Content uploaded by Michael James Winkelman
Author content
All content in this area was uploaded by Michael James Winkelman on Nov 23, 2015
Content may be subject to copyright.
European Journal of Ecopsychology 4: 90-115 (2013)
Shamanism and psychedelics: A biogenetic
structuralist paradigm of ecopsychology
Arizona State University, USA
Abstract
!
!
" #
!$
%
"
!
&
& &
Keywords:!!!!!
Introduction
!
&
!
# '
()
Winkelman Shamanism and psychedelics
!!!!
*! +)),-
!
!
!
!
*%
-*!+))(!+).)-
/
*0"!+)),-
1
%
&
!
*+))+!+).)-!
"
#
!
#
! !
$%
$
(.
Winkelman Shamanism and psychedelics
"%
!
& &
&
!1
2!
!
!
3
• 4
5
•/ % !
5
•
675
•
5
•$
15
• !
1
Shamanic universals and their evolutionary origins
4
/*.(89-"
4
4
(+
Winkelman Shamanism and psychedelics
*! .(:8! .(()! .((+- 4
4
4
3
•!
•#
•$ !
!
!!%
•$
" ! !
;
•$
!4;
•
• %
•$
!
•!!
•
•! !
!1
Shamans and shamanistic healers
/!
;
(<
Winkelman Shamanism and psychedelics
"
"
! = 1
44
*!
.((+- 2
4 ! shamanistic healers
*!.(()!.((+-!
!1
/!
!
4
!
!
> *!
+).)- ?@
09)!)))*ABC4!.((:5
!+))(5!+))+-
&
! ! & !!
!
!
*!+))(!+).)-
*! +))9-!
!
%
*! +).)- $
!!
!
4 !
/
(9
Winkelman Shamanism and psychedelics
%
1
"
D!
/ *! .(()! .((+-! !
4
4
*!+).)B-!
! 4
4
E! 4
! "!
>"3
1 ! 4 ! 4 !
! !
*67-!!*!+))(!+).)!+).)-
The ritual antecedents of shamanism
F*.((:-
#
4
#
#
14
4
(G
Winkelman Shamanism and psychedelics
$ ! !
*! +).)3 A 8-
*!B!+)):-!
H
*#$%!CB
! .(,(5 C B #$%! .(,9- $ !
%!
!
*E
! -H
!
A
*Homo sapiens-
!!
!#
*!+))(5+).)3A8-
3 !
545
!5"5
!67
a priori
%!!
! !
% *F! .((.-
!
" !
Psychedelics and shamanic ecopsychology: drugs and human evolution
A
!67&
(8
Winkelman Shamanism and psychedelics
!*!HI!+))G5!>
BHI!.((+-67
#
0"#*+)),-11
"
>#
1
!1 4
1 !
! !
4
"
!
J"! $ J" *.((:-
*-"!
4 !
$ 1
5
5
#
!
>! > *+)):-
4
#
1 *B>!
+))+-2 !
(,
Winkelman Shamanism and psychedelics
*.(((- 1 %
$
!
! !
! ! 41!
!!
4 / 1 1
% "
*B!+)),-
Psychedelics and shamanic phenomenology
K
!
! *H B !
+).<-
$
!
4!
!*+).)5 H!
.(:95> !ABH!+))9-3
• ! !
5
•L
5
•!
#5
•!5
•5
• !
5
•5
• !
(:
Winkelman Shamanism and psychedelics
*-5
•
4
;
J= *+))8- 4
#!!
1
! !
! ! ! !
! ! !
0 1!
!;!2!
!
14
4
*!!!
+).)-!
!
!
1?
!
!
&#$
> !AH*+))9-"
6
F
A!
7* ..+-
((
Winkelman Shamanism and psychedelics
*C!B #$%!.((+-!
Psychointegrators as a neurophenomenological paradigm
!
!
"
/
#
; *!
F! CF! ! - *! !
F$ MN#O! +A4-
*D+))95DBA!+))85E!BH!
+)):- * 0 ! +)):5
>"B0!+).)-
!4
%3!<48*-
%
!!
4 4
&44
*-*!.(:)5!+).)-
!
*!+)).!+)),-
4
!
"
0
!
* -! %
.))
Winkelman Shamanism and psychedelics
*0 ! +)):5 D!
+))9- D !
Serotonin as a modulator
!
3 !
! ! !
! ! !
*'B0!.((.3.++4<5HB'!.((.-
!
; !
3 ! ! @
55
5"
0#
"!
"*<48-
*! .(:)5
! +)..-
*
-! !
*!.(:)-
! !
" !
"
!
$
0#
.).
Winkelman Shamanism and psychedelics
67
1 0
!
F
4
&
*<48
-1
*P B J!+)).-
44
!
#
*0! +))(-P
!
*B!+)),-/
4
! !
