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Phylogeny and taxonomy of water striders, genus Aquarius Schellenberg (Insecta, Hemiptera, Gerridae), with a new species from Australia
... Aquarius paludum (Fabricius), a semiaquatic insect, has a wide distribution in the low and middle latitudes (1-50°N) of Eurasia, where it is geographically distributed from western Europe (England) to East Asia (Japan), which is typical of transcontinental temperate species (Andersen 1990). There are no significant color or size differences and no specific differences in the male genital structures among the specimens from western Europe and East Asia, which justify its consideration as a widespread Eurasian species (Andersen 1990). ...
... Aquarius paludum (Fabricius), a semiaquatic insect, has a wide distribution in the low and middle latitudes (1-50°N) of Eurasia, where it is geographically distributed from western Europe (England) to East Asia (Japan), which is typical of transcontinental temperate species (Andersen 1990). There are no significant color or size differences and no specific differences in the male genital structures among the specimens from western Europe and East Asia, which justify its consideration as a widespread Eurasian species (Andersen 1990). It prefers lentic habitats and has often been recorded in large stagnant water bodies, such as ponds, canals, slow-flowing stretches of rivers, lakes, rain pools, and paddy fields (Andersen 1990;Chen et al. 2005;Cianferoni and Mazza 2012). ...
... There are no significant color or size differences and no specific differences in the male genital structures among the specimens from western Europe and East Asia, which justify its consideration as a widespread Eurasian species (Andersen 1990). It prefers lentic habitats and has often been recorded in large stagnant water bodies, such as ponds, canals, slow-flowing stretches of rivers, lakes, rain pools, and paddy fields (Andersen 1990;Chen et al. 2005;Cianferoni and Mazza 2012). Most individuals are macropterous and can disperse over relatively great distances. ...
Holocene climate warming has dramatically altered biological diversity and distributions. Recent human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases will exacerbate global warming and thus induce threats to cold-adapted taxa. However, the impacts of this major climate change on transcontinental temperate species are still poorly understood. Here, we generated extensive genomic datasets for a water strider, Aquarius paludum, which was sampled across its entire distribution in Eurasia and used these datasets in combination with ecological niche modelling (ENM) to elucidate the influence of the Holocene and future climate warming on its population structure and demographic history. We found that A. paludum consisted of two phylogeographic lineages that diverged in the middle Pleistocene, which resulted in a "west-east component" genetic pattern that was probably triggered by Central Asia-Mongoxin aridification and Pleistocene glaciations. The diverged western and eastern lineages had a second contact in the Holocene, which shaped a temporary hybrid zone located at the boundary of the arid-semiarid regions of China. Future predictions detected a potentially novel northern corridor to connect the western and eastern populations, indicating west-east gene flow would possibly continue to intensify under future warming climate conditions. Further integrating phylogeographic and ENM analyses of multiple Eurasian temperate taxa based on published studies reinforced our findings on the "west-east component" genetic pattern and the predicted future northern corridor for A. paludum. Our study provided a detailed paradigm from a phylogeographic perspective of how transcontinental temperate species differ from cold-adapted taxa in their response to climate warming.
... Recent gerrids are well adapted for life on the water surface, especially with respect to their locomotion, feeding, and reproductive behavior. Most systematic studies have addressed a clade of gerrine water striders comprising the three principal Holarctic genera: Aquarius Schellenberg, Gerris Fabricius, and Limnoporus Stål, Damgaard and Cognato, 2006(Andersen, 1990, 1995Damgaard et al., 2000Damgaard et al., , 2010Damgaard and Cognato, 2006;Damgaard and Sperling 2001). Water striders of these three genera are significant organisms for understanding the evolutionary trends, ecological adaptations, and biogeography of the Gerridae. ...
... Aquarius has been phylogenetically revised by Andersen (1990) and Damgaard et al. (2000). The phylogeny of Aquarius based on both molecular and morphological data weakens the support for the monophyly of Aquarius, but supports the monophyly of the A. najas, remigis, conformis and paludum species groups (Damgaard et al., 2000). ...
... The phylogeny of Aquarius based on both molecular and morphological data weakens the support for the monophyly of Aquarius, but supports the monophyly of the A. najas, remigis, conformis and paludum species groups (Damgaard et al., 2000). Andersen (1990) established the A. najas-group comprising A. najas (DeGeer), A. ventralis (Fieber) and A. cinereus (Puton) from the Palaearctic Region, and tentatively placed A. chilensis (Berg) in this group. However, there is strong evidence suggesting that A. chilensis should be excluded from this group, which would make A. najas-group monophyletic (Damgaard, 2005;Damgaard et al., 2000). ...
The semi-aquatic hemipteran family Gerridae (water striders), similar to other gerromorphan bugs, is a distinct group noted for their ability to walk on the surface of water, especially with respect to their locomotion, feeding, and behaviour. The three principal Holarctic gerrine genera, Aquarius Schellenberg, Gerris Fabricius and Limnoporus Stål, are important organisms for studies of biogeography, evolutionary trends and ecological adaptations of the Gerridae. Fossil gerrids are comparatively sparse, and direct fossil evidence elucidating the early diversification and biogeography of the extant widespread genus Aquarius remains elusive. Here we redescribe and reinterpret the extinct species Aquarius lunpolaensis (Lin, 1981) based on new well-preserved conspecific specimens from contemporaneous localities in the Lunpola and Nima basins of central Tibet, China. The new fossils confirm the placement of these fossils in Aquarius as evidenced by their large body size, first antennal segment longer than the following two segments combined, and well-developed abdominal connexival spines. The new discovery of a series of larval instars at different developmental stages confirms that ". Halobates bagonensis" should be interpreted as an exuvium of the dominant species Aquarius lunpolaensis and demonstrates that the extant western Palaearctic najas-group had a much wider distribution in the late Oligocene (Chattian). The occurrence of an Aquarius water skater supports the hypothesis that the elevation of central Tibet was comparatively low, some 25 million years ago.
... They are conspicuously adapted for lives on the water surface but probably have abilities to migrate when local habitats disappear (Andersen, 1982). These insects also possess different habitat preference, implying that the ancestral states of the three genera potentially underwent habitat shifting during initial diversification; all species of Gerris and Limnoporus inhabit lentic habitats, such as ponds, pools, lakesides and backwaters of streams, whereas species of Aquarius are mostly confined to lotic habitats, such as springs, streams and rivers (Andersen, 1990). Although extremely few fossils are available for dating the ancestor of the three genera, the fossil species Limnoporus wilsoni Andersen from the middle Eocene (52-47 Ma) could be categorized into the L. rufoscutellatus (Latreille) group (Damgaard, 2008) and therefore the three genera had been separated since at least the early Eocene (c.50 Ma) (Andersen, 1993). ...
... These genera present a concentrated Holarctic distribution, with approximately 57% of species residing in Eurasia and 30% in North America. Less than 13% of species are found in Malesia, Africa and Australia; only Aquarius chilensis Berg is restricted to the Andean region in South America (Andersen, 1990). Furthermore, several closely related species within the same species group are widely separated and shape the disjunct Eurasian-North American distribution [e.g. ...
... Furthermore, several closely related species within the same species group are widely separated and shape the disjunct Eurasian-North American distribution [e.g. L. rufoscutellatus, Gerris gillettei Lethierry & Severin, G. odontogaster (Zetterstedt) and A. conformis (Uhler) groups] (Andersen, 1990(Andersen, , 1993Andersen & Spence, 1992;Damgaard & Cognato, 2003, 2006Damgaard et al., 2014). Recent studies shed light on the phylogeny of the three genera (Damgaard & Cognato, 2003, 2006Damgaard et al., 2014) but did not include molecular dating and biogeographical analyses. ...
It is now rare to find a semi-aquatic organism group with which to vigorously test whether their diversification model and distribution pattern are closely related to the Cenozoic temperature variation. This hypothesis is explored for water striders of the genera Aquarius Schellenberg, Gerris Fabricius and Limnoporus Stål, which comprise a monophyletic clade with primarily Holarctic distribution. We sample almost 90% of the currently recognized Aquarius, Gerris and Limnoporus species. Five DNA fragments from 62 species are used to reconstruct a phylogram. Divergence time is estimated using Bayesian relaxed-clock method and three fossil calibrations. We investigate diversification dynamics, biogeography and ancestral state reconstruction by using maximum-likelihood, Bayesian and parsimony approaches. Our results showed that the crown of the three genera originated and underwent an initial diversification in Asia at 72 Ma (HPD: 59–86 Ma) in the Late Cretaceous, subsequently expanding into other regions via dispersal. The Bering Land Bridge was the major migration route between Eurasia and North America but was interrupted before the early Oligocene (34 Ma). Ancestors most likely used lentic habitats, and a minimum of two independent shifts to lotic habitats occurred in the initial diversification. Cenozoic temperature variation regulated the evolutionary history of Holarctic water striders of the genera Aquarius, Gerris and Limnoporus. Temperature warming during Stage I (52–66 Ma) was associated with the disappearance of shallow lentic habitats; this phenomenon forced certain lentic lineages to colonize new lotic habitats and promoted the diversification of lineages. Temperature cooling during Stage II (after 34 Ma) was associated with the fragmentation of water habitats of the ‘mixed-mesophytic’ belt, resulting in the extinction of historical taxa and influencing close lineages that shaped the present disjunct Eurasian–North American distribution.
... Aquarius remigis is a surface-dwelling, semiaquatic bug common on streams and small rivers throughout Mexico, the United States, and Canada south of the Yukon and Northwest Territories (Drake and Harris 1928;Calabrese 1977;Andersen 1990). Both mark-and-recapture studies (Fairbairn 1985a(Fairbairn ,b, 1986 and allozymic analysis of genetic population structure (Zera 1981;Preziosi and Fairbairn 1992) indicate genetic isolation of populations on streams, even within watersheds. ...
... into three species: nyctalis in California, Oregon, Idaho, and Washington; remigis from Iowa, Missouri, Michigan, Connecticut, and Ohio; and "species A" from Virginia, Arizona, and Texas. Later authors have not supported the separation of nyctalis and remigis in the west, and have not confirmed the existence of a separate species or subspecies in the southern United States (Calabrese 1974;Polhemus and Chapman 1979;Andersen, 1990). However, Andersen (1990) noted the high degree of morphological variation within A. remigis and suggests that geographic divergence at the specific and subspecific levels may be expected. ...
... Later authors have not supported the separation of nyctalis and remigis in the west, and have not confirmed the existence of a separate species or subspecies in the southern United States (Calabrese 1974;Polhemus and Chapman 1979;Andersen, 1990). However, Andersen (1990) noted the high degree of morphological variation within A. remigis and suggests that geographic divergence at the specific and subspecific levels may be expected. Our biochemical-genetic studies do not support specific status for western A. remigis (Preziosi and Fairbairn 1992 and the present study). ...
