that an individual is assumed to maximize utility subject to wealth/income, time constraints, and a health depreciation function. Grossman distinguishes between the uses of health as a consumption good, which is the demand for good health; and as an investment good, which is a derived demand for good health necessitating the use of medical services. ...
Nigeria. Previous studies failed to link health expenditure appropriately to family planning and poverty alleviation in Nigeria. This study addresses this theoretical gap by employing the vector error correction mechanism (VECM) in analysing the interrelationship between government fiscal health, family planning and poverty rate in Nigeria by employing time series data from1977 to 2019. The data were tested for stationarity and found to be statistically significant at 0.05 level of significance. The result of the VECM showed that GDPP, SGHE, POVR and MMORR significantly explain 44.49% variation in family planning, while the ECM coefficient indicates a speed of adjustment of 5.372%; and it is statistically significant. The FEVD of family planning (FP) indicated that the variability of the SGHE was also rising between 0.193528% in the second period to 2.811% in the tenth period. The variability in POVR accounted for 1.008% of the variation in FP in the second period. The variation in poverty rate fell relatively over the forecast horizon such that at the tenth period it was 1.888%. The study concluded that the government’s fiscal health expenditure has a positive but insignificant impact on FP, but a negative impact on POVR and MMORR in Nigeria. It is recommended that the government should increase its fiscal health expenditure significantly. This can be achieved via an increase in the budgetary allocation for the health sector.
... In addition to further improving healthcare conditions in rural areas, strengthening the social security system in rural areas, and achieving full coverage of county and rural healthcare institutions , policy options for achieving health poverty alleviation in rural areas could also start with improving income inequality . Grossman (1972) was the first to investigate the factors influencing health, building on the human capital first formally proposed by Becker et al. (1964), which became the theoretical basis for later research. Among the many studies on the influencing factors of health inequalities, all show that income deprivation has a huge impact on health (Yang and Liu, 2018;Boen et al., 2020). ...
Analyzing the relationship between individual relative deprivation and rural residents’ health inequality is a deepening of the research on the social impact of individual relative deprivation. On the theoretical basis of the absolute and relative income hypothesis, using the data of China Family Panel Studies in 2018, taking other residents in the village as the reference group, this paper selects the relative income deprivation and absolute income to comprehensively quantify the generalized impact of farmers’ income gap, introduces the psychological capital guidance mechanism, and constructs a moderated-mediation model for the impact of relative deprivation on the health inequality of rural residents in China from the three dimensions of self-assessment of health, mental health and physical health. The estimation results of the multi-layer model show that the relative income deprivation of rural residents has a significant impact on health inequality, among which the impact of mental health is the strongest. Compared with physical health, the mediated transmission of psychological capital has a more significant impact between the relative deprivation of rural residents and mental health. Compared with low-income groups, high-income residents can better alleviate the negative effect of income relative deprivation on psychological capital poverty and health inequality, and the regulatory effect on physical health is most significant. Therefore, China can improve the health of the rural poor through fiscal policies such as improving the tax system and strengthening the supervision of various government funds.
... Studies by Charles (2003, 1998) and Heitmueller (2007) family decision-making and a health production function (Bonsang, 2009). The resulting model is an adaptation of the Grossman model of health demand (Grossman, 1972) to include informal care. It involves both an altruistic child and a selfish parent in a static non-cooperative game where the altruistic child incorporates the parent's utility function into their own (Van Houtven and Norton, 2004). ...
Many people worldwide provide or receive informal care. Identifying who provides informal care, measuring how much time they spend on this activity and estimating its consequences, are crucial for carer research and policy. I first performed a literature review that identified nine issues with measuring informal care time across 27 studies. I then used data from household surveys, time use surveys and a census-based survey of end-of-life caregivers in five empirical chapters.
The first empirical chapter compared reports of caregiving from providers and recipients in the UK Household Longitudinal Study. It showed substantial discrepancies, with providers confirming caregiving in only 37.5% of cases reported by recipients. The next chapter compared reports of care provision based on self-declaration and completion of time diaries. Using the 2014/15 UK Time Use Survey, I found that only 17.9% of 597 carers were identified by both methods.
Using the 2000/01 and 2014/15 UK Time Use Surveys, I then estimated the impact of caregiving on the allocation of several aspects of time. I showed that informal care provision results in more intensive and fragmented use of time and an increased feeling of ‘time stress’. This analysis also provided estimates of the proportion of time attributable to caregiving, which ranged from 2% to 25% across eight household activities. I then examined how carers’ use of time is related to day-to-day experienced wellbeing. I analysed whether the difference in wellbeing between carers and non-carers was due to less time spend on more enjoyable activities (a time-composition effect) or lower wellbeing returns for similar activities (a saddening/time effect). The experienced wellbeing gap was small and was due to a combination of differences in amount of time spent on leisure and the level of enjoyment of sleep.
Finally, I showed the feasibility of obtaining information from a specific carer group, carers to those at end-of-life, by estimating the monetary valuation of their time.
This evidence will enable improvements in the identification and measurement of informal care, as well as better understanding of the consequences of caregiving.
... As the WHO stated, some changes in the health of older adults are hereditary, but most are caused by the natural and social environment in which people live-including families, neighborhoods, and communities [7]. Grossman proposed that health-related service input will increase the health stock of individuals through a specific production function [8]. Empirically, the evaluation of home and community care services has also attracted researchers' attention. ...
