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Statistical Abstract of the United States 1979
Journal of the American Statistical Association
... Jet fuels continue to rise steadily. It is known that the United States consumes approximately 2000 thousand barrels of jet fuel per day [23]. ...
... With an annual growth rate of 5%, an extra 3% fuel consumption occurs in the aviation industry every year. With this growth, the consumption of fossil fuels has increased and has led to the need for renewable fuels and energy sources [18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29]. The most important factors related to alternative fuels are the dependence on the countries that supply oil, having environmentally friendly technology, being renewable, carbon dioxide recycling and sustainable [30]. ...
... Even though the chemical composition of SPks and petroleumcontaining fuels is different (Table 2), they are still very similar in terms of their basic properties (Table 1) and their performance in modern jet aircraft. The synthesis of CMB is well established and the products have been successfully evaluated by major commercial airlines as a 1:1 mixture with petroleum-based kerosene [23]. As the aviation industry's demands for jet kerosene rose to more than 5% of all refined products from the raw material, the refinery needed to optimize its jet kerosene yield with improved production techniques. ...
In our developing and changing world, the use of energy resources is becoming important. With the development of the aviation industry all over the world, the need to use more innovative, more sustainable resources emerges. When the demands in the transportation sector from past to present are examined, the transformation in energy resources will be inevitable. As stated, all studies have focused on the energy resources that reduce the environmental impact, sustainability, environmental friendliness, costs and dependence on oil producing states. In this study, the study of aviation fuels from past to present, its production, environmental impact, sustainability and the returns of alternative aviation fuels are discussed in detail. It is concluded that the world's developing and changing aviation sector should switch to sustainable alternative fuels as soon as possible.
... However, relative to LT candidates at large (72.63% in 2002 vs. 67.11% in 2017 p = 0.00), the pool of LT candidates with ALD is consistently comprised of proportionally more White patients. Furthermore, these proportions are high in relation to the United States population-the United States Census Bureau reported that 68.2% of the U.S. population was White, non-Hispanic in 2002, trending downwards towards 60.4% in 2019 [7,8] ( Figure 3). ...
... p = 0.07). These trends still represent a lower proportion than the overall U.S. population, which was comprised of 12.7% Black/African American residents in 2002 and trending towards 13.4% in 2019 [7,8] (Figure 4). ...
... (13.4% in 2002, 18.4% in 2017) [7,8] . ...
... La Nana Creek runs through a small urban area, the City of Nacogdoches, Texas, United States. While the population size has only slightly increased from 1990 to 2019 in this small city (US Census Bureau, 2011, US Census Bureau, 2020, the impervious surface cover surrounding the creek has more than doubled in area (Supplementary Figure S1). Impervious surface cover has served as a proxy for urbanization (Montaña and Schalk, 2018), suggesting that this stream has experienced an increase in urbanization between these two survey periods. ...
... La Nana Creek watershed located within a mixture of urban and rural land uses, with forest covering approximately 37% of the land followed by pastures (28%) and urban development (25%), with the City of Nacogdoches predominantly covering the middle portion of the watershed (TWDB Texas Water Development Board, 2021). The stream is located in the City of Nacogdoches (Texas), an urban area (US Census Bureau, 2011;Lombardi et al., 2017). Developed and altered areas within the city include a mixture of commercial and industrial businesses, multiple-family dwellings, university campus, and urban managed green space. ...
Globally, freshwater fish diversity is rapidly changing in response to land use change, including urbanization. Time series of freshwater fish communities can help elucidate the underlying mechanisms of species loss and gains, as well as promote conservation strategies. Traditional approaches to understand the dynamics of fish assemblages is traditionally focused on taxonomic diversity, one aspect among many dimensions of biodiversity. Thus, using complementary analytical methods, such as functional diversity, can help researchers to develop a stronger predictive framework on the effects of the species loss or gains in response to urbanization. We assessed temporal changes of fish assemblages in an urban stream in East Texas between four seasonal surveys of 1989–1990 and 2018–2019. We explored the similarities and differences in species richness, composition, and functional diversity of fishes. Although the species richness and functional richness between the two time periods were similar, we observed changes in species composition. We also observed higher functional dispersion and evenness in the 2018–2019 assemblage compared to 1989–1990 assemblage. Some fish species were locally extirpated, while others colonized the system, increasing the functional diversity of the current assemblage. Urbanization has commonly been associated with declines in diversity and richness, however, our findings suggest that the addition of a few invasive generalist species (e.g., blue tilapia) and native tolerant (e.g., redbreast sunfish, blacktail shiner) in this stream system could be associated with increased human activities in this small, urbanized area in East Texas. Streams in East Texas support very diverse fish assemblages, with some sentinel species (e.g., imperiled shiners: Sabine shiner, a habitat-affinity, broadcast spawner) rapidly responding to stream alterations. Multiple stressors can underlie the dynamics and composition of fish assemblages; thus, it is essential for more comparative studies of current and historical data of fish assemblages. Likewise, studies targeting sentinel fish species may have more utility for the evaluation of freshwater ecosystems.
... However, despite these multiple factors, senior professional and international basketball players must often acquire one common characteristic if they are to be selected: being tall [6]. For example, although the national average height for an American adult male is 5 ft 9 in (180 cm; [7]), the average height for a male professional basketball player competing in the National Basketball Association (NBA) is 6 ft 6 in (201 cm; [8]). Similarly, females competing in the Women's NBA (WNBA) are on average taller (6 ft; 183 cm; [9]) when compared with the average American adult female national norm (5 ft 4 in; 165 cm; [7]). ...
... For example, although the national average height for an American adult male is 5 ft 9 in (180 cm; [7]), the average height for a male professional basketball player competing in the National Basketball Association (NBA) is 6 ft 6 in (201 cm; [8]). Similarly, females competing in the Women's NBA (WNBA) are on average taller (6 ft; 183 cm; [9]) when compared with the average American adult female national norm (5 ft 4 in; 165 cm; [7]). Taller players can have an advantage in basketball due to their shots travelling less distance to the basket, they start closer to the rebound, and their ability to reach higher into the air offers a greater opportunity of blocking shorter players' passes and shots [10]. ...
Relative age effects (RAEs) appear consistently prevalent throughout the youth basketball literature. However, the selection into and successful transition out of a national talent pathway in basketball is yet to be explored. Thus, the primary aim of this study was to explore the influence of relative age, gender, and playing time based on the selection into the Regional Talent Hubs and Basketball England youth teams (U16, U18, and U20) and the successful transition into the England National Senior Teams. Participants who were selected into the male (n = 450) and female (n = 314) Basketball England Talent Pathway were allocated into one of three cohorts: (a) Regional Talent Hubs (U12 to U15; n = 183), (b) England National Youth Teams (U16, U18, and U20; n = 537), and (c) England National Senior Teams (n = 44). A chi-square test was used to compare the birth quarter (BQ) distributions of each cohort against the expected distributions, with a Cramer’s V (Vc) used to interpret effect sizes. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals were also calculated to compare the likelihood of each BQ being represented. Males revealed significant RAEs across both the Regional Talent Hubs (p < 0.001, Vc > 0.29, OR = 10) and England National Youth Teams (p < 0.001, Vc > 0.17, OR = 3.1). In comparison, females only had significant RAEs in the Regional Talent Hubs (p < 0.001, Vc > 0.29, OR = 2.3). Despite RAEs being prevalent throughout youth levels, there were no significant differences in the BQ distribution based on playing time and those who made the successful transition to the England National Senior Teams. These findings demonstrate the potential mechanisms of RAEs in basketball, as well as the impetus to explore more equitable competition structures within the England Basketball Talent Pathway.