... Contradictory results obtained from direct and indirect measures of gene flow emphasize the importance of studies which estimate both measures. In this paper we present a study of the genetic population structure of the waterstrider, Aquarius (=Gerris) remigis (Andersen, 1990), and indirectly estimate levels of gene flow at the local and regional level. Direct estimates ofdispersal distances for A. remigis were provided by Fairbairn (1985a, 1985b, 1986). ...
... Waterstriders (Hemiptera: Gerridae) are semiaquatic true bugs that live on the water surface of ponds, pools, lakes or streams (Andersen, 1982). Population sites are discrete and well defined, and proportions of migrants can be predicted from the proportion of long-winged individuals (Vep-sa1ainen, 1978). ...
... A. remigis is found throughout a large portion of North America and into Central America, and displays a high degree ofmorphological variability (Andersen, 1990). Andersen (1990) states that the extent of morphological variation of A. remigis throughout its range may warrant the assignment of specific or subspecific status for some regions. ...
Gene flow, in combination with selection and drift, determines levels of differentiation among local populations. In this study we estimate gene flow in a stream dwelling, flightless waterstrider, Aquarius remigis. Twenty-eight Aquarius remigis populations from Quebec, Ontario, New Brunswick, Iowa, North Carolina, and California were genetically characterized at 15 loci using starch gel electrophoresis. Sampling over two years was designed for a hierarchical analysis of population structure incorporating variation among sites within streams, streams within watersheds, watersheds within regions, and regions within North America. Hierarchical F statistics indicated that only sites within streams maintained enough gene flow to prevent differentiation through drift (Nm = 27.5). Above the level of sites within streams gene flow is highly restricted (Nm ≤ 0.5) and no correlation is found between genetic and geographic distances. This agrees well with direct estimates of gene flow based on mark and recapture data, yielding an Ne of approximately 170 individuals. Previous assignment of subspecific status to Californian A. remigis is not supported by genetic distances between those populations and other populations in North America. Previous suggestion of specific status for south-eastern A. remigis is supported by genetic distances between North Carolina populations and other populations in North America, and a high proportion of region specific alleles in the North Carolina populations. However, because of the high degree of morphological and genetic variability throughout the range of this species, the assignment of specific or subspecific status to parts of the range may be premature.
... remigoides Gallant and. The taxonomic structure and phylogenetic position of this group have been difficult to discern and its classification remains uncertain (e.g., Michel 1961;Andersen 1990Andersen , 1993Andersen , 1995Damgaard, Andersen, and Sperling 2000;Damgaard 2006;Damgaard, Moriera, Weir, and Zettel 2014). Although still classified in the genus Aquarius Schellenburg, 1800, molecular phylogenetic analyses now place these species as more closely related to Gerris species than to other Aquarius species (Damgaard and Cognato 2006;Damgaard and Christiansen 2007;Damgaard 2012;Damgaard et al. 2014). ...
... The signature species, A. remigis, is itself problematic from a taxonomic perspective. It is one of the most widely distributed and phenotypically variable of the temperate gerrids (Michel 1961;Calabrese 1974;Andersen 1990;Brennan and Fairbairn 1995;Fairbairn 2005;Damgaard and Christiansen 2007;Fairbairn and King 2009), and populations show marked genetic differentiation both within and amongst regions (Zera 1981;Preziosi and Fairbairn 1992;Gallant, Preziosi, and Fairbairn 1993). Populations from California and Oregon are particularly distinct with respect to genital morphology, body colour, life history and flight propensity (Michel 1961;Calabrese 1974;Fairbairn and King 2009;Fairbairn, personal observations). ...
... Michel (1961) considered these western populations a separate species and Calabrese (1974) gave them subspecific status. However, more recent comparisons of allozyme frequencies and of the shape of the internal genital components amongst populations from across North America have not supported separate taxonomic classification of western A. remigis (Presziosi and Fairbairn 1992; Gallant et al. 1993;Damgaard and Christiansen 2007), and all A. remigis are still considered a single species (Polhemus and Chapman 1979;Andersen 1990;Damgaard and Christiansen 2007;Damgaard et al. 2014). The phylogenetic position and taxonomic status of the A. remigis group and of its signature species, therefore, remain a key issue in fully resolving the phylogeny of the Gerridae. ...
We assess karyotypic variation in the heteropteran infraorder Gerromorpha. Counts of autosomes, m-chromosomes and sex chromosomes are obtained from literature reports for 51 species, including 35 in the family Gerridae. Placing these data on recently derived phylogenies reveals that XX/X0 sex determination is ancestral to the clade containing the Gerridae and Veliidae, but that XX/XY sex determination has been secondarily derived several times. Our results confirm the absence of m-chromosomes in the Gerromorpha, but contrary to previous reviews, we find intermediate levels of variation in chromosome counts and sex-determining systems when compared to other Heteropteran clades. A new karyological analysis reveals that the X chromosome of Aquarius remigis Say, 183297.
Say, T. (1832), Descriptions of New Species of Heteropterous Hemiptera of North America, New Harmony, IN: New York State Agricultural Society.View all references is the largest chromosome, which contrasts with A. najas De Geer, 177335.
De Geer, C. (1773), Mémoires pour Servir à l'Histoire des Insectes (Vol. 3), Stockholm: Pierre Hasselberg.View all references in which it the X chromosome is the smallest. This karyotypic difference supports molecular evidence that the A. remigis group of species is not closely related to other species in the genus Aquarius Schellenburg, 1800.
... Phylogenetic hypothèses are available for the gênera of the subfamily Gerrinae (Andersen 1995), and for species or species groups of Aquarius (Andersen, 1990), Gerris (Andersen, 1993b), and Limnoporus (Andersen & Spence, 1992). Other phylogenetic relationships shown in the cladograms (Figs. ...
... The subfamily Eotrechinae, the putative sister group of the Gerrinae (Andersen, 1982a;1982b;Polhemus & Andersen, 1984), is used as outgroup in the phylogenetic analyses. The relationships depicted in a cladogram published by Calabrese (1980) are disregarded because they cannot be independently verified (Andersen, 1990;Andersen & Spence, 1992;Spence and Andersen, 1994). ...
... The pattern of variation in F/M ratios optimized upon the phylogeny of the Gerrinae ( Fig. 2A) indicates that a F/M ratio well below 1.25 is the ancestral state in the subfamily as it is in the outgroup Eotrechinae. Transitions to a F/M ratio above 1.25 have occurred in Eury gerris flavolineatus (Champion), Tenagogerris euphrosyne (Kirkaldy) (and two undescribed species of this Australian genus ; Andersen & Weir, in press), Limnogonus buxtoni China and L. nitidus (Mayr) (Andersen, 1975), and in the Aquarius najas group (with four species; Andersen, 1990). ...
Water striders of the heteropteran family Gerridae are conspicuously adapted for life on the water surface, especially with respect to locomotion, feeding, and reproductive behavior. Sexual dimorphism and a significant allometric relationship between sexual size dimorphism and overall size is well documented in temperate Water strider are also dimorphic with respect to both primary and secondary sexual traits, especially shape and size of fore legs and structure of terminal abdominal segments and genitalia. In this paper the approach called ecological phylogenetics is used to study patterns of sexual dimorphism and mating systems in the monophyletic subfamily Gerrinae, focusing on the evolution of sexual dimorphism in relation to mating systems and the coevolution of male clasping and female anticlasper devices. There are no obvious, global phylogenetic effects or "constraints" on sexual dimorphism in the group, but phylogency has played a certain role in shaping pattern of F/M size ratios,male clasping devices, and female anticlasper devices withiin clades. There is no support for the hypothesis that male and female genitalia and other structures have been involved in a coevolutionary "arms race" . Finally, the phylogenetic effects on patterns of mating behavior are negligible as demonstrated by the large amount of interspecific variation in some genera, and by the fact that males of the same species may show alternative mating tactics depending on ecological circumstances.
... Entre los insectos acuáticos se encuentran las chinches patinadoras de la familia Gerridae (Hemiptera: Gerromorpha), cuyas especies habitan aguas lóticas y lénticas, especializándose en la película superfi cial del agua (Andersen, 1982). Los hábitats de estas chinches las hacen ideales para estudios ecológicos sobre dinámica de poblaciones, selección del hábitat, estrategias de dispersión y de comportamiento sexual (Andersen, 1990). ...
... La subfamilia Gerrinae está compuesta por 2 tribus: Gerrini, con 10 géneros y 154 especies, y Tachygerrini, con los géneros Tachygerris y Eurygerris distribuidos en el Neotrópico, con 10 y 7 especies, respectivamente (Andersen, 1995;Schuh y Slater, 1995). Los estudios sistemáticos de la subfamilia se han enfocado en los géneros holárticos Aquarius, Gerris y Limnoporus (Gerrini) (Andersen, 1990(Andersen, , 1993Andersen y Spence, 1992;Dagmaard y Sperling, 2001;Dagmaard y Cognato, 2005). Sin embargo, aunque existen otros trabajos sobre Gerrinae, la información es fragmentaria y sólo se describen o se mencionan especies pertenecientes a esta subfamilia (Drake, 1963;Bachmann, 1966;Nieser, 1970;Aristizábal, 2002;Padilla y Nieser, 2001;Molano et al., 2005). ...
... individuos en los que las alas son rudimentarias (ocultas por el pronoto). Se siguió la propuesta sobre morfología de los genitales del macho y de la hembra de Andersen (1990). Drake, 1957b (Fig. 1a) Tenagogonus Stål, 1855Kirkaldy y Torre-Bueno, 1909: 209;Drake y Harris, 1934: 215;Kuitert, 1942: 131. ...
The taxonomy of the tribe Tachygerrini (Hemiptera: Gerridae: Gerrinae) was studied. The tribe comprises 2 genera: Eurygerris Hungerford and Matsuda (with 10 species) and Tachygerris Drake (with 7 species). The revision was based on the examination of 19 entomological collections in the neotropics. The type materials of T. opacus, T. quadrilineatus, T. adamsoni, T. dentiferus, E. fuscinervis, E. flavolineatus, E. mexicanus and E. atrekes were reviewed. Eleven species from the tribe were re-described for the Neotropics, Tachygerris opacus, T. quadrilineatus, T. celocis, T. adamsoni, T. dentiferus, Eurygerris fuscinervis, E.flavolineatus, E. mexicanus, E. beieri, E. summatis, and E. atrekes. Eurygerris kahli (Drake y Harris, 1934) is synonymized with Eurygerris fuscinervis (Berg, 1898). Re-descriptions, illustrations, nomenclatural information and distribution and ecological data for each of the species are also provided. The geographical distributions for T. adamsoni (Venezuela), E. fuscinervis (Guatemala, Mexico and Venezuela), and E. atrekes (Venezuela) are expanded.