Home and community care is an important way to actively respond to population aging and to promote healthy aging. This study aims to estimate the effect of using home and community care services on the multidimensional health of older adults. We used data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study conducted in 2018 and relied mainly on the propensity score matching method for data analysis. The results showed that using home and community care increased the probability of maintaining and improving physical health by 2.9%, decreased the score of depression by 0.471, and improved the score of cognitive function by 0.704. Using home and community care also increased the probability of actively participating in life by 4.1% and elevated the score of life satisfaction by 0.088. The heterogeneity analysis showed that the use of home and community care had a significant effect on promoting all health indicators in rural older adults and a more obvious promoting effect on the social adaptation of urban older adults. Using home and community care significantly promoted the multidimensional health of people aged 60 to 79 years but had no impact among people aged ≥ 80 years. The use of home and community care significantly improved all health indicators in non-disabled older adults. Whereas, it only improved the levels of cognitive function and life satisfaction in disabled older people. Using this form of care significantly improved all health indicators in those with low socio-economic status, but it only had a partial positive effect on the multidimensional health of those with high socio-economic status. Our results are of importance to the government as they may be used to further improve the quality of home and community care services for the targeted older population.
... The underlying theoretical framework was the Human Capital approach (HC) [32,33]. This method considers that a person's labour productivity can be measured by his/her earnings. ...
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection causes a substantial economic burden, not only in terms of healthcare costs, but also in labour productivity losses. The main objective of this study is to provide objective and comparable information about the trend in labour productivity losses caused by premature HCV-associated deaths in Spain in recent years (2009–2018). We used nationwide data from several official sources to create a simulation model based on the human capital approach and to estimate the flows in labour productivity losses due to deaths identified in the period considered. Based on a pessimistic scenario, the annual number of deaths due to HCV infections decreased by 19.7% between 2009 and 2018. The years of potential labour productive life lost (YPLPLL) decreased by 38.1%. That reduction led to a decrease in annual labour productivity losses from €236 million in 2009 to €156 million in 2018 (–33.8%). The aggregate HCV-related labour productivity losses between 2009 and 2018 ranged from €1742 million (optimistic scenario) to €1949 million (pessimistic scenario), with an intermediate estimation of €1846 million (moderately optimistic scenario). These results show a substantial reduction in annual deaths, working-age deaths, YPLPLL, and labour productivity losses associated with HCV infection over this period.
... According to Ramírez-Pereira et al. [27], this challenge is more relevant and complex in pandemic scenarios. Moreover, Grossman [28], Alcalde-Rabanal et al. [29], Braithwaite and Nolan [30], Solanki et al. [31], Verma et al. [32] pointed out that this situation, and others, such as the inability to manage the health problems of patients with available resources, generate important gaps between the health demand and the care supply that healthcare services must manage. ...
The coronavirus pandemic has intensified the strain on medical care processes, especially waiting lists for patients under medical management. In Chile, the pandemic has caused an increase of 52,000 people waiting for care. For this reason, a high-complexity hospital (HCH) in Chile devised a decision support system (DSS) based on multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM), which combines management criteria, such as critical events, with clinical variables that allow prioritizing the population of chronic patients on the waiting list. The tool includes four methodological contributions: 1) pattern recognition through the analysis of anonymous patient data that allows critical patients to be characterized; 2) a score of the critical events suffered by the patients; 3) a score based on clinical criteria; and 3) a dynamic–hybrid methodology for patient selection that links critical events with clinical criteria and with the risk levels of patients on the waiting list. The methodology allowed to 1) characterize the most critical patients and triple the evaluation of medical records; 2) save medical hours during the prioritization process; 3) reduce the risk levels of patients on the waiting list; and 4) reduce the critical events in the first month of implementation, which could have been caused by the DSS and medical decision-making. This strategy was effective (even during a pandemic period).
... The efficiency of public health expenditure in all regions of the country has been a concern as the scale of expenditure increases. In addition, the existence of the "sticky paper effect" in fiscal decentralization has caused an inefficiency in the use of central to local transfer funds [1][2][3][4][5][6] . Therefore, in the context of China's fiscal decentralization, it is necessary to further investigate the impact of fiscal decentralization on the efficiency of public health expenditure. ...
In this present-day global pandemic that has not been completely resolved, health is a major concern among people, and correspondingly, people are demanding higher standards for public health products and services provided by the government. In this paper, we measure the technical efficiency of public health expenditure in each province by using the data envelopment analysis (DEA) model, and examine the impact of decentralization on the efficiency of public health expenditure under the fiscal decentralization system using the panel data from 31 provinces from 2012–2019 in a panel model subject to fixed effects.
... According to theories of health capital ( Grossman, 1972a, Grossman, 1972b, health deteriorations might reduce labour supply through several channels, including an increase in the fixed cost of going to work, a higher disutility of work and not least, updated expectations on the remaining lifespan ( Finkelstein et al., 2013 10 ;Chang, 1991 ;Hamermesh, 1984 . 11 In the absence of employment-contingent health insurance (e.g., in the US, see Bradley et al., 2013 ), one can unambiguously expect a reduction in optimal labour supply, potentially along both margins. ...
We investigate how labour market institutions shape the labour response to acute cardiovascular shocks in a highly regulated labour market over the long run. Using Italian administrative data that covers the history of employment, social security and hospitalization of workers, we exploit several identification strategies to remove bias from observable and unobservable confounders. Significant reductions in employment and labour income emerge in the short run and persist over time, with no evidence of re-entry in the longer run. No adjustment is detected in working hours or wages for those who maintain employment. While the Disability Insurance (DI) system contributes to insure workers against the consequences of health shocks, we offer new evidence on the value of employment protective institutions in strengthening unhealthy workers’ labour inclusion, in particular for blue-collar workers.
... Health expenditure is seen as a variable that constitutes economic growth. Health expenditure is considered an investment theory in human capital and human capital affects economic growth (4). The important factors of magnitude, scholars supporting this growth theory (5), and argue (6) that economic growth is significantly affected by health expenditure (7). ...
