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Analysis for Public Decisions (2nd ed.).

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Journal of the American Statistical Association
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... Olaf Helmer dalam (Quade, 1977) mengemukakan bahwa : "A characteristic feature in the construction of a model is abstraction, certain elements of the situation may be deliberately committed of the situation may be helpful in analyzing and understanding it. In addition to abstraction, model-building sometimes involves a conceptual transference". ...
... Model merupakan hal mendasar dalam analisis kebijakan, melalui model dapat dilakukan prediksi mengenai kemungkinankemungkinan yang terjadi. Quade menjelaskan bahwa : Although they cannot predict the consequences of decision with the assurance of scientific models, models tell us what the possibilities are, based on various assumptions about the factors on concern, and thus produce information that helps us to understand the situation more clearly" (Quade, 1977). Meskipun model tersebut tidak dapat memprediksi konsekuensi suatu keputusan dengan jaminan, namun model memberitahukan kemungkinankemungkinan yang ada, berdasarkan berbagai asumsi tentang faktor-faktor yang menjadi perhatian, dan menghasilkan informasi yang membantu untuk memahami situasi dengan lebih jelas. ...
... It is these functional relationships that are must often conveniently expressed in mathematical form. (Quade, 1977) Peran model dalam analisis kebijakan publik adalah menyederhanakan elemen-elemen tertentu agar relevan dengan masalah yang sedang dipertimbangkan. Melalui model, dapat membantu menyederhanakan elemen-elemen tertentu agar relevan. ...
... Policy advising in government centers on the analysis of public problems and the identification of recommenda-29 tions for dealing with them. Policy analysis is a core function of government organizations in which a particular 30 type of public servant-often referred to as a policy analyst-provides support for decision-making with the aim 31 of contributing to a better decision than would have been made in the absence of such analysis [ 127 ]. The idea of 32 policy analysis in support of public decisions can be found from ancient civilizations through to the modern age 33 [ 31 ]. ...
... 124 Responding to the "clear need for better empirical research into the sociology of policy analysis" [ 29 :8], and the 125 observation that most research relies on limited survey results, anecdotal case studies, and interview research 126 [ 57 ], some efforts have been made to define and explain the position of the policy analyst. Surveys of public 127 servants to examine the background and training of policy analysts, the techniques they used in their jobs, their 128 typical workday, and how their work related to the needs and prerequisites of evidence-based policy-making 129 revealed that most analysts are short-term, project-oriented "troubleshooters" rather than long-term strategic 130 "planners" [ 57 , 157 ]. Although policy advisors are highly educated, relatively young, and mobile, many lack 131 formal training in policy analysis; they work mainly in small units without access to substantive information 132 on the topics they are assigned and tend to use only process-related knowledge while working on a relatively 133 small number of issue areas, often on a "firefighting" basis [ 57 , 156 ]. ...
Article
Policy advising in government centers on the analysis of public problems and the developing of recommendations for dealing with them. In carrying out this work, policy analysts consult a variety of sources and work to synthesize that body of evidence into useful decision support documents commonly called briefing notes. Advances in natural language processing (NLP) have led to the continuing development of tools that can undertake a similar task. Given a brief prompt, a large language model (LLM) can synthesize information in content databases. This article documents the findings from an experiment that tested whether contemporary NLP technology is capable of producing public policy relevant briefing notes that expert evaluators judge to be useful. The research involved two stages. First, briefing notes were created using three models: NLP generated; human generated; and NLP generated / human edited. Next, two panels of retired senior public servants (with only one panel informed of the use of NLP in the experiment) were asked to judge the briefing notes using a heuristic evaluation rubric. The findings indicate that contemporary NLP tools were not able to, on their own, generate useful policy briefings. However, the feedback from the expert evaluators indicates that automatically-generated briefing notes might serve as a useful supplement to the work of human policy analysts. And the speed with which the capabilities of NLP tools are developing, supplemented with access to a larger corpus of previously prepared policy briefings and other policy-relevant material, suggests that the quality of automatically-generated briefings may improve significantly in the coming years. The article concludes with reflections on what such improvements might mean for the future practice of policy analysis.
... Public policy decisions that are based on rigorous analysis and the best available evidence should better address public problems than policy based on anecdote, belief, or inaccurate or partial data (Quade, 1975). The Policy Sciences (Lerner & Lasswell, 1951) stands as a starting point for the modern policy analysis movement, offering an integrated, multidisciplinary approach to the study of public problems and the development of rational solutions based on careful analysis of evidence. ...