... Papers dealing with regional water bug inventories were published more recently and all of them concerned Asian Turkey only (Özesmi & Önder 1988;Kıyak et al. 2004Kıyak et al. , 2007aKıyak et al. , 2008Balık et al. 2006;Salur & Mesci 2009;Topkara et al. 2010, in prep.). Unfortunately, some of the more recent papers include also apparent misidentifications, mainly because of relying on outdated monographs (Poisson 1957, Stichel 1958 or monographs covering Turkish fauna only partially (Savage 1989, Péricart 1990, and ignoring most of the recent identification keys and monographs (e.g., Tamanini 1958aTamanini ,b, 1970Jansson 1986a;Andersen 1990Andersen , 1994Kanyukova 1973Kanyukova , 1982Kanyukova , 1997Kanyukova , 2006Lindskog 1975;Cobben 1985;Linnavuori 1998;Linnavuori & Hosseini 2000;Štys 2002a,b;Vinokurov 2004Vinokurov , 2007Vinokurov , 2009aVinokurov , 2010Streito & Péricart 2005;Heiss & Péricart 2007;Soós et al. 2009). Recently, DNA sequences from true bug samples originating from Turkey were included in phylogenetic and phylogeographic anaylses by Damgaard et al. (2000) and Damgaard (2005Damgaard ( , 2006Damgaard ( , 2008a. ...
... The following acronyms of the collections are used in the text: To identify the specimens, we used the following keys: Stichel (1955Stichel ( -1956, Tamanini (1955), Cobben (1960), Poisson (1957), Jansson (1986a), Péricart (1990), Kanyukova (2006); and many specialized revisions, e.g., Andersen (1990Andersen ( , 1994, Kanyukova (1973Kanyukova ( , 1974Kanyukova ( , 1982Kanyukova ( , 1997, Linnavuori (1998), and Linnavuori & Hosseini (2000). Male genitalia were dissected to identify the specimens whenever needed. ...
... Identification. Andersen (1990), Linnavuori & Hosseini (2000), Kanyukova (1982Kanyukova ( , 2006. ( Oshanin (1908, as Gerris (Hygrotrechus) ventralis), Oshanin (1912, as Gerris ventralis), Josifov (1986, as Gerris ventralis), Andersen (1995), Aukema (2009); this paper. ...
An annotated check-list of the aquatic and semi-aquatic bugs of the infraorders Enicocephalomorpha, Dipsocoromorpha, Nepomorpha, Gerromorpha, and Leptopodomorpha of Turkey and its geographical parts (Turkish Thrace [i.e., European Turkey] and Anatolia [i.e., the Asian Turkey]) is presented. The nomenclatoric history of Alpagut Kiyak, 1995 (= Harpago Linnavuori, 1951, = Raunocoris Baena & Alonso-Zarazaga, 2009) is reviewed, its gender is fixed, and two new combinations are proposed: Alpagut maroccanus (Wagner, 1960) comb. nov., and Alpagut medius (Rey, 1888) comb. nov. The list is based on a survey of all published records as well as on examination of collection material, including recent material collected in the poorly explored Turkish Thrace. The following numbers of species are accepted as occurring in Turkey: Enicocephalomorpha-1 species (Asian Turkey only), Dipsocoromorpha-2 species (Asian Turkey only), Nepomorpha-49 species (29 in European and 47 in Asian Turkey), Gerromorpha-27 species (10 in European and 25 in Asian Turkey), and Leptopodomorpha-21 species (6 in European and 20 in Asian Turkey). Forty species are known from both European and Asian Turkey, whereas 5 are recorded only from European Turkey and 55 only from Asian Turkey. Eight species and subspecies, Micronecta scholtzi (Fieber, 1860), Hesperocorixa sahlbergi (Fieber, 1848), Sigara iranica Lindberg, 1964, Hebrus ruficeps Thomson, 1871, Velia affinis filippiiTamanini, 1947, Velia rhadamantha rhadamantha Hoberlandt, 1941, Gerris kabaishanus Linnavuori, 1998, and Saldula pilosella pilosella (Thomson, 1871), are reported from Turkey for the first time; and four species, Sigara scripta (Rambur, 1840), Corixa punctata (Illiger, 1807), C. panzeri (Fieber, 1848), and Gerris argentatus Schummel, 1832, are new records for Turkish Thrace. First exact localities of several other species are provided as well. Three species, Sigara kervillei (Poisson, 1927), Microvelia hozari Hoberlandt, 1952, and Velia mariae Tamanini, 1971, seem to be endemic to Anatolia; 22 species occur only in Turkey and the adjacent regions (Balkan Peninsula, Cyprus, Near East, Iran, and Transcaucasia). The 75 remaining species have a wider distribution. Occurrences of 10 species, previously recorded from Turkey, need further confirmation. Finally, 19 species-group taxa are excluded from Turkish fauna as they are based on proven or suspected misidentifications or taxonomic confusion: Micronecta minutissima (Linnaeus, 1758), Cymatia bonsdorffii (C. R. Sahlberg, 1819), Arctocorisa carinata carinata (C. R. Sahlberg, 1819), Callicorixa praeusta praeusta (Fieber, 1848), Hesperocorixa castanea (Thomson, 1869), Hesperocorixa occulta (Lundblad, 1929), Sigara hoggarica Poisson, 1929, Sigara scotti (Douglas & Scott, 1868), Heleocoris minusculus (Walker, 1870), Anisops debilis canariensis Noualhier, 1893, Velia caprai caprai Tamanini, 1947, Aquarius najas (De Geer, 1773), Gerris costae costae (Herrich-Schaeffer, 1850), G. gibbifer Schummel, 1832, G. lateralis Schummel, 1832, Saldula fucicola (Sahlberg, 1870), S. pilosella hirsuta (Reuter, 1888), Salda morio Zetterstedt, 1838, and S. muelleri (Gmelin, 1790). In addition, first records of Aquarius ventralis (Fieber, 1860) from Syria, and Saldula melanoscela (Fieber, 1859) and Leptopus marmoratus (Goeze, 1778) from Lebanon, are provided. The previously published records of Rhagovelia nigricans nigricans (Burmeister, 1835) from Cyprus and Israel (Hoberlandt 1952b) belong to R. infernalis africana Lundblad, 1936.
... 16S rRNA and 28S rRNA (D3-D5) and using Gigantometra gigas (China, 1925) as outgroup. The study confirmed most of the species-groups established by Andersen (1990Andersen ( , 1993 and Andersen & Spence (1992), but revealed that their relationships differed considerably from what was previously recognized, mainly in Aquarius not being a monophyletic taxon, since A. remigis (Say 1832) and its close relatives A. amplus (Drake & Harris, 1938) and A. remigoides (Gallant & Fairbairn, 1993), together recognized as the A. remigis-group, were more closely related to Gerris than to congeners, and that the Neotropical A. chilensis (Berg 1888) was placed unresolved at the root of the tree. No other gerrine genera have been studied in similar detail, but Damgaard et al. (2010) studied the phylogeny of Limnogonus using DNA sequence data from the same compartment of genes as Damgaard (2006), and suggested the subgeneric classification in Limnogonus (s.str.) and Limnogonus (Limnogonoides) be replaced with a number of monophyletic species-groups. ...
... Andersen (1995a) diagnosed the Tachygerrini on the scent orifice being situated on a longitudinal ridge or carina and protected by a tuft of hairs; pear shaped scent reservoir; and second bifurcation of M + Cu in fore wing far removed from the anterior cross-vein, and he diagnosed Gerrini on the absence of a distinct lateral intersegmental suture between meso-and metanotum, and loss of pretarsal arolia in the adult stage. Andersen (1990) found that Aquarius chilensis had retained the pretarsal arolia, but nevertheless considered other characters sufficiently convincing to retain it in Aquarius, but stated (p. 45) that "if it is hypothesized that the pretarsal arolia have only been lost once within the subfamily Gerrinae, chilensis might well be placed as the sister-group of all other species belonging to the tribe Gerrini". ...
... Speciesgroups of Gerris, Aquarius and Limnoporus Andersen (1990Andersen ( , 1993 and Andersen & Spence (1992) divided Aquarius, Limnoporus and Gerris into a number of presumably monophyletic species-groups, each representing one or more species, and these hypotheses were tested in a series of studies (Sperling et al. 1997;Damgaard et al. 2000;Damgaard & Sperling 2001;Damgaard & Cognato 2003, 2005Damgaard & Zettel 2004;Damgaard 2005Damgaard , 2006Damgaard , 2008b. Based on our results we can confirm the Gerris marginatusgroup (G. ...
The phylogenetic relationships among selected species and genera of Gerrinae (Heteroptera: Gerridae) were investigated in a parsimony analysis of 2268 bp of DNA sequence data from the genes encoding COI + II, 16S rRNA and 28S rRNA. The taxa represented 12 of 15 recognized genera of Gerrinae and with outgroup taxa from all other subfamilies of Gerridae, including three of five recognized genera of Eotrechinae, which is considered the sister-group of Gerrinae. The resulting phylogeny shows that Gerrinae is not monophyletic, since a clade comprising Gerris, Aquarius, Limnoporus, Tachygerris, Eurygerris and Gigantometra is more closely related to representatives of the subfamily Eotrechinae than to a clade comprising Limnogonus, Neogerris, Limnometra, Tenagogerris and Tenagogonus. The two currently recognized gerrine tribes, Tachygerrini and Gerrini, were also paraphyletic, since Eurygerris was sister-group to Gigantometra, while Tachygerris was sister-group to Limnoporus + Aquarius + Gerris. Limnogonus and Neogerris were found to be strongly supported sister-taxa, and their sister-group was a clade comprising Limnometra, Tenagogerris and Tenagogonus, none of which were monophyletic. Finally, Aquarius chilensis (Berg, 1881) was sister-group to a clade comprising Aquarius amplus (Drake & Harris, 1938), A. remigis (Say, 1832) and A. remigoides (Gallant & Fairbairn, 1993), recognized as the A. remigis species group, and the entire clade was sister-group to Gerris. Based on the phylogenetic reconstruction, we outline possible diagnostic character combinations for a future revision of the Gerrinae and discuss the fossil record. While some of the relationships reinstate earlier ideas, e.g., Limnogonus and Neogerris being sister groups, many others are poorly supported and poorly diagnosed, and therefore, we retain from drawing taxonomic conclusions until data is available from the remaining genera, which can support a future generic revision of the Gerrinae. The updated checklist of species assigned to the subfamily is there-fore based on the established taxonomy.
... Entre los insectos acuáticos se encuentran las chinches patinadoras de la familia Gerridae (Hemiptera: Gerromorpha), cuyas especies habitan aguas lóticas y lénticas, especializándose en la película superfi cial del agua (Andersen, 1982). Los hábitats de estas chinches las hacen ideales para estudios ecológicos sobre dinámica de poblaciones, selección del hábitat, estrategias de dispersión y de comportamiento sexual (Andersen, 1990). ...