... SES An SES composite was created for the present research from two educational and two economic variables for the years 2000 and 2010. For 2000, for those aged 25 years and over, the state percent with at least high school graduation and the state percent with at least a bachelor's degree were taken from the Statistical Abstract of the United States (U.S. Census Bureau, 2008). State personal income per capita for each state was obtained from the same source (U.S. Census Bureau, 2008). ...
... For 2000, for those aged 25 years and over, the state percent with at least high school graduation and the state percent with at least a bachelor's degree were taken from the Statistical Abstract of the United States (U.S. Census Bureau, 2008). State personal income per capita for each state was obtained from the same source (U.S. Census Bureau, 2008). The percent of individuals living below the poverty line in each state was acquired from the U.S. Census Bureau (2012). ...
This is the first research to examine the relation of ultraviolet (UV) sunlight and personality to cancer incidence employing the same database. Two nomothetic studies focused on 2000–2010 and employed the 50 American states as analytical units. Both used state UV levels determined from National Weather Service data, state cancer incidence data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and state Big Five personality scores based on the responses of 619,397 state residents to an online survey published by Rentfrow and his colleagues in 2008. Both studies controlled for state socioeconomic status, urbanization, and a composite of four common cancer risk factors. Both used multiple regression strategies. Study 1 found that state UV levels related negatively to total invasive cancer incidence but showed equivocal results in relation to White skin cancer incidence. State resident neuroticism scores were positively related to total invasive cancer incidence but unrelated to White skin cancer incidence, which was associated with high agreeableness and low extraversion. Study 2 used the state incidence of 25 leading cancers as separate criteria. UV levels independently predicted the state incidence of 12 cancer types, while neuroticism independently predicted the incidence of 10 types. As well, 32 interactions were found between UV levels and personality regarding the incidence of 19 cancer types. For nine independent interactions found with the maximum number of statistical controls—five involving neuroticism, three agreeableness, and one conscientiousness—personality differences in cancer incidence were quite pronounced under low UV conditions but negligible under high UV conditions.
... Race and Hispanic ethnicity were combined into a single, four-category variable: known Hispanic, non-Hispanic (NH) White, NH Black, and other/unknown race/ ethnicity. Geographic location was defined using the U.S. Census division categories of Northeast, South/Southeast, Midwest, and West (15). County type was defined as metropolitan (>250,000 residents/county), urban (2,500-250,000 residents/county), and rural (<2,500 residents/ county). ...
Background
In 2012 the United States Preventative Services Task Force (USPSTF) changed its prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening recommendation to a category “D”. The purpose of this study is to examine racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic differences in risk of presentation with metastatic prostate cancer (mPCa) at time of diagnosis before and after the 2012 USPSTF category “D” recommendation.
Methods
This is a population-based cohort study. We identified patients with mPCa at diagnosis within the National Cancer Database from 2004–2017. Logistic regression models were used to examine associations of mPCa with age, race, ethnicity, geographic location, education level, income, and insurance status. Linear regression models assuming underlying binomial distribution were fitted to annual percentage of mPCa at diagnosis for years 2012–2017 to evaluate the post category “D” recommendation era.
Results
From 2004 to 2017, 88,987 patients presented with mPCa. A higher percentage of mPCa was noted post-USPSTF category “D” recommendation, with a disproportionately greater increase observed among Hispanics and non-Hispanic Blacks [Δslope/year: Hispanics (0.0092), non-Hispanic Blacks (0.0073) and non-Hispanic Whites (0.0070)]. Insurance status impacts race/ethnicity differently: uninsured Hispanics were 3.66 times more likely to present with mPCa than insured Hispanics, while uninsured non-Hispanic Blacks were 2.62 times more likely to present with mPCa than insured non-Hispanic Blacks. Household income appears to be associated with differences in mPCa, particularly among non-Hispanic Blacks. Those earning <$30,000 were more likely to present with mPCa compared to higher income brackets.
Conclusions
Since the USPSTF grade “D” recommendation against PSA screening, the percentage of mPCa at diagnosis has increased, with a higher rate of increase among Hispanic and non-Hispanic Blacks compared to non-Hispanic Whites.
... Approximately 16% of all children enrolled in primary education are of Mexican origin and this proportion is expected to almost double by 2050 (Fry & Gonzales, 2008). While the proportion of Mexican-origin individuals obtaining a college degree or higher by age 25 has increased steadily since 1970, only 10.9% had achieved this level of education in 2010 compared to 13.9% for all Hispanics and 29.9% of the total population (U.S. Census Bureau, 2012). ...
What influences the successful bicultural adjustment of ethnic minority adolescentsinto the mainstream American culture? While previous research has indicated thatthe most successful adjustment process involves the forging of new identitiescombining characteristics from both the culture of origin and the new culture, thereis little exploration into the details of this process from the perspective of minoritieswho have successfully achieved bicultural adjustment. In order to determine whetherbicultural adjustment is an evident as well as a consciously valued process amongminority adolescents, we conducted in-depth written surveys with open-endedquestions of 20 Mexican-origin college students. By focusing on high-achievers asmeasured by college attendance, we aim to highlight key elements of the culturaladjustment process that lead to positive outcomes for ethnic minority adolescents.The survey results provide rich evidence in the participants’ own words about thecomplex nature and value of bicultural adjustment. These findings can informadjustment efforts of ethnic minority adolescents as well as the institutions andcommunity organizations who serve them.
... We then sub-grouped universities based on U.S. Census Bureau (1995) geographical regions (West, Midwest, Northeast, and South) to ensure geographical diversity within each of the four CoP categories. Our sampling strategy was designed to reduce the potential bias incurred by geographical regions due to regional or state level variations embedded in universities policies or culture. ...
Communities of practice (CoP) are distinct community groups that share a common interest in which they interact with one another to address problems and reach goals. In the present study, we investigated one niche community—sustainability and environmental communities of practice—to determine whether stronger communities of practices differed from weaker ones. We developed a summative index rating each sampled university student news publication with a single score ranging from 0–3 to represent community of practice strength: (a) universities with a sustainability ranking, (b) student publications with an environmental specialization, (c) universities with an environmental journalism specialization, and (d) no CoP to determine whether university students situated in stronger communities practiced journalism differently. Data from a content analysis of sustainability and environmental news articles showed the strongest sustainability community of practice was related to more topic diversity,but source affiliation diversity levels appear to continue to remain mostly constant across contexts and time. Implications concerning environmental journalism training and university outreach are discussed.
