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Artificial breeding and nursery practices of Clarias batrachus (Linnaeus, 1758)
... The genus Clarias (Family: Clariidae; order: Siluriformes) incorporates air breathing Clariid catfishes, having ability to survive out of water for longer duration. Clarias batrachus (Linnaeus, 1758) [24] , commonly called as 'Magur', is an endogenous species of India and is very popular in Asiatic countries because of its taste and medicinal properties. Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822), an African catfish commonly called as 'Thai magur, is deadly carnivorous exotic species introduced to India through various trade means. ...
... Any kind of evaluation of haematalogical parameters is based on the normal reference range under ideal natural condition. Clarias batrachus, commonly known as 'magur' is an endogenous Asian species, which is commercial highly significant in India and other Asian countries including Bangladesh, Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia and Indonesia due to its excellent nutritional status with high Vitamin D content, low level of omega-3 fatty acids and a much higher proportion of omega-6 fatty acids as well as its high medicinal and therapeutic value (Mollah & Karim, 1990;Hossain et al., 2006;Islam et al., 2007) [39,24,27] . After being originated in India, it spreads globally (Kottelat, 2001;Lever, 1996) [32,34] . ...
... Any kind of evaluation of haematalogical parameters is based on the normal reference range under ideal natural condition. Clarias batrachus, commonly known as 'magur' is an endogenous Asian species, which is commercial highly significant in India and other Asian countries including Bangladesh, Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia and Indonesia due to its excellent nutritional status with high Vitamin D content, low level of omega-3 fatty acids and a much higher proportion of omega-6 fatty acids as well as its high medicinal and therapeutic value (Mollah & Karim, 1990;Hossain et al., 2006;Islam et al., 2007) [39,24,27] . After being originated in India, it spreads globally (Kottelat, 2001;Lever, 1996) [32,34] . ...
... The genus Clarias (Family: Clariidae; order: Siluriformes) incorporates air breathing Clariid catfishes, having ability to survive out of water for longer duration. Clarias batrachus (Linnaeus, 1758) [24] , commonly called as 'Magur', is an endogenous species of India and is very popular in Asiatic countries because of its taste and medicinal properties. Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822), an African catfish commonly called as 'Thai magur, is deadly carnivorous exotic species introduced to India through various trade means. ...
... Any kind of evaluation of haematalogical parameters is based on the normal reference range under ideal natural condition. Clarias batrachus, commonly known as 'magur' is an endogenous Asian species, which is commercial highly significant in India and other Asian countries including Bangladesh, Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia and Indonesia due to its excellent nutritional status with high Vitamin D content, low level of omega-3 fatty acids and a much higher proportion of omega-6 fatty acids as well as its high medicinal and therapeutic value (Mollah & Karim, 1990;Hossain et al., 2006;Islam et al., 2007) [39,24,27] . After being originated in India, it spreads globally (Kottelat, 2001;Lever, 1996) [32,34] . ...
... Any kind of evaluation of haematalogical parameters is based on the normal reference range under ideal natural condition. Clarias batrachus, commonly known as 'magur' is an endogenous Asian species, which is commercial highly significant in India and other Asian countries including Bangladesh, Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia and Indonesia due to its excellent nutritional status with high Vitamin D content, low level of omega-3 fatty acids and a much higher proportion of omega-6 fatty acids as well as its high medicinal and therapeutic value (Mollah & Karim, 1990;Hossain et al., 2006;Islam et al., 2007) [39,24,27] . After being originated in India, it spreads globally (Kottelat, 2001;Lever, 1996) [32,34] . ...
... The Asian catfish, Clarias batrachus (Linnaeus, 1758) commonly known as "magur" has a fairly common distribution in fresh and brackish waters of the plains throughout India. It has high commercial importance in India, Bangladesh, Thailand, Philippines, Myanmar and China due to its good taste, high protein (15.0%) and iron content (710 mg/100 gm tissue) with markedly low value of fat (1.0%) as well as therapeutic application [1][2][3][4]. The Central Board of fisheries, India suggested that emphasis should be given on catfish farming specially magur farming which has been identified as one of the potential national priority in Indian aquaculture [5]. ...
... Therefore, it becomes necessary to take up breeding and larval rearing of magur in controlled conditions to meet the needs of small and medium sized entrepreneurs and local farmers. Induced spawning techniques for C. batrachus have been successfully used for seed production by few workers using various natural and synthetic agents like piscine pituitary gland extracts, Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG), Ovaprim, Ovatide etc. [1,2,[7][8][9][10][11]. Although induced breeding of C. batrachus is not a difficult task but main problem lies within the fertilization, hatching success and early development of the fish. ...
... Large scale mortality occurs in the early developing stage after absorption of yolk sac [12]. The reports on the breeding performance of C. batrachus by various stimulants using different doses are scanty [2,[8][9][10]13,14]. The information on the effects of temperatures and the latency period on the breeding efficiency of C. batrachus are also very rare [10,11]. ...
Present study was conducted on induced breeding of commercially important Clarias batrachus due to the non-availability of its quality seeds from the natural resources for environmental degradation, shrinkage of natural breeding ground and illegal killing of juveniles and brood fishes. The aim of the study was to achieve success in fertilization and hatching using various doses of different inducing agents at different temperatures and latency periods followed by stripping method. In this study the developmental stages of fish (fertilized egg to 45th day old fish) were characterized chronologically. A trial was also made to optimize the survival rate of young developing fish upto 45th day by manipulating their feeding schedule and environmental conditions. The breeding experiments were done with pituitary gland extracts (40 and 120 mg/kg. body weight for female and 25 and 50 mg/kg. body weight for male) and Ovaprim (0.8 and 2.0 ml/kg body weight for female and 0.4 and 1.0 ml/kg body weight for male) at 26º, 28º and 30ºC. The highest rates of fertilization (80%) and hatching (71%) of eggs were recorded in Clarias batrachus injected with carp pituitary gland extracts @ 50 mg/kg body weight of male and 120 mg/kg body weight of female at 28ºC with a latency period of 15 hours. The fertilization and hatching rates were 77% and 65% respectively at 28°C at the higher doses of Ovaprim. The highest survival rate (82.5%) of developing fish was achieved supplying zooplankton as live feed upto 12th day followed by alternate supply of zooplankton, boiled egg with vitamin C and chopped tubifex from 13th to 45th day of rearing in indoor polyvinyl chloride tray with minimum fluctuation in temperature and dissolved oxygen.
... Inducing ovulation in C. batrachus was also reported to be successful at doses of 6 and 9 mg PG/kg (7). In C. batrachus, Hossain et al. (2006) reported that 10.0 mg PG/kg body weight at the first dose and 45.0 mg at the second dose successfully induced ovulation (8). However, as reported by Rao JB et al., 30-60 mg/kg body weight improved the breeding response of 140-260 g catfish (9). ...
... Inducing ovulation in C. batrachus was also reported to be successful at doses of 6 and 9 mg PG/kg (7). In C. batrachus, Hossain et al. (2006) reported that 10.0 mg PG/kg body weight at the first dose and 45.0 mg at the second dose successfully induced ovulation (8). However, as reported by Rao JB et al., 30-60 mg/kg body weight improved the breeding response of 140-260 g catfish (9). ...