... Lasswell's original conceptualization for the policy sciences distinguished policy analysis from political analysis, stressing that good analysis could serve as a foundation of good governance without becoming enmeshed in political calculation (Lasswell, 1951). As an integrated, multidisciplinary approach to the study of public problems and their potential solutions, policy analysis embodies a rational, scientific approach to governance and aims, in the context of its 369 From policy analysis to policy analytics subservience to democratic decision-making, to contribute to better decisions than would be made in the absence of such analysis (Quade, 1975). Combining social science theory with an emphasis on quantitative methods extracted from economics and operations research, policy analysis developed in the positivist tradition. ...
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Introduction Public policy decisions that are based on rigorous analysis and the best available evidence should better address public problems than policy based on anecdote, belief, or inaccurate or partial data (Quade, 1975). The Policy Sciences (Lerner & Lasswell, 1951) stands as a starting point for the modern policy analysis movement, offering an integrated, multidisciplinary approach to the study of public problems and the development of rational solutions based on careful analysis of evidence. Harold Lasswell's original conceptualization of the policy sciences sought to distinguish analysis from political decision-making and to position policy analysis as a foundation for good governance (Lasswell, 1951). From those origins, policy analysts have been traditionally tasked with providing scope and precision to the definition of policy problems, collecting and analyzing evidence, supporting decision-making with fearless advice, faithfully implementing decisions, and objectively overseeing the evaluation of how effective policy interventions are. Despite significant advances during the first half-century of the policy analysis movement, coming of age in the late 1960s and early 1970s, debates over the real, perceived, and proposed role of policy analysis have coloured the profession’s latter years (Dryzek, 1994; Stone, 1988). While technical policy analysis rooted in quantitative methods became increasingly sophisticated during the 1970s and 1980s, high-profile failures exposed the limits of positivist policy analysis (May, 1992). Coupled with the perceived inability of quantitative policy analysis to solve complex public problems, critics of positivism argued that the attempt to model social interactions on the natural sciences was a misguided form of technocracy (Amy, 1984), that policy wisdom should be seen as more than the results of data impressively distilled (Meltsner, 1976; Prince, 2007; Wildavsky, 1978), and that positivism was fundamentally incapable of dealing with complex problems in a democracy (Fischer, 1995). The “malaise of the policy sciences” can be traced to an overemphasis of positivist, neo-classical economics for understanding human behaviour, the increasing complexity of policy problems that policy analysis has been incapable of solving, and the divergence of policy analysis technocracy and democratic values (deLeon, 1994, p. 82). The implementation problem, where the intentions and objectives of policymakers fail to materialize at the point of delivery or enforcement, has highlighted how positivist models do not adequately accommodate autonomous human behaviour and situational judgement (Pressman & Wildavsky, 1973).
... The main implementers of public policy consist of administrative and bureaucratic units in government [10]. Meanwhile, Smith calls it an "implementing organization", namely the person responsible for implementing policies held by the government bureaucracy [11]. This element has the greatest power in directing various policy implementation actions, starting from activities of determining organizational goals and targets, analysis and formulation of organizational policies and strategies, decision making, programming, organizing, mobilizing people, implementing operational activities, monitoring and assessing [12]. ...
... uncertainties about which we are uncertain of what kind they are. Beyond the measurable there always seems to linger substantive and difficult-to-know-what-to-do-with uncertainties flowing from e.g. the outcomes of strategic interactions between individuals [18], or fundamental and irreducible uncertainties: the genuinely indeterminate, the fallibility of science, the instability of our concepts, and so on [19]. These kinds of uncertainty, often by definition, fall outside of quantitative uncertainty assessments. 1 The presence of such uncertainties is significant for several reasons. ...
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The COVID-19 pandemic illustrated many of the challenges with using science to guide planning and policymaking. One such challenge has to do with how to manage, represent and communicate uncertainties in epidemiological models. This is considerably complicated, we argue, by the fact that the models themselves are often instrumental in structuring the involved uncertainties. In this paper we explore how models ‘domesticate’ uncertainties and what this implies for science-for-policy. We analyse three examples of uncertainty domestication in models of COVID-19 and argue that we need to pay more attention to how uncertainties are domesticated in models used for policy support, and the many ways in which uncertainties are domesticated within particular models can fail to fit with the needs and demands of policymakers and planners.