... In particular, open fractures present management issues for treating orthopedic surgeons, in spite of the recent progress made in soft tissue management, antibiotic protocols, and operative care [5,6]. Open fractures are serious injuries that carry high rates of morbidity and mortality, with the potential for significant long-term disability for patients, as well as high costs for treatment to the healthcare system [7,8]. For example, Moloney et al. reported a 25% 1-year mortality rate for geriatric patients with distal femur fractures, with open fractures being a significant risk factor for non-union [9]. ...
Introduction
Open fractures in the elderly are distinct compared to younger populations. The purpose of this study is to follow a series of open fractures of the lower extremity in the geriatric population to better prognosticate outcomes.
Methods
We performed a retrospective chart review of patients over the age of 65 years old who were treated for an open, lower extremity fracture across two level I trauma medical systems. Patients were included if they had documented wound healing problems in the postoperative period, or 6 months of follow-up, or if they had a definitive radiographic outcome. Sixty-four patients were included of an average age of 76.23, of whom 73.4% were female.
Results
The fracture types were midshaft femur in 3, distal femur in 9, patella in 2, proximal tibia in 3, proximal fibula in 1, midshaft tibia in 14, distil tibia in 8, ankle in 23, and talar neck/calcaneus in 1. Forty-two fractures were the result of low energy mechanism and 22 fractures were from high energy mechanism. Fourteen fractures were type 1, 32 were type 2, 11 were type 3A, 6 were type 3B, and 1 was type 3C. At final follow-up, 13 wounds were well healed, 39 wounds were healed following a delay of more than 6 weeks to achieve healing, 3 were infected, 3 had been treated with amputation, 2 had chronic ulceration, 2 with active draining, and 2 had draining sinuses.
Discussion
Open lower extremity fractures are serious injuries with high rates of morbidity. Such risks are even higher in the geriatric population, particularly with regard to wound healing. This study provides important prognostic information in counseling geriatric patient with an open lower extremity fracture, as well as informs treatment in terms of wound surveillance and care in the postoperative period.
... Young age, especially < 1 year, is an additional risk factor for sCAP [8]. A retrospective multicenter cohort study that enrolled 16,162 children with pneumonia pointed out that at age 2-11 months (vs. ...
Severe community-acquired pneumonia (sCAP) early in life is a leading cause of morbidity, mortality, and irreversible sequelae. Herein, we report the clinical, etiological, and immunological characteristics of 62 children age < 1 year. We measured 27 cytokines in plasma and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) from 62 children age < 1 year who were diagnosed with CAP, and then, we analyzed correlations among disease severity, clinical parameters, and etiology. Of the entire cohort, three cytokines associated with interleukin-17- (IL-17-) producing helper T cells (Th17 cells), IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-17, were significantly elevated in sCAP patients with high fold changes (FCs); in BAL, these cytokines were intercorrelated and associated with blood neutrophil counts, Hb levels, and mixed bacterial-viral infections. BAL IL-1β (area under the curve (AUC) 0.820), BAL IL-17 (AUC 0.779), and plasma IL-6 (AUC 0.778) had remarkable predictive power for sCAP. Our findings revealed that increased local Th17 cell immunity played a critical role in the development of sCAP in children age < 1 year. Th17 cell-related cytokines could serve as local and systemic inflammatory indicators of sCAP in this age group.
... Based on the criterion of the U.S. Census Bureau [68], the USA continent is divided into four main regions, the Northeast region (e.g., New York State and Pennsylvania State), West region (e.g., California State and Colorado State), Midwest region (e.g., Ohio State and Kansas State), and South region (e.g., Texas State and Florida State). In terms of the number of COVID-19 infected cases, during the data collection period, the website of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [69] of the USA showed that there were 215,532 infected cases in the West region, 367,675 cases in the Midwest region, 446,108 cases in the South regions, and 564,235 cases in the Northeast region. ...
In 2020, the coronavirus pandemic devasted public health agencies and the federal government across the world. Bridging the gap between underserved populations and the healthcare system, the donation-based crowdfunding campaign has opened a new way for suffering individuals and families to access broader social network platforms for financial and non-financial assistance. Despite the growing popularity of crowdfunding during the pandemic crisis, little research has explored the various signals that attract potential donors to donate. This study explores the effects of signaling theory on the success of a crowdfunding campaign for food relief launched in GoFundMe during which the United States was severely affected by the pandemic with a surged number of coronavirus infected cases from March 1st with 134 confirmed COVID-19 infected cases to July 29th with 4,295,308 infected cases according to World Health Organization. The following results show that the three different signal success measures are important to the success of crowdfunding campaigns: (1) signals originating from the campaign (Title, Description, Spelling Error, Location, and Picture); (2) signals originating from the fundraiser (Social Network, and Update); and (3) signals originating from the social interaction of the fundraiser with the crowd (Comment, Follower, and Share). These findings provide insight and bring additional knowledge contribution to the crowdfunding literature.
... According to the U.S. Census Bureau (2012) ...
This dissertation study utilized Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) to understand the acculturation and sojourner experience of undergraduate Indian international students in the U.S. Midwest. Focusing exclusively on the lived experience of these students, this study engaged Berry’s Fourfold Model of Acculturation (Berry, 1992, 1994) and the ABC Model of Acculturation as presented by Ward et al., (2001) to amplify the voices of three participants to bring forth the meaning they attach to their experiences. This study made use of the concept of Yātrā to signify the multidimensional journey that these international students undertake while migrating from their heritage culture in India to the receiving culture in the U.S. Through in-depth semi-structured interviews, these students have shared their personal stories of adapting to change, learning along the way, and witnessing growth through their Yātrā in the U.S. Employing the process of double hermeneutics, meaning was made of the meaning attached to their Yātrā to understand their acculturation and coping strategies to overcome their acculturative stressors. This study has generated findings that would not only shed light on the acculturative process of these students but would also have implications for practice for educational leaders and practitioners. The findings of this study indicate that these students demonstrate a strong focus on doing well in the U.S. and exercise their grit and resilience to overcome their challenges. Advisor: Elvira J. Abrica
... Within this residential landscape, lawns dominate and occupy nearly 40% of the total estimated 163,812 km 2 of turfgrass that covers approximately 1.9% of the total area of the continental U.S. (Milesi et al., 2005). The non-turfgrass landscaped portion of a typical yard, which includes trees, shrubs and ornamental plantings, makes up only about 18% of the total landscape (U.S. Census Bureau, 2009). Despite this potential limitation, human-dominated environments can nonetheless be floristically diverse and harbor complex vegetation structure (Sandström, Angelstam & Mikusi nski, 2006;Beninde, Veith & Hochkirch, 2015;Threlfall et al., 2016). ...
