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Statistical Abstract of the United States: 1984
Journal of the American Statistical Association
... State fixed effects account for state-specific heterogeneity that is fixed over time (e.g. state-specific government Bureau (2010;2011;2012;2013;2014; ...
... Overall index of entrepreneurship measured as the average of three entrepreneurship indexes (startup, main street, and growth). Bureau (2010;2011;2012;2013;2014;2016A;2016B; Summary statistics are based on all available data from 2009 to 2016 for the 50 U.S. states for a total of 400 observations. 10 Studies such as that by Hall and Lawson (2014) attest to the value of using state-level data, especially in the measurement of economic freedom. ...
This study seeks to provide new insights into factors that influence homelessness in the U.S. by empirically investigating two heretofore effectively unexplored hypotheses as they relate to homelessness. The first hypothesis is that the greater the overall degree of entrepreneurial activity in a given environment, the lower the degree of homelessness. The second hypothesis is that homelessness is a decreasing function of the overall degree of labour market freedom.
Panel VAR, Granger causality, and Cholesky forecast-error variance decomposition analyses are undertaken. Overall, strong, empirical support for both hypotheses is obtained. Accordingly, the homelessness rate is found to be a decreasing function of both the overall degree of entrepreneurial activity in a given state and the overall degree of labour market freedom in that state. Hence, it is argued that policies promoting entrepreneurial activity and labour freedom potentially can be useful tools in helping to diminish the degree of homelessness in the U.S.
... National net farm income rose from $35 billion in 1932 to $129 billion in 1952 (USDA-ERS, 2022e). Return on equity, measured as net farm income divided by equity, increased from 6% in 1932 to 12% in 1952 (USDA-ERS "Value Added", US Census, 1949 andGardner, 2006a,b). This brought it more in line with that of other industries, such as farm implement manufacturers, food processors, food chains, restaurants, and tobacco and beverage companies, each of which also tended to be in the double digits (Letter, 1958). ...
Rather than treating symptoms of a destructive agri-food system, agricultural policy, research, and advocacy need both to address the root causes of dysfunction and to learn from longstanding interventions to counter it. Specifically, this paper focuses on agricultural parity policies – farmer-led, government-enacted programs to secure a price floor and manage supply to prevent the economic and ecological devastation of unfettered corporate agro-capitalism. Though these programs remain off the radar in dominant policy, scholarship, and civil society activism, but in the past few years, vast swaths of humanity have mobilized in India to call for agri-food systems transformation through farmgate pricing and market protections. This paper asks what constitutes true farm justice and how it could be updated and expanded as an avenue for radically reimagining agriculture and thus food systems at large. Parity refers to both a pricing ratio to ensure livelihood, but also a broader farm justice movement built on principles of fair farmgate prices and cooperatively coordinated supply management. The programs and principles are now mostly considered “radical,” deemed inefficient, irrelevant, obsolete, and grievous government overeach—but from the vantage, we argue, of a system that profits from commodity crop overproduction and agroindustry consolidation. However, by examining parity through a producer-centric lens cognizant of farmers‘ ability, desire, and need to care for the land, ideas of price protection and supply coordination become foundational, so that farmers can make a dignified livelihood stewarding land and water while producing nourishing food. This paradox—that an agricultural governance principle can seem both radical and common sense, far-fetched and pragmatic—deserves attention and analysis. As overall numbers of farmers decline in Global North contexts, their voices dwindle from these conversations, leaving space for worldviews favoring de-agrarianization altogether. In Global South contexts maintaining robust farming populations, such policies for deliberate de-agrarianization bely an aggression toward rural and peasant ways of life and land tenure. Alongside the history of parity programs, principles, and movements in U.S., the paper will examine a vast version of a parity program in India – the Minimum Support Price (MSP) system, which Indian farmers defended and now struggle to expand into a legal right. From East India to the plains of the United States and beyond, parity principles and programs have the potential to offer a pragmatic direction for countering global agro-industrial corporate capture, along with its de-agrarianization, and environmental destruction. The paper explores what and why of parity programs and movements, even as it addresses the complexity of how international parity agreements would unfold. It ends with the need for global supply coordination grounded in food sovereignty and solidarity, and thus the methodological urgency of centering farm justice and agrarian expertise.
... In 1960, the average white male had 10.6 years of education under his belt, while the average black male had less than eight years (National Center for Education Statistics 1993). More than eight-percent of white men had a four-year college education, compared to just three-percent of black men (U.S. Census Bureau 1999). Mandated segregation persisted until two year later, when President Kennedy would call upon the National Guard to forcefully integrate Alabama schools despite the ardent opposition of the state's infamous governor, George Wallace (Bell 2013). ...
Citizens of the contemporary Unites States are faced with the cognitive dissonance of a society which claims to reject the racist, sexist, homophobic and ableist ways of our ancestors, while daily experience betrays the inaccuracy of that world view. When confronted , those in privileged positions have learned to lean on social scripts in which we compare our behaviour to some of the worst examples we can conjure up, and in so doing we position ourselves as moral compared to that person. Chronic wokeness is a symptom of the incurable human condition of wanting to be a good person. Our cultural willingness to ignore obvious evidence in favour of a story that makes us feel better about ourselves has become our legacy. We are a country floating on the intoxicating cloud of permanent denial, thriving on narratives that present us as thoughtful, self-reflexive, and progressive – in a word, woke.
... In 1990, the federal government and the states together paid $65 billion to assist approximately 25 million Medicaid recipients; in 2000, payments of $168 billion were made on behalf of 43 million recipients. In 1990, Medicare enrolled 34 million individuals at a cost of $110 billion; by 2001 there were more than 40 million enrollees, and costs had risen to $241 billion (U.S. Census Bureau 2003). More than five million Americans are eligible for both Medicare and Medicaid. ...