... Quade (2003) membedakan macam model berdasarkan bentuknya yaitu model nyata (Real Models) dan Model tidak nyata (Abstract/ Mental Models). 1. Model Nyata (Real Model): Merupakan persepsi, rancangan model yang dikembangkan oleh perancang untuk menentukan semua data yang diperlukan. Modelnyata adalah reproduksi ukuran kecil dari benda atau objek fisik. ...
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Banjir merupakan suatu fenomena alam yang terjadi akibat intensitas curah hujan yang tinggi sehingga menyebabkan aliran permukaan yang besar sementara performa sungai yang ada tidak mampu menampung, banjir merupakan masalah serius bagi sebagian wilayah di Indonesia tak terkecuali kawasan pesisir. Banjir di Indonesia pada umumnya terjadi musim penghujan, kondisi hidrologis daerah pengaliran sungai yang mengalami perubahan berpengaruh terhadap keseimbangan antara besarnya curah hujan dengan besarnya peresapan air kedalam tanah. Menurut Suripin banjir merupakan kondisi tidak tertampungnya air dalam saluran pembuang atau terhambatnya aliran air di dalam saluran. Menurut Kodoatie banjir disebabkan oleh air hujan yang disebut sebagai banjir air hujan dan banjir yang disebabkan karena air pasang atau yang disebut sebagai banjir rob. Banjir merupakan salah satu permasalahan lingkungan yang selalu menjadi masalah utama dan serius bagi pejabat dan para ahli tata ruang kota. Banjir air hujan adalah meluapnya air sungai akibat hujan sehingga menggenangi daratan. Banjir ini disebabkan oleh intensitas hujan yang tinggi sehingga sungai tidak mampu menampung air dan dipengaruhi oleh curah hujan dan daya serap lahan, sedangkan banjir pasang (rob) merupakan banjir yang diakibatkan oleh proses pasang surut air laut sehingga menggenangi kawasan yang lebih rendah dari permukaan laut dan pantai yang memiliki morfologi landau (Lindsay,2010). Banjir pasang air laut merupakan banjir yang terjadi akibat pasang air laut yang menggenangi kawasan pesisir yang mempunyai ketinggian lebih rendah dari permukaan air laut. Lamanya genangan dapat berlangsung berhari-hari bahkan sepanjang tahun. Banjir air pasang (rob) secara langsung terjadi pada kawasan yang berada di tepi pantai dimana air pasang laut tertinggi masuk ke darat dan tertahan oleh tanah atau bangunan fisik.
... Another reason underlying the need for policy implementation according to Grindle (1980) and Quade (1989) is the hope to make the configuration and synergy of the relationship between three variables (1) policy, (2) organization, and (3) policy environment can determine the success of policy implementation. ...
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Introduction: The policy in Indonesia faces problems at the central government level (Coordinating Ministry for Maritime Affairs, Coordinating Ministry for PMK, Ministry of Health, and Ministry of Home Affairs); West Java Provincial Government level; as well as health policies at the district/city government level through which the Citarum River flows. This relationship pattern determines the pattern of interactions (pattern of interactions) of all stakeholders related to Citarum policies. This study uses Grindle's (1980) approach because policy (the content of policy) and implementation environment (context of implementation) are two things that influence the success of implementation. The purpose of this study was to analyze, describe, and find a model for implementing pollution and damage control program policies for the Citarum River Basin using the Grindle approach (1980). Theoretical Reference Framework: Previous research that supports this research is research conducted by Jung et al. (2021); Koch I, Reeves A. (2021); Tri N, Hau D, Duyen N, (2021); Dutta, et al., (2021); Wiryanto W, (2020); Idris, H. (2017); Rashid and Alfina. (2017; and Raharja, SJ (2015). Related to the implementation of public policy, Grindle (1980) introduces the implementation model as a political and administrative process, this model describes the decision-making process carried out by various actors where the final output is determined by both the program material used has been achieved as well as through the interaction of decision-makers in the context of administrative politics. The political process can be seen through the decision-making process involving various policy actors while the administrative process is seen through the general process regarding administrative actions that can be examined at a specific program level. Method: The type of research used in this study is qualitative the focus of the research consists of the Content of Policy, Context of Implementation, Output, and Outcome of policy implementation, as well as the Model of Policy implementation. This research was carried out in the Provincial Government of West Java and all Regencies and Cities which are also in the Citarum River Basin by collecting data on communities along the Citarum River, especially people who receive BPJS Health facilities along the Citarum River. Informants in this study were selected using a sampling technique, namely, purposive sampling, namely informants who understand the condition of the Citarum River, starting from implemented policies, pollution control, and destruction of the area. Data collection techniques were carried out through library research, observation, in-depth interviews, as well as documentation and analysis. Results: The results of this study indicate that: (1) In general, the study of the Health Insurance Policy Implementation Model and the Citarum Watershed Pollution and Damage Control Program Policy based on the Grindle perspective still has several obstacles in its implementation, (2) Judging from the implementation environment, there are strengths and interests will maintain the existing status at the research site, then some things that still leave problems, for example, the unclear authority in implementing the program needs serious attention, so that similar phenomena do not recur. The Citarum watershed problem has become a very serious waste problem locally and nationally. The issuance of Presidential Decree number 15 of 2018 shows the government's seriousness in solving the problem of pollution in the Citarum watershed area. Policy implementers are highly committed to preventing, controlling, and restoring the Citarum watershed so that it becomes clean, beautiful, and free of waste and pollution. Discussion: The implementation of the health insurance policy and pollution and damage control program policies for the Citarum River Basin does not yet have an implementing organizational structure, so this section needs to be completed. In addition, the supporting funds provided are not sufficient so financing factors need to be considered and supported. Conclusions: In the Recommended Model, in addition to proposing additional dimensions to the Grindle model, the author also proposes that it is necessary to complete the Grindle implementation model with policy output. This is important because when studying policy implementation, it does not only examine policy outcomes but also examines policy output. Given this, it occupies an important position in policy implementation.
... It is unquestionably difficult to ascertain precisely the goals of people 'for either their personal or professional activities. As Quade (1975) has noted, In stating objectives, officials do not always reveal what they really want, sometimes because they feel they must maintain a position or front, sometimes because it might mean loss of support, sometimes (maybe most often) because they don't know what they want. (p. ...
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To provide a basis for the evaluation of VA mental health services, a survey was conducted of staff opinion regarding the importance of several specific goals for these services. Nine goals were formulated and submitted to 6,435 central office and field facility staff to obtain their ratings of each goal's importance, with an "of no importance" rating being possible. The goals dealing with (a) the development of patient skills necessary for being self-supporting, (b) the elimination of psychological disorders, and (c) the protection of patients and others from violence received the highest average ratings. The remaining goals were considered as having some importance although there were substantial differences among the sample about the degree. Interoccupational group differences in importance ratings were statistically significant but small. Although the goals formulated and ratified by staff were general, they were more specific than previous goal statements. It is suggested that because of this relative specificity, they provide useful guidance for planning, managing, delivering, and evaluating mental health services. (14 ref)
... Desde ese punto de partida, las iniciales preocupaciones de que se podría denominar la corriente neo-pública 1 , comenzaron a enfocarse en un área hasta ese instante 1 La corriente neo-pública corresponde al interés de las ciencias sociales por mejorar la prestación de bienes y servicios en base al interés colectivo, en el marco social y económico, lo que permitió el surgimiento del paradigma keynesiano en Europa, del modelo ISI en Latinoamérica y más tarde del New Deal en USA. poco explorada: la gestión de los asuntos decisionales que afectaban la esfera de competencias colectivas (Lindley, 1971;Quade, 1972;Neustadt y May, 1986;Neustadt, 1990). ...
Article
En América Latina las investigaciones sobre presidencialismo han fallado en analizar el tejido institucional que actúa como centro de coordinación del poder Ejecutivo, y que al mismo tiempo, se transforma en constreñimiento organizacional de su propia actuación. En este contexto, el Centro de Gobierno emerge como el lugar en el que se produce la toma de decisiones políticas presidenciales; buscando cristalizar y fortalecer elementos tales como la coherencia y coordinación de políticas públicas. Por lo tanto, a través del caso de Chile, este artículo tiene como propósito identificar los factores capaces de definir y alterar la estructuración institucional del Centro de Gobierno desde 1990 hasta el 2010. En el trabajo se demuestra que la disciplina partidista y la estabilidad institucional se convierten en variables explicativas de la trayectoria emprendida por los centros de gobierno durante los gobiernos la Concertación.
... The perceived degree of uncertainty is partially subjective, as it depends on the satisfaction with the existing knowledge [140]. In a socio-technical system, different sources of uncertainty can exist, for instance, in decision making, uncertainty can refer to the uncertain future state of the world as well as to the uncertainty regarding the behavior of different actors [141]. ...