As land use change drives global insect declines, the value of enhancing habitat in urban and suburban landscapes has become increasingly important for flower-visiting insects. In order to help identify best landscaping practices, we conducted plant surveys and insect bowl-trap surveys in 34 suburban yards for 21 months in Gainesville, FL, USA, which resulted in 274 paired days of plant and insect survey data. We assessed the impact of nearest greenspace size, distance to greenspace, yard area, plant richness, plant type, bloom abundance, bloom richness and bloom evenness on insect abundance and richness. Our samples include 34,972 insects captured, 485,827 blooms counted and 774 species of plants recorded. We found that bloom evenness had a modulating effect on bloom abundance—a more even sample of the same number of blooms would have a disproportionately greater positive impact on flower visitor richness, insect richness and insect abundance. Bloom abundance was also highly significant and positively associated with flower visitor abundance, but nearest greenspace size, distance to greenspace, plant type (native vs. non-native vs. Florida Friendly), and yard area were not found to be important factors. Plant richness was a highly significant factor, but its effect size was very small.
... As the Hispanic population in the U.S. increases, more research is needed on the relationship between Hispanic ethnicity and evacuation behavior. [31][32][33] Hispanics in the Atlantic and Gulf Coasts differ in terms of reported health and well-being, education, English language comprehension, size of a social network, risk perception, and access to economic resources to finance evacuation. 17,34,35 Hispanics are also a heterogeneous group of individuals from at least 25 countries in Central and South America and the Caribbean. ...
Objective
Hurricane evacuation is one of the strategies employed by emergency management and other agencies to reduce morbidity and mortality associated with hurricanes. However, factors associated with residents’ evacuation decision-making have been inconsistent. In this study, we conducted a statistical meta-analysis to identify factors associated with hurricane evacuation as well as moderators of the evacuation decision.
Methods
A systematic literature search identified 36 studies published between 1999 and 2018. Pooled estimates were calculated using random-effects models, and heterogeneity across studies was checked using both Q and I ² statistics. Meta-regression methods were used to identify moderators. Publication bias was assessed using both visual (funnel plots) and statistical methods.
Results
Mobile home residence, perception of risk, female sex, and Hispanic ethnicity were statistically associated with hurricane evacuation, while geographic region modified the relationship between Hispanic race and evacuation.
Conclusions
Agencies responsible for preparedness may utilize these findings to identify specific population sub-groups for hurricane evacuation communication and other interventions. Future studies should consider statistical interactions and explore opportunities for research translation to emergency officials.
... This ratio of floor areas is discussed further in Appendix B.2. However, only about 4.06% of the households that existed in 2011 undertook renovations that involved an increase in floor area (U.S. Census Bureau, 2010). In this thesis, it has been assumed that only those renovations that changed the floor area contributed to the HWP in use pool. ...
The harvested wood products (HWP) in use carbon pool plays a beneficial but frequently unrecognized role in climate change mitigation by storing carbon that has been removed from the atmosphere and providing services that can substitute for emission intensive products. Countries with a culture of building houses with wood use a majority of HWP for structural purposes and, due to the long-lived nature of houses, the structural HWP within these dwellings can last for a long time. Long-lived products have the potential to make a major contribution to the HWP in use pool and accurate quantification of this pool is an important topic worthy of detailed investigation. This study reviewed published HWP decay models and developed a “regression-aggregation-fit” methodology to accurately model the inverse sigmoidal decay patterns of houses at the national level. Using this method, the end-use half-lives of U.S. single-family and multi-family houses, U.S. mobile homes, Canadian residential houses and Norwegian residential houses were estimated to be 137 years, 44 years, 92 years and 146 years, respectively. For comparison, the default product half-lives recommended by the IPCC are 35 years for sawnwood and 25 years for wood-based panels. The direct application of these default product half-lives to quantify the HWP pool in houses is likely to result in substantial underestimation of this carbon pool. The Gamma distribution model was shown to be the most applicable generalized model for describing the country-specific decay pattern of houses. It adequately modelled housing data sets from three different countries and it was the best of the six models evaluated. This model was used to quantify the structural HWP pool in U.S. single-family and multi-family houses and in 2009 this pool was 668 Tg C, which was about 20% larger than published estimates. A constant mass input scenario indicated that this pool may act as a sink for about 750 years with a saturation value of about 1.2 Pg C. This methods developed in this thesis should improve the accuracy of national greenhouse gas inventory reporting for countries with extensive forests and a tradition of building with wood.
... Variables we reported were sex, age, region, intentionality, number of products consumed, formulation, chronicity, symptoms, therapies, management site, and outcome. We adjusted exposure rates by age and region by dividing unadjusted rates by the population of each group using data from the 2010 U.S. Census [18,19]. ...
Objective
To assess characteristics of exposures to contaminated poppy and identify trends in exposure and poppy-related deaths.
Methods
Cross-sectional analysis of adverse events associated with exposure to poppy products (primarily poppy seeds) from the American Association of Poison Control Centers’ National Poison Data System (NPDS), 2000–2018, supplemented with analysis of overdoses and deaths related to poppy from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition’s Adverse Event Reporting System (CAERS) (2004–2018), and the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) (1968–2018).
Results
There were 591 NPDS exposure cases involving poppy between 2000 and 2018 including 392 in persons aged 13+. Rates of intentional exposures in NPDS increased among the age 13+ group over the study period. Most intentional exposures occurred in males in their teens and twenties. NPDS included 18 overdoses and three deaths likely attributable to poppy, most involving poppy seed tea. CAERS and FAERS included five additional deaths likely attributable to opioids in poppy.
Conclusions
Including previously reported cases, there are now at least 16 U.S. deaths associated with poppy seeds in the literature. We recommend that practitioners working in opioid treatment and recovery be alert to use of poppy to treat pain and symptoms of withdrawal.
Flexible exchange rates can facilitate price adjustments that buffer macroeconomic shocks. We test this hypothesis using adjustments to the gold standard during the Great Depression. Using novel monthly data on city-level economic activity, sectoral employment, and export data, we show that American exporting cities were significantly affected by changes in bilateral exchange rates. We calibrate a general equilibrium model to obtain aggregate effects from cross-sectional estimates. We show that the trade channel deepened the Great Depression and was a key driver of the economic recovery in 1933.
Objectives
Research characterizing work‐related injuries and illnesses (WRII) has predominantly focused on inpatients and deaths, despite evidence that 4% of WRII are admitted as inpatients and deaths are less than 0.2% of acute WRII. Our aim is to determine the usefulness of incorporating emergency department (ED) hospital data into current occupational health surveillance systems.
Methods
Data on ED and admitted WRII treated in Illinois hospitals from 2017 to 2021 were analyzed. Demographic characteristics, primary diagnosis, procedures undertaken, and unique patient estimates are described. Multivariable logistic regression models were developed to evaluate predictors of treatment in the ED and multivariable median regression models determined associations of total hospital charges.
Results
Between 2017 and 2021 there were 488,033 hospital presentations (95.9% nonadmissions) for WRII in Illinois, equating to a crude annual population rate of 1502.1/100,000. Non‐Hispanic Whites (NHW) were disproportionately treated for illnesses, while Hispanic or Latino workers were disproportionately treated for injuries. African‐Americans had the highest rate of ED emergent presentations (incident rate ratio [IRR] = 1.3, ref = NHW) and were less likely to be admitted for emergent presentations (IRR = 0.7, ref = NHW). ED presentations were more likely to be female, present with an injury, and at a rural, versus urban, hospital. Radiological investigations compromised the majority of procedures for nonadmitted patients ( n = 403,317), and 94.8% were coded for a body region
Conclusion
Between 2017 and 2021 in Illinois, there were nearly 500,000 hospital visits charged to workers' compensation totaling over US$ four billion. ED data provide additional insights into work‐related chronic conditions, health disparities, and the usage of diagnostic and therapeutic procedures for WRII.