... La subfamilia Gerrinae está compuesta por 2 tribus: Gerrini, con 10 géneros y 154 especies, y Tachygerrini, con los géneros Tachygerris y Eurygerris distribuidos en el Neotrópico, con 10 y 7 especies, respectivamente (Andersen, 1995;Schuh y Slater, 1995). Los estudios sistemáticos de la subfamilia se han enfocado en los géneros holárticos Aquarius, Gerris y Limnoporus (Gerrini) (Andersen, 1990(Andersen, , 1993Andersen y Spence, 1992;Dagmaard y Sperling, 2001;Dagmaard y Cognato, 2005). Sin embargo, aunque existen otros trabajos sobre Gerrinae, la información es fragmentaria y sólo se describen o se mencionan especies pertenecientes a esta subfamilia (Drake, 1963;Bachmann, 1966;Nieser, 1970;Aristizábal, 2002;Padilla y Nieser, 2001;Molano et al., 2005). ...
... individuos en los que las alas son rudimentarias (ocultas por el pronoto). Se siguió la propuesta sobre morfología de los genitales del macho y de la hembra de Andersen (1990). Drake, 1957b (Fig. 1a) Tenagogonus Stål, 1855Kirkaldy y Torre-Bueno, 1909: 209;Drake y Harris, 1934: 215;Kuitert, 1942: 131. ...
The taxonomy of the tribe Tachygerrini (Hemiptera: Gerridae: Gerrinae) was studied. The tribe comprises 2 genera: Eurygerris Hungerford and Matsuda (with 10 species) and Tachygerris Drake (with 7 species). The revision was based on the examination of 19 entomological collections in the neotropics. The type materials of T. opacus, T. quadrilineatus, T. adamsoni, T. dentiferus, E. fuscinervis, E. flavolineatus, E. mexicanus and E. atrekes were reviewed. Eleven species from the tribe were redescribed for the Neotropics, Tachygerris opacus, T. quadrilineatus, T. celocis, T. adamsoni, T. dentiferus, Eurygerris fuscinervis, E. flavolineatus, E. mexicanus, E. beieri, E. summatis, and E. atrekes. Eurygerris kahli (Drake y Harris, 1934) is synonymized with Eurygerris fuscinervis (Berg, 1898). Redescriptions, illustrations, nomenclatural information and distribution and ecological data for each of the species are also provided. The geographical distributions for T. adamsoni (Venezuela), E. fuscinervis (Guatemala, Mexico and Venezuela), and E. atrekes (Venezuela) are expanded.
... Punjab Province, Jhelum District, Chalisa). Aquarius adelaidis : Andersen 1990: 61.-Pakistan: Buzzetti et al. (2006: 40. Sindh Province, Thatta District, Keenjhar Lake). ...
... Within the genus Aquarius, only A. adelaidis has been recorded in Pakistan. The probable occurrence of the closely related northern species A. paludum (see Andersen 1990) cannot be excluded and is most likely to occur in lentic waters in northern Pakistan. ...
This study was conducted to explore the gerrid fauna of the Industrial Triangle of Punjab (Pakistan). Five species were collected during this study, of which three are recorded for the first time for Pakistan: Metrocoris communis (Distant, 1910), Heterobates bilobatus (Esaki, 1927), and Naboandelus bergevini popovi Brown, 1951. A sixth species was added from Punjab (Pakistan) from museum material, and two others from Indian Kashmir. For two taxa, H. bilobatus and N. bergevini popovi, the new records extended their known range. Further, Rheumatobates maculata Khatoon & Ali, 1978 is proposed as a junior synonym of Metrocoris communis (Distant, 1910) and Gerris lacustris (Linnaeus, 1758) is excluded
from the Pakistani fauna. The first provisional checklist for the Gerridae of Pakistan is presented and the gerrid fauna of neighboring countries to Pakistan is discussed.
... The living A. najas-group is currently distributed in the western part of the Palearctic only (Damgaard, 2005). Among them, A. najas is a common Palearctic gerrine in the west of the Ural Mountains (Andersen, 1990); A. ventralis is distributed in the Balkans and Levant regions, such as Bulgaria, Greece, Turkey, Cyprus, Lebanon, and Israel; while A. ventralis is distributed in the west of the Mediterranean region, such as France, Italy, Portugal, Spain, and Morocco (Andersen, 1990;Damgaard, 2005). The discovery of fossils has proved that this group is more widely distributed (Cai et al., 2019) in the Late Oligocene (23.5-26 ...
... The living A. najas-group is currently distributed in the western part of the Palearctic only (Damgaard, 2005). Among them, A. najas is a common Palearctic gerrine in the west of the Ural Mountains (Andersen, 1990); A. ventralis is distributed in the Balkans and Levant regions, such as Bulgaria, Greece, Turkey, Cyprus, Lebanon, and Israel; while A. ventralis is distributed in the west of the Mediterranean region, such as France, Italy, Portugal, Spain, and Morocco (Andersen, 1990;Damgaard, 2005). The discovery of fossils has proved that this group is more widely distributed (Cai et al., 2019) in the Late Oligocene (23.5-26 ...
Holding particular biological resources, the Tibetan Plateau is a unique geologic-geographic-biotic interactively unite and hence play an important role in the global biodiversity domain. The Tibetan Plateau has undergone vigorous environmental changes since the Cenozoic, and played roles switching from "a paradise of tropical animals and plants" to "the cradle of Ice Age mammalian fauna". Recent significant paleontological discoveries have refined a big picture of the evolutionary history of biodiversity on that plateau against the backdrop of major environmental changes, and paved the way for the assessment of its far-reaching impact upon the biota around the plateau and even in more remote regions. Here, based on the newly reported fossils from the Tibetan Plateau which include diverse animals and plants, we present a general review of the changing biodiversity on the Tibetan Plateau and its influence in a global scale. We define the Tibetan Plateau as a junction station of the history of modern biodiversity, whose performance can be categorized in the following three patterns: (1) Local origination of endemism; (2) Local origination and "Out of Tibet"; (3) Intercontinental dispersal via Tibet. The first pattern is exemplified by the snow carps, the major component of the freshwater fish fauna on the plateau, whose temporal distribution pattern of the fossil schizothoracines approximately mirrors the spatial distribution pattern of their living counterparts. Through ascent with modification, their history reflects the biological responses to the stepwise uplift of the Tibetan Plateau. The second pattern is represented by the dispersal history of some mammals since the Pliocene and some plants. The ancestors of some Ice Age mammals, e.g., the wholly rhino, Arctic fox, and argali sheep first originated and evolved in the uplifted and frozen Tibet during the Pliocene, and then migrated toward the Arctic regions or even the North American continent at beginning of the Ice Age; the ancestor of pantherines (big cats) first rose in Tibetan Plateau during the Pliocene, followed by the disperse of its descendants to other parts of Asia, Africa, North and South America to play as top predators of the local ecosystems. The early members of some plants, e.g., Elaeagnaceae appeared in Tibet during the Late Eocene and then dispersed and were widely distributed to other regions. The last pattern is typified by the history of the tree of heaven (Ailanthus) and climbing perch. Ailanthus originated in the Indian subcontinent, then colonized into Tibet after the Indian-Asian plate collision, and dispersed therefrom to East Asia, Europe and even North America. The climbing perches among freshwater fishes probably rose in Southeast Asia during the Middle Eocene, dispersed to Tibet and then migrated into Africa via the docked India. These cases highlight the role of Tibet, which was involved in the continental collision, in the intercontinental biotic interchanges. The three evolutionary patterns above reflect both the history of biodiversity on the plateau and the biological and environmental effects of tectonic uplift.
... Andersen (1995b) diagnosed Tachygerrini by the location and structure of the metasternal scent apparatus, the venation of the forewing, and the retainment of pretarsal aroliae, even though this character is is probably plesiomorphic. He diagnosed Gerrini by the absence of a distinct lateral, intersegmental suture between meso-and metanotum, and the loss of pretarsal aroliae in the adult stage, even though he earlier had described this characters for Aquarius chilensis (Berg, 1888) (Andersen, 1990). Andersen (1995b) found a close relationship between Limnometra, Tenagogonus, and Tenagometra, and diagnosed the clade by the dark, median longitudinal stripe of pronotum and the membraneous inner lobes of the first gonapo- physes. ...
... median carina on the pronotum, the length of first segment of middle tarsus being more than 2.5 (but less than 4) times that of the second segment; the mesosternum less than twice length of metasternum, and the short, conate parameres, whereas the sister group relationship between Gerris and Aquarius is diagnosed by the basis of the first antennal segment being shorter than half the body length; the absence of a pale median stripe on the pronotal lobe, the thickened fore femora of the female, and the incrassate fore femora of the male (Damgaard and Cognato, 2005). The phylogeny of the three genera has been studied intensively (Andersen, 1990Andersen, , 1993Andersen, , 1995b; Andersen and Spence, 1992; Sperling et al., 1997; Damgaard et al., 2000b; Damgaard and Sperling, 2001; Cognato, 2003, 2005). These studies were summarized by Damgaard (2008c) in a parsimony analysis of 66 morphological characters and almost 2.3 kb og DNA and with inclusion of all species of Aquarius and Limnoporus and with a dense sampling of Gerris species representing all subgenera and species groups according to Andersen (1993) and Damgaard and Cognato (2005). ...
The present study summarizes knowledge about phylogenetic relationships of the heteropteran infraorder Gerromorpha. A phylogeny for all families and subfamilies, and for all genera but those assigned to the two most diverse families, Veliidae and Gerridae, is compiled from the many studies by the late Dr. Nils Møller Andersen. Comparisons with recently published studies, including DNA sequence data show that the superfamilies Hydrometroidea and Gerroidea, the family Veliidae, the subfamily Mesoveliinae, and the genera Mesovelia and Microvelia are probably not monophyletic, and that Paraphrynoveliidae, Gerridae, Madeoveliinae, Ocelloveliinae, Veliinae, Haloveliinae and Gerrinae are without convincing diagnostic morphological characters. In Gerridae, phylogenetic hypotheses are available for most subfamilies, and are evaluated against more recent studies indicating that the tribes Metrocorini and Metrobatini, and even well-known genera, such as Aquarius, Limnometra, Tenagogonus and Halobates, are not monophyletic. As taxonomic classifications should be based on observable morphological characters, and at the same time reflect phylogenetic relationships, a considerable task lays ahead in obtaining material of key taxa for DNA sequencing, and in identifying and redescribing clades based on new combinations of diagnostic characters.
... В семействе произошли таксономические перестановки. Статус подродов Aquarius Schållenberg, 1800 и Limnoporus Stеl, 1868 повышен до родового ранга, а Limnoporus genitalis (Miyamoto, 1958) прибрёл видовую самостоятельность [Andersen, 1990;Andersen, Spence, 1992], ранее он указывался как подвид Gerris rufoscutellatus genitalis Miyamoto, 1958 [Канюкова, 1981] Andersen et Chen, 1993[Kanyukova, 2001 из Прим. ...
