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Effectiveness of essential oils of medicinal plants against stored product mite, suidasia pontifica oudemans

DOI:10.17660/ActaHortic.2012.945.9
Authors:
Jarongsak Pumnuan at King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang
Jarongsak Pumnuan
Ammorn Insung at King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang
Ammorn Insung
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Acaricidal activity of essential oils obtained from 28 selected medicinal plants against stored product mite, Suidasia pontifica Oudemans, was investigated using the dry film method. The bioassay was conducted in a glass tube, 0.4 cm in diameter, 3 cm long covered with fine nylon mesh on both ends. In preliminary tests, 1.0% (53 μg cm-2) of various essential oils and 95% ethanol used as control were evaluated. Each glass tube was treated internally with 20 μl essential oils. Observations were made at 24 h after treatment and the number of dead mites was recorded. At the dose of 1.0%, essential oils of clove (Syzygium aromaticum), cinnamon (Cinnamomum bejolghota), myrtle grass (Acorus calamus), betel vine (Piper betle), and turmeric (Curcuma longa) were highly toxic to S. pontifica with more than 70% mite mortality observed at 24 h. Dry film effect of essential oils at various concentrations (0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5% equaling to 0, 2.65, 5.3, 26.5, 53 and 79.5 μg cm-2, respectively) resulting in mite mortality observed at 24 h was used to establish LD50 values. Based upon 24 h LD50 values, the essential oil of cinnamon (fresh leaf) was the most toxic to the mite with high activity at 24.05 μg cm-2, followed by essential oils of clove (dried bud), myrtle grass, cinnamon (dried bark), clove (fresh leaf), turmeric and betel vine at 24.28, 28.34, 30.89, 33.67, 38.09 and 41.76 μg cm-2, respectively.
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79
Effectiveness of Essential Oils of Medicinal Plants against Stored
Product Mite, Suidasia pontifica Oudemans
J. Pumnuan and A. Insung
Faculty of Agricultural Technology
King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang
Bangkok 10520
Thailand
Keywords: acaricide, clove, cinnamon, myrtle grass, betel vine, turmeric
Abstract
Acaricidal activity of essential oils obtained from 28 selected medicinal plants
against stored product mite, Suidasia pontifica Oudemans, was investigated using
the dry film method. The bioassay was conducted in a glass tube, 0.4 cm in diameter,
3 cm long covered with fine nylon mesh on both ends. In preliminary tests, 1.0%
(53 µg cm-2) of various essential oils and 95% ethanol used as control were
evaluated. Each glass tube was treated internally with 20 µl essential oils.
Observations were made at 24 h after treatment and the number of dead mites was
recorded. At the dose of 1.0%, essential oils of clove (Syzygium aromaticum),
cinnamon (Cinnamomum bejolghota), myrtle grass (Acorus calamus), betel vine
(Piper betle), and turmeric (Curcuma longa) were highly toxic to S. pontifica with
more than 70% mite mortality observed at 24 h. Dry film effect of essential oils at
various concentrations (0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5% equaling to 0, 2.65, 5.3, 26.5, 53
and 79.5 µg cm-2, respectively) resulting in mite mortality observed at 24 h was used
to establish LD50 values. Based upon 24 h LD50 values, the essential oil of cinnamon
(fresh leaf) was the most toxic to the mite with high activity at 24.05 µg cm-2,
followed by essential oils of clove (dried bud), myrtle grass, cinnamon (dried bark),
clove (fresh leaf), turmeric and betel vine at 24.28, 28.34, 30.89, 33.67, 38.09 and
41.76 µg cm-2, respectively.
INTRODUCTION
Mites of Suidasia genus (F. suidasiidae) belong to the type of pest found in stored
product. The mites are occurring mainly in countries within the tropical zone of Africa,
America, Australia and Asia. They are rarely found in European countries. They are a
pest which infests various imported goods including rice, coffee-beans, fish meal and
oilcakes. These mites are also found in house dust (Chmielewski et al., 2009). The life
cycle of Suidasia pontifica Oudemans was studied under laboratory conditions at 26C
and 86% RH. The eggs required an average of 12.6±0.6 days to develop into adults. Mean
longevity of mated females and males was similar, 48.6±13 and 49.1±20 days,
respectively (Mercado et al., 2001). In addition, the mite is responsible for allergic
diseases among farmers and food industry workers handing heavily infested stored
products and causes acute enteritis and systemic anaphylaxis when contaminated food is
ingested. The mite also acts as a carrier of bacteria in stored grain kept under warm and
moist conditions (Franzolin et al., 1999).
Use of chemical methods, such as fumigation, spraying with organophosphorus
compounds, or treatment with benzyl benzoate, dibutyl phthalate and N,N-diethy-m-
toluamide, to control S. pontifica or other mite pests is relatively prohibited because of
human health hazards associated with their consumption. Therefore, the search is on for
more selective, natural compounds non-toxic to humans and which do not affect the
organoleptic character of the treated product. Research into plant-derived acaricides is
now being intensified as it becomes evident that plant-derived acaricides have enormous
potential in this regard.