This review was meant to foster a brood supply of Magur (Clarias batrachus), counterfeit rearing, and seed creation under hostage conditions. Fifteen sets of brood C. batrachus were used in the trial. The farm raised the broodfish until they were mature enough to spawn by feeding them artificial food for four to five months prior to the beginning of the breeding season. In this analysis, the broodfish were actuated with WOVA-FH (1 ml.kg-1 body weight) and HCG (2272 IU.kg-1 body weight) hormones. The broods were given a single infusion of all the medicines. The review was directed at the initiated production of magur (Clarias batrachus) at Sanjeev Agrawal Global Educational (SAGE) University, Bhopal, from March to August 2022. Physically full-growth, sound, healthy male and female fish were collected from the brood stock lakes for prompt reproduction. The fish were then moved to clean, microbe-free molding tanks for 7-8 hours. During molding, a consistent glimmer of water was given by keeping the male and female isolated. The fish were then independently gauged and infused intramuscularly with WOVA-FH and HCG hormones. Only females were infused at a 45° point in the caudal locale. Approximately 23-24 hours postinfusion, the testicles from the male fish were removed and blended with stripping eggs for treatment. The brooding time frame for the prepared eggs was 23-30 hours for each of the medicines. The fertilization rates were 73.22±11.32 and 84.22±6.24%, and the hatching rates were 78.53±12.12 and 86.79±6.94% for the WOVA-FH and HCG treatments respectively.
... Clarias batrachus, commonly called asian catfish is a threatened (Hossain et al., 2006;Ahmad et al., 2012;Roy et al., 2019), and critically endangered species (Binoy, 2010). It's a promising hardy fish, excellent nutritional profile and market price is high (Hossain et al., 2006;Goswami 2007;Debnath 2011). ...
... Clarias batrachus, commonly called asian catfish is a threatened (Hossain et al., 2006;Ahmad et al., 2012;Roy et al., 2019), and critically endangered species (Binoy, 2010). It's a promising hardy fish, excellent nutritional profile and market price is high (Hossain et al., 2006;Goswami 2007;Debnath 2011). Tham et al., (2009) have reported heavy metal inhibitions by AchE from C. batrachus. ...
Bacterial populations from organs (viz., liver, spleen, kidney and gill) of Clarias batrachus of the sewage fed water areas near IISCo slag disposal site, Dharampur on northern side of Damodar River, Asansol, West Bengal, India, were enumerated, followed by determination of resistance for antibiotics and heavy metals. Maximum resistance is shown against ampicillin (95%) and minimum against ciprofloxacin (5%). Most of the isolates exhibited an increasing order of tolerance for the metals (µg/mL) copper (200), cadmium (200), iron (400) and chromium (400), with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranging from <50 to 1600 µg/mL. A total of 100 bacteria have been successfully isolated from internal organs of Clarias batrachus (Aeromonas species (20%); Escherichia coli, (45%); Bacillus species (4%); Pseudomonas aeruginosa (6%), Staphylococcus aureus (18%) and coagulate-negative Staphylococci aureus (7%)). In terms of antibiotic susceptibility testing, each isolate was tested against 10 antibiotics. The multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index of the isolated bacterial ranged from 0.2-0.7. These observations indicate that the bacteria isolates are from a high risk source where antibiotics are frequently used, possibly from sewage effluents. Significant occurrence of bacterial population in organs of fish with high incidence of resistance for antibiotics and heavy metals may pose risk to fish fauna and public health.
... Clarias batrachus, commonly called asian catfish is a threatened (Hossain et al., 2006;Ahmad et al., 2012;Roy et al., 2019), and critically endangered species (Binoy, 2010). It's a promising hardy fish, excellent nutritional profile and market price is high (Hossain et al., 2006;Goswami 2007;Debnath 2011). ...
... Clarias batrachus, commonly called asian catfish is a threatened (Hossain et al., 2006;Ahmad et al., 2012;Roy et al., 2019), and critically endangered species (Binoy, 2010). It's a promising hardy fish, excellent nutritional profile and market price is high (Hossain et al., 2006;Goswami 2007;Debnath 2011). Tham et al., (2009) have reported heavy metal inhibitions by AchE from C. batrachus. ...
Bacterial populations from organs (viz., liver, spleen, kidney and gill) of Clarias batrachus of the sewage fed water
areas near IISCo slag disposal site, Dharampur on northern side of Damodar River, Asansol, West Bengal, India,
were enumerated, followed by determination of resistance for antibiotics and heavy metals. Maximum resistance
is shown against ampicillin (95%) and minimum against ciprofloxacin (5%). Most of the isolates exhibited an
increasing order of tolerance for the metals (µg/mL) copper (200), cadmium (200), iron (400) and chromium (400),
with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranging from <50 to 1600 µg/mL. A total of 100 bacteria have
been successfully isolated from internal organs of Clarias batrachus (Aeromonas species (20%); Escherichia coli,
(45%); Bacillus species (4%); Pseudomonas aeruginosa (6%), Staphylococcus aureus (18%) and coagulate-negative
Staphylococci aureus (7%)). In terms of antibiotic susceptibility testing, each isolate was tested against 10 antibiotics.
The multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index of the isolated bacterial ranged from 0.2-0.7. These observations
indicate that the bacteria isolates are from a high risk source where antibiotics are frequently used, possibly from
sewage effluents. Significant occurrence of bacterial population in organs of fish with high incidence of resistance
for antibiotics and heavy metals may pose risk to fish fauna and public health.
... Clarias batrachus, commonly called asian catfish is a threatened (Hossain et al., 2006;Ahmad et al., 2012;Roy et al., 2019), and critically endangered species (Binoy, 2010). It's a promising hardy fish, excellent nutritional profile and market price is high (Hossain et al., 2006;Goswami 2007;Debnath 2011). ...
... Clarias batrachus, commonly called asian catfish is a threatened (Hossain et al., 2006;Ahmad et al., 2012;Roy et al., 2019), and critically endangered species (Binoy, 2010). It's a promising hardy fish, excellent nutritional profile and market price is high (Hossain et al., 2006;Goswami 2007;Debnath 2011). Tham et al., (2009) have reported heavy metal inhibitions by AchE from C. batrachus. ...
... These issues are all highly relevant to populations of the Asian catfish, Clarias batrachus, commonly known as Magur (Khedkar et al. 2010(Khedkar et al. , 2014aHossain et al. 2006;Islam et al. 2007), a species in high demand in India. C. batrachus was once widespread in most of the Indian River systems, but since the late 1980s it has become very scarce in its natural habitats. ...
... Only a few small and isolated natural populations of this fish are known to remain, and recent studies have detected the loss of genetic diversity in these populations (Khedkar et al. 2010(Khedkar et al. , 2014b. These problems are further compounded by some of the natural, inherited biological traits that C. batrachus is known for including low fecundity and poor larval survival (Hossain et al. 2006). To address these issues and in response to the market demand in India, the Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Bhubaneshwar took a lead in developing seed production technology for this important aquaculture species (Rao et al. 1994). ...
... These issues are all highly relevant to populations of the Asian catfish, Clarias batrachus, commonly known as Magur (Khedkar et al. 2010(Khedkar et al. , 2014aHossain et al. 2006;Islam et al. 2007), a species in high demand in India. C. batrachus was once widespread in most of the Indian River systems, but since the late 1980s it has become very scarce in its natural habitats. ...
... Only a few small and isolated natural populations of this fish are known to remain, and recent studies have detected the loss of genetic diversity in these populations (Khedkar et al. 2010(Khedkar et al. , 2014b. These problems are further compounded by some of the natural, inherited biological traits that C. batrachus is known for including low fecundity and poor larval survival (Hossain et al. 2006). To address these issues and in response to the market demand in India, the Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Bhubaneshwar took a lead in developing seed production technology for this important aquaculture species (Rao et al. 1994). ...