Every year, billions of tax dollars are spent on programs and services for people with disabilities. But what's the point if those services fail to deliver? That is the underlying question of Voices from the Heartland: The Needs and Rights of Individuals with Disabilities. Authors Wilder and Walters present the firsthand accounts of Oklahoma residents whose daily lives are affected by the quality of disability-related programs and services. They reveal how basic needs have not always been met, how professionals in those programs are not always well trained, and how families are penalized if their earnings rise above the poverty level. The resounding message is that current programs need a substantial overhaul. Policymakers take heed!
... Specific tasks required for this effort included estimation of the economic value (purchase price) for each food group in the typical US household diet as well as an estimate of the quantity consumed. There were other publicly available estimates of food consumption patterns, most notably from the National Cancer Institute and the US Census Bureau [41,42]. These estimates of food consumption were evaluated as part of this study; however, it was found that these data were not consistent with the reported loss rates and primary agricultural production data available from the USDA ERS. ...
A tiered hybrid input–output-based life cycle assessment (LCA) was conducted to analyze potential environmental impacts associated with current US food consumption patterns and the recommended USDA food consumption patterns. The greenhouse gas emissions (GHGEs) in the current consumption pattern (CFP 2547 kcal) and the USDA recommended food consumption pattern (RFP 2000 kcal) were 8.80 and 9.61 tons CO2-eq per household per year, respectively. Unlike adopting a vegetarian diet (i.e., RFP 2000 kcal veg or RFP 2600 kcal veg), adoption of a RFP 2000 kcal diet has a probability of increasing GHGEs and other environmental impacts under iso-caloric analysis. The bigger environmental impacts of non-vegetarian RFP scenarios were largely attributable to supply chain activities and food losses at retail and consumer levels. However, the RFP 2000 vegetarian diet showed a significant reduction in the environmental impacts (e.g., GHGEs were 22% lower than CFP 2547). Uncertainty analysis confirmed that the RFP 2600 scenario (mean of 11.2; range 10.3–12.4 tons CO2-eq per household per year) is higher than CFP 2547 (mean of 8.81; range 7.89–9.95 tons CO2-eq per household per year) with 95% confidence. The outcomes highlight the importance of incorporating environmental sustainability into dietary guidelines through the entire life cycle of the food system with a full accounting of the effects of food loss/waste.
... Consistent with previous literature, we use income inequality to proxy the actual degree of discriminatory-based inequality of opportunity and/or compensation (Wakefield and Uggen 2004). The measures of inequality that we include in the analyses are the ratio of African-American median household income to white household income, the ratio of female full-time workers' mean earnings to male fulltime workers' earnings, and the Gini coefficient (U.S. Census Bureau 2012Bureau , 2019aBureau , 2019bBureau , 2019c. ...
Discrimination and sexual harassment are pervasive problems in today’s organizations. Traditionally, individual variables such as justice and power are used to study an employee’s response to discrimination or sexual harassment. In this study, we propose the use of economic variables (unemployment and economic health) to explain when an individual is more likely to make a discrimination or sexual harassment charge. Using monthly data from the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission on discrimination charges, we find there is strong evidence that U.S. economic conditions play an important role in the number and types of complaints filed.
... For publications that did not include a comparison group, we used data for racial/ethnic minority enrollment from the Integrated Postsecondary Enrollment Data System (IPEDS) [63] to provide comparison group enrollment rates. When the information was not available for racial/ethnic minority graduate enrollment for that year in IPEDS, we obtained graduate enrollment from the Statistical Abstract of the United States [64]. Information from these sources included total graduate enrollment and graduate enrollment for racial/ethnic minority groups. ...
The Ronald E. McNair Post-Baccalaureate Achievement Program provides higher education institutions with federal funds to increase the doctoral attainment for students from disadvantaged backgrounds. We conducted a meta-analysis of the impact of the McNair program on graduate program enrollment. After an exhaustive literature search, we found 7 publications containing 13 studies that met the inclusion criteria. From these studies, we found that McNair program students were almost six times as likely to enroll in a graduate program as the comparison group. Nonetheless, there was much unexplained variability in effects across studies.
... Arkansas' population is 80.1% non-Hispanic white, with a high density of African Americans in the Mississippi River Delta, and a rapidly growing Hispanic population. 28 The high percentage of rural residents in Arkansas makes it an appropriate state to test novel recruitment methods for rural populations. ...
Objectives
Rural women are underrepresented in cancer research. We hypothesized that providing access to a research study to rural, medically underserved women who were receiving their breast cancer screening using a mobile mammography unit would increase the representation of rural women in a cancer cohort study.
Design
This study is a cross-sectional study using a cohort of women who have been recruited to a breast cancer study in Arkansas.
Setting
Recruiters accompanied a mobile mammography unit, the MammoVan, to implement a novel method for reaching and recruiting underrepresented rural Arkansas women into the study. Participants include 5850 women recruited from 2010 through 2012 as part of the Arkansas Rural Community Health (ARCH) study.
Results
Participants recruited during their mammography screening on the MammoVan tended to be more rural, less educated, and more likely to be non-Hispanic than those recruited in other venues. A significant difference was not noted for race or age.
Conclusion
Collaboration with the MammoVan greatly aided the recruitment of rural participants. These strategies can facilitate the representation of this historically underserved and understudied rural population in future research studies.
... In other words, most MNOs are in need of more spectrum in urban areas and, conversely, most spectrum in suburban and rural areas is underutilized. 5 This claim is supported by the high correlation of LTE coverage maps between major US cellular operators, as shown in Figure 2. In addition, since humans are the main 4 Census Bureau data for 2007 indicate that there were 89,527 governmental jurisdictions in the United States [13]. 5 The coverage issue in suburban and rural areas results from the insufficient network infrastructure rather than spectrum shortage. ...
Current trends in spectrum regulation show that more and more unlicensed and shared spectrum bands are poised to be opened up for mobile communication. However, the question remains how to best utilize this spectrum and build efficient networks, and if the time has come for newer approaches to be considered for the next generation system. In this work, we propose a coordinated shared spectrum framework that can be considered for next generation cellular standardization. In designing the framework, we aim to improve upon the current unlicensed access schemes toward increasing spectral efficiency in highly-dense networks. To this end, we demonstrate that with the proposed framework both throughput and access delay can be significantly improved over the state-of-the-art LAA system. Also, by optimizing access delay and improving inter-operator resource fairness, the system is designed to be more amenable for operators to invest in deploying networks using shared spectrum. We further show that, by taking advantage of small timescale variations in traffic demand, large statistical multiplexing gains are possible through dynamic sharing instead of static, hard splitting of shared spectrum, as in the current CBRS system.