Plant extracts or their constituents may provide an alternative to currently used
mite-control agents (Kim et al., 2004). Since many extracts are largely free from adverse
Proc. 4th International Conference
Postharvest Unlimited 2011
Eds.: P.M.A. Toivonen et al.
Acta Hort. 945, ISHS 2012
80
effects and have excellent biological activity, they could lead to the development of new
classes of possibly safe stored-food mite control agents. The objective of our study was to
identify effective medicinal plant essential oils that could be used as an alternative
method against a stored mite, S. pontifica.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Mite Stock
The stored product mite, S. pontifica, was maintained in mite bottles kept in a mite
chamber at 25±1°C and 86±1% RH. Saturated KCl was used to control humidity. The
mite was fed a mixture of rice, rat food, wheat germ and yeast at the proportion of
6:4:4:1 g, respectively (applied from Insung and Boczek, 1995).
Plant Species and Essential Oils Extraction
The essential oils tested were extracted by water distillation from medicinal plants
(Table 1). The obtained essential oils were stored in a refrigerator at 10C.
Experimental Treatments
Contact toxicity bioassay: a glass tube, 0.4 cm in diameter and 3 cm long with fine
nylon mesh on both ends, was used to confine the mite samples. Each glass tube was
treated internally with 20 µl of essential oil at concentration of 1% (53 µg cm-2) in 95%
ethanol for a preliminary test. Extracts inducing high mite mortality in the preliminary
test were further studied at various concentrations (0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5% equal to
0, 2.65, 5.3, 26.5, 53.0 and 79.5 µg cm-2, respectively) oils with 95% ethanol used as the
control. The solution was then distributed evenly around the inner wall of the test tube
and allowed to air dry before 10-15 non-physogastric mites were introduced into each
glass tube. Observations were made at 24 h after treatment and the number of dead mites
was recorded.
Mites were considered as dead if their appendages did not move when probed with
a small hair brush. Abbot’s formula (Abbott, 1925) was used to calculate the actual death
rates. The experiment was designed in three completely randomized replicates. The data
obtained were statistically analyzed by applying analysis of variance (ANOVA) and
Duncan’s multiple range tests (DMRT). The LD50 was calculated by the probit method.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Results of the preliminary test showed essential oils of clove, cinnamon, myrtle
grass, betel vine and turmeric were highly toxic to the stored product mite (Fig. 1). These
oils induced more than 70% mite mortality, particularly cinnamon and clove essential oils
at 1% concentration showed 93.2 and 89.4% mite mortality.
As for evaluation of LD50 values, the essential oil of cinnamon (fresh leaf) was the
most toxic to the mite with an LD50 of 24.05 µg cm-2, followed by clove (dried bud),
myrtle grass, cinnamon (dried bark), clove (fresh leaf), turmeric and betel vine oils with
LD50 values of 24.28, 28.34, 30.58, 33.67, 38.09 and 41.76 µg cm-2, respectively
(Table 2).
These results and previous reports support the potential of medicinal plants
essential oils as an alternative control method for dust mite, mushroom mite and stored
product mite control products because many are pest selective, and have no or few
harmful effects on non-target organisms or the environment (Chang et al., 2001; Isman,
2000; Kim et al., 2003a; Rim and Jee, 2006).
Crude methanol, dichloromethane and hexane extracts obtained from clove,
Syzygium aromaticum and cinnamon, Cinnamomum bejolghota were tested against the
mushroom mites Luciaphorus perniciosus and Formicomotes heteromorphus by contact
method of 125 µg cm-2 caused 88.7-100% mortality of both mites (Pumnuan et al., 2008).
Dichloromethane extracts of clove and cinnamon showed the highest toxicity against
L. perniciosus and F. heteromorphus with LD50 values of 34.97 and 20.44 µg cm-2,
81
respectively. Essential oil of clove contains eugenol and its derivatives, e.g.,
acethyleugenol, isoeugenol and methyl eugenol. Methyl eugenol was most effective
against the house dust mite, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus with an LD50 at 0.67 µg
cm-2 when applied by the contact and fumigation methods (Kim et al., 2003a). Methyl
eugenol was also most effective against mold mite, Tyrophagus putrescentiae with an
LD50 value of 1.18 µg cm-2 (Kim et al., 2003b).
The main components of cinnamon fresh leaf oil were eugenol (76.74%), benzyl
benzoate (4.01%) and others (19.25%), and the main components of cinnamon fresh bark
oil were cinnamaldehyde (50.50%), (Z)-cinnamyl acetate (8.78%), β-caryophyllene
(8.00%), 1,8-cineole (4.60%), eugenol (4.15%) and linalool (3.79%) and others (20.18%)
(Paranagama et al., 2001). Whereas, the main components of cinnamon fresh leaf were
eugenol (74.3%), eucalyptol (5.8%) and others (19.9%), as in dried bud oil with the main
components being eugenol (49.7%), caryophyllene (18.9%) and others (31.40%)
(Bhuiyan et al., 2010).