The article contains news of the classification of true bugs (Heteroptera, Hemiptera) and the changes in the fauna of the Russian Far East that had occurred during 20 years since the publication of two volumes of the Key of the insects of the Russian Far East
... The genus Aquarius Schellenberg, 1800 has a caudal spine, relatively short antennal segments and dark coloration of prothorax (Andersen 1990), with the females usually exceeding 12 mm in length. The species Aquarius elongatus (Uhler, 1896) and A. paludum (Fabricius, 1794) and subspecies A. p. amamiensis (Miyamoto, 1958) were formerly known in Japan. ...
The genus Aquarius, of the subfamily Gerrinae, was formerly divided into two species and one subspecies in Japan (A. paludum paludum, A. paludum amamiensis and A. elongatus, respectively). Aquarius haliplous Yasunaga et al. 2018 has recently been described as a new species, which occurs in brackish waters of Nagasaki Prefecture and is found sympatrically with the widely distributed species, A. p. paludum. However, they are considered to be speciated, with no cross-breeding. In this study, molecular phylogenetic and morphological analyses were undertaken using the mitochondrial DNA COI (529 bp) and nuclear DNA histone H3 (314 bp) gene regions to investigate the genetic and morphological differentiation in the genus Aquarius, including A. haliplous, throughout Japan (including the islands). The results show that, unlike A. p. paludum, A. p. amamiensis and A. haliplous, A. elongatus displays substantial genetic differentiation. Considering that, although morphological differences exist in the antennae of A. p. paludum and A. p. amamiensis, A. haliplous has no clear genetic or morphological difference from A. p. paludum, and hence cannot be classified as a distinct species. Therefore, we propose that A. haliplous be synonymized with A. paludum.
... Nieser (1999Nieser ( , 2002 raised Micronectinae that belonged to Corixidae to family rank, and therefore, we adopt this change which has been recently confirmed through a phylogenomic analysis by Wang et al. (2021). We used the following identification keys: Tamanini (1947Tamanini ( , 1958Tamanini ( , 1979, Poisson (1957), Jansson (1986b), Andersen (1990Andersen ( , 1993, Kanyukova (1973aKanyukova ( , 1973bKanyukova ( , 1974Kanyukova ( , 1982, and Berchi et al. (2016). ...
The Caucasian fauna of water bugs (Heteroptera: Gerromorpha, Nepomorpha) is reviewed based on data originating from literature survey, museum and private collections, and extensive field sampling. The diversity of Caucasus ecoregion is quite significant with 77 species and subspecies framed within 25 genera (17 in Nepomorpha, 8 in Gerromorpha), and 13 families (8 in Nepomorpha, 5 in Gerromorpha). Micronecta anatolica anatolica Lindberg, 1922, Sigara iranica Lindberg, 1964, S. samani tigranes Jansson, 1986, Velia kiritshenkoi Tamanini, 1958, and Gerris asper (Fieber, 1860) are reported for the first time from Georgia, M. anatolica anatolica, Notonecta maculata Fabricius, 1794, Mesovelia thermalis Horváth, 1915, and Gerris lacustris (Linnaeus, 1758) represent new records for Armenia, and Microvelia macani Brown, 1953 is new for Azerbaijan. A chorological and similarity analysis highlighted the connections with and between adjacent countries, with Caucasus ecoregion having the highest similarity of the water bug fauna with Turkey, whereas Iran and Russia (European territory) have the lowest. The largest number of shared species/subspecies was found between the Caucasus and Turkey (64 taxa), while the lowest was between Iran and Russia (40 taxa). Our results indicate that the Caucasus represents a composite of various faunal elements of different origin, ranging from Caucasian endemics to Afrotropico-Indo-Mediterranean and Holarctic.
... Samples were preserved in 70 % ethanol and returned to the laboratory for processing and species level identification. Laboratory identification of fauna was undertaken using available identification keys (Poisson, 1957;Tamanini, 1979;Jansson, 1986;Andersen, 1990;Zimmermann and Scholl, 1993), a binocular microscope, and the Heteroptera collections deposited at the National Museum of Natural History in Paris and the Naturalis Biodiversity Centre in Leiden to verify the identifications with the assistance of three experts. ...
Heteropteran communities form a key component of aquatic ecosystems but have not been widely studied compared to other freshwater faunal groups. This research examined the environmental parameters influencing the diversity, seasonal distribution and structure of aquatic Heteroptera assemblages in the Mediterranean region of Tunisia, northern Africa. Heteropterans were most abundant during spring and summer, coinciding with the emergence of several species and the most favorable environmental conditions for benthic aquatic fauna. Three-way multivariate analyses (combining community composition data from all sites and seasons) highlighted the longitudinal spatial organization of Heteropteran communities. Headwater regions were dominated by halophobic sensitive taxa, and lowland sites were characterized by high salinity resistant taxa (halophilic taxa). The longitudinal organization was driven by gradients of mineralization (salinity and electrical conductivity) and oxygen (DO, COD and BOD) concentrations. Taxonomic composition differed between river catchments, with significantly higher diversity (taxa richness) in the streams with adjacent riparian forest cover. These sites were characterized by the presence of endemic species, such as Velia africana and Velia eckerleini, and rare species, Notonecta meridionalis, and Aquarius najas. Results recorded highlight the importance of aquatic vegetation and water quality in driving the seasonal and spatial variability of Heteropterans, and provide important information to inform the management and conservation of freshwater biodiversity in Northern Africa.
... Gattungsrang gestellt (ANDERSEN 1990 ...
Simon, H., Achtziger, R., Bräu, M., Dorow, W.H.O., Göricke, P., Gossner, M.M., Gruschwitz, W., Heckmann, R., Hoffmann, H.-J., Kallenborn, H., Kleinsteuber, W., Martschei, T., Melber, A., Morkel, C., Münch, M., Nawratil, J., Remane, R., Rieger, C., Voigt, K. & Winkelmann, H. unter Mitarbeit von Günther, H., Kott, P., Münch, D., Rabitsch, W., Schmolke, F., Schuster, G., Strauss, G., Werner, D.J. & Zimmermann, G. (2021): Rote Liste und Gesamtartenliste der Wanzen (Heteroptera) Deutschlands. In: Ries, M., Balzer, S., Gruttke, H., Haupt, H., Hofbauer, N., Ludwig, G. & Matzke-Hajek, G. (Red.): Rote Liste gefährdeter Tiere, Pflanzen und Pilze Deutschlands, Band 5: Wirbellose Tiere (Teil 3). Naturschutz und Biologische Vielfalt 70(5): 465-624.
... The trypanosomatid was isolated in Ames, IA, USA, from the host Gerris remiges, (26) which was later renamed to Aquarius remiges [Supplementary data (Table III)]. (27) COLPROT016 is a duplicate. Up to now, there was no reference sequence in Genbank for this species. ...
BACKGROUND
Biodiversity screens and phylogenetic studies are dependent on reliable DNA sequences in public databases. Biological collections possess vouchered specimens with a traceable history. Therefore, DNA sequencing of samples available at institutional collections can greatly contribute to taxonomy, and studies on evolution and biodiversity.
METHODS
We sequenced part of the glycosomal glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase (gGAPDH) and the SSU rRNA (V7/V8) genes from 102 trypanosomatid cultures, which are available on request at www.colprot.fiocruz.br.
OBJECTIVE
The main objective of this work was to use phylogenetic inferences, using the obtained DNA sequences and those from representatives of all Trypanosomatidae genera, to generate phylogenetic trees that can simplify new isolates screenings.
FINDINGS
A DNA sequence is provided for the first time for several isolates, the phylogenetic analysis allowed the classification or reclassification of several specimens, identification of candidates for new genera and species, as well as the taxonomic validation of several deposits.
MAIN CONCLUSIONS
This survey aimed at presenting a list of validated species and their associated DNA sequences combined with a short historical overview of each isolate, which can support taxonomic and biodiversity research and promote culture collections.
... West Palaearctic: Europe and part of the Maghreb Region (Morocco, Tunisia and Algeria) including several of the larger islands in the Mediterranean (cf. Andersen 1990Andersen , 1995Damgaard 2005a;Damgaard et al. 2014). In the western Mediterranean, A. najas may be confused with A. cinereus (Puton, 1869) with which it can hybridize (Zimmermann & Scholl 1993), and in the eastern Mediterranean it may be confused with A. ventralis (Fieber, 1860). ...
The Romanian fauna comprises two species of Aquarius Schellenberg, 1800, eight species of Gerris Fabricius, 1794 and one species of Limnoporus Stål, 1868, and we hereby update the distribution and provide insights on the phenology and ecology of all eleven species in this country. We furthermore update the distribution of the two closely related species Gerris gibbifer Schummel, 1832 and G. maculatus Tamanini, 1946 in southeastern Europe. Gerris maculatus is recorded for the first time from Hungary, Montenegro and Slovenia, and the first detailed localities from Romania and Serbia are given. All bibliographic records of G. gibbifer from Romania, Macedonia and Serbia are based on misidentification and this species is thus excluded from the faunal lists of these countries. Both G. gibbifer and G. maculatus occur in Croatia, Hungary, Ukraine, and probably Slovenia.
... There are two geographical subspecies: the Holarctic A. palu - dum paludum (Fabricius, 1794) and the Japanese A. paludum amamiensis (Miya - moto, 1958) (Damgard et al., 2014). The first subspecies is frequently found throughout Europe (Poisson, 1957;Andersen, 1990;Aukema, 2013;Dit rich and Papáček, 2016) including Romania ( Davideanu, 1999;Ilie and Olosutean, 2008;Olosutean, 2015;Olosutean and Ilie, 2008, 2010, 2013Ilie, 2009), where they prefer large puddles or lakes, usually occupying the open water. Their mating season lasts from late May to early September in the Ro manian populations (Olosultean andIlie, 2008, 2013;Ilie, 2009). ...
Mating behavior of a large Aquarius paludum paludum (Fabricius 1794) (Hemiptera: Gerridae: Gerrini) population was investigated on several field surveys during the mating season. Both types of mating behavior known for semi-Aquatic true bugs were observed in the studied population: Aggressive Type I mating for non-Territorial males and unaggressive Type II mating for the territorial males. Some males establish individual territories at the lake shores that they defend for around one hour and switch to aggressive mating if they fail to attract a female to mate, while most males remain non-Territorial. Radial 1-1.5 meter territories were aggressively defended from other males, conflicts being always won by the male already occupying the territory. The presence of Type II males is conditioned by the absence of sufficient space for all males to establish territories. Contact guarding was much longer than documented before for A. paludum paludum, lasting for at least 12-13 hours in some cases. Based on the observations and on the existing information on the group, a more comprehensive classification of mating behavior of true bugs is proposed: Type I-non-Territorial, unsignaled grasping, with contact guarding; Type II-territorial, signaled mounting with noncontact guarding; Type III-non-Territorial, signaled mounting with contact guarding.