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We present a comprehensive resilience glossary, comprising a set of 93 definitions of resilience-related terms used in the context of critical infrastructures. The definition and use of many of these terms, as well as the term resilience itself, shows an enormous variability in the literature. Therefore, we draw from the diverse pool of published definitions, integrate multiple contrasting views, compare the individual terms, and provide references to adjoining or contesting views, to create a clear resilience terminology. This terminology outlines a specific understanding of resilience which supports the effective assessment and management of the resilience of critical infrastructures. The two central elements of this understanding are that (1) resilience is the ability of a system to deal with the impacts of unspecific and possibly unforeseen disruptive events, and that (2) this ability comprises three pillar capacities whose quality can be extracted from performance curves.
... Thus, graduates of public policy education can help provide better advice and more accurate information for policymakers in making appropriate and responsive decisions to the needs of society. According to Quade (1982), "Policy analysis is valuable because it can help a decision maker by providing information through research and analysis, isolating and clarifying issues, revealing inconsistencies in aims and effort, generating new alternatives, and suggesting ways of translating ideas into feasible and realizable policies. Its major contribution may be to yield insight, particularly concerning the dominance and sensitivity of the parameters. ...
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To establish good maritime governance, the Indonesian government must pay attention to maritime security aspects in every maritime policy and integrate maritime security education into the national education curriculum. However, implementing the World Maritime Axis concept, the Indonesian government still needs to consider the maritime security perspective as a top priority. The ultimate goal of good maritime governance development should include the strength of the Navy as the most important supporting element and the implementation of maritime security training and education for Indonesian maritime society. This study aims to analyze the efforts of the Joko Widodo (Jokowi) administration in addressing maritime security issues through the implemented maritime security training and education programs. The research method used is qualitative descriptive by using secondary data from a literature review and interpretation found in previous journal articles, with data collection techniques through literature study. The study results indicate that addressing maritime security issues requires hard and soft efforts from the government, including implementing maritime security training and education programs for Indonesian maritime society and integrating maritime security education into the national education curriculum.
... Thus, a symbolic representation of phenomena becomes imperative (Hoos, 2012). It enhances reality or a replica of reality (Quade, 2015). The Department of Public Service and Administration (DPSA) (2012) rationalises that policies that focus on human capital development enhance service delivery. ...
Article
Purpose This study aims to examine the influence of funding on the technology acquisition by small businesses in a metropolitan municipality, Mangaung, which governs Bloemfontein and surrounding towns in the Free State province of South Africa. Methodology/design/approach A case study using survey research strategy of 110 small businesses in a South African municipality informed the research design for this study. The structured questionnaires were quantitatively analysed yielding both descriptive and regression results to address the research objectives. Findings The findings suggest that the prime sources of public funding for hair salon businesses are the National Youth Development Agency and the Small Enterprise Development Agency. The results also demonstrate that public funding has a negative and significant impact on technology acquisition, perhaps suggesting the complexity of debt financing and the exorbitant interest rates charged on principals borrowed by foreign nationals. Originality/value The study recommends the judicious acquisition of inexpensive technologies (e.g. social media platforms) and cautionary utilisation of complex technologies and personal savings before resorting to external borrowing.
... E. Walker et al., 2013). In a socio-technical system, different sources of uncertainty can exist, for instance, in decision making, uncertainty can refer to the uncertain future state of the world as well as to the uncertainty regarding the behavior of different actors (Quade, 1989). ...
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We present a comprehensive resilience glossary, comprising a set of 91 definitions of resilience-related terms used in the context of critical infrastructures. The definition and use of many of these terms, as well as the term resilience itself, shows an enormous variability in the literature. Therefore, we draw from the diverse pool of published definitions, integrate multiple contrasting views, compare the individual terms, and provide references to adjoining or contesting views, to create a clear resilience terminology. This terminology outlines a specific understanding of resilience which supports the effective assessment and management of the resilience of critical infrastructures. The two central elements of this understanding are that (1) resilience is the ability of a system to deal with the impacts of unspecific and possibly unforeseen disruptive events, and that (2) this ability comprises three pillar capacities whose quality can be extracted from performance curves.
... Policy evaluation is often seen as a final (Anderson 1984;Quade 1982) or a penultimate step (Brewer 1974;Brewer and De Leon 1983) in the policy analysis/process. According to Schneider (1986), evaluation research has not only become a stimulus to eventually influence the new policy, but it has also become an essential part of the management structure in many public agencies. ...