In this paper, we use the Fourier ARDL method (data from 2000 to 2019) to examine whether there is a correlation between economic fluctuation, health expenditure, and employment rate among BRICS countries. Fourier ARDL's model, the same as Bootstrap ARDL model, is to test the long-term cointegration relationship of variables; when there is cointegration, it will test whether there is a causal relationship. When there is no cointegration, short-term Granger causality between variables is tested. Our study shows that, in the long-term, whether South Africa takes economic fluctuation, employment rate or health expenditure as the dependent variable, there is a cointegration relationship with the other two independent variables, but the causal relationship is not significant. In short-term Granger causality tests, the effects of economic fluctuation in Brazil, China, and South Africa on health expenditure lag significantly by one period. Economic fluctuation in Brazil, India and China had a negative effect on employment rate, while South Africa had a positive effect. Health expenditure in Russia and India has a negative effect on employment rate, while China has a positive effect. Employment rates in China and South Africa have a significant positive effect on economic fluctuation, while Russia has a negative effect. India's employment rate has a negative effect on health expenditure, while South Africa's has a positive effect. In short-term causality tests, different countries will exhibit different phenomena. Except for economic fluctuation, where health spending is positive, everything else is negatively correlated, and all of them are positive in South Africa. Finally, we make policy recommendations for the BRICS countries on economic fluctuation, employment rates, and health expenditure.
... People's decisions about health check-ups can be observed from the viewpoint of the rational choice framework. Following Grossman's health capital model [17][18][19], we see the health check-up as a derived demand for health investment, to potentially improve consumption (good health provides satisfaction) and production (individuals in good health earn more money) benefits. Financial literacy, being a rational decision-making tool, enables people to make informed economic, financial, and investment decisions [3,20]. ...
Background
General health check-ups are an important element of healthcare, as they are designed to detect diseases, thereby reducing morbidity and mortality. Recent studies have found that financial literacy promotes preventive healthcare usage and reduces risky health behaviors such as smoking, lack of exercise, and gambling. Based on this evidence, we hypothesize that financial literacy, as a rational decision-making tool, is positively associated with health check-up behavior in Japan.
Methods
We extracted data on financial literacy, the main explanatory variable of this study, from the 2010 wave of the Preference Parameter Study (PPS) of Osaka University. Data on health check-up behavior as a dependent variable, along with control variables, were obtained from the 2011 PPS wave. Our sample focused on Japan’s middle-aged working population (40–64 years), and we applied probit regressions to test our hypothesis.
Results
Our final sample size was 2,208 participants after merging the two datasets. Descriptive statistics show that respondents had moderate financial literacy (mean = 0.62, SD = 0.33), low financial education (mean = 0.17, SD = 0.38), and low participation (mean = 31.75%, SD = 46.56%) in the health check-up. The probit regression analysis showed that financial literacy is insignificantly associated with health check-up behavior in Japan (coefficient = -0.0229; 95% CI: -0.2011—0.1551; p-value = 0.801). However, demographic factors such as being male (coefficient = -0.2299; 95% CI: -0.3649—-0.0950; p -value = 0.001), older (coefficient = 0.0280; 95% CI: 0.0188 – 0.0371; p -value = 0.000), and married (coefficient = 0.3217; 95% CI: 0.0728 – 0.5705; p-value = 0.011), as well as risky health behavior such as smoking (coefficient = -0.2784; 95% CI: -0.4262—-0.1305; p -value = 0.000) are significantly related to health check-up behavior.
Conclusions
Our results suggest that financial literacy insignificantly motivates people to behave rationally and understand the value of health check-ups as a tool for sustainable health.
... The theory of the demand for health is used to explain household health expenditure. According to Grossman (1972), health capital serves both as a consumption good and an investment good, and individuals can increase their stock of health capital by the amount they invest in their health. This implies that health expenditure can be viewed as an investment in one's health capital with the amount invested being dependent on the characteristics of the commodity and of the individual as well as unobserved components. ...
This paper analyzes the determinants of health insurance enrollment and health expenditure in Ghana using micro data from wave 7 of the Ghana Living Standards Survey (GLSS 7) with emphasis on the role of risk preferences and the availability of health facilities in one’s own community. It is possible to analyze the determinants of health insurance enrollment in Ghana because its public health insurance system (the National Health Insurance Scheme or NHIS) is, in theory, mandatory, but is, in actual practice, voluntary, with only about 40% of the population enrolled in the scheme. Our empirical findings show that risk preferences have a significant impact on health insurance enrollment, with risk averse individuals being significantly more likely than other households to enroll in health insurance. Moreover, our findings also show that very poor households are significantly more likely to enroll in health insurance than other households, perhaps because they are exempt from paying premiums for health insurance. Finally, our findings also show that the availability of health facilities in one’s own community significantly decreases expenditures on health care.
... Our ndings are in line with previous studies where educational differences in health behavior were also found (12,37,38). The paths linking socioeconomic status to better lifestyle choices and health are well documented (11,13,(39)(40)(41). In this study, the respondents with the higher levels of education share the characteristics through which some of the mechanisms operate, such as good childhood circumstances (42), living with a partner or spouse and their high education (43). ...
Our objective is to explore how educational differences in health behavior may impact life expectancy. Cross-sectional data from the Tromsø Study conducted in 2015/2016 was used to explore the relationship between education and reported lifestyle behavior. Published estimates of life-year losses associated with health behaviors were combined with the participants’ health behavior to give personal estimates of life expectancy loss. Then, we assessed the distribution of this life loss across education levels to give an indication of the social gradient in loss of life expectancy due to health behaviors as reported in 2015/2016. Considerable educational inequalities were observed in lifestyle behavior in the Tromsø Study. According to the published literature, smoking was found to be associated with the largest life-loss, followed by low physical activity and obesity. The number of respondents following a healthy lifestyle and thereby facing the smallest loss of life expectancy increased with every level of education, whereas the proportion of individuals that did not adhere to healthy lifestyle recommendations and with the largest potential life loss decreased with educational level. There is a clear education gradient in the adherence of health behavior recommendations that could lead to educational differences in life expectancy.
... The lowest probability of meeting the recommended level was found among respondents with a bachelor's degree or higher education. Although other studies found a positive effect of higher levels of schooling on improvements in health-related behaviors, including healthy diets [30][31][32][33], no studies found a significant influence of higher education on a substantial increase in FV consumption to meet the recommended level. The present findings might be explained by the fact that meeting the recommended level might need a higher level of effort and environmental support to help people substantially improved their diet. ...