... Sus ejemplares son altamente especializados en cuanto a su hábitat, la película superficial del agua, y poseen hábitos predadores pues se alimentan de otros insectos que caen en ella [3]. Los hábitats que estos chinches ocupan, los hacen ideales para estudios ecológicos sobre dinámica de poblaciones, selección del hábitat, estrategias de dispersión y de desarrollo sexual [4]. Estos insectos han adquirido gran importancia, ya que son predadores de larvas de mosquitos, posibles agentes de control biológico, y algunas especies son importantes como indicadores de la calidad del agua [5,6,7], debido a que dependen directamente de estos ecosistemas, lo cual hace que desempeñen un papel importante en la cadena trófica de los hábitats acuáticos. ...
Some water sources from five villages belonging to the municipality of San Luis de Gaceno, were sampled in order to contribute to the knowledge of the entomofauna of the family Gerridae in the department of Boyacá. Using aquatic entomological nets, we collected in total 117 individuals belonging to five genera and eight species, being Trepobates the richest with three species, compared with the genus Rheumatobates and Tachygerris, with a single species. The most abundant species was Potamobates vivatus. For the first time were registered in the department the genus Rheumatobates with the species R. crassifemur esakii as well as the species Brachymetra unca, Brachymetra albinervis, Potamobates vivatus and Trepobates taylori
... Nous vous proposons un catalogue des onze Espèces de France (suivant Oshanin, 1909 ;Van Duzee, 1917 ;Perrier & al., 1935 ;Poisson, 1957 ;Villiers, 1977 ;Zahradnik, 1978 ;Zahradnik, 1989 ;Dethier, 1975 ;Vepsalainen & al., 1985 ;Baena & Vasquez, 1986 ;Dethier, 1986 ;Vepsalainen & Nummelin, 1986 ;Kaitala, 1987 ;Kaitala, 1988 ;Arnqvist, 1989b ;Maclean, 1990 ;Nummelin, 1989 ;Spence, 1989 ;Andersen, 1990 ;Andersen & Spence, 1992 ;Erlandsson, 1992 ;Spence, 1994 ;Andersen, 1996 ;Damgaard & Sperling, 2001 ;Delfosse, 2003a ;Leraut, 2003), en considérant que nous n'avons pas trop insisté sur la répartition mondiale, sur les Sous-espèces et les variétés, quelquefois sujettes à caution. & al., 1985 ;Vepsalainen & Nummelin, 1986 ;Nummelin, 1989 ;Spence, 1994 (Dethier, 1986), sur les rivières, les grands canaux, les lacs et les étangs (Poisson, 1957 ;Leraut, 2003 (Dethier, 1986). ...
Taxonomy, distribution, biology and breeding of french Water Striders in France.
... 4. Aquarius Schell. gilt inzwischen als eigene Gattung (Andersen , 1990). 5. Die Ausgliederung des bisherigen Subgenus Melanotrichus aus Orthotylus und dessen Erhebung zu einem eigenen Genus (Henry & Froeschner, 1988). ...
1. The results of the revision of the collection of Heteroptera in the State Museum of Natural
History Karlsruhe (Baden-Württemberg) are presentet.
2. Facts about the distribution of 484 species of Heteroptera in Baden-Württemberg are
given. Biogeography and ecology are discussed refering to the rarer species, 20 of them
are mapped.
3. Six species are recorded for the first time in Baden-Württemberg: Actinonotus pulcher
(Herrich-Schäffer, 1835), Atomoscelis onustus (Fieber, 1861 ), Conostethus roseus (Fallen,
1829), Piesma quadratum (Fieber, 1844), /schnocoris angustulus (Boheman, 1853) and
Trapezonotus ullrichi (Fieber, 1836).
4. Lists of species are given for the „NSG Michaelsberg" near Untergrombach the „Turmberg"
in Karlsruhe, for the „NSG Scheibenberg" near Gaggenau (valley of the Murg) the
„Bienenbuckel" near Oberachern the Kaiserstuhl (near Freiburg) the lsteiner Klotz (near
Lörrach) and for the „NSG Wildseemoor" near Wildbad in the black forest. New records are
added to the lists of species of the wind-borne sanddunes near Sandhausen, „NSG Spitzberg"
near Tübingen and the „Wutachschlucht".
... All the sampled material was placed and kept in 96% ethanol containing tubes. The keys of Stichel (1955Stichel ( -1956, Nieser (1972), Poisson (1957), Jansson (1986), Andersen (1990, 1993) Rabitsch (2005 and Kanyukova (2006) were consulted in identifications of the sampled material. ...
This study was performed in the period of 2013-2014 in various freshwater habitats ranging from lakes, dam lakes, rivers, streams, irrigation channels and trough in Turkish Thrace in order to determine the Gerromorpha and Nepomorpha fauna of the city. Hydrometra gracilenta Horváth, 1899 (Hydrometridae) is new record for the fauna of Turkey, Limnoporus rufoscutellatus (Latreille, 1807) (Gerridae), Mesovelia furcata Mulsant and Rey, 1852 and Mesovelia vittigera Horváth, 1895 (Mesoveliidae) and Microvelia (Microvelia) reticulata (Burmeister, 1835) (Veliidae) are new records for fauna of Turkish Thrace Region. First exact localities are provided for three species, (Anisops sardeus sardeus Herrich-Schäffer, 1849, Hesperocorixa linnaei (Fieber, 1848) and Sigara mayri (Fieber, 1860)) whose presence in Turkish Thrace was formerly reported without any locality details.
... dinámica de poblaciones, selección del hábitat, estrategias de dispersión y de desarrollo sexual (Andersen, 1990). La longitud del cuerpo es variable, desde muy pequeños como las especies del género Rheumatobates Bergroth, 1892 (1,6 mm), hasta los de gran tamaño del género Gigantometra Hungerford y Matsuda, 1958 (3,6 mm;Schuh y Slater, 1995). ...
p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: ";Times New Roman";,";serif";;">Se revisaron cinco colecciones entomológicas de Colombia y se registra por primera vez para el país Brachymetra shawi Hungerford & Matsuda 1938, especie que había sido reportada para Guyana, Guyana Francesa, Surinam, Brasil y Bolivia y Potamobates variabilis Hungerford 1957, registrada solamente para el Perú; asimismo se amplía la distribución departamental para 14 especies de la familia Gerridae. </p
... To encourage additional research on Croatian water bugs, we also provoide an updated check-list of the Croatian Nepomorpha and Gerromorpha. For identification of Croatian water bugs we can recommend the following monographs and particular revisions: ANDERSEN (1990ANDERSEN ( , 1994, ANDERSEN & SPENCE (1992), JANSSON (1986), KANYU-KOVA (1973, 1974), NIESER (1972, SAVAGE (1989), SOÓS et al. (2009), STICHEL (1955-1956), and TAMANINI (1979. ...
An updated check-list of the aquatic and semi-aquatic bugs of Croatia is provided. Altogether, we list 14 families and 59 species (Nepidae - 2, Belostomatidae - 1, Ochteridae - 1, Micronectidae - 2, Corixidae - 21, Naucoridae - 1, Aphelocheiridae - 1, Notonectidae - 7, Pleidae - 1, Mesoveliidae - 2, Hebridae - 2, Hydrometridae - 1, Veliidae - 7, Gerridae - 10). However, for 11 of the listed spe- cies no exact locality record has ever been published. Five species, Micronecta minutissima (Lin- naeus, 1758), Velia caprai Tamanini, 1947, Velia rivulorum (Fabricius, 1775), Velia saulii Tamanini, 1947, and Limnoporus rufoscutellatus (Latreille, 1807) are omitted from the list for the time being due to the lack of reliable records. Based on an examination of new material, we provide two new re- cords for Croatia - Corixa panzeri Fieber, 1848 and Sigara semistriata (Fieber, 1848), first exact records of Hesperocorixa linnaei (Fieber, 1848) and Notonecta meridionalis Poisson, 1926, as well as new find- ings of Aphelocheirus aestivalis (Fabricius, 1803) and Anisops sardeus sardeus Herrich-Schaeffer, 1843 not recorded from Croatia for many decades.
... Il est entériné depuis longtemps qu'Aquarius Schellenberg, 1815, considéré à l'origine comme un sous-genre de Gerris, a un statut indépendant(Andersen, 1990 ;KAnyuKovA, 2006).Bulletin de la Société entomologique de France, 120 (4), 2015 : 445-447. ...
... Aquarius paludum (Fabricius) is included in Gerridae, Heteroptera and a water bug inhabiting fresh water bodies and distributed over a wide area of the Palearctic zone from England to Japan (western and eastern limits) and from the southern part of Siberia to India (northern and southern limits) [19]. Photoperiodic responses of the Kochi (33˚30'N) population of A. paludum were examined for wing-form determination and induction of adult diapause, two decades ago (1989)(1990)(1991). ...
... This character can be seen only under high magnifications and is the only character we found to distinguish V. pubescens from V. modulatus and V. chinai. Body pubescence has been shown to be important for protection against UV-radiation in different genera of Gerridae (Cheng et al. 1978, Andersen 1990); therefore it could be variable under different microhabitat conditions. As the types of V. pubescens correspond in all other characters either with V. modulatus and/or with V. chinai, we regard it as synonymous with V. modulatus. ...