... Although the number of visits to the dentist is an astounding fact, the number reported does not necessarily represent unique patient encounters since the U.S. population in 2011 was 311.6 million. 4 With population growth since 2011 and changing demographics, questions remain as to whether the trend of reduced dental care utilization continues and what negative effects that trend is having on the oral health of the population. ...
... This is projected to continue and result in a doubling of the population of people over the age of 85 in the next decade. 1,2 Traumatic injury is currently the fifth leading cause of death in geriatric patients. 3 Falls in this age-group constitute a great deal of the medical problems, including a slow stepwise progression of deterioration of health and independence. ...
Introduction
A seemingly large percentage of geriatric patients with isolated low-energy femur fractures undergo a head computed tomography (CT) scans during initial work up in the emergency department. This study aimed to evaluate the pertinent clinical variables that are associated with positive CT findings with the objective to decrease the number of unnecessary CT scans performed.
Methods
A retrospective review performed at a level II trauma center including 713 patients over the age of 65 sustaining a femur fracture following a low-energy fall. The main outcome measure was pertinent clinical variables that are associated with CT scans that yielded positive findings.
Results
A total of 713 patients over the age of 65 were included, with a low-energy fall, of which 76.2% (543/713) underwent a head CT scan as part of their evaluation. The most common presenting symptom reported was the patient hitting their head, 13% (93/713), and 1.8% (13/713) were unsure if they had hit their head. Of those evaluated with a head CT scan, only 3 (0.4%) had acute findings and none required acute neurosurgical intervention. All three patients with acute changes on the head CT scan had an Injury Severity Score (ISS) greater than 9, Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) less than 15, and evidence of trauma above the clavicles.
Discussion
None of the patients with a traumatic injury required a neurosurgical intervention after sustaining a low-energy fall (0/713).
Conclusion
Head CT scans should have a limited role in the workup of this patient population and should be reserved for patients with a history and physical exam findings that support head trauma, an ISS > 9 and GCS < 15.
Flexible exchange rates can facilitate price adjustments that buffer macroeconomic shocks. We test this hypothesis using adjustments to the gold standard during the Great Depression. Using novel monthly data on city-level economic activity, sectoral employment, and export data, we show that American exporting cities were significantly affected by changes in bilateral exchange rates. We calibrate a general equilibrium model to obtain aggregate effects from cross-sectional estimates. We show that the trade channel deepened the Great Depression and was a key driver of the economic recovery in 1933.
Objectives
Research characterizing work‐related injuries and illnesses (WRII) has predominantly focused on inpatients and deaths, despite evidence that 4% of WRII are admitted as inpatients and deaths are less than 0.2% of acute WRII. Our aim is to determine the usefulness of incorporating emergency department (ED) hospital data into current occupational health surveillance systems.
Methods
Data on ED and admitted WRII treated in Illinois hospitals from 2017 to 2021 were analyzed. Demographic characteristics, primary diagnosis, procedures undertaken, and unique patient estimates are described. Multivariable logistic regression models were developed to evaluate predictors of treatment in the ED and multivariable median regression models determined associations of total hospital charges.
Results
Between 2017 and 2021 there were 488,033 hospital presentations (95.9% nonadmissions) for WRII in Illinois, equating to a crude annual population rate of 1502.1/100,000. Non‐Hispanic Whites (NHW) were disproportionately treated for illnesses, while Hispanic or Latino workers were disproportionately treated for injuries. African‐Americans had the highest rate of ED emergent presentations (incident rate ratio [IRR] = 1.3, ref = NHW) and were less likely to be admitted for emergent presentations (IRR = 0.7, ref = NHW). ED presentations were more likely to be female, present with an injury, and at a rural, versus urban, hospital. Radiological investigations compromised the majority of procedures for nonadmitted patients ( n = 403,317), and 94.8% were coded for a body region
Conclusion
Between 2017 and 2021 in Illinois, there were nearly 500,000 hospital visits charged to workers' compensation totaling over US$ four billion. ED data provide additional insights into work‐related chronic conditions, health disparities, and the usage of diagnostic and therapeutic procedures for WRII.
From Vietnam to Afghanistan, U.S. leaders have had great difficulty disentangling the United States from faraway military interventions. William McKinley's 1898 decision to annex the Philippines reveals why, through a phenomenon called the “meddler's trap.” The meddler's trap denotes a situation of self-entanglement, whereby a leader inadvertently creates a problem through military intervention, feels they can solve it, and values solving the new problem more because of the initial intervention. The inflated valuation is driven by a cognitive bias called the endowment effect, according to which individuals tend to overvalue goods they feel they own. A military intervention causes a feeling of ownership of the foreign territory, triggering the endowment effect. Following the U.S. victory in Manila during the War of 1898, McKinley doubted Filipino civilizational capacity to self-govern, believed that a U.S. departure from the Philippines would cause chaos and great power war, and believed that U.S. governance could forestall that outcome. Because he had already deployed troops to the Philippines, McKinley also felt ownership over them, and this endowment effect inflated his valuation of the archipelago. Together, these mutually reinforcing beliefs produced the meddler's trap and the United States’ largest annexation outside its hemisphere.
Background:
No list of the iconic books in surgery would be complete without The Early Diagnosis of the Acute Abdomen by Sir Vincent Zachary Cope, MS, MD. First published in 1921, few books have stood the test of time like this treatise on the acute abdomen. It is also fitting that, after Mr Cope's passing, William Silen would assume the mantle with the 15th edition and maintain his legacy work through the 22nd and final edition.
Methods:
Each edition of The Early Diagnosis of the Acute Abdomen and The Acute Abdomen in Rhyme was curated and reviewed in detail within the historical context of the era in which the book was printed.