In India, over the past fifty years, aquaculture practices of species such as those used for C. batrachus were developed without adequate regulatory oversight. In these situations, it is important to consider the influence that genetic factors can have on such vulnerable aquaculture species. Population genetic structure can be evaluated through the use of neutral molecular markers, and this can aid in predicting the risk of the demise of populations and for framing management strategies to conserve remaining populations. The study presented here reports on the genetic status of C. batrachus populations through the analysis of data collected using 22 microsatellite markers from seven natural and one hatchery population. The mean values for observed heterozygosity across loci within populations ranged from 0.242 to 0.485. Measures of genetic differentiation were low overall, with mean values for FST of 0.270, FIS of 0.113 and FIT of 0.353. An AMOVA analysis revealed that percentages of variation among and within populations were 27.16 and 6.86, respectively, and Bayesian clustering analyses showed a population subdivision consisting of five clusters with admixture of haplotypes from other populations leading to genetic bottleneck. We also examined how hatchery management factors leading to excessive exchanges of fish between river systems through could impact the structure of the C. batrachus populations. Overall, this study shows how the systematic use of molecular markers can facilitate the development of management policies for these populations and for the development of a comprehensive set of rules for hatcheries and aquaculture practices, including avoidance of excessive homozygosity by avoiding repeated use of feral broodstock and their interrogation.
... Information is also available on nursery rearing and larval feed management to improve the breeding performance of Clarias sp [9] . However, natural population of C. batrachus is critically endangered mainly due to intermittent periods of drought and devastation of the natural habitat coupled with uncontrolled introduction of alien species such as C. gariepinus [10] . In addition, over-exploitation, reduction in the habitat area, excessive use of pesticides, herbicides and inorganic fertilizers in agricultural farms are also important for depletion of natural stock [10,11] . ...
... However, natural population of C. batrachus is critically endangered mainly due to intermittent periods of drought and devastation of the natural habitat coupled with uncontrolled introduction of alien species such as C. gariepinus [10] . In addition, over-exploitation, reduction in the habitat area, excessive use of pesticides, herbicides and inorganic fertilizers in agricultural farms are also important for depletion of natural stock [10,11] . Thus large scale captive breeding is essential for conservation of this species for which a fundamental pre-requisite is availability of quality fish seeds (fingerlings). ...
The Asian catfish, Clarias batrachus (Linnaeus, 1758), known as magur, is a popular food fish of Asian countries for its medicinal value. The major constrain behind culturing this species is scanty knowledge on larval rearing and fourth day mortality syndrome. For mass production of C. batrachus, identification of significant developmental events is essential. Here early and post-embryonic stages of C. batrachus were described through microphotographs. The first mitotic cleavage occurred at 62 minutes post-fertilization resulting in 4, 8, 16, 32, 64 blastomeres, followed by development of morula, blastula and gastrula stages. The first larva (Total Length 4.5 ± 0.5 mm) emerged after 26 hours at 26 ± 0.5°C. At fourth day post hatching, the larvae (Total Length 9.2 ± 1 mm) commenced fully on exogenous feeding. This study specified the ontogenic changes and commencement of exogenous feeding in C. batrachus which would lead to successful larval rearing for mass production.
... C. magur is a bottom dweller and prefers shallow water bodies (Hossain et al., 2006). During the breeding season, the species is usually caught from natural habitat by netting and using indigenously built traps and transported to hatchery units often in numbers exceeding the recommended stocking density (Mahapatra et al., 2000). ...
... and 0.3%-0.4%, respectively (Hossain et al., 2006;Thakur, 1978). The GSI value we obtained in this study for the dead donors of C. magur were in the range of the maturation phase. ...
The obligatory air-breathing catfish Clarias magur is a prime candidate for aquaculture owing to its unique taste, high growth rate, and hardy nature. However, recently the IUCN has listed the species under the endangered category because the population has critically declined in the wild. The sexually mature C. magur brooders are often collected from their natural habitats for seed production in captivity. In many cases, the brooder dies due to handling injuries or confinement stress. In this study, we demonstrated that viable progeny could be generated from freshly dead sexually mature C. magur. Three hours after death, the gonads were excised, macroscopically examined and gamete viability was evaluated. Artificial fertilization was performed by mixing the sperm suspension with the eggs. Water was added after 1 min of mixing to activate the fertilization process. We observed 85%-93% fertilization success from gametes derived from dead donors as opposed to 90%-95% from those derived from live control donors. The embryos showed normal development and resulted in the generation of 88%-92% viable progeny, which was similar to the progeny derived from control donors (92%-93%). The results obtained in this study will have profound implications in enhancing the seed production of endangered C. magur and could potentially be applied to other key commercially or endangered fish species.
... This fish represents one of the important food sources in India. In addition, it has high market demand due to its taste and medicinal properties (Debnath, 2011;Hossain et al., 2006). It is also attractive to consumers since the fish can remain fresh and alive out of water for a considerable time due to its air-breathing nature. ...
... During the 1980s, farmers in West Bengal attempted to develop technologies for seed production and aquaculture of this species to fulfill market demand. To some extent this was successful, but the low fecundity of the females coupled with early mortality during seed production became major bottlenecks associated with the aquaculturing of this fish in India (Hossain et al., 2006). ...
The Asian catfish, Clarias batrachus (Linnaeus, 1758), is a highly valued species endemic to India that is currently in drastic decline in most of its natural habitat. The present study was undertaken to document the genetic structure of populations of this species using mitochondrial DNA markers, specifically from the cytochrome B and D-loop regions. Specimens from eight wild populations were collected and analyzed from different regions in India. The genetic variation within and among populations was evaluated using a range of descriptive statistics. The analysis described here provides a broad and consistent view of population structure and demographic history of populations of C. batrachus. Although there was some genetic structuring consistent with regional differences, all eight populations examined here showed relatively low levels of genetic variation in terms of both haplotype and nucleotide diversities in the different analyses used. However, a number of private haplotypes were discovered, and this may provide valuable information for future selective breeding program and conservation management. The results may aid in the design and implementation of strategies for the future management of this endangered catfish C. batrachus in India.
... It is possible that the reduced fertilization rate in the crosses is related to differences in populations. Additionally, ref. [27] hybrid crossings between C. gariepinus and C. batrachus obtained a low fertilization rate of (77.10%) between the four intra-specific crossbreeds. However, the pure parental crosses were shown to have a higher hatchability rate in the study. ...
Citation: Esa, Y.B.; Dadile, A.M.; Syukri, F.; Christianus, A.; Diyaware, M.Y. Evaluation of Fecundity, Fertilization, Hatching,
... Successful aquaculture of this species provides socio-economic sustainability for rural communities (Debnath, 2011). Its economic importance stems from its attractiveness, taste, food conversion efficiency, ruggedness, and consumer popularity (Hossain et al., 2006;Debnath, 2011). This fish is also commonly referred to as Asian catfish and is considered an integral part of commercial fisheries, aquaculture, and home aquariums, particularly in Asia, where it is widely consumed. ...