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Globally, the establishment of sport academies or institutes has become a major feature of sport development. The primary purpose of this study is therefore, to evaluate the effectiveness and value of the Academy of Sport and Leisure Studies (ASLS) established at the University of Trinidad and Tobago (UTT) in 2007. Since then, although roughly USD60 million have been spent on this Academy, no formal evaluation of its workings has thus far been undertaken. Methodologically, this was a qualitative study with data collection and analyses based on Constructivist Grounded Theory (CGT) involving the use of documents, observation, and 21 interviews with various stakeholders connected to the ASLS. The evaluation, however, was based on both the Sport Policy factors Leading to International Sporting Success (SPLISS) and Balance Scorecard (BSC) approaches. To address issues of data credibility, the techniques of triangulation, self-reflexivity, persistent observation, prolonged engagement, and analytical generalization were used. The study revealed that of the nine Pillars of the SPLISS, the ASLS was effective at varying times in Pillars 1-3 (Financial, Policy and Participation support); Pillar 5 (post career support); Pillar 6 (training facilities); and Pillar 8 (national competitions), but ineffective in Pillar 4 (Talent identification and development); Pillar 7 (coaching provision and coaching development); and Pillar 9 (Scientific Research). Findings of the BSC showed that the human and organizational capital directly impacted the effectiveness of the ASLS. Additionally, in using the CGT, the Politically Hired Gun (PHG) emerged as the substantive theory to explain the general ineffectiveness of the ASLS although other factors were also at work. The study assumes significance in public sport policy, policy evaluation, and its methodology. It helps to fill the void in the evaluation of sport policy in the Caribbean and globally, bolsters the literature on evidence-based policy making in sport, and successfully establishes and applies grounded theory to the study of sport. Keywords: Academy of Sports University of Trinidad and Tobago; sport policy evaluation; constructivist grounded theory; politically hired gun; sport policy factors leading to international sporting success; and balance scorecard. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
... The task forces specifically assigned to implement the program in detail, including the formation and distribution process of the teacher movers, have not been well organized. As a result, coordination and communication are not well built, whereas the success of a policy implementation depends on good coordination, a clear structure, and professional human resources (Chasanah et al., 2017;Goggin, 1990;Quade, 1984). This situation reflects three points. ...
Article
Nadiem Makarim, the Minister of Education and Culture, released "Merdeka Belajar" (Freedom to Learn) as his revolutionary program by the end of 2019. It aims to make significant changes in the world of education. The current study aims to demonstrate the understanding of primary school teachers' understanding of the concept and implementation of Merdeka Belajar during Covid-19. Data were obtained through surveys via Google-Forms and in-depth interviews via WhatsApp with twenty primary school teachers at private and public schools around DKI Jakarta, Bogor, and Banten. In contrast, secondary data is obtained from previous research and online news directly related to this study. They were analyzed through restatement, description, and interpretation stages. The investigation resulted that the teachers having conceptually understood the program of Merdeka Belajar well. They agreed and accepted the program to reform and improve the education quality and the changes of times. The problem lies in the practical implementation due to the limited number of teacher movers in every school unit as creators, innovators, and role models for the other teachers. Besides, the lack of supporting infrastructure for online learning and the teachers' mastery of technology also hinder the program's success. Finally, this study recommended the need to socialize with the community, hold more teacher training, increase the number and distribution of teacher movers, and improve teachers' skills in using information and communication technology in the learning process.
... Evidence-informed policy should be better positioned to address public problems than policy based on anecdotal experience or informal beliefs (Quade 1975). Yet, governance relies on a combination of truthful claims and the representation of values, with participants engaged in rational discourse aimed at reaching universally acceptable decisions (Habermas 1996). ...
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Precision governance is an administrative capacity in which policy decisions are enhanced with information about individual and collective preferences and contexts. We introduce the prospects for precision governance of natural hazards through the use of both big and individual data technologies, describing what is enabled and what concerns arise with their use. We ground our perspective with a topical focus on mitigating the health risks of high temperatures in the chronically hot setting of Phoenix, Arizona, USA. A study examining individually experienced temperature data provides compelling evidence that the transition towards data-driven precision governance will enhance hazard preparedness and response efforts.