! 4
0#
!
#!0*+))(-
#;
!
1 !
*+).)-
;
44!1
4
!5
5
5
.)+
Winkelman Shamanism and psychedelics
1
! 4
$D*+))9-!
Psychointegration as the general dynamic of alterations of consciousness
*!
+).)!+)..-
! ! 4!!
! ! !
! ! !
;! ! !
* ! .(:)5 ! +).)-
!
!!!*F!+))<-
4
!5%
*BC!+))9-/
Homo erectus!
!
*Q!+))G-
6L7
3
•!;5
•5
•5
•?*F+))<-
*+))(- 4
Homo % ! 6" 7
biophilia 67
.)<
Winkelman Shamanism and psychedelics
4! *!
! -! !
%
! F
!!!!
"
"%!
"*<48-
% *9)R - * ! +).)
-
F4
"
"
!
F
C*.(()!
.((<-
& ! ! 4
! !
C *.((<! <(- 67!
67! 672
4 "
! ! ! * -
0
2
$
!
.)9
Winkelman Shamanism and psychedelics
C#!
2!
H4
H4! !
J
0
!
##
!! 4
A%
! !
!
Nature and animal relations in shamanism: The origins of ecopsychology
41!1
!
!
1
44 !
4!
!
F*+))8-4
!
%1
D
! !
!1
!
!
.)G
Winkelman Shamanism and psychedelics
H "
!
!
!
1 #
!
;
1#!
"E
*+)):-
4$"A
5%!
#
4!
Imitation of animals in shamanism: Hunting and human evolution
H
>
'
> " %
!!!
!
#
.)8
Winkelman Shamanism and psychedelics
!
F *.((.- ;
!!
1
" >
4 ! 4
44
&&#
>
2
2
1 !
N #
!
!!"
!2
1&
&
Animism as ecopsychological identication
K ! !
$
!
#
" !
"
1
% 1
!1
4"
!
.),
Winkelman Shamanism and psychedelics
&
!!1
4F*.(((- !
4
!
1
" 4
!
!
!
K
"!1
D
"!
&44
!
K
&!!
4
!
*! -
*! ! 44
-! %
$
6 7$*+))+-
&4&
1
.):
Winkelman Shamanism and psychedelics
%
! %
*!
.((85!+))95B!+)):3,-;
#%!!%
5
;
>*+))+-"
!
;#!
!
!
!
#!
# 6 7
! #
#
%!
! 1 %
! %
K4
D1
Nature as self: Animal powers and guardian spirits
F*.((:-
!67
41J
$
.)(
Winkelman Shamanism and psychedelics
4
!$%
1!
" ;
" %
4
4 #
! "% 4
#
!
/ "
! " " *
! .((8- "
" " 6 7
$&&
"
1
!
$ 1
*!.(,<-!
!%
1 4
4
"
% $
#
%4! %
$
"
$
%
..)
Winkelman Shamanism and psychedelics
$
! 4
Totemism: Nature relations and group identity
1
4
!
! " #
"
E/F!
! A C4! F
*.(.G-
!4A
4
F!
F
67! C4
*.(8+-1
12!
1*-%
1! 6 the relation of man to nature
characterization of social group ...
! ! y! !
a b7*C4!.(8+3.<-C4"
!
$ %
!
1
!!
...
Winkelman Shamanism and psychedelics
0
"
!
!
K
*E!.((.-!
"
Conclusions
A !
!
K
4
References
$!*+))+-In gods we trust: The evolutionary landscape of religionK3K?
0
4F!D*.(((-$!!Current
Anthropology!9)!8,4(.
!FBC!F*+))9-/Nature!9<+!<9G&
G+
A!QBC4!F*.((:-The shamans of prehistory: Trance and magic in the painted
cavesDS3>$
F!Q*.((:-3D!!
The Humanistic Psychologist!+8!8)4.))
F!Q*+))8-Map of ecopsychology practices$D+).<
3@@@@
F!$*+))<-E3
Consciousness and Cognition!.+!+<.4+G8
#$%!/!CABQ*-*.(,(-The spectrum of ritualDS3A
?0
H!*.(:9-Hallucinogens: Cross-cultural perspectives$%%!D3?D
..+
Winkelman Shamanism and psychedelics
F!*.((.-Origins of the modern mind. A!$3>?0
F!F*.(.G-The elementary forms of religious life. C3J$?