Results:
The tenets of physical diagnosis and history did not change during the 100 years through the current printing; however, the emphasis on related medical diseases evolved due to antibiotic therapy and the prevalence of nonsurgical diseases that evolved across this period. Early editions highlighted the value of plain radiography as it came into common use, whereas later editions included cross-sectional imaging as a valuable diagnostic tool.
Conclusion:
The context and evolution of this masterpiece are fundamental to the legacy of the abdominal surgeon. Cope's lessons on the value of dedication and attention to detail to formulate clinical diagnoses by engaging with the patient rather than excessive use of laboratory testing and imaging still apply in today's rapidly evolving and increasingly value-based world.
Poverty is a pressing and persistent problem. While its extent varies across countries, its presence always represents the diminution of human capacity. Therefore, it seems natural to want to do something about it. Have countries made progress in mitigating poverty? How do we determine who is poor and who is not poor? What intuitions or theories guide the design of anti-poverty policy? Is overall labor market performance the key to keeping the poverty rate low? Or, does it matter how well-connected an individual is to those who know about the availability of jobs? Does being an immigrant increase the odds of being poor? Are there anti-poverty policies that work? For whom do they work? If I'm poor, will I have access to health care and housing? Am I more likely to be obese, polluted upon, incarcerated, un-banked, and without assets if I'm poor? Is poverty too hard a problem for economic analysis? These are some of the questions that a group of scholars have come together to confront in The Oxford Handbook of the Economics of Poverty. The book is written in a style that encourages the reader to think critically about poverty. Theories are presented in a rigorous but not overly technical way; concise and straightforward empirical analyses enlighten key policy issues. The volume covers topics such as poverty in the twenty-first century; labor market factors; poverty policy; poverty dynamics; the dimensions of poverty; and trends and issues in anti-poverty policy. A goal of the book is to stimulate further research on poverty. To that end, several articles challenge conventional thinking about poverty and in some cases present specific proposals for the reform of economic and social policy.
Fears of immigrants as a threat to public health have a long and sordid history. At the turn of the 20th century, when immigrants made up one-third of the population in crowded American cities, contemporaries blamed high urban mortality rates on the newest arrivals. We evaluate how the implementation of country-specific immigration quotas in the 1920s affected urban health. Cities with larger quota-induced reductions in immigration experienced a persistent decline in mortality rates, driven by a reduction in deaths from infectious diseases. The unfavorable living conditions immigrants endured explains the majority of the effect as quotas reduced residential crowding and mortality declines were largest in cities where immigrants resided in more crowded conditions and where public health resources were stretched thinnest.
Das Konzept der Citizenship Education ist Bestandteil einer Publikation von James Banks, die erstmals im Jahr 2008 im Englischen publiziert wurde. Banks erörtert die Bedeutung internationaler Migration und deren Konsequenz, dass in beinahe allen Nationalstaaten multiethnische Gemeinschaften entstehen. Auch in Schulen und Universitäten sind Angehörige kultureller, ethnischer, sprachlicher oder religiöser Minderheiten präsent. Der Argumentation zufolge sind universalistische bzw. assimilatorische Strategien in der Organisation von Bildungsprozessen problematisch, weil sie zentrale Bestandteile individueller Identitäten von Angehörigen unterschiedlicher Minderheiten ausblenden und Normalitätsvorstellungen setzen, die Minderheiten benachteiligen. Zudem wird ein kaum zu überbrückendes Spannungsverhältnis zwischen Mehrheitskultur und Minderheitenkulturen etabliert, indem Minderheiten dazu gebracht werden sollen, sich von ihren kulturell differenten Wissensbeständen loszusagen. Vor diesem Hintergrund wird dafür plädiert, eine starke Überarbeitung von Citizenship Education mit dem Ziel vorzunehmen, sogenannte „transformative citizens“ hervorzubringen, die über Kritikfähigkeit und kulturelle Fähigkeiten verfügen und die auf dieser Grundlage zu einer demokratischen Umgestaltung von Gesellschaften beitragen können.
State governments use many tools to convey their policy preferences to the federal government. Most studies of these tools focus on intergovernmental lobbying groups of individual state representatives in Washington, D.C. Through instructive, these studies fail to compare political parties' intergovernmental issue priorities. Our article fills this void by means of a longitudinal analysis of legislative resolutions submitted to the federal government between 1979 and 2011 by state legislateors in Pennsylvania. This dataset reveals varying levels of support for federal policy among Pennsylvania's legislaters, depending on their partisan affiliation.
Background
Youth are arrested at high rates in the United States, however long-term health effects of arrest remain unmeasured. We sought to describe the sociodemographic characteristics and health of adults who were arrested at various ages among a nationally representative sample.
Methods
Using the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, we describe sociodemographics and health status in adolescence (Wave I, ages 12-21) and adulthood (Wave V, ages 32-42) for people first arrested at age younger than 14 years, 14-17 years, and 18-24 years, compared to never arrested adults. Health measures included physical health (general health, mobility/functional limitations, death), mental health (depressive symptoms, suicidal thoughts), and clinical biomarkers (hypertension, diabetes). We estimate associations between age of first arrest and health using covariate adjusted regressions.
Results
Among the sample of 10,641 adults, 28.5% had experienced arrest before age 25. Individuals first arrested as children (i.e., age <14) were disproportionately Black, compared to White. Compared to individuals never arrested, people arrested before age 25 had more depressive symptoms and higher rates of suicidal thoughts during adolescence. Arrest before age 25 was associated with worse self-reported health, higher rates of functional limitations, more depressive symptoms, and greater mortality by adulthood (ages 32-42).
Conclusions
Arrest before age 25 was associated with worse physical and mental health—and even death in adulthood. Child arrest was disproportionately experienced by Black children. Reducing arrests of youth may be associated with improved health across the life course, particularly among Black youth, thereby promoting health equity.