There is a paucity of information on Philippine catfish (Clarias batrachus) thriving in fishery areas in Bataan, Luzon Island, and the Philippines. The study examined the length-weight relationship (W = aL b), condition factor, and stomach content of C. batrachus collected from two major river systems in Bataan (Orani and Bagac Rivers), Philippines. A total of 60 fish specimens (12.4-25.5 cm) were collected using a 12-v electrofishing gear and fishing net. Although the specimens from Orani were significantly larger than those from Bagac, the latter exhibited an isometric growth rate (b = 3). Orani population displayed a negative allometric growth (b < 3). Female and male samples, regardless of site variability, showed a statistically isometric growth rate (b = 3). The condition factor of C. batrachus was K = 1.0, irrespective of site and sex variation, signifying that the populations are in good condition. Five food items were detected in Bagac, with the Gobiidae family emerging as the predominant prey items based on number (48.89%), frequency of occurrence (100%), and weight (72.83 %). Orani recorded three food items, primarily macroinvertebrates (Chironomidae), accounting for 75 %N, 86.67 %O, and a frequency of 91.19%. The Index of Preponderance and Index of Relative Importance recognized Gobiidae and Chironomidae as the two most important food items in Bagac and Orani, respectively. The baseline dataset generated from this study is hoped to provide insights into the current population status of this important fishery resource for improved riverine conservation management.
... Captive breeding of many freshwater catfish has been successfully achieved in India. The Asian catfish Clarias batrachus was successfully bred and reared in captivity by different workers (Cheah et al., 1990;Goswami and Sarma, 1997;Das, 2002;Mahapatra, 2004;Hossain et al., 2006;Sahoo et al., 2007), Clarias magur (Sahoo et al., 2008) and Heteropneustes fossilis (Alok et al., 1993;Bindu et al., 2009), and little work has been carried out on Clarias dussumieri (Padmakumar et al., 2004;Aneesh et al., 2013; Broodstock management, induced breeding and the constraints in the larval rearing of an endemic Ompok malabaricus ...
... Hussain et al. [20] also discovered that 1.50 ml/kg of ovaprim was efficient in causing ovulation in Clarias batrachus. Hossain et al. [21] discovered that Clarias batrachus effectively ovulated after receiving first doses of 10.0 mg PG/kg body weight and second doses of 45.0 mg. On the other hand, Rao and Karamchandani [30] showed that 30-60 mg PG/kg body weight improved the breeding response of 140-260 g catfish. ...
Due to its excellent nutritional content, Clarias batrachus is a
common food fish on the Indian subcontinent. Numerous research�ers have already studied the biology of this fish species’ feeding and
reproduction, but comprehensive knowledge on the subject is lack�ing. In order to compile the information that is currently accessible,
a review of published literature on the induced breeding of C. batra�chus has been done. Fish reproduction is significantly regulated by
environmental conditions. Varied researchers are successfully test�ing pituitary gland extract, HCG, and synthetic hormones such as
WOVA-FH, ovaprim and ovatide for the induction of fish reproduction
under varied climatic situations, with differing degrees of success. A
gap in knowledge has been identified for additional research, par�ticularly in the age group differences in dietary preferences and the
correlation between breeding periodicity and hydrological factors
and photoperiod
... Mặc dù có giá trị kinh tế và dược liệu cao, nhưng công nghệ nuôi cá trê đen hiện nay chưa phát triển mạnh và năng suất không cao [18]. Đồng thời hiện nay cá trê đen cũng đang bị đe dọa [19,20] và trở nên cực kỳ nguy cấp vì chúng đang dần biến mất [21,22] do hạn hán liên tục, sự tàn phá môi trường sống tự nhiên [21] và việc sử dụng quá nhiều thuốc trừ sâu, ẢNH HƯỞNG CỦA SINH KHỐI BIO-FLOC… 4 thuốc diệt cỏ, phân bón vô cơ trong các trang tr ại nông nghiệp [23]. Do đó, việc bổ sung sinh khối BFT vào thức ăn cho cá trê đen sẽ giúp tăng nguồn dinh dưỡng, cải thiện năng suất và chất lượng nuôi. ...
Bio-floc (BFT) là khối kết dính của các loại vi khuẩn, tảo, động vật nguyên sinh, mảnh vỡ phân tử hữu cơ và sinh vật khác. .. Hạt floc rất giàu protein, lipit, vitamin và khoáng chất. Cá trê đen (Clarias fuscus) là loài cá có giá trị kinh tế và có thể sử dụng làm thuốc. Thịt cá có vị ngọt, thơm, không độc, có tác dụng bổ huyết, giảm đau, ích khí… Tác động của sinh khối BFT ướt và khô đối với cá trê đen đã được đánh giá trong nghiên cứu này. BFT được sản xuất trong hai bể tròn composit 1000L có bổ sung mật đường hàng ngày để điều chỉnh tỷ lệ C: N trong nước ở mức 15: 1. Sau khi thu nhận, BFT được bổ sung vào bể nuôi cá ở dạng ướt và khô. Cá trê đen được nuôi kết hợp giữa chế độ ăn nhân tạo và sinh khối BFT ướt hoặc khô, trong 8 tuần. Khi nguồn thức ăn nhân tạo giảm dần (từ 100% đến 50%) thì lượng BFT tăng theo tỷ lệ tương ứng (7 nghiệm thức). Kết quả, nồng độ nitrat, TSS, TAN… trong nước giảm mạnh ở bể nhận BFT ướt. SGR, FCR, PER, huyết học, sinh hóa máu cá ở bể nhận BFT khô kém hơn so với bể ướt. Như vậy, sử dụng sinh khối BFT ướt (50%) bổ sung vào thức ăn đã mang lại hiệu quả tích cực trong nuôi cá trê đen.
... It is possible that the reduced fertilization rate in the crosses is related to differences in populations. Additionally, ref. [27] hybrid crossings between C. gariepinus and C. batrachus obtained a low fertilization rate of (77.10%) between the four intra-specific crossbreeds. However, the pure parental crosses were shown to have a higher hatchability rate in the study. ...
Simple Summary
The study evaluates the hybridizations in two African catfish, i.e., C. gariepinus and C. macromystax, using artificial reproduction. Reproductive and growth performance were evaluated. The results indicated that both species possess a similar gonadosomatic index. The parent C. gariepinus possesses higher male reproductive quality than C. macromystax. Fecundity was higher in the female parent of C. macromystax and lower in the C. gariepinus species. The highest fertilization rates and hatching rates were achieved in the hybrid cross of C. macromystax × C. gariepinus, which also recorded the lowest deformed larvae. Survival rates at the larval stage were more than 80% with the highest record of survival in the hybrid C. macromystax × C. gariepinus. However, survival rates in the fry stage were lower than 70%. The hybrid cross (C. macromystax × C. gariepinus) showed the best growth performance, which was similar to the parental cross (C. gariepinus × C. gariepinus). The study revealed the potentials of the hybrid C. macromystax × C. gariepinus, and hybridizations of C. macromystax × C. gariepinus (Cm × Cg) are indeed possible and proved to have better growth and survival rate under semi-arid conditions, which would contribute significantly to the improvement of C. macromystax production in captivity.
Abstract
The study evaluates the hybridizations between two African catfish, C. gariepinus and C. macromystax, using artificial reproduction. Fecundity and gonadosomatic index were assessed, and growth performance at different developmental stages was evaluated. The results indicated that both species possess a similar gonadosomatic index. The parent C. gariepinus possesses significantly (p < 0.05) higher male reproductive quality than C. macromystax. Fecundity was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the female parent of C. macromystax and lower in C. gariepinus. The highest fertilization rates and hatching rates were achieved in the hybrid cross of ♀C. macromystax × ♂C. gariepinus (♀Cm × ♂Cg) which also recorded the lowest deformed larva rate. Survival rates at the larval stage were more than 80%, with the highest record of survival in the hybrid ♀Cm × ♂Cg. However, survival rates in the fry stage were lower than 70%. The hybrid cross (C. macromystax × C. gariepinus) outperformed the parental cross of C. macromystax but was not significantly similar to the parental cross of C. gariepinus. The study revealed the potential of the hybrid ♀C. macromystax × ♂C. gariepinus, and hybridizations of ♀C. macromystax × ♂C. gariepinus (♀Cm × ♂Cg) are indeed possible and proved to have a better growth and survival rate under semi-arid conditions, which would contribute significantly to the improvement of C. macromystax production in captivity.