The effect of water extracts of cinnamon and clove on rat mitochondrial
F0F1ATPase was investigated by Usta et al. (2002). Both cinnamon and clove extracts
stimulate ATPase significantly at concentrations equal or greater than 0.3 mM, reduce
mitochondrial membrane potential and inhibit NADH oxidase or complex I of the
respiratory chain but have no effect on succinate dehydrogenase activity. The study
proposes the mitochondria as a target for the action of the spices resulting in derangement
of mitochondrial functions, particularly at proton transferring sites.
CONCLUSIONS
The results of this study indicate that both clove and cinnamon essential oils could
reduce the number of stored product mites more than myrtle grass, betel vine and turmeric
essential oils. More information about the chemical constituents causing mite mortality
should be investigated to identify the quality of essential oils that could be used as
“botanical pesticides” and developed for controlling stored product mites.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This work was supported by TRF/BIOTEC Special Program for Biodiversity and
Training grant BRT R_652105.
Literature Cited
Bhuiyan, N.I., Begum, J., Nandi, N.C. and Akter, F. 2010. Constituents of the essential oil
from leaves and buds of clove (Syzigium caryophyllatum (L.) Alston). Afr. J. Plant
Sci. 4:451-454.
Chang, S.T., Chen, P.F., Wang, S.Y. and Wu, H.H. 2001. Antimite activity of essential
oils and their constituents from Taiwania cryptomerioides. J. Med. Entomol. 38:455-
457.
Chmielewski, W. 2009. Pollen pellets as a medium for culture of mites Suidasia pontifica
(Oud.) (Acarina, Suidasiidae). J. Apic. Sci. 53:37-42.
Franzolin, M.R., Gambale, W., Cuero, R.G. and Correa, B. 1999. Interaction between
toxigenic Aspergillus flavus Link and mites (Tyrophagus putrescentiae Schrank) on
maize grains: effects on fungal growth and aflatoxin production. J. Stored Products
Res. 35:215-224.
Insung, A. and Boczek, J. 1995. Effect of some extracts of medicinal and spicy plants on
Acarid mites. Proc. Symposium on Advances of Acarology. Siedlce, Poland. 26-27
September. p.211-223.
Isman, M.B. 2000. Plant essential oils for pest and disease management. Crop. Prot.
19:603-608.
Kim, E.H., Kim, H.K. and Ahn, Y.J. 2003a. Acaricidal activity of clove bud oil
compounds against Dermatophagoides farinae and Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus
(Acari: Pyroglyphidae). J. Agric. Food Chem. 51:885-889.
Kim, E.K., Kim, H.H., Choi, D.H. and Ahn, Y.J. 2003b. Acaricidal activity of clove bud
82
oil compounds against Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Acari: Acaridae). Appl. Entomol.
Zool. 38:261-266.
Kim, H.K., Kim, J.R. and Ahn, Y.J. 2004. Acaricidal activity of cinnamaldehyde and its
congeners against Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Acari: Acaridae). J. Stored Prod. Res.
40:55-63.
Mercado, D., Puerta, L. and Caraballo, L. 2001. Life-cycle of Suidasia medanensis
(=pontifica) (Acari: Suidasiidae) under laboratory conditions in a tropical
environment. Exp. Appl. Acarol. 25:751-755.
Paranagama, P.A., Wimalasena, S., Jayatilake, G.S., Jayawardena, A.L., Senanayake,
U.M. and Mubarak, A.M. 2001. A comparison of essential oil constituents of bark,
leaf, root and fruit of cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blum) grown in Sri Lanka,
J. Nat. Sci. Foundation Sri Lanka 29:147-153.
Pumnuan, J., Insung, A. and Chandrapatya, A. 2008. Acaricidal effects of herb extracts on
the mushroom mites, Luciaphorus perniciosus Rack and Formicomotes
heteromorphus Magowski. System. Appl. Acarol. 13:33-38.
Rim, I.S. and Jee, C.H. 2006. Acaricidal effects of herb essential oils against
Dermatophagoides farinae and D. pteronyssinus (Acari: Pyroglyphidae) and
qualitative analysis of a herb Mentha puleguim (pennyroyal). Korean J. Parasitol.
4:133-138.
Usta, J., Kreydiyyeh, S., Bajakiana, K. and Nakkash-Chmaisse, H. 2002. In vitro effect of
eugenol and cinnamaldehyde on membrane potential and respiratory chain complexes
in isolated rat liver mitochondria. Food and Chem. Toxicol. 40:935-940.
83
Tables
Table 1. Essential oils of medicinal plants evaluated for control of stored product mite
Suidasia pontifica Oudemans.
Family
/
scientific name Common name Plant par
t
M
yrtaceae
1. Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L.M. Perry Clove Fresh Leaf,
Dried flower bud
2.
E
ucalyptus globulus Labill. Blue gum Leaf
Lauraceae
3. Cinnamomum camphora (L.) J.S. Presl Camphor tree Bark
4. Cinnamomum bejolghota (Buch.-Ham.) Sweet Cinnamon Fresh leaf,
Dried bark
P
iperaceae
5. Pipe
r
nigrum Linn. Peppe
Seed coat,
Seed kernel
6. Piper betle Linn. Betel vine Leaf
Z
ingiberaceae
7.