The Oriental water strider genus Ventidius Distant is redescribed and revised. The morphological characters of Ventidiopsis Miyamoto and EsakiaLundblad and their relationships with Ventidius re discussed. Ventidiopsis Miyamoto is ranked as a subgenus of Ventidius (stat. n.). Six species are described as new: Ventidius (s. str.) longitarsus sp. n. from Viet Nam, V (s. str.) pilosus sp. n. from Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara Timur, Nusa Tenggara Barat), V (s. str.) polhemorum sp. n. from Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak), V. (Ventidioides) heissi sp. n. from Malaysia (Sarawak), V (Ventidioides) nieserisp. n. from Brunei, Malaysia (Sarawak) and Indonesia (Kalimantan), and V (Ventidiopsis) yangae sp. n. from Malaysia (Sabah). The following species are redescribed: Ventidius (s. str.) aquarius Distant, V (s. str.) usingeri Hungerford & Matsuda, V. (s. str.) harrisoni Cheng, V (s. str.) malayensis Hungerford & Matsuda, V (s. str.) henryi Esaki, V. (s. str.) hungerfordi Cheng, V (s. str.) werneri Hungerford & Matsuda, V (s. str.) modulatus Lundblad, V (Ventidioides) kuiterti Hungerford & Matsuda, V (Ventidioides) karen Lansbury, V. (Ventidioides) pulai Cheng, V (Ventidioides) lundbladi Miyamoto, V (Ventidioides) xiphibion Chen & Nieser, V (Ventidioides) xyeleChen & Nieser. V (Ventidioides) kurtokalami Chen & Nieser, and V (Ventidiopsis) imadatei Miyamoto. Type specimens of most species were re-examined, except those of V (s. str.) distanti Paiva, V (s. str.) sushmae Gupta, and V lundbladi which were unavailable. The following taxa are considered as synonyms (junior synonyms in brackets): Ventidius (s. str.) hungerfordi Cheng (= Ventidius wallacei Lansbury, syn. n.), V (s. str.) modulatus Lundblad (= V. pubescens Cheng, syn. n., = V. chinai Hungerford & Matsuda, syn. n.). V sushmae Gupta is regarded as a nomen inquirendum. One new combination is established: Ventidius (Ventidiopsis) imadatei Miyamoto, comb. n. The identity of V distanti is discussed. A lectotype of V modulatus Lundblad is designated. The species are arranged in three subgenera and five species groups: Ventidius (s. str.): V. aquarius-group, V modulatus-group; Ventidius (Ventidioides): V kuiterti-group, V xiphibion-group; Ventidius (Ventidiopsis): V imadatei-group. Descriptive notes and illustrations of pertinent characters are presented for all species. Tables of measurements and an identification key for apterous males of all described species are presented.
... Sus ejemplares son altamente especializados en cuanto a su hábitat, la película superficial del agua, y poseen hábitos predadores pues se alimentan de otros insectos que caen en ella [3]. Los hábitats que estos chinches ocupan, los hacen ideales para estudios ecológicos sobre dinámica de poblaciones, selección del hábitat, estrategias de dispersión y de desarrollo sexual [4]. Estos insectos han adquirido gran importancia, ya que son predadores de larvas de mosquitos, posibles agentes de control biológico, y algunas especies son importantes como indicadores de la calidad del agua [5,6,7], debido a que dependen directamente de estos ecosistemas, lo cual hace que desempeñen un papel importante en la cadena trófica de los hábitats acuáticos. ...
Recepción: 15-jun-12 Aceptación: 15-oct-12 Resumen Algunas fuentes de agua de cinco veredas del municipio de San Luis de Gaceno fueron muestreadas, con el fin de contribuir al conocimiento de la entomofauna de la familia Gerridae del departamento de Boyacá. Con ayuda de redes entomológicas acuáticas se recolectaron en total 117 individuos pertenecientes a cinco géneros y ocho especies, siendo Trepobates, el más rico con tres especies, en comparación con los géneros Rheumatobates y Tachygerris, con una sola especie. La especie más abundante fue Potamobates vivatus. Se registra por primera vez para el departamento el género Rheumatobates con la especie R. crassifemur esakii y las especies Brachymetra albinervis, Brachymetra unca, Potamobates vivatus y Trepobates taylori. Abstract Some water sources from five villages belonging to the municipality of San Luis de Gaceno, were sampled in order to contribute to the knowledge of the entomofauna of the family Gerridae in the department of Boyacá. Using aquatic entomological nets, we collected in total 117 individuals belonging to five genera and eight species, being Trepobates the richest with three species, compared with the genus Rheumatobates and Tachygerris, with a single species. The most abundant species was Potamobates vivatus. For the first time were registered in the department the genus Rheumatobates with the species R. crassifemur esakii as well as the species Brachymetra unca, Brachymetra albinervis, Potamobates vivatus and Trepobates taylori.
... Los hábitats que estos chinches ocupan los hacen ideales para estudios ecológicos sobre dinámica de poblaciones, selección del hábitat, estrategias de dispersión y de desarrollo sexual (Andersen, 1990). La longitud del cuerpo es variable, desde muy pequeños como las especies del género Rheumatobates Bergroth, 1892 (1,6 mm), hasta los de gran tamaño del género Gigantometra Hungerford y Matsuda, 1958 (3,6 mm;Schuh y Slater, 1995). ...
From specimens deposited in five entomological collections of Colombia, we extended the geographical distribution of 19 species and record the following three species for the first time for the country: Neogerris celeris Drake and Harris 1934, previously recorded from Guiana, Brazil, Bolivia and Paraguay; Brachymetra shawi Hungerford and Matsuda 1957, recorded from Guiana, French Guiana, Suriname, Brazil and Bolivia; and Potamobates variabilis Hungerford 1938, recorded only from Peru.
... 189 -195 introduCCiÓn L os insectos de la familia Gerridae son reconocidos por su habilidad para patinar sobre el agua y por encontrarse sobre los sistemas acuáticos lóticos y lénticos, habitando estanques, lagos, ríos y quebradas, con un considerable número de especies que se encuentran en ambientes marinos (ANDERSEN, 1982). Todas las especies son depredadoras y unas pocas son importantes controladores de mosquitos, además sus diversas adaptaciones lo hacen un grupo ideal para estudios de ecología, desarrollo y micro-evolución (ANDERSEN, 1990;ARNQVIST et al., 1997;DAMGAARD, 2008). La subfamilia Cylindrostethinae se caracteriza por presentar los órganos genitales del macho asimétricos (ANDERSEN, 1982), comprendiendo tres géneros, uno de distribución pantropical Cylindrostethus Fieber, 1861 (16 especies); y los otros Potamobates Champion, 1898 (18) y Platygerris Buchanan-White, 1883 (tres) estrictamente neotropicales (POLHEMUS, 1994;POLHEMUS & POLHEMUS, 1995). ...
Based on males collected in the Colombian Pacific, a new species of the genus Potamobates (Hemiptera: Gerridae: Cylindrostethinae) is described and illustrated. Potamobates bilobulatus Morales, Molano & Castro sp. nov., is differentiated from other species of the genus by features of the male genitalia and of the female connexives.
... Nel biotopo indagato è stato raccolto un esemplare nell'ultimo mese di campionamento (aprile 2008). (Fabricius, 1794) La sottospecie nominale, presente in Italia, ha un'ampia distribuzione di tipo Paleartico con un'estensione alla regione Orientale: è diffusa dall'Irlanda fino al Giappone e dal sud della Scandinavia e della Siberia fino al Medio Oriente e al nord della Tailandia (ANDERSEN, 1990). L'altra sottospecie, la cui validità è stata accertata anche da recenti indagini genetiche (DAMGAARD et al., 2000;DAMGAARD & ZETTEL, 2003;DAMGAARD & COGNATO, 2003, è rappresentata da A. p. amamiensis (Miyamoto, 1958) che abita sulle isole giapponesi Ryukyu (ANDERSEN, 1995). ...
Entomofauna monitoring of an astatic pool in the Florence province (Tuscany). Aquatic bugs (Hemiptera Heteroptera: Nepomorpha, Gerromorpha and Leptopodomorpha).
Aquatic and semi-aquatic bugs collected in an astatic pool in the Florence province (Tuscany), between May 2007 and April 2008, consist of 14 species: 3 Corixidae, 3 Notonectidae, 1 Pleidae, 4 Gerridae, 1 Veliidae, 1 Hydrometridae, 1 Saldidae. Notes on distribution, biology and ecology are given for each species.
The Peruvian fauna of aquatic and semiaquatic bugs comprises 233 species, representing 70 genera, 15 tribes, 29 subfamilies, and 16 families. Many of these species (22%) are endemic to the country, while 49% occur in Peru and other South American countries, 21% are found throughout the Neotropics, and 8% are widely distributed in the Americas. These proportions are similar among the three infraorders treated here. There is a slight predominance of Gerromorpha (48%) over Nepomorpha (46%) in Peru, and both are much more speciose than Leptopodomorpha (6%). The same Gerromorpha predominance also occurs in Colombia and Ecuador, whereas Nepomorpha is richer than Gerromorpha in Brazil, Argentina, and Chile. Within Peru, 92% of the species of aquatic and semiaquatic bugs have been recorded from the Atlantic slope, 16% occur in the Pacific slope, and only 2% in the Titicaca slope.
Dichotomous keys up to the subgenus level are provided for the aquatic Hemiptera Heteroptera belonging to the infraorders Gerromorpha (semiaquatic bugs) and Nepomorpha (water bugs) occurring in Mediterranean Basin. The keys are valid for adult specimens. General information about the ecology, distribution, identification, preparation, and preservation of these insects is also provided.
A new species of halophilous water strider, Aquarius haliplous Yasunaga, Asanabe, and Nagashima new species (Hemiptera: Gerridae: Gerrinae), is diagnosed and described. This species is endemic to Omura Bay, Nagasaki, southwestern Japan, and has a unique adaptation to this mixohaline habitat. Based on unique morphology and ecology both in the adult and immature forms, this new Aquarius Schellenberg species can be separated unequivocally from a similar species inhabiting freshwater, A. paludum (Fabricius). A key is provided to facilitate identification of the Japanese species and subspecies of Aquarius .
Insects and arachnids display the most impressive diversity of mating and social behaviour among all animals. This book investigates sexual competition in these groups, and the variety of ways in which males and females pursue, persuade, manipulate, control and help one another, enabling us to gain a better understanding of how conflicts and confluences of interest evolve together. Each chapter provides a comprehensive review of mating systems in particular insect and arachnid groups, discusses intrinsic and extrinsic factors responsible for observed mating strategies, and suggests fruitful avenues for further research. The book culminates in a synthesis, reviewing the date in terms of the theory of sexual conflict. This broad-based book will be of immense value to students and researchers interested in reproductive strategies, behavioural ecology, entomology and arachnology.
This chapter includes orders and families in which one or more life stages are truly aquatic and adapted for survival under or on the water surface. It does not include the families that live on or burrow into emergent aquatic vegetation, internal parasites of aquatic animals, and riparian families that are closely associated with water but do not inhabit it. The chapter briefly discusses terrestrial stages of aquatic families, but only as they relate to the general life history of the family. In addition, another arthropod group, the semi aquatic springtails known as Collembola, is briefly mentioned. Until recently, Collembola were regarded as insects, but most people no longer consider them to be in the class Insecta, and place them in the class Entognatha or in asubclass of Hexopoda. The order Collembola is only partially aquatic, with the vast majority of the nearly 700 North American species inhabiting moist terrestrial habitats. Species that are collected from aquatic habitats are usually found on the water surface and are semiaquatic. The ecology and biology of Collembola remains very poorly known. Semiaquatic species are most often associated with lentic freshwater habitats; none occur on the ocean, and reports from lotic habitats are rare.
Two lightly colored individuals of Aquarius paludum were sampled in the Danube Delta, Romania, inhabiting heavily shaded shore habitats. Their coloration is clearly outside the normal chromatic variation of the species and raises the problem of the existence of albinism in water striders. The mechanism is probably a result of the low quantity of solar radiation in the preferred habitats, and the absence of coloring pigments might be an advantage in creating faster, more competitive individuals.