... Una aproximación útil en la literatura sobre toma de decisiones es el nivel de incertidumbre (Enserink, Kwakkel, & Veenman, 2013;Walker et al., 2003) (ver Figura 1-1). En el marco de la teoría normal de decisiones (Knight, 1921;Quade, 1989), los niveles más bajos de incertidumbre (incertidumbre débil o estocástica) pueden abordarse como riesgos, referidos a circunstancias en las que se conocen las múltiples consecuencias de una decisión dada y sus probabilidades; los niveles más altos de incertidumbre (incertidumbre fuerte o de Knight), en cambio, implican estados más fundamentales de desconocimiento de un problema, que impiden calcular la probabilidad de las consecuencias, sin perjuicio de un conocimiento más o menos robusto de las relaciones causales (incertidumbre estructural o de escenarios), o en los que ciertas consecuencias o relaciones causales son ignoradas (incertidumbre profunda) (Enserink et al., 2013;Hirsch Hadorn et al., 2015;Prabhakar, Srinivasan, & Shaw, 2009). En aproximaciones alternativas a la probabilidad clásica, que sitúan la incertidumbre en un plano más subjetivo de la toma de decisiones (ej. ...
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La tesis plantea los siguientes objetivos: A. Definir un marco conceptual para la exploración y gestión de diferentes tipos de incertidumbre en la planificación. B. Proponer un marco de evaluación de escenarios futuros basado en su capacidad para gestionar diferentes situaciones de incertidumbre en entornos de planificación. C. Plantear modelos y pautas argumentativas para la identificación e interpretación de imágenes e hipótesis de futuro en la planificación urbana y del transporte. D. Generar determinados arquetipos de escenarios o narrativas de futuro sobre el metro ligero, el transporte y el desarrollo urbano capaces de integrar diferentes aspectos y visiones de la planificación en Granada.
... The policy sciences focus on the role of policy analysis, expertise, professional evaluation research, and scientific studies in the policy process with the assumption that the scientific process will improve public policy (Cronback, 1980, Quade, 1991, Weimer and Vinning, 1989. Public choice theory posits that the market almost always outperforms the government and therefore, the role of government should be very constricted to the few areas it does well. ...
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SWOT analysis and an eight-item best practice assessment instrument, are utilized to asses intergovernmental public health policy development to advance tobacco free living in a Mid-Western region of the United States. Findings revealed similar patterns across methods and data sources. Compared to effective and tested practices, the tobacco free policy advocacy strategy was successful at both the statewide level and regional level. Agendas were more aligned among community partners for regional initiatives than for statewide initiatives. Also, it was clear that alignment of agendas at the community partnership level was harder when issues were tough and opposition from economic interest was high.
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This study aims to examine the findings for the development of political literacy based on the paradigm shift in policy studies since the 1980s. First, this study points to the characteristics of policy problems and their aspect as social constructs, and the need to recognize the role of framing and discourse in the stages of problem sensing and definition and analyze the context of problems through an interpretive approach in the problem-structuring stage. It also highlights the need to establish an open forum and conduct pluralistic policy analysis to formulate policy alternatives based on pluralistic knowledge — theoretical knowledge, local knowledge, and ordinary knowledge — and diverse values in society. Furthermore, for citizens to participate in policy formation and discussion, policy analysts are required to play a role in aiding their participation through advice and converting information inputs into policy recommendations. This study also highlights the need for learning in the participation process and the importance of building mutual understanding and trust among participants.
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Each year governments receive more funding requests for capital projects from various agencies and departments than the governments can realistically undertake. This makes it necessary for the decision makers to carefully evaluate each project before deciding which ones to accept and which ones to reject. Whether the projects are selected independently or in conjunction with other projects, each must be justified, first and foremost, based on the critical needs of the government. Additionally, the decision must take into consideration the resource base of the government and, more importantly, the costs and benefits the projects will produce for the government and the political jurisdiction it serves, as well as the public. This chapter discusses three of the most frequently used methods for evaluating capital projects: Payback period, cost-benefit analysis, and cost-effectiveness analysis. Of these, cost-benefit analysis has been extensively used in government than any other method because of its ability to deal with multiple projects, analytical soundness, and established history. The chapter also looks at the risk and uncertainty associated with capital projects, briefly introduced in the previous chapter, as well as measures to deal with their attendant problems. Finally, the chapter concludes with a brief discussion of depreciation for capital assets.