... A dose of 1.50 ml/kg ovaprim was also found to be effective to induce ovulation in Clarias batrachus by Hussain et al. (2021). Hossain et al. (2006) found 10.0 mg PG/kg body weight in first dose and 45.0 mg in second dose successfully ovulation in Clarias batrachus. On the other hand, 30-60 mg PG/kg body weight which enhanced the breeding response of 140-260 g catfish reported by Rao and Karamchandani (1986). ...
Clarias batrachus (Linnaeus, 1758) is a popular food fish of Indian sub-continent due to its high nutritional value. Earlier many workers have carried out studies on feeding and breeding biology of this fish species but convulsive information on the same is not available. So, a survey of published literatures on the induced breeding of C. batrachus has been carried out to consolidate the available information. Environmental factors play an important role in regulating reproduction in fishes. Pituitary gland extract, HCG and synthetic hormones viz., ovaprim and ova are successfully being tested for the induced breeding of fishes by various researchers under different climatic conditions, with varying degree of success. Chasm of information has been pointed out for further study mainly on age group wise variation in food preference and correla�tion of breeding periodicity with hydrological parameters and photoperiod.
... The fishes were stripped 20 hours after injection. In this experiment the incubation period of fertilized eggs are 23-24 [13]. On the other hand 30-60 mg/kg body weight which enhanced the breeding response of 140-260 g catfish reported by [14]. ...
Aims: The study aimed to develop brood stock of Magur (Clarias batrachus), artificial breeding and seed production under captive condition using growth hormones in north-eastern Bangladesh. Study Design: Fifteen pairs of brood Clarias batrachus were used in this experiment. Brood fishes were reared up to maturation for spawning operation in the farm by providing artificial diet for 4-5 months before onset of breeding season. In the present experiment, the brood fishes were induced with three growth hormones viz., Ovupin (100 mg dompridone and 0.2 mg S-GnRHa) at the rate of 1 ml.kg-1 body weight, Flash (20 mg S-GnRHa, 10 mg dompridone IP and propylene glycol) at the rate of 1 ml.kg-1 body weight and Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG) hormone at the rate of 2272 IU.kg-1 body weight; respectively. The broods were injected with single injection in all treatments. Place and Duration of Study: The present study was conducted on induced spawning of Magur (Clarias batrachus) at the Reliance Aqua Farm, Boilor, Trisal of Mymensingh district from March to August, 2016. Methodology: Sexually mature healthy, uninjured male and female fishes were collected from the broodstock ponds for induced breeding. The fishes were transferred in the clean and germ free conditioning tanks for about 6-7 hours. During conditioning, continuous splash of water was given by keeping the male and female separate. The fishes were then weighed individually and injected intramuscularly with Ovupin, Flash and HCG hormone respectively. Only females were injected at 45° angle of the caudal peduncle. About 23-24 hours of post-injection the testes from males were dissected and mixed with stripping eggs for fertilization. Results: The incubation period for fertilized eggs were 23-24 hours for all the treatments. Fertilization rates were 78.20±0.52, 93.09±0.61 and 81.60±0.97 % and hatching rates were 54.93±0.61, 75.77±0.47 and 64.41±0.71 % in Ovupin, Flash and HCG treatments, respectively. Conclusion: This study revealed higher fertilization (93.09 %) and hatching (75.77 %) rate was achieved with Flash hormone. Therefore, Flash hormone could be effective for the artificial breeding and seed production of Magur (Clarias batrachus).
... The Asian catfish, Clarias magur, is highly demanded in the markets of the Indian subcontinent, and it is considered to be an important alternative species for species diversification in India and other Asian countries (Areerat, 1987;Sahoo et al., ,2016Sahoo et al., , , 2019. C. magur has a great potential for species diversification projects due to the possibility for high-density rearing, since the catfish is an air-breathing species able to thrive in low dissolved oxygen environment, has therapeutic benefits, high nutritional profile made up of easily digestible proteins and high iron content in the muscle (Argungu et al., 2013;Debnath, 2011;Hossain et al., 2006). ...
The Asian catfish, Clarias magur, is an endangered fish species, which is immensely important due to its high commercial value in India and other South‐East Asian countries. Various anthropogenic activities and natural habitat loss have greatly impacted the biodiversity of C. magur in natural water bodies, leading to the addition of this species to the endangered species list. The development of captive spawning and selection of an ideal broodstock size are critical steps to maximize the efficiency and robustness of conservation efforts for the catfish. An induced spawning experiment was conducted to ascertain the reproductive performance, egg and larval quality of catfish broodstock from fish with varying body weights. Five female C. magur broodfish from each of the following size ranges, F65 (65 ± 5.0); F130 (130 ± 7.9), F180 (180 ± 3.5) and F250 (253 ± 9.7g), were selected along with male broodfish with the same body weight range. The present study's results revealed that the stripping response was higher (F = 2.06; p = 0.15) for medium‐sized F180 magur female broodstock; however, no significant differences were observed for this group. Total (F = 20.79; p < 0.001) and relative fecundity (F = 3.09; p = 0.057) were found to be significantly higher for F250 and F65 broodfish respectively. Total fecundity had a strong significant positive correlation (r = 0.99; p = 0.012) and also had significant linear regression relation (R2 = 0.98; p = 0.012) to maternal size. Hatching rate was observed to be significantly higher (F = 7.82; p = 0.002) for the medium‐sized broodfish, F130. The medium‐sized broodstock of 130–180 g had strong positive influence on the growth and survival of the progeny, while F250 broodfish produced poor‐quality larvae, which resulted in reduced larval growth performance and survival. Specific growth rate (SGR) and thermal growth coefficient (TGC) were also found to be significantly higher for F130 female broodstock. Hence, the selection of medium‐sized (130–180) or 1‐ to 2‐year‐old female broodstock had a significant effect on the reproductive performance, egg and larval quality of magur in captivity. The results from this study can be utilized as helpful and practical information enhancing selection protocols for the hatchery operators to select ideal broodstock based on size, enabling the production of viable egg and larvae in indoor conditions and a scalable seed production system.
... More demand is due to its delicacy, less intramuscular spines, excellent flesh quality, nutrient profile (high protein, low fat, and high iron content), and its therapeutic value (Mir et al. 2018(Mir et al. , 2019a. Clarias magur has an excellent nutritional profile owing to its high protein, low fat, and high iron content of 15.0, 1.0, and 710 mg/100 g of meat, respectively (Hossain et al., 2006). In some parts of India, particularly in West Bengal and Tripura, it is considered as a medicinal fish and prescribed prophylactically to the anemic, malnourished, and convalescent (Debnath 2011). ...
