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International railway passenger communication of Ukraine
Abstract
In 2007 139 international passenger trains and 76 non-stop cars passed through the country. Under the infl uence of the historical inertia all the major cities of Ukraine have the international passenger rail service primarily to cities of Russia, mainly Moscow. Transit trains follow from north to south for the transport of Russians on holiday to the Black Sea, while the non-stop transit cars follow mainly from east to west. International passenger trains on the Russian-Ukrainian borderland are stopped only at 7 Russian and 10 Ukrainian railway stations.
In this paper the role of railway network of Transcarpathia (Zakarpatt ia) in the international transport connections of Ukraine is investigated. The geopolitical importance and favourable transit location of this region within Ukraine along the international boundaries with Hungary, Romania and Slovakia, is well-known. The paper first focuses on the role of natural, political and transport factors in the development of railway network in the region from a historical perspective. Then the importance of railway network in Transcarpathia for the development of international freight traffic in the USSR is highlighted. The role of geopolitical interests in the past and present is demonstrated. The analytical part of the paper focuses on the latest changes in international freight traffic in the region in the period of 2008-2011, and major obstacles in its development are also discussed. The peculiarities of international freight traffic passing through border freight stations of the given region and the contiguous countries are assessed.
Societies organise their space; this organisation, which has its own rules, is one of the necessary conditions for their reproduction as societies. The name choremes is given to the basic structures of spatial organisation, which are few in number, this paper proposes the first rational inventory of such structures, which are as many signs of domination over nature and people. The combination of these choremes produces a specific organisation of particular spaces. The theory is outlined here, with its corresponding experimental method based on the use of spatial models, the composition of elementary models into specific models and their relationship with theoretical and general models; this is a step towards the solution of the contradiction between deductive and inductive methods, between nomothetical and idiographical approaches.
80 p., cartes A quoi ressemblera le territoire français dans vingt ans ? Comment agir pour éviter sa marginalisation en Europe, ou sa dislocation ? Que répondre à la surpopulation de quelques métropoles ? Au dépeuplement d'une partie de nos campagnes ? Recomposer notre territoire, oui, mais comment ? Autant de questions au centre du débat national pour l'aménagement du territoire, lancé par le gouvernement en octobre 1993. Jean-Louis Guigou, animateur depuis trois ans à la Datar des programmes de recherche prospective sur l'avenir du territoire, présente ici sa lecture transversale. d'une réflexion collective. Il ouvre des pistes, il imagine un "scénario du souhaitable". Un texte incisif, personnel, une contribution essentielle au débat.
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