While the influence of implementation of mass media and community-based campaigns has been evident elsewhere, this information has been notably absent in Thailand. This study aimed to investigate the association between implementation of mass media campaigns (MMC) and community-based campaigns (CBC) for increased fruit and vegetable (FV) consumption to meet the global recommended level in the Thai population. The sample was obtained from a nationally-representative, longitudinal household survey of the Thai population, Round1 (2018) and Round2 (2019). The study applied a multi-stage sampling design to obtain a sample of persons age 15 years or older. Face-to-face interviews were conducted with 3,010 respondents who successfully participated in both Round1 and Round2 surveys. Information on FV consumption, exposure to Government MMC, ThaiHealth MMC including social marketing (MMSMC) and CBC, and sociodemographic characteristics were collected. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to investigate the association between implementation of those campaigns and increased FV consumption compared to the recommended level. Of the total respondents, only 11.3% had higher FV consumption and also met the minimum requirement. Respondents who lived in rural areas, were farmers, and grew FV at home had the highest probability of increased FV consumption. Exposure to the MMC and CBC was also associated with an increase in FV consumption. Above all, those who had exposure to the MMSMC, who reported either having high level of perception (OR = 1.832, 95% CI 1.259–2.666) or ever heard or seen (OR = 1.770, 95% CI 1.264–2.479) or heard and seen (OR = 1.698, 95% CI 1.131–2.550) campaign information were more likely to have a substantial increase in FV consumption and meeting/exceeding the recommended level than those who were not exposed to these campaigns. Other associated factors include education, occupation and physical activity. Implementation of MMSMC can help the population meet the global recommended level of FV consumption. This study presents its novelty since it was the first to highlight influence of mass media campaigns on increased FV consumption in Asian population. This was also the first study that used data from a population-based longitudinal study. The study suggested that MMC and CBC should also be promoted together with support systems to increase their intensity to a level that can increase population FV consumption to meet the recommended level. Sociodemographic characteristics should be taken into account, and targeted media is needed to effectively reach specific sub-groups of the population.
... En los inicios de la teoría del capital humano el economista Theodore Schütz, propone tratar la educación a manera de una inversión en el hombre, ya que esta es una cualidad recibida por una persona y sus resultados se transforman en capital (Formichella y London, 2013). Esta teoría presenta una vertiente de autores que enfocan su análisis en las características de la fuerza de trabajo, la cual reconoce la posibilidad de elevar su productividad a través del conocimiento (Becker, 1964;Grossman, 1972;Lewis, 1980;mincer, 1958;mushkin, 1962;Schultz, 1960). Esta corriente en sus inicios argumenta que la educación es una inversión, y el conocimiento adquirido al igual que la salud del individuo son factores determinantes para el bienestar de la población. ...
Introducción: Las tendencias emergentes en el ámbito del desarrollo humano permiten profundizar en la importancia de la educación y la experiencia laboral en los sistemas sociales. La educación técnica y tecnológica amplía las oportunidades de ingresar al mercado de trabajo de forma cualificada en todos los niveles socioeconómicos. Objetivo: Evaluar la incidencia de factores familiares y sociales en la decisión de integrarse a jornadas laborales durante su proceso de formación educativa en carreras técnicas y tecnológicas. Metodología: Enfoque mixto, el componente cuantitativo analiza la base de datos de las pruebas Saber TyT (2018-2), que permite realizar un modelo de regresión logística para encontrar la asociación de variables explicativas sobre la experiencia laboral. Cualitativamente se aplican entrevistas en profundidad a lideres del sector de la confitería con el fin de reseñar el perfil laboral. Resultados: Los factores que evidencian asociación positiva con la probabilidad de trabajar, mientras están en su proceso de formación educativa, son el pago de la matricula con recursos propios, la labor del padre y la disposición de bibliografía en el hogar. Resalta el desarrollo del talento humano desde la experiencia en el campo laboral y la cualificación académica para acceder a nuevas oportunidades lo que incide en la calidad educativa. Conclusiones: Se evidencia que la experiencia laboral influye en las competencias ocupacionales básicas requeridas para los cargos administrativos en el sector de la confitería. Los factores contextuales juegan un papel importante en la decisión de incursionar al mercado laboral mientras el estudiante está en su proceso de formación técnica y/o tecnológica. Objetivo: Examinar la percepción de las empresas acerca de las características que debe cumplir un empleado en cargos administrativos y evaluar la incidencia de factores familiares y/o sociales en la decisión de laborar durante su proceso de formación. Metodología: La base de datos se obtiene a partir de las pruebas saber TyT (2018-2). Para la asociación de las variables explicativas sobre la experiencia laboral se utiliza el modelo de regresión logística. Para el análisis discrecional, se aplican entrevistas en profundidad. Resultados: Se evidencia que el 93% de los estudiantes viven en los estratos 1, 2 y 3, el 87,25% ha trabajado durante su proceso de formación y variables como el pago de matrícula por recursos propios, la labor del padre y el número de libros en el hogar están asociadas al aumento de probabilidades de que el estudiante trabaje mientras estudia. Conclusiones: La experiencia laboral en el área de estudio, influye en las competencias laborales básicas requeridas para los cargos administrativos en el sector de la confitería. Los factores contextuales juegan un papel importante en la decisión de laboral mientras el estudiante está en su proceso de formación técnica y/o tecnológica.
... Most states adopted such provisions in the 1980 s. For more on this provision see Wong 2016. 4 For instance, this assumption underlies Becker (Becker, 1965;Becker, 1981), Leibowitz 1974) and more recent models of parental investments in children such as Cunha and Heckman (Cunha and Heckman, 2007), Del Boca et al. 2014, andBiroli, 2016; models analyzing labor supply based on Mincer 1962and Becker, 1965, such as Heckman 1974and Gronau 1973; and models of home-produced health such as Grossman, 1972. Models of household production based on Becker 1965 often (implicitly) assume that caregivers' supply of work in household production starts horizontally at the wage they can earn in the labor force, and then become vertical when a time limit is reached. ...