Ontogeny of the digestive tract and its accessory organs and their further development in the Indian walking catfish (Clarias magur) were examined in larvae, starting from the day of hatching until 35 days post-hatching (dph) reared at 28–29 °C. Many organs at their primordial stage were seen on the day of hatching. These include opened oral cavity with monolayered epithelial lining and very few newly emerging taste buds and goblet cells, primordial pharyngeal teeth on slightly stratified epithelia of the pharyngeal plate, stomach anlage with some degree of the mucosal fold, and a few newly forming gastric glands embedded under its mucosa, primordial anterior and posterior intestine with the smooth mucosal surface, anal opening, and primordial liver and pancreas. At 1 dph, the stomach appeared to be bilobed with the first evidence of food particle in it, and the intestine had some initial folding. On the day of hatching, goblet cells appeared in all lengths of the gut, but not densely, except in the stomach; on it, they appeared at 2 dph. Pancreatic zymogen granules also appeared on this day. Supranuclear vesicles first appeared on 4–5 dph (7.9 ± 0.5–8.6 ± 0.8 mm TL), and they continue to exist until 35 dph. The developmental sequence in this fish confirmed it as an altricial species with some major histomorphological events after the onset of feeding; these include—the appearance of fully developed—pharyngeal teeth at 4 dph and onwards, pyloric sphincter, anterior to posterior intestinal sphincter at 6 dph, and the continuous development of buccopharyngeal cavity and stomach in their shape, size, and functionality until the completion of metamorphosis. Overall, the information on gastrointestinal development in the early life stage of C. magur will be useful for understanding its larval digestive physiology, and this, in turn, will help in designing effective larval feed for growth and survival.
... Among aquatic organisms, fish are very susceptible to environmental contamination of water (Naveed et al., 2011). Furthermore, fish prefers to consume the benthic oligochaete worm B. sowerbyi (Hossain et al. 2006). This prey and predator relationship between tubificid worm and fish can accelerate the biomagnifications process of toxicant from lower to higher trophic levels (Dhara et al., 2014). ...
Chandra (2018) Acute toxicity of a Biopesticide Spinosad to benthic Oligochaete worm, Branchiura sowerbyi and the fry of Common Carp, Cyprinus carpio., Int. Toxicity of a Biopesticide Spinosad to benthic Oligochaete worm, Branchiura sowerbyi and the fry of common carp, Cyprinus carpio along with their behavioural changes were evaluated in the present study. The 24, 48, 72 and 96 h LC50 values of Spinosad to Branchiura sowerbyi were 21.19, 12.40, 8.76 and 6.14 mg/l and to the fry of Cyprinus carpio were 5.03, 3.20, 2.16, 1.77 mg/l respectively. The mortality rate of B. sowerbyi and C. carpio showed significant variation (p<0.05) with the increasing concentrations at all exposure times. On the other hand, the mortality rate of B. sowerbyi and C. carpio also varied significantly (p<0.05) at all the doses with increasing exposure times (24, 48 and 72 and 96h). Excess mucous secretion, decreasing movements and decreasing clumping tendency were recorded in B. sowerbyi at higher concentrations. The excess mucous secretion with increasing concentration of toxicant and exposure time was recorded in the exposed fish. The treated fish showed faster movement and wide opening of mouth and gills at higher concentrations at 24 and 48h of exposure. At 72 and 96h of exposure the fish became sluggish and the movement was gradually reduced with increasing concentration. Similarly, the mouth and gill openings were reduced and were almost absent at the higher concentrations after 72h of exposure. The opercular movement of fish was increased significantly (p<0.05) at 24 and 48h but decreased significantly (p<0.05) at 72 and 96h.
... Furthermore the species can be kept alive for long time by storing in a water container without giving any food as the species bear special accessory respiratory organ. This fish is highly regarded for food due to its high protein (15.0%), low fat (1.0%) and high iron content (710mg/100g tissue) [11]. ...
... It is also found in beel, haors, baors, flooded water bodies, ponds, streams and river of Bangladesh. Ompok pabda dwells and breeds in the rivers and reservoirs (Mukherjee et al., 2002) but Ompok pabda's fry are very rare in nature because of many adverse changes in their natural breeding and growing habitats (Hossain et al., 2006). Ompak pabda has already been declared as an endangered species (IUCN,2015) criterion due to reduced abundance and restricted distribution (Lakra et al., 2010). ...
Growth, survival and production of endangered Ompok pabda (Hamilton) were examined at different stocking densities. The experiment was conducted for six months in three earthen ponds from15th December to 30th June, 2017at Tanore Upazila in Rajshahi. Three different stocking densities viz. 160550, 172900, 185250 piece/ha were assigned as treatment T 3 , T 2 and T 1 respectively with three replications for each. The mean values of different water water quality parameters such as temperature(°C), water transparency(cm), dissolved oxygen(mg/l), pH and Alkalinity(mg/l) were within the suitable ranges and no significant differences were observed among the treatments. At stocking, all fingerlings were of same age group with an initial weight of 0.80.00g respectively. Final weight was found to be the highest (40.010.56) in T 3 and the lowest (30.030.45) in T 1. The mean values of weight gain was highest (39.210.56) in T 3 and lowest (29.230.45) in T 1. SGR was significantly higher (2.150.01) in T 3 followed by in treatment T 2 and in T 1. Highest Survival rate (%) was found in (T 3) 72.600.85 and treatments to treatments variation was significant. ADG was highest (0.220.01) in T 3 and lowest (0.160.01) in T 1. Condition Factor of three treatments were found to have range from 1.030.04 to 0.870.02. Fish production in treatment T 1, T 2, T 3 were 3249.3050.12, 3860.6083.42,4358.6062.26 respectively. The net benefit was also highest (120230028285.37) in T 3 followed by (79630032099.89) in treatment T 2 and lowest (55500017645.45) in T 1. Despite of this, consistently higher CBR were found in treatment T 3 (1.500.04) than treatment T 1 (0.950.03) and T 2 (1.180.05). In the present study production of Ompok pabda was found to be highest in lower stocking density.
... Clarias magur is an important food fish of aquacultural importance with good growth potential and excellent nutritional profile due to its low fat (1%), high protein (15%), and high iron (710 mg/100 g) contents (Hossain et al., 2006;Argungu et al., 2013). The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of dietary lipid levels on the lipid breakdown and fatty acid synthetic pathways at the molecular level and to determine the optimal amount of lipids to be incorporated in the diets of C. magur larvae. ...
This study was designed to evaluate the effect of dietary lipid levels on the mRNA transcripts of lipid metabolic regulatory genes. Nine combinations of experimental diets containing graded lipid (80, 100, and 120 g/kg) and protein (450, 500, and 550 g/kg) levels were fed to the Clarias magur (Indian walking catfish) larvae from 14 to 35 dph (day post hatching). All the lipolytic genes, such as pancreatic triacylglycerol lipase (PL), lipoprotein lipase (LPL), and bile salt-activated lipase (BAL), and genes for long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LC-PUFA) biosynthetic enzymes like fatty acyl desaturase-2 (FADS2), fatty acyl desaturase-5 (FADS5), and elongase (ELOV) were expressed in a wide range of tissues. A high abundance of mRNA transcript levels of lipolytic genes was detected in the intestine and liver, and similarly, desaturases and elongase were predominantly found to be expressed in the liver, brain, and intestine. Among the diets, a significantly high expression of both lipolytic and LC-PUFA biosynthetic genes were observed at 8% dietary lipid level. The mRNA expression of all the studied genes was down-regulated at 12% dietary lipid contents. Hence, the present study concludes that the efficient nutrient utilization and the lipid metabolic pathway occur at the optimum dietary lipid level of 8% in C. magur larvae.
... After the last glacial era, C. batrachus was spread in Southest Asia and Indonesia Archipelago (Roberts 1993;Kottelat 2001). The introduction of African catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) into Indonesia was between 1986 and 1989 (Cambray 2005), wich caused C. batrachus to be threatened in many its habitats (Hossain et al 2006), including on Java. In this paper, we report the presence of C. batrachus on Saroka River, Madura Island, east end of Java mainland, which increases knowledge of the previously known distribution range of this species. ...