Z
ingiber cassumunar Roxb Cassumunar ginge
r
Rhizome
8. Curcuma longa Linn. Turmeric Rhizome
9. Alpinia nigra (Gaertn.) Burt
t
Galanga Rhizome
10.
Z
ingiber officinale Roscoe Ginge
Rhizome
11. Kaempferia galanga Linn. Sand ginge
r
Rhizome
Gramineae
12. Cymbopogon nardus Rendle. Citronella grass Leaf
13. Cymbopogon citratus (Dc. ex. Nees) Lemon grass Leaf
14. Vertiver zizanioides Stapf. Vetive
r
Roo
t
R
utaceae
15. Citrus aurantifolia Swing. Lemon Peel
16. Citrus maxima (Burm.) Merr. Pummelo Peel
17. Citrus reticulate Blanco Tangerine Peel
18. Citrus hystrix DC. Kaffir lime Peel
Labiate
19. Ocimum basilicum L. Sweet basil Leaf
S
apindaceae
20. Sapindus emarginatus Wall. Soap nut tree Seed coat
Lamiaceae
21. Lavandula officinalis Chaix Lavende
r
Flowe
r
Leguminosae
22. Clitoria ternatea Linn. Butterfly pea Flowe
r
P
andanaceae
23. Pandunus odorus Ridi Screw pine Leaf
Oleaceae
24.
J
asminum sambac Ait. Jasmine Flowe
r
Umbelliferae
25.
F
oeniculum vulgare Mill. var. dulce Alef. Fennel Seed
Araceae
26. Acorus calamus Linn. Myrtle grass Rhizome
C
ombretaceae
27. Combretum acuminatum Roxb. Combretum Stem
C
ompositae
28.
E
upatorium odoratum Linn. Bitter bush Leaf
84
Table 2. Percentage of mortality of Suidasia pontifica Oudemans after treatment with essential oils of medicinal plants at various
concentrations for 24 h using dry film method.
Essential oils of
medicinal plants
% mortality1 LD50
% concentration (µg/cm2)
0
(0.00)
0.05
(2.65)
0.10
(5.30)
0.50
(26.50)
1.000
(53.00)
1.500
(79.50)
LD50
(µg cm-2)slope SE
Clove (dried bud) 0.00.0 E 13.2
7.0 Dab 27.5
9.1 Cc 56.7
10.1 Bc 96.9
5.3 Aa 98.5
4.1 Aa 24.28 0.058 0.004
Clove (fresh leaf) 0.00.0 E 7.0
7.4 Dcd 24.6
8.8 Cc 50.8
13.5 Bcd 85.2
4.1 Ac 87.0
3.5 Ac 33.67 0.036 0.002
Cinnamon (dried bark) 0.00.0 F 15.1
10.0 Ea 25.3
9.2 Dc 65.3
7.2 Cb 83.6
6.6 Bcd 90.9
3.8 Abc 30.58 0.040 0.002
Cinnamon (fresh leaf) 0.00.0 D 4.6
5.7 Dd 35.3
11.6 Ca 77.6
11.4 Ba 92.1
8.1 Ab 96.3
7.1 Aa 24.05 0.053 0.003
Myrtle grass 0.00.0 F 10.5
4.8 Eabc 34.7
8.7 Dab 71.0
7.9 Cab 80.1
4.6 Bde 94.8
5.8 Aab 28.34 0.042 0.003
Betel vine 0.00.0 E 4.8
4.5 Ed 16.2
9.4 Dd 44.0
11.8 Cd 75.7
7.0 Bef 81.4
5.3 Ad 41.76 0.036 0.002
Turmeric 0.00.0 F 9.6
5.7 Ebcd 28.1
8.6 Dbc 44.0
9.0 Cd 71.5
8.5 Bf 88.3
10.4 Ac 38.09 0.035 0.002
1 Means in row followed by the same capital letter and means in column followed by the same common letter were not significantly different (P<0.05) according to
DMRT.
84
85
Figures
Fig. 1. Percentage mortality of Suidasia pontifica Oudemans after exposure to essential
oils of medicinal plants at a concentration of 1% (53 µg cm-2) for 24 h using dry
film method.
86
... In addition, Tak et al. (2006) studied the effect of chemical components from root of Paeonia suffruticosa against T. putrescentiae and reported that paeonol and benzoic acid extracted from the root resulted in the LD 50 at 5.29 and 4.80 µg/cm 2 , respectively. Moreover, essential oils form betel vine, myrtle grass and clove were also found effective in controlling stored product mite, Suidasia pontifica with the LD 50 at 41.79, 28.34 and 24.28 µg/cm 2 , respectively (Pumnuan and Insung, 2011). In addition, many studies reported that lemon grass essential oil showed the most toxicity effect against mushroom mites, Luciaphorus perniciosus (Pumnuan and Insung, 2012), and Dolichocybe indica (Pumnuan et al., 2014). ...