If mothers take care of children more than fathers, then after the onset of COVID-19 mothers’ employment is expected to drop more than that of fathers. This gender gap is likely to be larger where women are less concerned about the financial repercussions of opting out of the labor force, and therefore the gender gap in employment is likely to grow more where community property or homemaking provisions give more protection to homemakers in case of union dissolution. Difference-in-differences and dynamic study estimations applied to CPS data for 2019-2020 show that after the onset of COVID-19 the labor force participation of mothers of school-age children—but not of fathers--dropped more in states with marital property laws more generous to parental caregivers. These results stand in contrast to how these groups’ labor force participation changed after the Great Recession, compared to pre-recession levels.
... The corresponding question is "What is your current employment status?", we assign a value of 1 to migrant workers who answered "selfemployed" and "I am an employer", and 0 to those who answered "be employed". According to Grossman's health demand theory, health is a crucial component of human capital that not only improves labor productivity effectively but also offers healthy "labor time" for continuous production activities [34]. Grossman studied health as a function of age, gender, education, income, medical services or individual behavior, and health is affected by personal characteristics as well as family characteristics and other socioeconomic characteristics. ...
Background
Self-employment is one of the most common forms of employment for migrant workers in China. However, migrant workers’ lifestyle and behavior, as well as health disparities among them, would be impacted by self-employment. This research aims to explore the mechanism and group differences of the effect of self-employment on health inequality among Chinese migrant workers.
Materials and methods
To explore the effect of self-employment on health inequalities among migrant workers, this research uses the data from the 2018 China Migrant Workers Dynamic Monitoring Survey, and the RIF-I-OLS decomposition method.
Results
We find that self-employment will reduce the health inequality of Chinese migrant workers significantly, especially among migrant workers with low education, low income, and low social integration. A further examination reveals that self-employment can directly promote the self-rated health of migrant workers. Additionally, it indirectly alleviates the health inequality among migrant workers by mediating effect of expanding access to public welfare, such as by establishing health records and strengthening health education.
Conclusion
The government should permit and encourage migrant workers to engage in self-employment. It is necessary to provide public services such as health education, health records, and health rights for migrant workers, and focus on the employment of migrant workers in city, especially those with low income and low education. we believe that measures should be taken to enhance migrant workers’ sense of belonging in urban China Only on this basis can health inequality among migrant workers be truly reduced.
The future of the nation is the embodiment of a healthy society. A key segment of government policy is the development of health and a health-oriented environment. As a result, sport as an activator of health is an important area for development. In Hungary, sport is a strategic sector with the aim of developing a sports nation. The function of sport in the global society is multifaceted, which is manifested in both social and economic terms. The economic importance of sport is gaining ground in the world, with implications for Central and Eastern Europe. Smaller states, such as Hungary, cannot ignore the economic effects of exploiting the effects of sport. The relationship between physical activity and health is driven by the health economy towards the nation's economic factor. In our research, we analyzed sport as a national strategy sector and its impact on age groups. By presenting the current state of health behavior, we get an idea of the directions where development opportunities require even more intervention. The foundation of the health of a nation is the young age group, whose shaping of health will shape the future generation. Our research was attended by university students from the Faculty of Health and Sports Sciences who will be experts in the field of health in the future. The other group is the elderly, who are a growing social group due to demographic change and are a key segment of the labor market and consumer society. Our study presents the health behavior of the two age groups, their differences, and similarities. The survey also identifies gaps in the development of a health management strategy that national strategies should take into account.
Keywords—Competitiveness, health behavior, health economy, health management, sports nation.
Based on the 2019 China Household Finance Survey (CHFS) data, this paper used factor analysis to measure the level of financial literacy of surveyed householders and used the Probit model and the negative binomial model to test the impact of financial literacy (FL) on household health investment (HHI). The results show that: (1) FL is an essential influencing factor in increasing participation in HHI, and householders with a higher level of FL are also more willing to pay for diversified investments. (2) We split the FL level from the two dimensions of knowledge and ability. We found that the primary FL (including financial knowledge, computing ability, and correct recognition of investment product risk) plays a more critical role in the investment decision process. (3) When information sources, health knowledge, and family income are used as mediating variables, FL can influence the decisions of HHI in three ways: expanding information sources, enriching health knowledge, and alleviating income constraints. (4) By analyzing the heterogeneity of household heads in different regions and with different personal characteristics, we found that the medical level of the household location and the life and work experience of the householders played a moderating role.
Social Health Insurance Schemes (SHIs) as Social Health Protection (SHP) interventions are an important tool for reducing poverty and ill health. For these reasons, governments employed SHI as a policy framework to promote access to healthcare, and to ensure financial protection among the poorest households to improve their health conditions. However, there is limited empirical studies on what motivates the poorest to get enrolled onto NHIS and how it helps them save income
for consumption and other health outcomes. The study was conducted by engaging the Livelihood Empowerment Against Poverty (LEAP) household heads to identify the empirical evidence. The study also compared the consumption between insured and uninsured, and analysed the effects of NHIS membership on healthcare use and out-of-pocket health expenditure (OOPHE) among the poorest households. Decision making theories (Expected Utility Theory (EUT) and State Dependent Utility Theory (SDUT) and a Health behaviour theory (Health Belief Model (HBM)) were used as the theoretical lens for the study. The researcher adopted a pragmatic approach which
involved the use of a mixed methodology, using both qualitative and quantitative approaches. A cross-sectional design was also adopted for the study. Entirely, the study was conducted in two districts; Shai Osudoku district in the Greater Accra Region and Amansie West district in the Ashanti Region and engaged LEAP beneficiary households.