In principle, physical currency should be disappearing: payments are increasingly electronic, with new technologies emerging rapidly, and governments increasingly restrict large-denomination notes as a way to reduce crime and tax evasion. Nonetheless, demand for U.S. banknotes continues to grow, and consistently increases at times of crisis both within and outside the United States because dollar banknotes remain a desirable store of value and medium of exchange when local currency or bank deposits are inferior. Most recently, the COVID crisis resulted in historic increases in currency demand. After allowing for the effect of crises, U.S. banknote demand appears to be driven by the usual factors determining money demand, with no discernible downward trend. In this work, I review developments in demand for U.S. currency over the past few decades with a focus on developments since early 2020. In addition, I revisit the question of international demand: I present the raw data available for measuring international banknote flows and updates on indirect methods of estimating the stock of currency held abroad. These methods continue to indicate that a large share of U.S. currency is held abroad, especially in the $100 denomination. As shown earlier (Judson 2012, 2017), once a country or region begins using dollars, subsequent crises result in additional inflows: the dominant sources of international demand over recent decades are the countries and regions that were already heavy dollar users in the early to mid-1990s. While international demand for U.S. currency eased during the early 2000s as financial conditions improved, the abrupt return to strong international demand that began with the collapse of Lehman Brothers in 2008 has not slowed and reached new heights over 2020 and 2021. In contrast, however, the growth rate of demand for smaller denominations is slowing, perhaps indicating the first signs of declining domestic cash demand.
Background:
No list of the iconic books in surgery would be complete without The Early Diagnosis of the Acute Abdomen by Sir Vincent Zachary Cope, MS, MD. First published in 1921, few books have stood the test of time like this treatise on the acute abdomen. It is also fitting that, after Mr Cope's passing, William Silen would assume the mantle with the 15th edition and maintain his legacy work through the 22nd and final edition.
Methods:
Each edition of The Early Diagnosis of the Acute Abdomen and The Acute Abdomen in Rhyme was curated and reviewed in detail within the historical context of the era in which the book was printed.
Results:
The tenets of physical diagnosis and history did not change during the 100 years through the current printing; however, the emphasis on related medical diseases evolved due to antibiotic therapy and the prevalence of nonsurgical diseases that evolved across this period. Early editions highlighted the value of plain radiography as it came into common use, whereas later editions included cross-sectional imaging as a valuable diagnostic tool.
Conclusion:
The context and evolution of this masterpiece are fundamental to the legacy of the abdominal surgeon. Cope's lessons on the value of dedication and attention to detail to formulate clinical diagnoses by engaging with the patient rather than excessive use of laboratory testing and imaging still apply in today's rapidly evolving and increasingly value-based world.
Fears of immigrants as a threat to public health have a long and sordid history. At the turn of the 20th century, when immigrants made up one-third of the population in crowded American cities, contemporaries blamed high urban mortality rates on the newest arrivals. We evaluate how the implementation of country-specific immigration quotas in the 1920s affected urban health. Cities with larger quota-induced reductions in immigration experienced a persistent decline in mortality rates, driven by a reduction in deaths from infectious diseases. The unfavorable living conditions immigrants endured explains the majority of the effect as quotas reduced residential crowding and mortality declines were largest in cities where immigrants resided in more crowded conditions and where public health resources were stretched thinnest.
The elderly represent a prominent, with improving life expectancies, rapidly expanding sector of the US population, with currently over 13 million people, and estimates that this number will quadruple in the next 50 years. [1, 2]. In large part, these demographic trends are attributable to improved modalities for preventing and managing cardiovascular disease (CVD) in young and middle-aged adults, which improved survival and delayed the onset of CVD until later in life. These improvements have resulted in an increase in the prevalence of CVD in the population and the incidence of CVD in older adults [3, 4]. CVD remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the elderly, despite advances in medical therapies [5–8]. Elderly patients are thus undergoing more procedures to treat CVD, and the demographics of patients undergoing cardiac surgery, a validated means of increasing survival and improving quality of life, reflect this trend [9]. Compared to a younger cohort, the elderly population generally has higher rates of comorbid disease with lower functional reserve, ultimately predisposing them to a higher risk of complications and death. This increased risk, paired with the institutional and societal emphasis on procedural outcomes, has led many cardiologists and cardiac surgeons to only reluctantly recommend cardiac operations for elderly patients. With the advancement and proliferation of percutaneous technologies, many cardiac surgeons are nonetheless operating on older, sicker patients compared to their training and initial practice. For example, elderly patients comprise an increasingly prominent proportion of the population undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), and the number of octogenarians undergoing CABG in the United States increased by 67% from 1987 to 1990 [10–12]. There has been a corresponding increase in the literature investigating the CABG outcomes for septuagenarians, octogenarians, and nonagenarians with varied conclusions due to small sample sizes and divergent institutional experiences [3, 5, 6, 10, 11, 13–16]. Regardless of this variance, most of the literature demonstrates that, despite increased costs and longer lengths of stay, cardiac operations can be performed with acceptable hospital mortality rates in carefully selected elderly patients.
Das Konzept der Citizenship Education ist Bestandteil einer Publikation von James Banks, die erstmals im Jahr 2008 im Englischen publiziert wurde. Banks erörtert die Bedeutung internationaler Migration und deren Konsequenz, dass in beinahe allen Nationalstaaten multiethnische Gemeinschaften entstehen. Auch in Schulen und Universitäten sind Angehörige kultureller, ethnischer, sprachlicher oder religiöser Minderheiten präsent. Der Argumentation zufolge sind universalistische bzw. assimilatorische Strategien in der Organisation von Bildungsprozessen problematisch, weil sie zentrale Bestandteile individueller Identitäten von Angehörigen unterschiedlicher Minderheiten ausblenden und Normalitätsvorstellungen setzen, die Minderheiten benachteiligen. Zudem wird ein kaum zu überbrückendes Spannungsverhältnis zwischen Mehrheitskultur und Minderheitenkulturen etabliert, indem Minderheiten dazu gebracht werden sollen, sich von ihren kulturell differenten Wissensbeständen loszusagen. Vor diesem Hintergrund wird dafür plädiert, eine starke Überarbeitung von Citizenship Education mit dem Ziel vorzunehmen, sogenannte „transformative citizens“ hervorzubringen, die über Kritikfähigkeit und kulturelle Fähigkeiten verfügen und die auf dieser Grundlage zu einer demokratischen Umgestaltung von Gesellschaften beitragen können.
Race was the defining issue of the 1999 Philadelphia mayoral election. In an overwhelmingly Democratic city, the Democratic candidate, an African-American with two decades of experience in local government, narrowly defeated the white Republican candidate with little experience in Philadelphia government. Examining the results of the primary and general elections, the author finds that the vote was sharply divided along racial lines, even though the candidates in the general election refrained from racial appeals and ran issue-oriented campaigns. In big city politics, race thus still matters.