Clarias batrachus (Linnaeus, 1758) was a species that its condition faced the risk of extinction in most parts the Java mainland due to the African catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) culture industry. In September 2018, C. batrachus was captured and photographed in the Saroka River, Madura Island, east and of Java mainland. The morphological characters of this species confirm its presence in a new river, more than 150 km northeast from its type locality. The specimens of C. batrachus were
characterized as follows: dorsal fin rays 60-66; anal fin rays 47-50; pectoral fin rays 9-11; ventral fin
rays 6.
... This ability makes this species a delight for both traders and consumers as it can be marketed alive and also makes it a highly preferred food fish among the fresh fish lovers. This quality along with its other qualities like unique taste, scale less body, less bone and high nutritional and therapeutic value makes the fish one of the very highly priced fishes of the country, fetching much higher market price in comparison to carps and other commercially important food fishes in India and Bangladesh [11,12]. The air breathing capacity enabling the species to thrive under adverse conditions like low dissolved oxygen, high stocking density and low water depth qualifies the fish as a suitable candidate for culture in small, swallow ponds [13]. ...
... The fish has a wide distribution over river basins in India, Bhutan, Nepal and Bangladesh (Ng and Kottelat, 2008). It has a good growth potential and efficient food conversion rate along with excellent nutritional profile owing to its high protein (15%), low fat (1%) and high iron (710 mg/100 g) content, which makes the species to act as a suitable candidate species for aquaculture (Hossain et al., 2006;Argungu et al., 2013). However, the large-scale culture of this species is seriously hampered by the low seed availability due to the high mortality rates encountered during its early larval rearing, which is the major constraint in the commercial production of C. magur. ...
Large scale farming of Clarias magur (Indian walking catfish) is limited due to the non-availability of seed
because of high mortality rate occurring during its larval rearing. The aim of the present study was to develop an
optimal strategy based on the dietary lipids and proteins for enhancing the larval survival. A 3-week study from
14-35 day post hatching (dph) was conducted to elucidate the effects of dietary lipid and protein level on
growth, survival and mRNA expression of growth related genes of C. magur larvae. Significantly (P < 0.05) high
growth on average wet weight basis and survival rate was observed in 8% dietary lipid inclusion level followed
by 10% and 12% lipid contents from 14-35 dph larval rearing phase. The effect of dietary lipid on the body
composition was also reflected on the lipid content of larvae where a significant difference was observed.
Similarly, growth-related genes like growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) exhibited a
significantly high expression at 8% lipid level compared to 10% and 12% whereas, insulin-like growth factor
binding protein3 (IGFBP3) showed a reverse trend. Based on the results, 8% dietary lipid along with the protein
combination improved the performances significantly with regard to growth and survival. However, this experiment
did not help to differentiate whether the differences observed at different time points are due to dietary
protein level or the age of larvae. Hence, another experiment was conducted in which diets were formulated to
contain different protein levels (55, 50 and 45%) with a constant 8% level of lipid in all the treatments along
with commercial diet as control. The inclusion of 8% lipid and 55% protein was observed to show excellent
performance with respect to growth, survival and the mRNA expression of important growth-related genes.
Hence, a formulated diet with crude protein of 55% and 8% lipid can be suggested as the optimal microdiet for
the larval rearing of C. magur.
... The species, Clarias gariepinus attracts good prices in Nigerian markets [6,7], due to its tasty flesh devoid of sharp bones. It is hardy, exhibiting great tolerance for high stocking density even in low oxygen waters, good growth rate, efficient food conversion and excellent nutritional profile, and medicinally valuable [8,9,10]. ...
Background: Stocking density refers to the weight of fish per unit volume or the number of fish stocked at the beginning of an experiment. Available space and adequate water for exchange are two factors which could greatly affect the productivity of aquaculture in conjunction with the target species, hence, must be optimally utilized. Objectives: African Sharptooth catfish, albino Clarias gariepinus was cultured at four different densities in collapsible tanks to evaluate the effect of stocking density on growth response, survival rate and feed utilization. Materials and methods: Two hundred and seventy (270) fish with initial weight of 1.09g, 0.80g, 0.61g, 0.71g were stocked at 15/m 2 , 20/m 2 , 25/m 2 and 30/m 2 respectively. The experiment lasted for 140 days. The experimental fish were fed 6% of their body biomass daily and the weight and length were taken biweekly while the physico-chemical parameters were recorded weekly. Results: The final mean weights of the fish stocked at stocking densities of 15/m 2 , 20/m 2 , 25/m 2 and 30/m 2 were 104.21 ±10.38g, 106.65 ± 11.04g, 110.23 ± 23.68g and 78.88 ± 7.58g respectively. The corresponding mean values of specific growth rate were 0.03, 0.04, 0.03, 0.03. The feed conversion Ratio (FCR) was 1.62, 1.06, 1.36, 1.29 and survival rates were calculated to be 82.22%, 85%, 45.67% and 60% accordingly. At the end of the experiment the result showed that the survival rate of the stocking densities of 15/m 2 , 20/m 2 and 30/m 2 were not significantly different (P>0.05) but stocking density 25m 2 was significantly different (P<0.05) from stocking densities 15/m 2 , 20/m 2 and similar to stocking density 30/m 2 , stocking density 25/m 2 had the highest mean weight gain (110.23g ± 23.68) compared to the other treatments which was the best. Conclusion: It was concluded from the results that high stocking densities had negative impacts on the growth performance and feed utilization of the albino Clarias gariepinus.
... Clarias magur is an important food fish which has an excellent nutritional value and tremendous growth potential along with the efficient feed conversion rate (Hossain et al., 2006;Argungu et al., 2013). However the major constraint in the wide spread culture of this fish is low seed availability because of the high mortality rates during its early developmental stages (Sahoo et al., 2004). ...
To understand the carbohydrate utilization ability during developmental stages of Clarias magur, the mRNA levels and enzyme activity of amylase were studied. Furthermore, the transcript levels of some important growth genes like growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and insulin-like growth factor binding protein (IGFBP) were evaluated. The enzymatic activity and mRNA expression of alpha-amylase along with expression of growth-related genes were examined from hatching until 34 days post-hatching (dph) by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Subsequently, mRNA expression pattern revealed the significantly (P <.05) high transcript level of alpha-amylase during early stages and early peaks were found at 3 to 6 dph, later the expression decreased till the end of experiment. Growth-related genes like GH, IGF-I and IGFBP showed a variable level of mRNA expression pattern from 0 dph to 34 dph. However, there was no significant difference (P >.05) in the mRNA expression of growth-related genes among the different time points of the present study. Moreover, the amylase activity revealed almost same pattern as that of its mRNA expression. In general, the present results suggested that C. magur has the ability to utilize the digestible carbohydrates during the early stages and can be helpful in developing low cost feeds for larvae.
... It has been declining sharply due to environmental degradation for rapid industrialization and injudicious application of pesticides, shrinkage of natural breeding ground, over exploitation and illegal killing of juveniles and brood fishes [32,34,60] . Induced breeding techniques for C. batrachus have been successfully used for seed production by few workers using various natural and synthetic agents like piscine pituitary gland extract, Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG), Ovaprim, Ovatide etc. [5,12,21,34,50,52,53,59] . In the present investigation, trial was made for induced breeding of magur using various doses of Alpa-FH followed by stripping method to determine its efficacy in breeding success and as well as to achieve higher rate of fertilization and hatching. ...