The study assesses the investment strategies private investors employ in student housing to remain viable by attracting students to the hostels with minimum impact of location on such decisions of students. The study used a mixed-methods approach involving surveys and interviews. The Hedonic Price Model through Multiple regression and ANOVA were used to analyse quantitative data, while qualitative data were analysed using themes. The study found a gradual rise in student housing rent with increasing distance from university campuses. As a strategy, investors in student housing distant from university campuses offer special building services over and above those hostels near campuses. It allows distant hostels to stay competitive in the student housing market. In addition, the paper highlights student's' preferences such as internet services, private lavatories and security, which investors should consider in the provision of student housing to enhance occupancy rate and eventually increase returns. The study also reiterates the need for specificity in using the Hedonic Price Model in housing research.
The study assesses the investment strategies private investors employ in student housing to remain viable by attracting students to the hostels with minimum impact of location on such decisions of students. The study used a mixed-methods approach involving surveys and interviews. The Hedonic Price Model through Multiple regression and ANOVA were used to analyse quantitative data, while qualitative data were analysed using themes. The study found a gradual rise in student housing rent with increasing distance from university campuses. As a strategy, investors in student housing distant from university campuses offer special building services over and above those hostels near campuses. It allows distant hostels to stay competitive in the student housing market. In addition, the paper highlights student's' preferences such as internet services, private lavatories and security, which investors should consider in the provision of student housing to enhance occupancy rate and eventually increase returns. The study also reiterates the need for specificity in using the Hedonic Price Model in housing research.
Introduction:
We evaluated the prevalence of dementia and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in indigenous Tsimane and Moseten, who lead a subsistence lifestyle.
Methods:
Participants from population-based samples ≥ 60 years of age (n = 623) were assessed using adapted versions of the Modified Mini-Mental State Examination, informant interview, longitudinal cognitive testing and brain computed tomography (CT) scans.
Results:
Tsimane exhibited five cases of dementia (among n = 435; crude prevalence = 1.2%, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.4, 2.7); Moseten exhibited one case (among n = 169; crude prevalence = 0.6%, 95% CI: 0.0, 3.2), all age ≥ 80 years. Age-standardized MCI prevalence was 7.7% (95% CI: 5.2, 10.3) in Tsimane and 9.8% (95% CI: 4.9, 14.6) in Moseten. Cognitive impairment was associated with visuospatial impairments, parkinsonian symptoms, and vascular calcification in the basal ganglia.
Discussion:
The prevalence of dementia in this cohort is among the lowest in the world. Widespread intracranial medial arterial calcifications suggest a previously unrecognized, non-Alzheimer's disease (AD) dementia phenotype.
Over the last three decades, most community colleges have broadened their economic development role to include contracting with employers to train current or prospective employees in job and academic skills. This article describes the main contours of the community college's involvement in contract training, explains how this involvement arose, and analyzes its impact on the community college. This analysis is based both on national data on the general prevalence and form of contract training and on case studies of the forms it takes in twenty community colleges in five states servicing five quite different industries. Contract training is sometimes quite elaborate, as in the case of the entry-level training of skilled workers in auto manufacturing, auto repair, and construction. Here the training often involves multiyear apprenticeships, combining both classroom and on-the-job training, with labor unions exercising a major role. But contract training often is much briefer and dominated by the wishes of companies. The origins of contract training lie in a combination both of business pressure and of initiative by community colleges and government bodies pursuing interests and values of their own. Contract training has broadly affected community colleges in such areas as enrollments, revenues, external relations, governance, internal relations, curriculum and pedagogy, and institutional mission. It has brought more students, revenues, and political clout, but also greater business involvement in community college governance and possibly a major redefinition of institutional mission away from education (especially transfer education) toward training.
This article reflects upon changes in U.S. education since the U.S. Supreme Court's 1954 decision in Brown v. the Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas. The authors reject both the naively hopeful and the bitterly cynical interpretations of the efficacy of Brown in favor of a more moderate assessment: Brown has had many positive effects, they argue, but it has been slow going and there is much work yet to be done. Drawing on their research in primary, secondary, and post-secondary educational settings, the authors argue that the concept of justice is a negotiated concept that depends on the “representative viewpoints”; they examine the obstacles that have impeded the full implementation of Brown; they note a few school systems that have achieved more just and equitable school systems; they consult census data that reveal increasing equity between Blacks and Whites when it comes to educational achievement; and finally, they examine the legacy of the Brown decision for other groups of children. Referring to Brown as a “work in progress,” the authors argue that group-specific remedies are not only legally defensible, but also crucial in achieving greater educational equity and student diversity.
Purpose
The aim of this study was to document speech sound development across early childhood from a dynamic assessment (DA) perspective that captures a breadth of linguistic environments using the Glaspey Dynamic Assessment of Phonology (Glaspey, 2019), as well as to provide normative data for speech-language pathologists to compare speech skills when making clinical decisions and provide historical context. Targets of English were evaluated via DA for the (a) age of acquisition in single words; (b) continued development through connected speech; (c) early, mid, and late sequence; and (d) differences between single word and connected speech productions.
Method
Data were extracted from the reported results of the norming study for the Glaspey Dynamic Assessment of Phonology, which included a representative sample of 880 children ages 3 years to 10;11 (years;months). Comparisons were made with 49 items including multisyllabic words, clusters, and phonemes of English across word positions.
Results
Assessment with DA showed that acquisition in single words is nearly complete by age 6 years with a 90% mastery level, and the sequence suggests an Early-13, Mid-16, and Late-14 for items by word position. In connected speech, a wider range of progression is evident from the emergence of sound production at 50%, 75%, and 90% mastery levels with observed changes between ages 3 and 10 years.
Conclusions
Given a DA approach across connected linguistic environments, children continue to progress in their development of speech sounds from early childhood well into their school-age years and for some sounds beyond the age of 10 years. DA challenges the language system to better reflect children's developmental progression.
Introduction
Open fractures in the elderly are distinct compared to younger populations. The purpose of this study is to follow a series of open fractures of the lower extremity in the geriatric population to better prognosticate outcomes.