This study explored Richard Shusterman’s somaesthetics to understand the rationale for his view on enhancing the body experience of older adults and increasing their participation in art; it also examined methods or successful aging to enhance the theoretical foundation for educational gerontology. Accordingly, the research objectives were to (1) analyze the definition of successful aging; (2) clarify the role of body experience and participation in art in promoting successful aging among older adults; (3) explore and discuss Shusterman’s somaesthetics; and (4) explore methods for successful aging derived from Shusterman’s somaesthetics. This study mainly explored educational philosophy by collecting, reading, analyzing, logically reviewing, and interpreting the literature on this topic. During this exploration, methods for successful aging were reviewed. The findings are as follows: (1) shifting focus of successful aging to the bodies of older adults; (2) cultivating the body consciousness of older adults enables them to understand themselves and pursue virtue, happiness, and justice; (3) popular art can be integrated to promote the aesthetic ability of older adults and encourage their physical participation in the aesthetic process; (4) older adult education should cultivate the somaesthetic sensitivity of older adults; (5) older adult education should incorporate the physical training of older adults to help them enhance their self-cultivation and care for their body, cultivate virtue, and live a better life; and (6) older adult education should integrate the body and mind of older adults.
Background
Youth are arrested at high rates in the United States, however long-term health effects of arrest remain unmeasured. We sought to describe the sociodemographic characteristics and health of adults who were arrested at various ages among a nationally representative sample.
Methods
Using the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, we describe sociodemographics and health status in adolescence (Wave I, ages 12-21) and adulthood (Wave V, ages 32-42) for people first arrested at age younger than 14 years, 14-17 years, and 18-24 years, compared to never arrested adults. Health measures included physical health (general health, mobility/functional limitations, death), mental health (depressive symptoms, suicidal thoughts), and clinical biomarkers (hypertension, diabetes). We estimate associations between age of first arrest and health using covariate adjusted regressions.
Results
Among the sample of 10,641 adults, 28.5% had experienced arrest before age 25. Individuals first arrested as children (i.e., age <14) were disproportionately Black, compared to White. Compared to individuals never arrested, people arrested before age 25 had more depressive symptoms and higher rates of suicidal thoughts during adolescence. Arrest before age 25 was associated with worse self-reported health, higher rates of functional limitations, more depressive symptoms, and greater mortality by adulthood (ages 32-42).
Conclusions
Arrest before age 25 was associated with worse physical and mental health—and even death in adulthood. Child arrest was disproportionately experienced by Black children. Reducing arrests of youth may be associated with improved health across the life course, particularly among Black youth, thereby promoting health equity.
Chapter 2 reflects on scholarly works as they apply to my study, exploring issues previously untouched in discussions on the origins of Title IX. I discuss the literature on feminist political activism in the 1960s and 1970s, particularly studies that address matters of race, class, gender, and sexuality; concepts from social movement theory, specifically political and cultural opportunity structures, strategic adaptation, and resource mobilization; and social network theory, including the value of open-systems and weak ties. I place the struggle for gender equity within the context of the Johnson and Nixon presidencies. While not identical, both administrations were qualitatively similar in their indifference toward women’s rights, taking steps to open up the system because of political expediency.
Museums and Social Responsibility examines inherent contradictions within and effecting museum practice in order to outline a museological theory of how museums are important cultural practices in themselves and how museums shape the socio-cultural dynamics of modern societies, especially our attitudes and understandings about human agency and creative potential.
Museums are libraries of objects, presenting thematic justification that dominant concepts of normativity and speciality, as well as attitudes of cultural deprecation. By sorting culture into hierarchies of symbolic value, museums cloak themselves in supposed objectivity, delivered with the passion of connoisseurship and the surety of scholarly research. Ulterior motives pertaining to socio-economic class, racial and ethnic othering, and sexual subjugation, are shrouded by that false appearance of objectivity. This book highlights how the socially responsive practitioner can challenge and subvert taken-for-granted motivations by undertaking liberatory museum work that engages subaltern narratives, engages historically disadvantage populations, and co-creates with them dialogical practices of collecting, preserving, exhibiting and interpreting. It points to examples in Africa, Asia, Europe, and the Americas, not as self-contained entities but as practices within a global web of relationships, and as microcosms that define normality and abnormality, that engage users in critical dialogue, and that influence, are conditioned by, and disrupt taken-for-granted understandings and practices of class, ethnicity, sex, gender, thinking and being.
Cities are subject to constant change. European cities, quite a few of which were founded as early as the Middle Ages, have experienced several phases of boom and bust in their history. At the same time, the urban system, which encompasses all relationships between cities such as material and immaterial flows, changed. In the United States, cities did not emerge until the eighteenth century on the East Coast and, in some cases, much later in the rest of the country. In many cases, by the mid-twentieth century, the boom was replaced by an abrupt downturn, the end of which is still uncertain. At the same time, other cities were just entering the growth phase, which is still ongoing. Today, prosperous cities are contrasted by cities with completely disastrous development.
This Article explores the fundamental failure of Congress’ twenty-five-year quest to utilize disclosure as the primary tool to both regulate credit card issuers and educate consumers. From inception until present, reforms to this disclosure regime, even when premised on judgment and decision-making behavioralism, were nomothetic in orientation and ignored clear differences in population behavior and the heterogeniety of consumers. Current law prohibits credit card issuers from acquiring consumer socio-demographic data and prevents issuers and regulators from using market and policy experimentation to enhance disclosure’s efficacy. To explain why this regime was structured this way and why it must change, this Article contains four key sections: (1) a comprehensive review of the creation of our modern consumer credit card regulatory scheme; (2) a survey of the empirical evidence used to update and expand that disclosure-centered regime over twenty-five years; (3) an account of why the existing scheme’s disclosure function substantially fails, notwithstanding recent reforms; and (4) an argument that to achieve optimal credit card disclosure efficacy, the law must permit issuers to acquire and utilize customer socio-demographic information, including race, gender, and other characteristics.
Introduction:
We evaluated the prevalence of dementia and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in indigenous Tsimane and Moseten, who lead a subsistence lifestyle.
Methods:
Participants from population-based samples ≥ 60 years of age (n = 623) were assessed using adapted versions of the Modified Mini-Mental State Examination, informant interview, longitudinal cognitive testing and brain computed tomography (CT) scans.
Results:
Tsimane exhibited five cases of dementia (among n = 435; crude prevalence = 1.2%, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.4, 2.7); Moseten exhibited one case (among n = 169; crude prevalence = 0.6%, 95% CI: 0.0, 3.2), all age ≥ 80 years. Age-standardized MCI prevalence was 7.7% (95% CI: 5.2, 10.3) in Tsimane and 9.8% (95% CI: 4.9, 14.6) in Moseten. Cognitive impairment was associated with visuospatial impairments, parkinsonian symptoms, and vascular calcification in the basal ganglia.
Discussion:
The prevalence of dementia in this cohort is among the lowest in the world. Widespread intracranial medial arterial calcifications suggest a previously unrecognized, non-Alzheimer's disease (AD) dementia phenotype.