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Avian dermatophytosis is a disease caused by Microsporum gallinae. The disease can cause economic loss in farmed chickens. We investigated the antifungal activity of clove essential oil (CO) against M. gallinae ATCC 90749. The main components of CO were identified by GC-MS, eugenol (98.87%) and trans-caryophyllene (1.13%) were found. The antioxidant activity of CO was determined by DPPH assay, the antioxidation index (AI) ranged from 86.55 ± 0.77 to 92.37 ± 0.25%, which was significantly higher than vitamin E and BHT (p < 0.05). The antifungal activity was determined by broth microdilution method and time-kill kinetics assay. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of CO against M. gallinae were 0.005 and 0.01% v/v, respectively. Time-kill assay showed that the antifungal activity of CO was dose and time-dependent. The time taken to reduce the number of viable M. gallinae by more than 99.99% was 15 min and 3 h for 2 and 1% v/v CO, respectively. Ointments and cream formulations containing CO were tested for antifungal activity using time-kill kinetics assay. Both the 2 and 4% w/w formulations of the CO ointments and creams reduced the number of viable M. gallinae by more than 99.999% within 15 min. The results of this study show that CO has the potential to be developed as a drug for treating fungal skin diseases in poultry. Further studies on the stability and efficacy of these CO formulations in vivo are needed.
... In this aspect, turmeric powder is commonly used in India for grain protection against insects (Jilani et al., 1988), and turmeric rhizome powder was found to be effective in the treatment of wheat flour for the control of T. putrescentiae (Gulati and Mathur, 1995). Pumnuan and Insung (2011) reported an acaricidal effect of turmeric essential oil against the mite Suidasia pontifica Oudemans (Acari: Astigmata). In the case of nutmeg, the essential oils extracted from this plant have the ability to control house mites (Colloff, 2009) and may represent an alternative source for the control of mites infesting stored products (Isman, 2000). ...
Mites in spice and medicinal dehydrated plants stored in bulk in the metropolitan area of São Paulo
Article
Mites can occur in large numbers in storage units, causing serious economic damage to stored products, as well as health problems such as asthma, diarrhea, acute enteritis, and allergic reactions. In Brazil, spice and medicinal dehydrated plants are widely sold in bulk, but almost nothing is known about mite infestations. Thus, the objective of this research was to evaluate the diversity and relative abundance of mites in samples of Coriandrum sativum L., Pimpinella anisum L., Petroselinum sativum Hoffm., Matricaria chamomilla L., Baccharis trimera (Less) DC, Bixa orellana L., Senna alexandrina Mill., Origanum vulgare L., Ocimum basilicum L., Melissa officinalis L., Mentha piperita L., Rosmarinus officinalis L., Peumus boldus Molina, Salvia officinalis L., Thymus vulgaris L., Laurus nobilis L., Hibiscus sabdariffa L., Myristica fragans Houtt., Capsicum annuum L., and Curcuma longa L., collected from food retailers in the metropolitan area of São Paulo, Brazil, from October 2015 to March 2016. A total of 2584 mites, distributed into 13 families, were found in the samples of these dehydrated plants. The most abundant mite species (families) were: Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank) (Acaridae) (84.6%), Cheyletus malaccensis Oudemans (Cheyletidae) (5.4%), Blattisocius tarsalis (Berlese) (Blattisociidae) (4.6%), Suidasia sp. (Astigmata: Suidasiidae) (3.2%), and Typhlodromus transvaalensis (Nesbitt) (Phytoseiidae) (1.4%). Other families (Glycyfagidae, Ameroseiidae, Bdellidae, Iolinidae, Raphignatidae, Stigmaeidae, Tydeidae) together represented less than 1.0% of the mites. T. transvaalensis is recorded for the first time in stored products in Brazil. Differences among the plant species in terms of diversity, frequency and abundance of mites were observed. Although there is a regulatory standard for good food production and service practices, the results of this study demonstrate that the bulk retail market for dehydrated plants has failed to control hygiene and quality, considering the relatively high mite infestations in most of the evaluated plant species.
... The percentage of eugenol in clove (97.100%) was found higher than in cinnamon (82.054%). Accordingly, it was highly possible that eugenol was the major chemical acting against the insects, since the results of this study and other studies (Pumnuan and Insung, 2006;Pumnuan et al., 2008;Ahmed and El-Salam 2010) showed that clove essential oil showed higher fumigant toxicity than of the essential oil of cinnamon. However, the results showed that standard eugenol alone presented lower fumigant toxicity against the insects than that of essential oils containing eugenol as the major component (as clove and cinnamon). ...
... The percentage of eugenol in clove (97.100%) was found higher than in cinnamon (82.054%). Accordingly, it was highly possible that eugenol was the major chemical acting against the insects, since the results of this study and other studies (Pumnuan and Insung, 2006; Pumnuan et al., 2008; Ahmed and El-Salam 2010) showed that clove essential oil showed higher fumigant toxicity than of the essential oil of cinnamon. However, the results showed that standard eugenol alone presented lower fumigant toxicity against the insects than that of essential oils containing eugenol as the major component (as clove and cinnamon). ...