Methods
We performed a retrospective chart review of patients over the age of 65 years old who were treated for an open, lower extremity fracture across two level I trauma medical systems. Patients were included if they had documented wound healing problems in the postoperative period, or 6 months of follow-up, or if they had a definitive radiographic outcome. Sixty-four patients were included of an average age of 76.23, of whom 73.4% were female.
Results
The fracture types were midshaft femur in 3, distal femur in 9, patella in 2, proximal tibia in 3, proximal fibula in 1, midshaft tibia in 14, distil tibia in 8, ankle in 23, and talar neck/calcaneus in 1. Forty-two fractures were the result of low energy mechanism and 22 fractures were from high energy mechanism. Fourteen fractures were type 1, 32 were type 2, 11 were type 3A, 6 were type 3B, and 1 was type 3C. At final follow-up, 13 wounds were well healed, 39 wounds were healed following a delay of more than 6 weeks to achieve healing, 3 were infected, 3 had been treated with amputation, 2 had chronic ulceration, 2 with active draining, and 2 had draining sinuses.
Discussion
Open lower extremity fractures are serious injuries with high rates of morbidity. Such risks are even higher in the geriatric population, particularly with regard to wound healing. This study provides important prognostic information in counseling geriatric patient with an open lower extremity fracture, as well as informs treatment in terms of wound surveillance and care in the postoperative period.
Objectives:
In a prospective, comparative effectiveness study, we assessed clinical and psychological factors associated with switching from active surveillance (AS) to active treatment (AT) among low-risk prostate cancer (PCa) patients.
Methods:
Using ultra-rapid case identification, we conducted pretreatment telephone interviews (N = 1139) with low-risk patients (PSA ≤ 10, Gleason≤6) and follow-up interviews 6-10 months post-diagnosis (N = 1057). Among men remaining on AS for at least 12 months (N = 601), we compared those who continued on AS (N = 515) versus men who underwent delayed AT (N = 86) between 13 and 24 months, using Cox proportional hazards models.
Results:
Delayed AT was predicted by time dependent PSA levels (≥10 vs. <10; HR = 5.6, 95% CI 2.4-13.1) and Gleason scores (≥7 vs. ≤6; adjusted HR = 20.2, 95% CI 12.2-33.4). Further, delayed AT was more likely among men whose urologist initially recommended AT (HR = 2.13, 95% CI 1.07-4.22), for whom tumour removal was very important (HR = 2.18, 95% CI 1.35-3.52), and who reported greater worry about not detecting disease progression early (HR = 1.67, 1.05-2.65). In exploratory analyses, 31% (27/86) switched to AT without evidence of progression, while 4.7% (24/515) remained on AS with evidence of progression.
Conclusions:
After adjusting for clinical evidence of disease progression over the first year post-diagnosis, we found that urologists' initial treatment recommendation and patients' early treatment preferences and concerns about AS each independently predicted undergoing delayed AT during the second year post-diagnosis. These findings, along with almost one-half undergoing delayed AT without evidence of progression, suggest the need for greater decision support to remain on AS when it is clinically indicated.
Counterfeiting crime was pervasive in the early years of Michigan. This paper
describes and analyzes the environment of currency counterfeiting and the causes
and effects of counterfeiting in Michigan in the early- and mid-nineteenth century.
The laws and changes to the laws of Michigan relating to counterfeiting are also
summarized. This is the first state-level historical narrative of nineteenth century
counterfeiting in the United States, allowing us to investigate the economic
environment and the counterfeiting and counterfeiting law outcomes of a particular
state with its particular circumstances. This will give future researchers a basis for
state-to-state comparisons of causes and outcomes of counterfeiting and
counterfeiting law. In our conclusion, we provide a lengthy example list of future
state-to-state counterfeiting comparisons that can be made.
This is the first research to examine the relation of ultraviolet (UV) sunlight and personality to cancer incidence employing the same database. Two nomothetic studies focused on 2000–2010 and employed the 50 American states as analytical units. Both used state UV levels determined from National Weather Service data, state cancer incidence data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and state Big Five personality scores based on the responses of 619,397 state residents to an online survey published by Rentfrow and his colleagues in 2008. Both studies controlled for state socioeconomic status, urbanization, and a composite of four common cancer risk factors. Both used multiple regression strategies. Study 1 found that state UV levels related negatively to total invasive cancer incidence but showed equivocal results in relation to White skin cancer incidence. State resident neuroticism scores were positively related to total invasive cancer incidence but unrelated to White skin cancer incidence, which was associated with high agreeableness and low extraversion. Study 2 used the state incidence of 25 leading cancers as separate criteria. UV levels independently predicted the state incidence of 12 cancer types, while neuroticism independently predicted the incidence of 10 types. As well, 32 interactions were found between UV levels and personality regarding the incidence of 19 cancer types. For nine independent interactions found with the maximum number of statistical controls—five involving neuroticism, three agreeableness, and one conscientiousness—personality differences in cancer incidence were quite pronounced under low UV conditions but negligible under high UV conditions.
In recent decades, the black–white test score disparity has decreased, and the test score disparity between children of high- versus low-income parents has increased. This study focuses on a comparison that has, to date, fallen between the separate literatures on these diverging trends: black and white students whose parents have similarly low, middle, or high incomes (i.e., same income or race within income). To do so, I draw on three nationally representative data sets on 9th or 10th graders, covering 1960 to 2009, that contain information on students’ math test scores. I find that math test score disparities between black and white students with same-income parents are to black students’ disadvantage. Although these disparities have decreased since 1960, in 2009 they remained substantively large, statistically significant, and largest between children of the highest-income parents. Furthermore, family and school characteristics that scholars commonly use to explain test score disparities by race or income account for markedly decreasing shares of race-within-income disparities over time. The study integrates the literatures on test score disparities by race and income with attention to the historical and continued structural influence of race, net of parental income, on students’ educational experiences and test score outcomes.