We analysed patterns of animal dispersal, vicariance and diversification in the Holarctic based on complete phylogenies of 57 extant non-marine taxa, together comprising 770 species, documenting biogeographic events from the Late Mesozoic to the present. Four major areas, each corresponding to a historically persistent landmass, were used in the analyses: eastern Nearctic (EN), western Nearctic (WN), eastern Palaeoarctic (EP) and western Palaeoarctic (WP). Parsimony-based tree fitting showed that there is no significantly supported general area cladogram for the dataset. Yet, distributions are strongly phylogenetically conserved, as revealed by dispersal-vicariance analysis (DIVA). DIVA-based permutation tests were used to pinpoint phylogenetically determined biogeographic patterns. Consistent with expectations, continental dispersals (WP↓EP and WN↓EN) are significantly more common than palaeocontinental dispersals (WN↓EP and EN↓WP), which in turn are more common than disjunct dispersals (EN↓EP and WN↓WP). There is significant dispersal asymmetry both within the Nearctic (WN⇒EN more common than EN⇒WN) and the Palaeoarctic (EP⇒WP more common than WP⇒EP). Cross-Beringian faunal connections have traditionally been emphasized but are not more important than cross-Atlantic connections in our data set. To analyse changes over time, we sorted biogeographic events into four major time periods using fossil, biogeographic and molecular evidence combined with a «branching clock». These analyses show that trans-Atlantic distributions (EN–WP) were common in the Early–Mid Tertiary (70–20 Myr), whereas trans-Beringian distributions (WN–EP) were rare in that period. Most EN–EP disjunctions date back to the Early Tertiary (70–45 Myr), suggesting that they resulted from division of cross-Atlantic rather than cross-Beringian distributions. Diversification in WN and WP increased in the Quaternary (< 3 Myr), whereas in EP and EN it decreased from a maximum in the Early–Mid Tertiary.
Incongruence among trees reconstructed with different data may stem from historical (gene tree-species tree conflict) or process (character change biases) phenomena. Regardless of the source, incongruent data, as determined with "global" measures of homoplasy, have often been excluded from parsimony analysis of the combined data. Recent studies suggest that these homoplasy measures do not predict the contribution of each character to overall tree structure. Branch support measures identify, on a character to node basis, sources of support and conflict resulting from a simultaneous analysis of the data. We implement these branch support measures to identify sources of character conflict in a clade of water striders consisting of Gerris Fabricius, Aquarius Schellenberg, and Limnoporus Stal species. Separate analyses of morphology, mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI), large mitochondrial ribosomal subunit (16SrRNA), and elongation factor-1alpha (EF-1alpha) data resulted in cladograms that varied in resolution and topological concordance. Simultaneous analysis of the data resulted in two trees that were unresolved for one node in a strict consensus. The topology agreed with current classification except for the placements of Aquarius chilensis and the Aquarius remigis species group closer to Gerris than to congeneric species. Branch support measures indicated that support derived from each data set varied among nodes, but COI had an overall negative effect on branch support. However, Spearman rank correlation of partitioned branch support values indicated no negative associations of branch support between any data sets and a positive association between EF-1alpha and 16SrRNA. Thus incongruence among data sets was not drastic and the gene-tree versus species tree phenomenon was not implicated. Biases in character change were a more likely reason for incongruence, although saturation curves and incongruence length difference for COI indicated little potential for homoplasy. However, a posteriori inspection of COI nucleotide change with reference to the simultaneous analysis tree revealed AT and codon biases. These biases were not associated with branch support measures. Therefore, it is difficult to predict incongruence or identify its cause. Exclusion of data is ill advised because every character is potentially parsimony informative.
Based on collections in the Natural History Museum Vienna, taxonomic and faunistic results about the Ger-romorpha of Myanmar are presented, including descriptions of new species and first species records. The following seven species are described: Hebrus birmensis sp.n., Hebrus schillhammeri sp.n., Timasius gold-marie sp.n., and Timasius schaeferi sp.n. of the Hebridae; Geovelia orientalis sp.n. and Perittopus zimmer-mannae sp.n. of the Veliidae; and Metrocoris atlas sp.n. of the Gerridae. Most new species are exclusively from the Alaungdaw Katthapa National Park in Sagaing Division, except for Perittopus zimmermannae sp.n. which was additionally collected in Chin State. Eight further species are recorded from Myanmar for the first time: Mesovelia horvathi LUNDBLAD, 1933 of the Mesoveliidae; Hyrcanus varicolor ANDERSEN, 1981 of the Hebridae; Microvelia douglasi SCOTT, 1874 and Rhagovelia sumatrensis LUNDBLAD, 1933 of the Veliidae; Gerris gracilicornis (HORVÁTH, 1879), Amemboa cristata POLHEMUS & ANDERSEN, 1984, Ple-ciobates pacholatkoi ZETTEL & CHEN, 1996, and Ptilomera fang POLHEMUS, 2001 of the Gerridae. A cata-logue contains 64 species of Gerromorpha known from Myanmar. Among them 20 species have not been recorded from any other country. Zusammenfassung Auf Grundlage der Sammlung des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien werden taxonomische und faunisti-sche Ergebnisse über die Gerromorpha von Myanmar präsentiert, einschließlich der Beschreibungen neuer Arten und Landeserstnachweise. Sieben Arten werden für die Wissenschaft neu beschrieben: Hebrus bir-mensis sp.n., Hebrus schillhammeri sp.n., Timasius goldmarie sp.n. und Timasius schaeferi sp.n. aus der Familie Hebridae, Geovelia orientalis sp.n. und Perittopus zimmermannae sp.n. aus der Familie Veliidae sowie Metrocoris atlas sp.n. aus der Familie Gerridae. Die meisten neuen Arten stammen aus dem Alaung-daw Katthapa Nationalpark in der Sagaing Division, mit Ausnahme von Perittopus zimmermannae sp.n., welcher zusätzlich im Chin State gefunden worden ist. Weitere acht Spezies werden erstmals für Myanmar nachgewiesen: Mesovelia horvathi LUNDBLAD, 1933 (Mesoveliidae), Hyrcanus varicolor ANDERSEN, 1981 (Hebridae), Microvelia douglasi SCOTT, 1874 und Rhagovelia sumatrensis LUNDBLAD, 1933 (Veliidae) sowie die Gerriden Gerris gracilicornis (HORVÁTH, 1879), Amemboa cristata POLHEMUS & ANDERSEN, 1984, Pleciobates pacholatkoi ZETTEL & CHEN, 1996 und Ptilomera fang POLHEMUS, 2001. Ein Katalog beinhaltet 64 Gerromorpha-Arten, die aus Myanmar gemeldet sind. Davon sind 20 Spezies bisher aus kei-nem weiteren Land bekannt geworden.
RESUMEN En este trabajo se presenta la lista de especies de Hemiptera suborden Heteroptera conocidas de Chile, con una breve reseña histórica de los estudios para la fauna chilena y clasificación general del grupo. Se incluyen referencias para cada especie y su sinonimia principal. Hasta la fecha, un total de 312 especies han sido informadas para Chile continental, Isla de Pascua y Archipiélago de Juan Fernández. Aproximadamente el 96% de las especies mencionadas son nativas del país o del cono sur de Sudamérica. Destaca la familia Miridae como las más numerosa además de su endemismo. Palabras claves: Hemiptera, Heteroptera, Lista de especies chilenas ABSTRACT Current knowledge of Hemiptera-Heteroptera from Chile, with Checklist. This paper lists the known species of Hemiptera suborder Heteroptera from Chile, with a brief history of the study of Heteroptera for the Chilean fauna and the group classification. Some references and main synonyms for each species are also included. So far, 312 species have been reported from the continental land, Eastern Island and Juan Fernandez Islands. Aproximately 96% of the listed species are endemic from the country or southern South America. Family Miridae presents the higher number of species with a high degree of endemism.
Seasonal records of nymphs of the water strider Aquarius paludum Fabricius (Heteroptera: Gerridae) at a waterway in Kochi prefecture, Japan (33°00′N to 33°30′N), in 2007, show that populations of new generation adults occur four or more times during the year, in mid and late May; late July to early August; September; and October to November. In laboratory experiments, more than 50% of adults are reproductive, irrespective of photoperiod, and this ratio increases to 80% even under a short-day LD 11.5 : 13.5 h photocycle, which corresponds to the winter season at Kochi (33°N). There is a diminishing photoperiodic response in relation to the induction of diapause compared with measurements made in previous years (1995–1997), suggesting that reproduction may be possible over a much longer period in the near future (and even in winter) if local climate warming is sustained. A high proportion of males sampled in 2008 have small testes and a high proportion of females do not have mature oöcytes even in summer. This contrasts with earlier data showing that the testis volume index for the same period is greater in 1995–1997, and that 75% of females have mature oöcytes. These changes suggest that the Kochi-Nankoku population of A. paludum is beginning to show partial aestivation. Overwintering adults of both sexes are found to have no mature flight muscles in October/November 2008. This is in marked contrast with earlier data from 1995 and 2004. Adults that are reared in the laboratory also show a lower flight propensity in response to shorter day lengths. The absence of mature flight muscles in the autumn and lower flight propensity under shorter days may indicate a cessation of dispersal between the summer habitats and overwintering sites on land far from the waterways. Taken together, these data suggest that populations of A. paludum in the Kochi-Nankoku region are continuing to show adaptive changes, apparently in relation to global warming.
Water strider Aquarius paludum (Fabricius) is a cosmopolitan species colonizes mainly freshwater but occasionally brackish habitats throughout the Palearctic and Oriental regions. Water strider Gerris latiabdominis (Miyamoto) is a common species in Japan lives in temporary habitats as freshwater paddy fields. These two species often occur syntopically. We investigated differences in the developmental response to brackish water during embryonic and larval stages between the two species. Eggs were exposed to 0-1.8% NaCl solutions within 24 h of oviposition. Larvae of G. latiabdominis were exposed to salinities of 0, 0.5%, and 0.9% from the first instar until adult emergence. Limits of NaCl concentration for hatching were 1.3% and 1.0% for A. paludum and G. latiabdominis, respectively. The hatching rate of G. latiabdominis was lower than that of A. paludum at salinities ≥0.9%. The period of embryonic development of G. latiabdominis was more prolonged than that of A. paludum at a given salinity. Although the salinity tolerance of G. latiabdominis was lower than that of A. paludum, our results suggest G. latiabdominis has the physiological capacity to expand into brackish waters. High and low salinity tolerances of A. paludum and G. latiabdominis, respectively, reflect the relatively wide range of habitat salinities utilized by A. paludum and the relatively restricted habitats preferred by G. latiabdominis. The high salinity tolerance of A. paludum could be an important factor contributing to their cosmopolitan distribution because high tolerance to salinity means the possibility of them to be dispersed via ocean or sea to other continents and islands.
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