Over the last three decades, most community colleges have broadened their economic development role to include contracting with employers to train current or prospective employees in job and academic skills. This article describes the main contours of the community college's involvement in contract training, explains how this involvement arose, and analyzes its impact on the community college. This analysis is based both on national data on the general prevalence and form of contract training and on case studies of the forms it takes in twenty community colleges in five states servicing five quite different industries. Contract training is sometimes quite elaborate, as in the case of the entry-level training of skilled workers in auto manufacturing, auto repair, and construction. Here the training often involves multiyear apprenticeships, combining both classroom and on-the-job training, with labor unions exercising a major role. But contract training often is much briefer and dominated by the wishes of companies. The origins of contract training lie in a combination both of business pressure and of initiative by community colleges and government bodies pursuing interests and values of their own. Contract training has broadly affected community colleges in such areas as enrollments, revenues, external relations, governance, internal relations, curriculum and pedagogy, and institutional mission. It has brought more students, revenues, and political clout, but also greater business involvement in community college governance and possibly a major redefinition of institutional mission away from education (especially transfer education) toward training.
This article reflects upon changes in U.S. education since the U.S. Supreme Court's 1954 decision in Brown v. the Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas. The authors reject both the naively hopeful and the bitterly cynical interpretations of the efficacy of Brown in favor of a more moderate assessment: Brown has had many positive effects, they argue, but it has been slow going and there is much work yet to be done. Drawing on their research in primary, secondary, and post-secondary educational settings, the authors argue that the concept of justice is a negotiated concept that depends on the “representative viewpoints”; they examine the obstacles that have impeded the full implementation of Brown; they note a few school systems that have achieved more just and equitable school systems; they consult census data that reveal increasing equity between Blacks and Whites when it comes to educational achievement; and finally, they examine the legacy of the Brown decision for other groups of children. Referring to Brown as a “work in progress,” the authors argue that group-specific remedies are not only legally defensible, but also crucial in achieving greater educational equity and student diversity.
Purpose
The aim of this study was to document speech sound development across early childhood from a dynamic assessment (DA) perspective that captures a breadth of linguistic environments using the Glaspey Dynamic Assessment of Phonology (Glaspey, 2019), as well as to provide normative data for speech-language pathologists to compare speech skills when making clinical decisions and provide historical context. Targets of English were evaluated via DA for the (a) age of acquisition in single words; (b) continued development through connected speech; (c) early, mid, and late sequence; and (d) differences between single word and connected speech productions.
Method
Data were extracted from the reported results of the norming study for the Glaspey Dynamic Assessment of Phonology, which included a representative sample of 880 children ages 3 years to 10;11 (years;months). Comparisons were made with 49 items including multisyllabic words, clusters, and phonemes of English across word positions.
Results
Assessment with DA showed that acquisition in single words is nearly complete by age 6 years with a 90% mastery level, and the sequence suggests an Early-13, Mid-16, and Late-14 for items by word position. In connected speech, a wider range of progression is evident from the emergence of sound production at 50%, 75%, and 90% mastery levels with observed changes between ages 3 and 10 years.
Conclusions
Given a DA approach across connected linguistic environments, children continue to progress in their development of speech sounds from early childhood well into their school-age years and for some sounds beyond the age of 10 years. DA challenges the language system to better reflect children's developmental progression.
More than a million immigrants from the former Soviet Union are currently living in the United States. Many of those immigrants arrived to the United States in older age. While previous studies were focused on the Russian immigrants’ utilization of healthcare services in the United States, almost no studies examined the older Russian-speaking immigrants’ hardships in the Soviet Union. A thematic analysis approach was used to analyze interviews conducted with 16 immigrant women from a Mid-Atlantic region, who moved to the US after the collapse of the Soviet Union. Seven identified themes were broken down by two major categories: childhood and adulthood in the Soviet Union and older age in the United States. The findings suggest that views of long-term care, intergenerational support, and socio-economic status are deeply rooted in the cultural and societal expectations of the country of origin.
Objectives:
In a prospective, comparative effectiveness study, we assessed clinical and psychological factors associated with switching from active surveillance (AS) to active treatment (AT) among low-risk prostate cancer (PCa) patients.
Methods:
Using ultra-rapid case identification, we conducted pretreatment telephone interviews (N = 1139) with low-risk patients (PSA ≤ 10, Gleason≤6) and follow-up interviews 6-10 months post-diagnosis (N = 1057). Among men remaining on AS for at least 12 months (N = 601), we compared those who continued on AS (N = 515) versus men who underwent delayed AT (N = 86) between 13 and 24 months, using Cox proportional hazards models.
Results:
Delayed AT was predicted by time dependent PSA levels (≥10 vs. <10; HR = 5.6, 95% CI 2.4-13.1) and Gleason scores (≥7 vs. ≤6; adjusted HR = 20.2, 95% CI 12.2-33.4). Further, delayed AT was more likely among men whose urologist initially recommended AT (HR = 2.13, 95% CI 1.07-4.22), for whom tumour removal was very important (HR = 2.18, 95% CI 1.35-3.52), and who reported greater worry about not detecting disease progression early (HR = 1.67, 1.05-2.65). In exploratory analyses, 31% (27/86) switched to AT without evidence of progression, while 4.7% (24/515) remained on AS with evidence of progression.
Conclusions:
After adjusting for clinical evidence of disease progression over the first year post-diagnosis, we found that urologists' initial treatment recommendation and patients' early treatment preferences and concerns about AS each independently predicted undergoing delayed AT during the second year post-diagnosis. These findings, along with almost one-half undergoing delayed AT without evidence of progression, suggest the need for greater decision support to remain on AS when it is clinically indicated.
We present an optimal-control model in which tipping behavior creates a reputation that affects future service. Tipping and reputation can evolve in four path prototypes: converging to an interior equilibrium, converging to minimum tips and reputation, and two prototypes that start differently but end with tips and reputation increasing indefinitely. Analyzing the interior equilibrium indicates that when reputation erodes more quickly (capturing lower patronage frequency), equilibrium reputation is lower. Interestingly, however, tips may be higher. Increasing the minimal tip raises tips by the same increase and does not change reputation. A more patient customer leaves higher tips and reaches a higher reputation.
Millennials are arguably different than their previous generations and studying marriage intention among young millennials would provide insights into the changing views of the long-standing institution of marriage. This study explored the rational intention toward marriage and identify the salient determinants of marriage intention among young millennials, utilizing the theory of planned behavior (TPB). We conducted formative focus groups and a cross-sectional survey (n = 201). Getting married for love and family was positively associated with marriage intention; getting married would get in the way of one’s education and career was negatively associated with marriage intention. Moreover, the results revealed that women were motivated by happiness but were discouraged by the loss of independence when it comes to marriage; men were motivated by the possibility of starting a family but were discouraged by fear of divorces. We found parents were the only significant normative referents associated with men’s marriage intention; parents, siblings, and friends were associated with women’s marriage intention.