Acaricidal Activity of Eugenol and Citral Standards against the Stored Product Mite, Tyrophagus Communis Fan & Zhang
Conference Paper
Full-text available
  • Jul 2015
Fumigation and residual contact toxicity of eugenol and citral standards which are major components in clove and cinnamon, and lemon grass essential oils, respectively, was investigated against adult of the stored product mite Tyrophagus communis Fan & Zhang. The fumigation bioassay was performed with 0 (95% ethanol), 0.3, 0.6, 0.9, 1.2, 1.5 and 1.8 µl/L air essential oils in 25 L fumigation chamber for 1 hr. The residual contact bioassay was carried out with the essential oils at 0 (95% ethanol), 20, 40, 60, 80, 100 and 120 µg/cm 2 in glass tubes, sized 0.4 cm in diameter and 3 cm in length covered with filter paper on both ends. The mortalities of mite in both bioassays were observed at 24 hr after the treatments. The results showed that eugenol and citral standards at 1.8 µl/L air resulted in complete mortality in the fumigation bioassay with LC 50 of 1.12 and 1.16 µl/L air, respectively. Besides, residual contact of eugenol and citral standards at 120 µg/cm 2 showed complete mortality with LC 50 value of 70.78 and 72.99 µg/cm 2 , respectively.
Acaricidal and Chemical Composition of Allium sativum L. Crude Extracts Against Stored Product Mites Suidasia pontifica Oudemans
Article
  • Feb 2020
Natural product calls the attention of the public nowadays, because of its promising control measures which are eco-friendly, safe and yet effective against a wide range of stored product mite pest. Current investigation aims to evaluate the efficacy garlic crude extract (GCE) against Suidasia pontifica, that causes allergenic and possess a great challenge in postharvest agricultural products especially in areas of human activities. Based on the response of S. pontifica the estimated minimum effective concentration (MEC) of garlic crude extracts to give complete kill at different developmental stages was 0.75 - 1.0 g/L concentration. GC/MS analysis revealed various biologically active components of garlic, including oleyl alcohol (41.41 %), γ-sitosterol (16.49 %), 3-vinyl-1 2-dithiacyclohex-4-ene (5.78 %), 2-vinyl-4h-1 3-dithiine (5.52 %), 24-nourse-3,12-diene (4.39 %) and 1-octadecanol methyl ether (4.37 %) and its derivatives. Four out of six major components of the identified compound from GCE were used for industrial application. The other two were still unknown for its uses. The results support the possible use of A. sativum extracts as an alternative to synthetic acaricide.
Effectiveness of essential oils of medicinal plants at reducing the amounts of allergen produced by the European house dust mite, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Trouessart)
Article
Full-text available
  • Jun 2016
Essential oils obtained from three medicinal plant species, namely, cinnamon (Cinnamomum bejolghota [Buch.-Ham.] Sweet), citronella grass (Cymbopogon nardus Rendle), and clove (Syzygium aromaticum [L.] Merr. & L.M. Perry), were sprayed on allergenic materials (house dust plus spent mite medium produced by the European house dust mite, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus [Trouessart]) to evaluate the effects of the oils on allergen levels. A 1% solution of each essential oil in 95% ethanol was sprayed on the allergenic materials (which contained about 50μg of allergen per gram of material), and 95% ethanol, water, and untreated allergenic materials were used as controls. The sprayed materials were allowed to stand for 48h, and then allergen levels were analyzed by means of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. The results showed that the essential oil from C. bejolghota reduced the amount of allergen>99.4%, and the essential oils from C. nardus and S. aromaticum reduced the amounts by 77.1% and 74.0%, respectively. In contrast, the 95% ethanol control reduced the amount of allergen by only 9.8%.
Acaricidal effects of herb extracts on the mushroom mites, Luciaphorus perniciosus Rack and Formicomotes heteromorphus Magowski
Article
Full-text available
  • Apr 2008
Crude methanol, dichloromethane and hexane extracts obtained from the flowers of clove, Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L.M. Perry, bark of cinnamon, Cinnamomum bejolghota (Buch.-Ham.) Sweet, rhizome of sweet flag, Acorus calamus L. and seed of black piper, Piper nigrum L., were tested against the mushroom mites Luciaphorus perniciosus Rack and Formicomotes heteromorphus Magowski. A contact method with a completely randomize design was employed. Clove and cinnamon extracts of 125 mg/cm2 caused 88.7–100% mortality of both mites. Dichloromethane extracts of clove and cinnamon showed the highest toxicity against L. perniciosus and F. heteromorphus with LD50 values of 34.97 and 20.44 mg/cm2, respectively. Methanol extracts of sweet flag and black pepper (125 mg/cm2) caused 70–79% L. perniciosus and F. heteromorphus mortalities. Hexane and dichloromethane sweet flag extracts were more toxic to L. perniciosus than the methanol extract of the same plant. Dichloromethane and hexane black pepper crude extracts and methanol extract of sweet flag caused less than 50% L. perniciosus mortality.