/!*.(89-Shamanism: Archaic techniques of ecstasy. DS30
E!!!'BH!A*+)):-
Behavioral Pharmacology!,G!.,&<<
E0*.((.-607!QE"*-!Beyond metaphor: The theory of tropes in
anthropology *.,4GG-!A$3?0
J=!H!H!H$!A!BQ!H*+))8-0 4
! 1
Psychopharmacology!.:,!+8:4+:<
J"!J!$!QBJ"!Q*.((:-$3
$Annali dei Museo Civico Rovereto!.9!.:(4+:)
>"!$B0!*+).)-The pharmacology of LSD: A critical review. K3 E
K?0
> !!A$BH!0*+))9-6/*-7!D
/QDE*-! Shamanism: An encyclopedia of world beliefs, practices and
cultures, 2*...4..,-!A$3$A4A
>!*+))+-3
2!Anthropology of
Consciousness!.<!+849G
Q!0*+))G-?N#Anthropology of
Consciousness,.G!<(4G)
'!TB0!A*.((.-Neurotransmitters and drugs. C3A>
C!AB#$%!/*.(,9-Biogenetic structuralismDS3A?0
C!A!!QB#$%!/*.((+-Brain, symbol, and experience: Toward a
neurophenomenology of consciousness. DS3A?0
C4A*.(8+-Totemism3
!$*.(:)-63J7!QFH
F*-!The psychobiology of consciousness!*<,(4989-DS30
C!0*.(()-The triune brain in evolution. DS30
C!0*.((<-6K7!Q$*-!Brain, culture and the
human spirit: Essays from an emergent evolutionary perspective *.G499-C!F3
?0$
!*.((8-The prehistory of the mind: A search for the origins of art, religion and scienceC3
>
D!F*+))9->Pharmacology and Therapeutics!.).!.<.4.:.
D!FBA!*+))8-67!0D
*-!Where God and science meet: How brain and evolutionary studies alter our understanding
of religion, Vol. III *.4<<-!A30
0!!>!Q!!F!/!>B>"!$*+)):-
3$CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics!.9!+(G4<.9
0"!Q!$!J!!Q!!QB2!*.((,-A"
G4>.F"!
Neuroscience Letters!<!..,4
.+)
0!E*+))(-The dopaminergic mind in human evolution and historyA3A
?0
HI!A*QH-*+))G-The encyclopedia of psychoactive plants:
..<
Winkelman Shamanism and psychedelics
Ethnopharmacology and its applications.H!P300K
*.((:-Enzyklopädie der psychoaktiven P>anzen$!"3$P
H!B!*+).<-60!!
7!>EJ>*-! The
Wiley-Blackwell handbook of transpersonal psychology*9G(49,(-3Q
C
H!CB'!Q*.((.-63A7!/
'!Q"Q*-!Principles of neural science *<- *8:<48((-
DS3/
!HB!C*+))(-H
>. Journal for the Study of Religion, Nature and Culture!<9!GG+4G,,
!H!>!$BHI!A*.((+-Plants of the gods: Their sacred, healing and
hallucinogenic powers. H!P3>$0
!/K*.(((-6/!!7!/Q'*-!
Evolutionary medicine*<,G49)G-DS3K?0
!B!$*+)),-$Games and Economic Behavior!G(!<.84
<99
!H!>!/B>!0*+)):-H
Proceedings of the Royal Society B!+,G!.+<.4.+9.
!HB>!/*+))+-043/U
Addiction!(,!<:(49))
!J*.(,<-3$
Ethnology!.+!<G(4,:
P!EBJ!*+)).-$32
Brain Research Bulletin!G8!9(G4G),
!F*+))(-Cave paintings and the human spirit: The origin of creativity and belief$!DS3
0
!*.(:8-4Behavior Science
Research!+)!.,498
!*.(()-6473$4
!!Ethos!.:!<):4G+
!*.((+-!!3$44
Anthropological Research Papers #44. 0!$T3 $"?
!*+)).-03
Complementary Health Practice Review!8!+.(4<,
!*+))+-Cambridge Archaeological Journal!.+!,.4
.).
!*+))9-Zygon: Journal of Religion and
Science!<(!.(<4+.,
!*+))9-67!Q
>*-!From shaman to scientist: Essays on humanity’s search for spirits*G(4(8-
C!F30
!*+)),-630 7!
H*-!Psychedelic medicine, Vol 1 *.4+)-!A3
0@J0
!*+))(-Journal for the Study
of Religion, Nature and Culture!<9! 9G:49:(
!*+).)-Shamanism A biopsychosocial paradigm of consciousness and healing
..9
Winkelman Shamanism and psychedelics
!A3$A4AC2K
!*+).)-3/!
Time & Mind: The Journal of Archaeology, Consciousness and Culture!<!.G(4.:+
!*+).)-6/7!$*-!Body,
performance, agency, and experience*<<.4<9(-3>"P
!*+)..-6$3
7!/AV*- Altering consciousness
multidisciplinary perspectives, volume 1: History, culture and the humanities*+<499-
!A$30$A4AC2K
!B!Q*+)):-Supernatural as natural: A biological theory of religionDQ3
0>
Correspondence
*H-
>/A
$"?
?$
Email: ;W
..G