This paper explores several determinants of tipping behavior. First, I consider two social norms explanations—reciprocity and letdown (guilt) aversion—of why consumers tip in restaurants. Second, I examine three aspects of the tipping situation that influence how much consumers tip in restaurants: table size, sex, and method of bill payment. I address these issues using two data sources: a field survey and laboratory experiments. Customers were surveyed individually as they left a set of restaurants in Richmond, Virginia. The laboratory experiments vary service quality, table size, and information about others' tips in a controlled setting. Results from both data sets show support for reciprocity and letdown aversion, and that tip size decreases with table size. Sex differences, which exist only in the experimental data, show that men tip more than women. Finally, the size of the tip does not depend on the method of bill payment.
This article examines the optimal choice of monitoring intensity when workers face external incentives (incentives that are not provided by the firm), such as tips, satisfaction from working well, or the desire to build reputation in order to be more attractive to other employers. Increase in such external incentives reduces optimal monitoring intensity but nevertheless increases effort and profits unambiguously. The model explains why U.S. firms supported the establishment of tipping in the late 19th century and raises the possibility that European firms make costly mistakes by replacing tips with service charges.
Citizens of the contemporary Unites States are faced with the cognitive dissonance of a society which claims to reject the racist, sexist, homophobic and ableist ways of our ancestors, while daily experience betrays the inaccuracy of that world view. When confronted , those in privileged positions have learned to lean on social scripts in which we compare our behaviour to some of the worst examples we can conjure up, and in so doing we position ourselves as moral compared to that person. Chronic wokeness is a symptom of the incurable human condition of wanting to be a good person. Our cultural willingness to ignore obvious evidence in favour of a story that makes us feel better about ourselves has become our legacy. We are a country floating on the intoxicating cloud of permanent denial, thriving on narratives that present us as thoughtful, self-reflexive, and progressive – in a word, woke.
This study seeks to provide new insights into factors that influence homelessness in the U.S. by empirically investigating two heretofore effectively unexplored hypotheses as they relate to homelessness. The first hypothesis is that the greater the overall degree of entrepreneurial activity in a given environment, the lower the degree of homelessness. The second hypothesis is that homelessness is a decreasing function of the overall degree of labour market freedom.
Panel VAR, Granger causality, and Cholesky forecast-error variance decomposition analyses are undertaken. Overall, strong, empirical support for both hypotheses is obtained. Accordingly, the homelessness rate is found to be a decreasing function of both the overall degree of entrepreneurial activity in a given state and the overall degree of labour market freedom in that state. Hence, it is argued that policies promoting entrepreneurial activity and labour freedom potentially can be useful tools in helping to diminish the degree of homelessness in the U.S.
This empirical study investigates the Tiebout-Tullock hypothesis as it might have applied to net domestic state in-migration rates over the period 1990 through 1999. It appears that the net state in-migration rate has been directly related to the ratio of the total state plus local government outlays per capita on public education in a state to that state’s total state plus local government tax burden per capita. Other variables included in the study, including the previous-period median single-family housing price inflation rate, a measure of previous-period growth in real income per capita, and quality-of-life variables reflecting violent crime rates and sunnier climates, also seem to be significant determinants of the net state in-migration rate. Thus, for the study period, it appears that the Tie bout-Tullock hypothesis played a significant role in determining internal migration patterns.
In recent decades, the black–white test score disparity has decreased, and the test score disparity between children of high- versus low-income parents has increased. This study focuses on a comparison that has, to date, fallen between the separate literatures on these diverging trends: black and white students whose parents have similarly low, middle, or high incomes (i.e., same income or race within income). To do so, I draw on three nationally representative data sets on 9th or 10th graders, covering 1960 to 2009, that contain information on students’ math test scores. I find that math test score disparities between black and white students with same-income parents are to black students’ disadvantage. Although these disparities have decreased since 1960, in 2009 they remained substantively large, statistically significant, and largest between children of the highest-income parents. Furthermore, family and school characteristics that scholars commonly use to explain test score disparities by race or income account for markedly decreasing shares of race-within-income disparities over time. The study integrates the literatures on test score disparities by race and income with attention to the historical and continued structural influence of race, net of parental income, on students’ educational experiences and test score outcomes.
As the Covid-19 pandemic takes its disproportionate toll on African Americans, the historical perspective in this working paper provides insight into the socioeconomic conditions under which President-elect Joe Biden’s campaign promise to “build back better” might actually begin to deliver the equal employment opportunity that was promised by Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Far from becoming the Great Society that President Lyndon Johnson promised, the United States has devolved into a greedy society in which economic inequality has run rampant, leaving most African Americans behind. In this installment of our “Fifty Years After” project, we sketch a long-term historical perspective on the Black employment experience from the last decades of the nineteenth century into the 1970s. We follow the transition from the cotton economy of the post-slavery South to the migration that accelerated during World War I as large numbers of Blacks sought employment in mass-production industries in Northern cities such as Detroit, Pittsburgh, and Chicago. For the interwar decades, we focus in particular on the Black employment experience in the Detroit automobile industry. During World War II, especially under pressure from President Roosevelt’s Fair Employment Practices Committee, Blacks experienced tangible upward employment mobility, only to see much of it disappear with demobilization. In the 1960s and into the 1970s, however, supported by the Civil Rights Act and the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, Blacks made significant advances in employment opportunity, especially by moving up the blue-collar occupational hierarchy into semiskilled and skilled unionized jobs. These employment gains for Blacks occurred within a specific historical context that included a) strong demand for blue-collar and clerical labor in the U.S. mass-production industries, which still dominated in global competition; b) the unquestioned employment norm within major U.S. business corporations of a career with one company, supported at the blue-collar level by mass-production unions that had become accepted institutions in the U.S. business system; c) the upward intergenerational mobility of white households from blue-collar employment requiring no more than a high-school education to white-collar employment requiring a higher education, creating space for Blacks to fill the blue-collar void; and d) a relative absence of an influx of immigrants as labor-market competition to Black employment. As we will document in the remaining papers in this series, from the 1980s these conditions changed dramatically, resulting in erosion of the blue-collar gains that Blacks had achieved in the 1960s and 1970s as the Great Society promise of equal employment opportunity for all Americans disappeared.
This chapter examines the links and mechanisms associated with intergenerational cultural conflict, psychological distress, and the intergenerational differences in acculturation and model minority stereotype (MMS) endorsement for South Korean immigrants. Specifically, applying Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological theory, the microsystem and macrosystem factors are examined for Korean American adolescents’ (ages 12–19, M = 15.3 years, SD = 1.71). The microsystem includes their mothers’ (N = 209 dyads) acculturation and MMS endorsement in relation to the adolescents’ as well as intergenerational cultural conflict. The macrosystem included the cultural context under which the MMS and intergenerational cultural conflict occurred. Results indicated that when mothers and their adolescents differed in their acculturation, they also differed in their endorsement of the MMS. Next, as expected, the adolescents who had mothers who were not as acculturated to the American culture, experienced more cultural conflict with their parents and, in turn, felt more psychological distress. Furthermore, the adolescents who had mothers who endorsed the MMS to a greater degree, experienced more cultural conflict with their parents and, in turn, felt more psychological distress.
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