Thematic analysis approach was used to reveal the result of NHIS enrolment decision. In the analyses, the theoretical constructs of HBM proved useful in uncovering factors that influence enrolment decisions among poorest households. The study also found illness vulnerability and guaranteed financial access to healthcare as dominant factors that generally influenced household heads decisions to enrol onto NHIS. Addressing possible selection bias due to the non-random enrolment to the NHIS, the propensity score matching (PSM) technique was used to estimate the difference in outcomes between treated and control groups. The results of the average treatment effects on the treated reveals that participation in NHIS tends to increase in consumption expenditure by GH₵ 263.43, hospital visits by 0.74 visits and reduce OOPHE statistically significant by GH₵ 79.77 with household members that are insured than households’ members that are uninsured. By employing a mixed method approach instead of a quantitative approach alone, the study has contributed to existing knowledge by revealing a unique perspective on effects of NHIS on enrolment decisions among poorest households in Ghana. These positive outcomes of
the study point to future research options.
Background
The current global situation is such that 340,000 women still die annually of avoidable maternal health-related complications. Recent statistics in Uganda indicate that maternal deaths among women of age 15 – 49 years are 18% translating to a maternal mortality ratio of 336 deaths per 100,000 live births. Moreover, at least 26% of live deliveries are not attended to by professional practitioners, and 27% are not delivered at a health facility. Additionally, 40% of the last Uganda Demographic and health survey did not attend at least four antenatal care visits, a minimum formerly advocated for before the introduction of the eight contact visits.
Methods
The study used a cross-sectional research design with the dataset of the most recent UDHS of 2016. A sample of 9869 most recent births for which full information of delivery and ANC was attained, was used. The multilevel logistic regression model was fitted at both bivariate and multivariate levels, as well as a random intercept model to establish latent influence within the communities/clusters. Stata 16 was used for data analysis.
Results
The results showed that 28.2% Inter class correlation relates to the latent community influence on the health-seeking behavior of mothers on whether to deliver in health facilities or otherwise. Determinants positively associated with facility delivery included at least four ANC (OR=1.59, CI=1.28 – 1.85), professionally employed partner (OR = 1.38; CI =1.09 - 1.74) use of mobile phones (OR =1.23; CI). Those negatively associated include; no education (OR = 0.41; CI = 0.19 - 0.84), unwanted pregnancy (OR=0.98; CI = 0.87 - 1.13), and partner with primary education level (OR = 0.71; CI = 0.51 - 0.99).
Conclusion
There is a need to ensure sensitization about the 8 ANC visits which the bivariate stage of this study found positively associated with facility delivery, even with limited awareness. More so, advocacy through social marketing to positively influence the latent effect and encourage contraception use or abstinence to avoid unwanted pregnancies.
The relationship between environment and health status has attracted intensive attention in recent years. However, limited studies have focused on environmental protection expenditure on health status. This study empirically tests the links of environmental protection expenditure with health status for 20 European countries over the period 1995-2019. For empirical analysis, this study used panel quantile regression. The empirical results show that while environmental protection expenditure, GDP, and education help to ameliorate health status, CO2 emissions worse health status. Hence, efficient environmental protection expenditure and environmental policies must align with strategies to improve health status.
New Realities in Africa
Editor: P rof. Maurice N. Amutabi, PhD
Published by CEDRED Publications, Nairobi, Kenya
ISBN 978-9966-116-54-3
Table of Contents
Dedication ii
Copyright iii
Acknowledgement iv
Introduction
Maurice Nyamanga Amutabi 1
Chapter 1
Effects of Maintaining Social Distancing Rule on Travel Intentions during Covid-19: A Case of Tourism Sector in Tanzania
By Nasra Kara 10
Chapter 2
Dynamics of Covid -19 Pandemic in Zimbabwe: a Catalyst of the Fourth Industrial Revolution in Higher Education
By Cuthbert Pisirai 29
Chapter 3
Journalists Safety and Coverage of Health Epidemics in Nigeria: Lessons from Covid-19 Pandemic
By Josiah Sabo Kente, Kelvin Inobemhe &Tsegyu Santas 40
Chapter 4
Impact of Electric Vehicle Integration into the Nairobi Distribution Network
By Willy Stephen Tounsi Fokui, Michael Saulo & Livingstone Ngoo 51
Chapter 5
Effect of liquidity Risk on Unit Trust Price Volatility among Capital Market Authority Listed Firms in Kenya
By Joseph Kimani Mwangi, Willy Mwangi Muturi & Patrick Kibati 64
Chapter 6
Relationship between Staff Competency and Implementation Level of Public Procurement Regulatory Framework in the Devolved Units of Governments in Kenya
By Denish Ateto Matunga, Patrick Karanja & Romanous Odhiambo 88
Chapter 7
Factors Contributing to Students Academic Performance: The Case of Mbeya City Public Secondary Schools, Tanzania, 2015 – 2017
By Jane A. Mwakapalala, Zacharia Rwejuna & Sydney Mkuchu 101
Chapter 8
Influence of Stakeholder Engagement on Sustainability of The Social based Corporate Projects in Technical and Vocational Educational Training Institutions in Western Kenya
By Calistus Adema Luhombo 117
Chapter 9
Effect of Basel II Regulatory Non-Compliance Penalties Operational Risk Management on Financial Performance of Commercial Banks in Kenya
By Irene Njeri E, Gregory S. Namusonge & Tobias O. Olweny 128
Chapter 10
Perceptions of Smallholder Farmers towards ban on Livestock Grazing in the Mount Kenya West Protected Forest, Kenya
By Paul Mwari Maina & Daniel M. Nzengya 145
Chapter 11
Covid -19 and Education in the New Normal: An Appraisal of E- Learning among Tertiary Institutions in Nigeria
By Tsegyu Santas, Kelvin Inobemhe, & Josiah Sabo Kente 164
Chapter 12
Contributions of the Project team’s Stakeholder Management Skills to the successful delivery of Projects: A case of public energy sector projects in Kenya.