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Thesis
Background Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) contribute significantly to premature deaths and the global burden of disease. The development, distribution, and impact of NCDs is closely linked to unequal development and their risk factors impose a disproportionate burden of disease on low-income countries. Despite the availability of policy options to aid countries in the prevention and control of NCDs, sub-Saharan Africa is expected to continue suffering from NCDs in the coming years. In South Africa, people continue to die from NCDs despite the availability of policies and strategies meant for the prevention and control of these diseases. Purpose The purpose of this study was to analyse policies for prevention and control of NCDs to develop policy improvement strategies and implementation guidelines for the prevention and control of NCDs. Methods A convergent parallel design, involving qualitative and quantitative strands, was used. Purposively sampled policy documents were included in the qualitative strand, and policymakers from the provincial departments of health were sampled in the quantitative strand. Data in the qualitative strand were collected using self-developed criteria to assess policies’ content and processes and analysed thematically. In the quantitative strand, data were collected using a questionnaire and data were analysed statistically using Microsoft Excel and Stata V14. The results from the two strands and data sources were integrated for the development of policy improvement strategies and implementation guidelines, developed using logical reasoning, inductive and deductive reasoning. The guidelines were validated using the Delphi technique. Results The results from the qualitative strands indicated that the Department of Health involved multiple stakeholders during policy formation processes. The implementation activities evolved around addressing a few social determinants of health. The results from the quantitative strand indicated a lack of resources, such as finances, human resources and technology for the prevention and control of NCDs. Conclusion Despite progress in developing plans to prevent and control NCDs in the country, progress in implementing these plans has been sluggish and marred with challenges. The increasing burden and consequent negative impact of NCDs necessitate South Africa to address the gaps existing in the policies for the prevention and control of NCDs and accelerate the implementation of those interventions that have been proven to be effective. Recommendations Recommendations, in form of strategies to address the shortcomings in the prevention and control of NCDs have been developed and include the establishment of a multi-sectoral national coordinating committee and legislating multi-sectoral engagements for the prevention and control of NCDs. Other strategies include strengthening of early intervention plans, including activities that address inequalities, develop and strengthen human resources; to expand coverage of basic health screening services; and revitalisation of healthcare infrastructure and procurement of appropriate technology.
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How to implementating public policy, majority using multiple stream theory by howlett.
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Introduction. Budget expenditures for social needs are an important tool for satisfying human interests, ensuring the well-being of citizens, and raising the standard of living of the population. Budget expenditures as an instrument of budget policy have a significant impact on the complete implementation of budget programs in the social sphere. Nationwide or global crises, shocks, etc. undermine the stability of financial and economic systems, including the full implementation of social policy. Problem Statement. The Russian-Ukrainian war undermined the foundations of the stability of the national economy. A significant number of business entities stopped their activities, at the same time the export of products almost completely stopped, budget revenues decreased significantly, which complicated the processes of budget implementation. This actualizes the efforts of politicians and practitioners to find optimal solutions for filling the budget, as well as strengthening the synergy of scientists in the context of conducting thorough research in the field of social expenditure formation in war conditions. Purpose. Assess the peculiarities of the formation of social budget expenditures under martial law in 2022. Methods. General scientific and special methods are used: analysis, synthesis, grouping, description, comparison, theoretical generalization and abstract-logical. Results. The conducted analysis showed that the financial and economic situation in the state significantly worsened with the beginning of the Russian invasion, which affected the ability to obtain basic services, the level of income and the quality of life of the population. The structure of budget expenditures has changed, because the defense of the country has become a priority task. At the same time, the amount of social spending should not decrease, as it is necessary to take into account the future social pressure associated with the consequences of the war. Budgeting processes are currently being transformed in a certain way, subject to priority, urgent measures aimed at protecting the country, as well as solving humanitarian and social issues. Therefore, it is necessary to search for additional sources of filling the budget, create reserve funds, redistribute budget expenditures, etc. Effective allocation and saving of limited budget funds will enable the government to maneuver financial resources, prevent associated risks, optimize expenditures, and concentrate them on strategic areas and other urgent tasks of a different nature. Conclusions. In the period of martial law, the tasks of budget policy remain essentially unchanged, in particular: effective management, distribution and use of budget expenditures for priority goals of both economic and social development. The structure of budget expenditures should take into account macroeconomic dynamics and adapt to military conditions, and therefore focus on the implementation of social priorities, primarily ensuring social benefits, providing medical and educational services, etc. The state must solve complex social tasks, which, in our opinion, is a promising direction for further scientific research.
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