As the Covid-19 pandemic takes its disproportionate toll on African Americans, the historical perspective in this working paper provides insight into the socioeconomic conditions under which President-elect Joe Biden’s campaign promise to “build back better” might actually begin to deliver the equal employment opportunity that was promised by Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Far from becoming the Great Society that President Lyndon Johnson promised, the United States has devolved into a greedy society in which economic inequality has run rampant, leaving most African Americans behind. In this installment of our “Fifty Years After” project, we sketch a long-term historical perspective on the Black employment experience from the last decades of the nineteenth century into the 1970s. We follow the transition from the cotton economy of the post-slavery South to the migration that accelerated during World War I as large numbers of Blacks sought employment in mass-production industries in Northern cities such as Detroit, Pittsburgh, and Chicago. For the interwar decades, we focus in particular on the Black employment experience in the Detroit automobile industry. During World War II, especially under pressure from President Roosevelt’s Fair Employment Practices Committee, Blacks experienced tangible upward employment mobility, only to see much of it disappear with demobilization. In the 1960s and into the 1970s, however, supported by the Civil Rights Act and the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, Blacks made significant advances in employment opportunity, especially by moving up the blue-collar occupational hierarchy into semiskilled and skilled unionized jobs. These employment gains for Blacks occurred within a specific historical context that included a) strong demand for blue-collar and clerical labor in the U.S. mass-production industries, which still dominated in global competition; b) the unquestioned employment norm within major U.S. business corporations of a career with one company, supported at the blue-collar level by mass-production unions that had become accepted institutions in the U.S. business system; c) the upward intergenerational mobility of white households from blue-collar employment requiring no more than a high-school education to white-collar employment requiring a higher education, creating space for Blacks to fill the blue-collar void; and d) a relative absence of an influx of immigrants as labor-market competition to Black employment. As we will document in the remaining papers in this series, from the 1980s these conditions changed dramatically, resulting in erosion of the blue-collar gains that Blacks had achieved in the 1960s and 1970s as the Great Society promise of equal employment opportunity for all Americans disappeared.
In this paper we investigate the effects of tornado activity on house prices and stock returns in the US. First, using geo-referenced and metropolitan statistical area (MSA)-level data, we find tornado activity to be responsible for a significant drop in house prices. Spillover tornado effects between adjacent MSAs are also detected. Furthermore, our granular analysis provides evidence of tornadoes having a negative impact on stock returns. However, only two sectors seem to contribute to such a negative effect (i.e., consumer discretionary and telecommunications). In a macro-analysis, which relies on aggregate data for the South, West, Midwest and Northeast US regions, we then show that tornado activity generates a significant drop in house prices only in the South and Midwest. In these regions, tornadoes are also responsible for a drop in income. Tornado activity is finally found to positively (negatively) affect stock returns in the Midwest (South). If different sectors are examined, a more heterogeneous picture emerges.
Using the Kauffman indices of entrepreneurial activity, which effectively have been entirely overlooked in the domestic migration literature to date, this study seeks to investigate the relationship between entrepreneurial activity and domestic gross in-migration in the U.S. and whether that relationship is bi-directional. The two-part hypothesis being investigated here is that: (a) greater entrepreneurial activity in a state leads to a greater domestic gross in-migration rate, ceteris paribus, and (b) a greater domestic gross in-migration rate induces an increase in entrepreneurial activity, ceteris paribus. After including a number of control variables, luding geographic cost-of-living differentials and an index of aggregate labour market freedom, the most germane of the empirical findings obtained here, based on panel VAR estimation and Granger causality tests, is that the gross state-level in-migration rate in the U.S. has positively impacted the level of entrepreneurial activity. However, there is no compelling evidence that entrepreneurial activity influenced state-level gross in-migration. These results for domestic migration appear to be compatible with previous studies of international immigration to the U.S. and entrepreneurship.
Mercury concentrations in Lake Champlain fish increased (2011–2017) for the first time in more than two decades. The increase, however, was not consistent among species or throughout the lake. Mercury concentrations in smallmouth bass and yellow perch from the three Main Lake segments increased significantly while concentrations in the eastern portions of the lake (Northeast Arm and Malletts Bay) remained unchanged or decreased; mercury concentrations in white perch remained unchanged. Factors examined to explain the increase included: atmospheric deposition, lake temperature, chlorophyll-a, fishery dynamics, lake flooding and loading of total suspended solids (TSS). This paper examines how each factor has changed between study periods and the spatial variability associated with the change. We hypothesize fishery dynamics, flooding and TSS loading may be partially responsible for the increase in fish mercury. Both growth efficiency and biomass of fish suggest mercury concentrations would increase in the Main Lake segments and decrease in the eastern portion of the lake. Additionally, two extreme climate events in 2011 resulted in extensive flooding and a four-fold increase in annual TSS loading, both potentially increasing biotic mercury with the impact varying spatially throughout the lake. Changes to the fishery and disturbance caused by extreme climatic events have increased biotic mercury and the processes responsible need further study to identify possible future scenarios in order to better protect human and wildlife health.
Agricultural producers lose millions of dollars annually to depredation caused by ungulates. Although multiple repellents exist, most are ineffective. Tannins are a plant‐defensive compound that have an astringent taste, reduce digestibility, reduce protein availability, and toxic to rumen microbes, resulting in the reduction of feeding by large herbivores. We hypothesized that chemical application of tannins to forages would provide a nonlethal method to reduce crop depredation in areas susceptible to ungulate damage. We designed an experiment to test the effectiveness of tannins at deterring feeding by captive white‐tailed deer ( Odocoileus virginianus ) on soybeans and other forages in 2010–2011 at the Wildlife Research Facility at South Dakota State University in Brookings, South Dakota, USA. First, using a cafeteria trial, we monitored weekly intake rates of captive deer ( n = 10) offered a selected feed treated with varying concentrations of quebracho tannins (control, 3%, 5%, 10%, and 20%). Second, we manipulated food plots ( n = 3) by treating 3 separate blocks with different concentrations (0% [control], 10%, and 20%) of tannins. We monitored feeding selection relative to tannin treatments within food plots 3 times/week, during summer (May–Jul) and autumn (Aug–Sep) using scan‐sampling. During cafeteria trials, intake rate of control feed was ≥3 times greater than all other feed treated with tannins. Similarly, in manipulated food plots, application of 10% and 20% tannins resulted in a 72% and 89% reduction in probability of feeding during the summer; this pattern of selection was intensified when trials occurred in consecutive days with the same deer. Strategic application of tannins to agricultural crops in areas prone to damage may provide a natural deterrent to crop depredation by ungulates. © 2019 The Wildlife Society.