By Annastacia Katumbi Musembi 174
Chapter 13
Political cartoon Communication in Promoting Justice in Kenya: an Analysis of madd madd world Cartoon in Standard Newspaper
By Nicholas Anyuor & Emojong Emukule 187
Chapter 14
Inventory Management and Performance of State Corporations in Kenya
By Gatari Catherine Njoki, Noor Ismail & Anthony Osoro 204
Chapter 15
Credit Management Policy and Performance of Selected Micro Finance Institutions in Kabale District, Uganda
By Jogo Kneth Bibyabarema & Joseph Tindyebwa 220
Chapter 16
Influence of Project Environmental Factors on Performance of Community based Human Immuno Deficiency Virus Projects in Kiambu, Kenya
By Christine Nyawira Njogu 242
Chapter 17
Freight Management and Performance of Food and Beverage Manufacturing Firms in Kenya
By Naomy Jepchumba, Patrick Karanja Ngugi, Noor Ismail Shale & Romanus Odhiambo 258
Chapter 18
“Peaceful Coexistence and Patent Politics: China’s Medical Diplomacy in Africa”
By Megumi Nishimura 273
Chapter 19
Aspects of Olunyole Language Aesthetics and Indigenous Mechanisms of Psychosocial Resilience
By Jairus Omuteche &Atichi Alati 283
Chapter 20
Integration of Higher Learning Institution Research Outputs into Industrial and Economic Development in Tanzania
By Kardo Joseph Mwilongo 294
Chapter 21
Citizen Journalism in Kenya in the Era of Globalization
By Denis Ikachoi 310
Chapter 22
Estimation of Economic Burden of Hospitalization in Tanzania: a Case of Malaria in Children under Five Years
By Lihoya Anthony Chamwali 321
Chapter 23
Community Radio in Dynamics of Development in Kenya: A Perfect Voice of the Kenyan Poor in the Digital Age
By Jonai Wabwire & James Ochieng Ogalo 333
Chapter 24
Moderating Effect of Environmental Uncertainties on Relationship between Agile Supply Chain Strategy and Performance of Manufacturing Firms in Kenya
By Karani Anthony Muriithi, Odari Sammy & Noor Shalle 348
This chapter describes the difference between health and health care, the efficacy and efficiency of the US health care system, the institutional framework of the US healthcare system, and the positive and negative features of the system, as well as recommendations for change. The authors note that US healthcare is both among the world's best and the developed world's worst, depending on what is being used as a basis for comparison. The complexity of the system with its seven different methods of payment is taken to task, and the fact that health care is an industry that significantly deviates from classical economic industrial theory is evaluated in depth. It is noted that economics can tell us much about how the misaligned and inappropriate incentives, as well as the erroneous comparisons to other industries, have allowed politicians to mislead the public as to the true benefits and drawbacks of the US health care system, which is better described as “sick care” as opposed to “health care.”
I study how credit and default affect optimal health insurance, consturcting a life‐cycle model of health investment with a strategic default option on emergency room bills and financial debts. The model is calibrated to the U.S. economy and used to compare the optimal policy for Medicaid by the availability of the default option and credit. I find that strategic default induces the optimal policy to be more redistributive. With (Without) the option, the optimal income threshold for Medicaid eligibility is 44% (25%) of the average income. In these findings, the interaction between strategic default and preventative medical spending is important. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved
Background
Considering the low performance of Pakistan on health indices in the region, fast growing population and higher poverty levels, this study aims to highlight the practical relevance of the Grossman’s health investment model by analysing the health demand in Pakistan.
Method
To avoid the problem of endogeneity due to the interdependence of health capital and demand for medical care, we used the binary dependent variable. Logistic regression is employed to estimate the empirical model using microdata from Pakistan’s Social & Household Integrated Economic Survey (2018-19).
Results
Results indicate that individuals with better income, education, and social respect demand more healthcare as they value healthy lifetime high. Due to higher cumulative risk of illness, female’s health demand is higher than male. While individuals engaging in sports and recreational activities care about their anticipated future health outcomes and hence demand more healthcare. Finally, the regional control variables show that people seek less healthcare services in rural areas and in Baluchistan province due to financial constraints, lack of health care facilities, and transport issues.
Sett fra en økonoms ståsted må transportmarkeder forstås med utgangspunkt i markedsteori og teorier for offentlige reguleringer. I kapitlene i denne boken er det benyttet en slik tilnærming for å diskutere ulike transportrelaterte problemstillinger. Temaene er mange, som for eksempel betydningen av skandinavisk transportforskning, prising av fergetjenester, trafikkprognoser, internasjonalisering av luftfarten, konkurranseutsetting i jernbanedrift, godstransportmodeller, trafikksikkerhet, nytte-kostnadsanalyser og konsekvenser av bomavgifter på boligmarkedet. Antologien er blitt til av forfattere som ønsker å hedre professor Finn Jørgensen ved Handelshøgskolen, Nord universitet i anledning hans 70-årsdag. Han har gjennom mer enn fire tiår vært en svært aktiv og anerkjent foreleser og transportøkonom som har publisert vitenskapelige artikler og rapporter, både innenlands og utenlands, innenfor mange av de samme temaene som boken omhandler.
The information, computer and communication technologies (ICT) impact on workers’ health is one of the actual interdisciplinary issues of modern science and practice. Numerous studies and observations have revealed negative impact of ICT on workers’ health. Just in Russia today about 40-45 million people employed in various fields of activity are at the ICT-risk group. The ICT negative impact on human body is manifested through the information technology and communication stressors (TICS). However, this impact’s mechanism requires to be clearer, and scientific results that have been already obtained on this issue should be summarized and evaluated now. The purpose of this research is to study the TICS impact on workers’ health by means of analyzing and systematizing modern researches’ results. The article reviews the scientific literature dealing with a «computer syndrome» and «information fatigue syndrome» which follow prolonged work with a computer, information and communication overloads. The article considers features of the TICS impact on various components of workers’ health. We have found that main sources of the TICS occurrence include direct computer effects (radiation, noise, etc.), stressful conditions of work with information, destructive information content, information pollution and compelled communications. The TICS results include a wide range of functional health disorders and diseases. The article contains analysis of the TICS impact’s mechanism, which can be generally represented by an influence chain: the ICT use → the TICS occurrence → body tension → stress → functional health disorders → exhaustion → burnout → diseases. The research indicates burnout as the most important consequence of the information and communication risks impact, and as widely spreading today to various professional groups of workers. Relationship between the ICT and the burnout is also analyzed. The research’s practical significance is stipulated by a necessity to develop the hygiene of informatized and computerized labor due to increasing in health risks for citizens working with the ICT. Ethics. The study didn’t require the Ethics Committee resolution.