A comparison of essential oil constituents of bark, leaf, root and fruit of cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blum) grown in Sri Lanka
Article
Full-text available
  • Dec 2001
The essential oils of the bark, leaf, root and fruit of Cinnamon were analyzed by capillary GC and GCIMS. The major constituents of Cinnamon fruit oil, were 6-and y-cadinene (36.0%) and T-cadinol (7.7%) and 8-caryophyllene (5.6%). About 84% of Cinnamon fruit oil comprised sesquiterpenes while other parts of Cinnamon contained less than 9% of this group of compounds. Phenyl propanoids were the major constituents of Cinnamon bark and leaf oils while root oil had monoterpenes as the major constituents (95%).
Antimite Activity of Essential Oils and Their Constituents from Taiwania cryptomerioides</I
Article
Full-text available
  • May 2001
Antimite activity of essential oils and their components obtained from Taiwania cryptomerioides Hayata heartwood against Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Trouessart) and Dermatophagoides farinae Hughes was investigated in this study. Results from antimite tests demonstrated that the essential oil extracted from T. cryptomerioides heartwood had miticidal activity against D. pteronyssinus and D. farinae with a mortality of 67.0 and 36.7% at the dosage of 12.6 μg/cm2 after 48 h. Alpha-cadinol possessed the strongest antimite activity compared with other components of the T. cryptomerioides heartwood essential oil. The rectified mortalities of D. pteronyssinus and D. farinae were 100% for α-cadinol at the dosage of 6.3 μg/cm2. The order of antimite activity of four dominant constituents was α-cadinol > T-muurolol > ferruginol > T-cadinol. Paired Student's t-tests showed that there were significant differences between the rectified mortality of α-cadinol, T-muurolol, ferruginol and that of T-cadinol at the dosage of 6.3 μg/cm2 after 48 h.
Constituents of the essential oil from leaves and buds of clove (Syzigium caryophyllatum (L.) Alston)
Article
Full-text available
  • Dec 2010
Essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation from fresh leaves and dry buds of Syzigium caryophyllatum were analyzed by Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Thirty eight components were identified in the leaf oil. The main components were eugenol (74.3%), eucalyptol (5.8%), caryophyllene (3.85%) and α α α α-cadinol (2.43%). Thirty one components were identified in bud oil with the main components being eugenol (49.7%), caryophyllene (18.9%), benzene,1-ethyl-3-nitro (11.1%) and benzoic acid,3-(1-methylethyl) (8.9%). The clove oil from Bangladesh was found to be comparable in terms of its eugenol content. It is suggested that clove can be grown as an economically viable crop in Bangladesh.
Life-Cycle of Suidasia Medanensis (= pontifica) (Acari: Suidasiidae) under Laboratory Conditions in a Tropical Environment
Article
Full-text available
  • Sep 2001
The life cycle of Suidasia medanensis (= pontifica) was studied under laboratory conditions at 26C and 86% relative humidity. Freshly laid eggs were observed until they developed into adults and the periods between stages were recorded. Production of eggs by mated females was monitored until they died. The eggs required an average of 12.6 0.6 days to develop into adults. Mean longevity of mated females and males was similar (48.6 13 and 49.1 20 days, respectively). The conditions used in this study may be considered optimal for in vitro culture of S. medanensis.
Interaction between toxigenic Aspergillus flavus Link and mites (Tyrophagus putrescentiae Schrank) on maize grains: Effects on fungal growth and aflatoxin production
Article
Full-text available
The ability of mites of the species Tyrophagus putrescentiae to spread the toxigenic fungus Aspergillus flavus from contaminated maize to sterile grains was studied under controlled conditions. Maize samples were distributed among boxes, each divided into two compartments by a barrier of polystyrene and having restricted access from one compartment to the other. One box contained only uncontaminated maize (negative controls). The other boxes contained two compartments. In compartment A the grains were inoculated with mites and/or fungi. Compartment B contained sterile grain. The boxes were maintained at 85% relative humidity and at two temperatures (25 and 30°C) for 30, 60 or 90 days prior to analysis. Moisture content values varied between 15.4 and 16.9%, being greater in grain samples containing both mites and fungi. Water activity levels ranged from 0.86 to 0.89. The numbers of adult mites, eggs and fungal colony forming units as well as the concentrations of aflatoxins increased with time of incubation. The presence of A. flavus contributed to the growth of mites and these, in turn, efficiently dispersed viable fungal spores from the inoculated compartment to the uncontaminated one. After 30 incubation days, the fungal population in all samples exceeded the international norms (104 CFU/g), and after 90 days of incubation, aflatoxin was detected at over 23.7 μg/kg, exceeding the limit established by Brazilian legislation (20 μg/kg) in food for human consumption. Samples of grains inoculated with A. flavus alone or a mixture of A. flavus and mites developed concentrations of aflatoxins above 27.4 μg/kg. The current data confirms T. putrescentiae is a means of dispersal for toxigenic fungi in stored grain kept under warm and moist conditions.