Disparities in cancer screening and care in rural communities warrant the need to determine effective ways to reach, engage, and educate the community residents. The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to pilot methods to engage rural residents in colorectal cancer (CRC) research and education activities and assess knowledge of CRC guidelines, symptoms, and screening behaviors in this sample. The community-engaged research approach was employed to develop and distribute a CRC knowledge and screening behavior assessment using various methods such as email and community drop boxes placed throughout the community. Bivariate analysis assessed the relationship between age and CRC knowledge items. Three hundred ninety-one surveys were returned with most received from community drop boxes (60%) followed by educational events (23%). The most ineffective method to distribute surveys was through community events. Most individuals were knowledgeable of CRC symptoms (70%) and screening facts (67%). Bivariate analysis showed that individuals 50 years or older had significantly more knowledge of CRC risks and screening than those under the age of 50. This study highlights the potential of community drop boxes as an effective method for engaging rural communities. Further, findings from the survey highlight the need to focus CRC education on younger individuals in which CRC incidence has increased.
Assessments of availability and sustainability of metals necessary for economic development into the future are important for planning by producers, consumers, and governments. This work assessed the U.S. copper life cycle and examined six future scenarios by which to assess the circular economy and sustainability of copper to 2030. Regression analysis methodology was used to identify relationships among seven drivers and eight materials flows. These relationships were used to develop six forecasts of future scenarios for U.S. production, consumption, old scrap collection, new scrap recovery, landfilling, and scrap exports of copper. Flow forecasts were used to quantify circularity and environmental footprint metrics to assess sustainability. Results of the scenario analyses provide insights into the types of behaviors and trends that could be incentivized to allow for increased circularity of copper. One such finding was that slow population growth and high urbanization resulted in the most circular scenario. Major limitations to circularity are import reliance and scrap exports. Analysis of the scenarios leads to the conclusions that population dynamics are critical to the circularity of copper, as well as that both environmental footprint metrics and circularity indicators must be considered when assessing environmental sustainability.
Crises in social systems are considered by analogy with phase transitions and the corresponding critical phenomena in «non-living» many-particle physical systems. We present two qualitative physical models: (i) a historical and demographic progress as a gradual condensation of economical domains with an improvement of living conditions, and (ii) the modern economical crisis as a result of a spontaneous «condensation» of assets in a free expansion of the U.S. economy in 1990th and 2000th, reducing a control over large business enterprises formed in this process. The first model explains the observed hyperbolic growth of world population in the I-XX centuries A.D. without any additional assumption while the second model points to the analogy between the economic expansion with a drop of competition, and the expansion of gas into vacuum with a drop of temperature.
Women tend to be less financially literate than men, consistent with a division of labor where husbands manage finances. However, women tend to outlive their husbands. I find that older women acquire financial literacy as they approach widowhood — 80 percent would catch up with their husbands by the expected onset of widowhood. These gains are not attributable to husbands’ cognitive decline, as captured by cognition tests. The results are consistent with a model in which the division of labor collapses when a spouse dies: women have incentives to delay acquiring financial human capital, but also to begin learning before widowhood.
U.S. currency has long been a desirable store of value and medium of exchange in times and places where local currency or bank deposits are inferior in one or more respects. Indeed, as noted in earlier work, a substantial share of U.S. currency circulates outside the United States. Although precise measurements of stocks and flows of U.S. currency outside the United States are not available, a variety of data sources and methods have been developed to provide estimates. This paper reviews the raw data available for measuring international banknote flows and presents updates on indirect methods of estimating the stock of currency held abroad: the seasonal method and the biometric method. These methods require some adjustments, but they continue to indicate that a large share of U.S. currency is held abroad, especially in the $100 denomination. In addition to these existing indirect methods, I develop a framework and basic variants of a new method to estimate the share of U.S. currency held abroad. Although the methods and estimates are disparate, they provide support for several hypotheses regarding cross-border dollar stocks and flows. First, once a country or region begins using dollars, subsequent crises result in additional inflows: the dominant sources of international demand over the past decade and a half are the countries and regions that were known to be heavy dollar users in the early to mid-1990s. Second, economic stabilization and modernization appear to result in reversal of these inflows. Specifically, demand for U.S. currency was extremely strong through the 1990s, a period of turmoil for the former Soviet Union and for Argentina, two of the largest overseas users of U.S. currency. Demand eased in the early 2000s as conditions gradually stabilized and as financial institutions developed. However, this trend reversed sharply with the onset of the financial crisis in late 2008 and has continued since then.
Background
While the effects of early sleep problems on children’s development may persist for some time, there is limited understanding in the field regarding whether these effects persist into adolescence. Research is needed to address this issue, as it is an important area to investigate to assess its influence on children’s success in school and in life.
Objective
The goal of the study was to examine the extent to which children’s sleep problems in preschool years can predict later cognitive and socioemotional functioning from middle childhood to adolescence.
Method
By using the four-wave NICHD Early Childcare Research Network dataset (N = 1364), this study considered direct and indirect associations between variables by employing structural equation modeling with the bootstrapping method and an extended cross-lagged mediation model.
Results
Sleep problems at age 3 were directly associated with socioemotional difficulties in grade 1 and at age 15, and were indirectly associated with socioemotional difficulties in grade 3. However, no significant effect of early sleep problems on later cognitive functioning was observed.
Conclusions
Preschool-aged children’s sleep problems contribute to an increased risk of socioemotional problems rather than impairment of cognitive functioning in middle childhood and adolescence, and that unresolved sleep problems during preschool years can be considered a risk factor for poor socioemotional development.
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