Objective:
This paper identifies varying contemporary and dynamic effects of socio-economic factors on individuals' decisions to allocate their time to physical activities when the intensity of these activities comes into play.
Methods:
Based on repeated cross-sectional data sourced from the Argentinean National Risk Factor Surveys of 2005, 2009, and 2013, we developed 18 fictitious cohorts to set up a pseudo panel. To address endogeneity problems, four econometric specifications were estimated: OLS, Heckman two-stage model, fixed- and random-effects models.
Results:
We find that changes in the opportunity cost of time are highly significant and provide shifts in individuals' decisions regarding the allocation of their time to physical activity consumption. When considering the intensity at which physical activities are consumed, increased income impacts less, suggesting that individuals faced with a wage increase reduce the time of consumption but increase its intensity. An interesting finding is that employed people consume more physical activity than inactive individuals. This indicates that the substitution effect produced by an increase in the wage rate is less than the income effect. Additionally, the increase in the coefficient of employed persons is greater when the intensity factor is considered, indicating that for employed individuals a trade-off between time and intensity is generated. We also found that higher levels of education increase the probability of participating in physical activities, but decrease the time spent in such activities. Furthermore, there are heterogeneous impacts on physical activity consumption between males and females, which can be observed in the strong effect of household production for women with at least one child. Finally, such impacts remain in a variety of estimated specifications.
Conclusions:
These results may be useful in order to suggest some tools for the design of interventions that are aimed at increasing participation in physical activities.
Government decentralisation also called ‘government devolution’ (GD) can provide an alternative to the ‘build in’ accountability mechanism of markets by influencing both the choice as well as the perceived quality of public versus private health care. To test this hypothesis, this paper exploits the gradual decentralisation of the political stewardship of the Spanish National Health System (NHS) on a difference-in-differences design. We find that GD (abandoning centralised governance) increases the choice and quality of (measured by the preference for, perceptions of, and satisfaction with) public health care (NHS) compared private health care. Consistently, we also find that the GD reduces the uptake of private health insurance among higher income and education groups. These effects are mainly driven by improvements in health care quality as well as policy innovation and diffusion.
COVID-19 emerged in late 2019 and has since been a global pandemic. One sector that is brutal hit is the educational sector, especially as schools must be closed and restrictions on movements of people introduced and enforced. Several interventions including the virtual learning platforms in all learning stages were introduced to offset its impacts. This study analyzed the perceptions of tertiary students on COVID-19 and the demand for an integrated virtual educational system in Senegal. This involved 297 students in the second year or higher in the university. The results established mixed perceptions of students on COVID-19 which feed into the public perceptions of the pandemic in the country. Generally, there is a low interest in students in integrated virtual education, and this was influenced by factors such as low access to quality Wi-Fi services and access to scholarship education. It is recommended that the school authorities must ensure improved internet services on campus while national policies are designed to reduce the cost of internet services.
This paper studies the design of investment policies in defined contribution retirement systems. I estimate a dynamic system of correlated equations of lifecycle behavior that fully models the individual’s decision-making process to account for estimation biases. In the model, individuals make decisions that impact their retirement wealth within the Chilean retirement system. Behaviors are allowed to depend on risk preferences while modeling other sources of nonlinear unobserved heterogeneity. The estimated decision-making process allows us to simulate the effects of policy experiments (ex ante), such as defaulting individuals into riskier investment strategies or increasing contribution rates. The results indicate that individuals react by opting into safer plans despite their observed inertia and that increases in mandatory contributions generate little crowding out of other behaviors. Not modeling risk aversion and its endogeneity with behavior leads to substantial simulation biases.
The year 2022 is the 50th anniversary of the publication of my demand for health model in “On the Concept of Health Capital and the Demand for Health,” Journal of Political Economy 80(2): 223–255, and in The Demand for Health: A Theoretical and Empirical Investigation, NBER Occasional Paper 119 New York: Columbia University Press for the NBER. To mark that occasion, this editorial focuses on the history of the model and its impacts on the field of health economics.
In this study, the effect of socio-economic variables on bread demand has been investigated using AIDS model and micro data. In this model, socio-economic variables such as age, gender and marital status of household breadwinner, his/her own level of education and that of the spouse’s, household size, and employment status and income level of household members have been used. A dummy variable is also used to account for implementation of targeted subsidies law is also used and, in this study, it shows the effects of this policy. To meet this end, the Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS) is applied. This model has been estimated using the consolidated data and Seemingly Unrelated Regression (SUR) method and the information from more than 165,000 urban households in the country for the years 2007-2015 and for different income groups (low income, medium and wealthy). The results of this research show that, during the period under study, bread was an essential goods for all income groups. The price elasticity of bread demand for all income groups was 0/5. Therefore, bread is an inelastic goods for all income groups. Also, the coefficients related to household size, level of education for the breadwinner and his/her spouse, employment status and marital status of household breadwinner and the dummy variable of targeted subsidies law are positive and significant. The coefficient related to the age of household breadwinner for poor and middle-income households has been estimated to be positive and for wealthy households it has not been found to be significant .The coefficient belonging to the gender of the head of household for poor households has been estimated to be insignificant and for middle-income and wealthy households it has been estimated to be positive and significant.
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