Pollen pellets as a medium for culture of mites Suidasia pontifica (Oud.) (Acarina, Suidasiidae)
Article
  • Jan 2009
Bee-collected pollen was tested as a medium for the rearing of Suidasia pontifica. This species is an allergenic mite which is important when considering the implications of economic and sanitary conditions. This species sometimes occurs in bee's nests. Cultures and experiments were conducted under laboratory conditions, i.e. temperature - ca. +20EC, RH - near 85%, food - bee-collected pollen (pollen loads). Some obtained life parameters of this mite species (average data) are as follows: ontogenesis - 17.3 days; eclosion of adults - 87.0%; ratio of females - 54.0%; longevity of imagines - 26.1 days; productivity - 59.1 eggs per female lifespan. These results show the comparatively high biological potential of the mites and usefulness of flower pollen as an attractive and effective medium for laboratory culture of these mites. The acceptance of bee-collected pollen seems to explain the occurrence of mites and their population increase in the nests of bees.
Acaricidal activity of clove bud oil compounds against Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Acari: Acaridae)
Article
  • May 2003
The acaricidal activity of clove (Eugenia caryophyllata) bud oil compounds (acetyleugenol, β-caryophyllene, eugenol, α-humulene), and congeners of eugenol (isoeugenol, methyleugenol) against adult Tyrophagus putrescentiae was examined using impregnated fabric disc and fumigation methods, and compared with that of benzyl benzoate. Responses varied according to compound and dose. LD50 values indicated that the compound most toxic to T. putrescentiae adults was methyleugenol (1.18 μg/cm2) followed by isoeugenol (8.21 μg/cm2), benzyl benzoate (8.85 μg/cm 2), β-caryophyllene (11.77 μg/cm2), eugenol (12. 11 μg/cm2), and α-humulene (12.90 μg/cm2). Very low activity was observed with acetyleugenol (28.72 μg/cm2). These results indicate that hydrophobicity of the four phenylpropenes (acetyleugenol, eugenol, isoeugenol, methyleugenol) plays a crucial role in T. putrescentiae toxicity. The typical poisoning symptom of the test compounds was a similar death symptom of the forelegs extended forward together, leading to death without knockdown, whereas benzyl benzoate caused death following uncoordinated behavior. In fumigation tests with adult T. putrescentiae, all four phenylpropenes were more effective against the mites in closed containers than in open ones, indicating that the mode of delivery of these compounds was largely due to action in the vapor phase. The clove bud oil compounds as well as isoeugenol and methyleugenol merit further study as potential storage mite control agents or as lead compounds.
Acaricidal activity of cinnamaldehyde and its congeners against Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Acari: Acaridae)
Article
The acaricidal activity of cinnamaldehyde and its 11 congeners against adults of Tyrophagus putrescentiae was examined using direct contact application and fumigation methods and compared with that of benzyl benzoate, N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) and dibutyl phthalate. On the basis of 24 h LD50 values, the compound most toxic to T. putrescentiae was cinnamyl acetate (0.89 μg/cm2) followed by cinnamaldehyde (1.12 μg/cm2), benzaldehyde (1.93 μg/cm2), 3-phenylpropionaldehyde (2.08 μg/cm2), cinnamyl alcohol (2.12 μg/cm2), salicylaldehyde (2.75 μg/cm2), and (E)-2-hydroxycinnamic acid (4.32 μg/cm2). These compounds were more potent than benzyl benzoate (10.03 μg/cm2), DEET (13.39 μg/cm2) and dibutyl phthalate (12.87 μg/cm2). Very low activity (<60 μg/cm2) was observed with cinnamic acid and (E)-4-hydroxycinnamic acid. Moderate activity was obtained from cinnamic acid methyl ester, (E)-3-hydroxycinnamic acid and 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde. These results indicate that hydrophobicity appears to play a crucial role in T. putrescentiae toxicity whereas a conjugated double bond and a length of CH chain outside the ring seem not to be implicated. In a fumigation test with T. putrescentiae adults, (E)-cinnamaldehyde, cinnamyl alcohol and salicylaldehyde were much more effective in closed containers than in open ones, indicating that the mode of delivery of these compounds was largely due to action in the vapour phase. Natural and synthetic congeners of (E)-cinnamaldehyde merit further study as potential T. putrescentiae control agents.
In vitro effect of eugenol and cinnamaldehyde on membrane potential and respiratory chain complexes in isolated rat liver mitochondria
Article
The effect of water extracts of cinnamon and clove on rat mitochondrial F(0)F1ATPase was investigated. Both spices stimulated ATP hydrolysis. Gas chromatography analysis of the water extracts, confirmed the presence of eugenol and cinnamaldehyde as major components in clove and cinnamon, respectively. Both components (1) stimulated ATPase significantly at concentrations equal or greater then 0.3 mM; (2) reduced mitochondrial membrane potential: a 50% decrease in Deltapsi was obtained at 7.56 and 11.6 micromoles/mg protein for eugenol and cinnmaldehyde, respectively; (3) inhibited NADH oxidase or complex I of the respiratory chain with a 50% inhibition at 15 and 20 micromoles/mg protein for eugenol and cinnamaldehyde respectively; (4) had no effect on succinate dehydrogenase activity. The study proposes the mitochondria as a target for the action of the spices resulting in derangement of mitochondrial functions, particularly at proton transferring sites.