In the present investigation induced breeding of walking cat fish, Clarias batrachus with synthetic hormone Alpa-FH was made. An optimum result was found in induced spawning by using hormone at the dose of 0.8 ml kg-1 body weight to female followed by stripping method with higher rate of fertilization (80.4%) and hatching (84.1%). Further, frequency of some common morphological deformities (1.27-3.83%) was also recorded in the induced bred C. batrachus hatchlings in the present study with a highest percentage at the dose of 1.2 ml kg-1 body weight to female. Results of the present investigation would help mass scale quality seed production of C. batrachus under captive condition to augment market demand of the seed. Introduction The walking catfish, Clarias batrachus Linnaeus, 1758 (Siluriformes; Clariidae), commonly known as "desi magur", is a commercially important fish species in India. The fish has great market demand owing to its high consumer preference especially in NorthEastern parts of India and fetches comparatively higher price than carps [4, 11, 60]. The fish can be cultured in the low lying paddy fields, derelict waters, swamps, oxidized ponds, seasonal water bodies or any other water receiving domestic wastes because of their hardy nature, ability to thrive under adverse water conditions and suitability to culture in limited space [4, 10, 61]. Further, culture of this indigenous fish species gets emphasis as a part of promoting diversification in culture practices in Indian aquaculture [33, 55, 65]. But the major constraint in the culture of C. batrachus is the non-availability of quality seeds from the natural resources. It has been declining sharply due to environmental degradation for rapid industrialization and injudicious application of pesticides, shrinkage of natural breeding ground, over exploitation and illegal killing of juveniles and brood fishes [32, 34, 60]. Induced breeding techniques for C. batrachus have been successfully used for seed production by few workers using various natural and synthetic agents like piscine pituitary gland extract, Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG), Ovaprim, Ovatide etc. [5, 12, 21, 34, 50, 52, 53, 59]. In the present investigation, trial was made for induced breeding of magur using various doses of Alpa-FH followed by stripping method to determine its efficacy in breeding success and as well as to achieve higher rate of fertilization and hatching. Further, the deformity in larvae is not uncommon in teleostean species for both freshwater and marine [3, 54, 56]. The causes of such deformities are invasive and may be attributed to nutritional [9, 40, 43] , metabolic [38, 57] , environmental [13, 17, 23, 25, 41] and genetic [35, 69] factors. Toxicological aspects like indiscriminate use of pesticides [24, 57] and non-judicious uses of heavy metals [6, 22, 38, 46, 49, 64] are also reported to have teratogenic effects on teleostean development. Deformities have also been reported as a result of traumatic injury [29] , parasites [68] or by non-inheritable congenial defects [66]. Existence of unfavorable abiotic and rearing conditions may also have some crucial role in appearance of malformations in the early stages of life of fish [15, 18, 26]. There are several morphological deformities frequently observed in the hatchlings of the freshwater fish produced through induced breeding which adversely effect on their survival,
... Furthermore the species can be kept alive for long time by storing in a water container without giving any food as the species bear special accessory respiratory organ. This fish is highly regarded for food due to its high protein (15.0%), low fat (1.0%) and high iron content (710mg/100g tissue) [11]. ...
... A limited number of farmers also make use of Clarias magur (Hamilton, 1822) for polyculture along with the IMCs as it is a bottom dwelling fish and combines well with any surface or column feeder. C. magur is a highly sought after fish species owing to its flavour and excellent nutritional profile (Hossain et al., 2006). Polyculture of magur with suitable species was found to be more remunerative. ...
p>The present study was aimed to identify the effect of non-genetic factors on harvest body weight of Clarias magur (Hamilton, 1822) reared under mono and polyculture systems and to estimate its heritability. Magur fishes from three different geographical regions viz., Andhra Pradesh, Assam and West Bengal were procured and stocked at Fresh Water Fish Farm (FWFF) of ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Balbhadarpuram, Kakinada, Andhra Pradesh, India. A total of 139 pairs of fishes were mated to produce full-sib families of which only 42 families had either 15 or more offsprings or survived till tagging and of these a total of 1373 fishes were PIT (Passive Integrated Transponder) tagged. Tagged fishes were reared in mono and polyculture systems. In polyculture system, magur were stocked along with rohu Lobeo rohita fishes. The average harvest body weight of magur reared in monoculture was 146.27±1.36 g and was significantly higher than the average body weight of fishes reared in polyculture (137.33±2.28 g) (p<0.05). Male fishes were significantly heavier than females at harvest. The heritability for harvest body weight from animal model was 0.55±0.76 and from single pair mating it was 0.63±0.10. The heritability for harvest body weight in mono and polyculture systems differed from one another.</p
... Comparative hardiness, good growth and efficient feed conversion of this fish guarantee it as a suitable aquaculture candidate species (Argungu et al., 2013). This fish has exceptional nutritional profile owing to its high protein, low fat and high iron content of 15%, 1%, 710 mg/100 g of tissue, respectively (Hossain et al., 2006). To meet the market demands, culture of this species has largely increased with high intensity. ...
... Comparative hardiness, good growth and efficient feed conversion of this fish guarantee it as a suitable aquaculture candidate species (Argungu et al., 2013). This fish has exceptional nutritional profile owing to its high protein, low fat and high iron content of 15%, 1%, 710 mg/100 g of tissue, respectively (Hossain et al., 2006). To meet the market demands, culture of this species has largely increased with high intensity. ...
The gene expression of the trypsinogen and pepsinogen and activity of trypsin and pepsin in Indian walking catfish (Clarias magur) were investigated during the larval period to study the development of the digestive system. To this end, cDNA encoding the partial trypsinogen and pepsinogen were cloned and sequenced. Subsequently, the mRNA expression of genes was evaluated by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) along with the estimation of the activity of trypsin and pepsin. The mRNA expression pattern of trypsin appeared on 3rd-day post-hatching (dph) with a peak at 9 dph and 22 dph, while mRNAs of pepsin although detected at 4 dph but exhibited the significantly (P < 0.05) higher expression at 19 and 22 dph. The specific activity of trypsin increased from 11 dph onwards up to 16 dph. Similarly, the specific activity of pepsin enzyme showed a sudden increase from 13 to 19 dph. Based on these results, we suggest that the weaning time for C. magur larvae could be after 16 dph, as the activities were significantly increased after this stage which marks the functional development of the exocrine pancreas and stomach.
... Walking catfish, Clarias batrachus is a propitious aquaculture candidate due to its excellent growth, hardiness, proficiency in food conversion, superior nutritional profile and high market value (Argungu et al. 2013). In Asia Clarias batrachus is one of the most economically important indigenous freshwater fishes as it is very popular for its palatability, recuperative value and enduring nature with enormous demand among consumers (Hossain et al. 2006;Goswami 2007;Debnath 2011). Islam et al. (2007) investigated a recent bottleneck in some wild populations of this species suggesting restoration and conservation of habitat to increase population size and decrease vulnerability. ...
Effects of probiotics encapsulated and ascorbic acid enriched chironomid midge larvae as live feed on growth and survival of 12 day old Clarias batrachus juveniles (average weight 0.4 ± 0.06 g) were observed with feeding experiment for four weeks. Presumptive probiotic strains Bacillus aryabhattai KP784311, B. flexus KR809411, and B. cereus KR809412 were considered for bioencapsulation of chironomid larvae, and ascorbic acid (vitamin C) was used further for bioenrichment of the same. Seven experimental diets, D0: non-bioencapsulated and non-bioenriched chironomid larvae (control), D1: chironomid larvae bioencapsulated with B. aryabhattai, D2: chironomid larvae bioencapsulated with B. flexus, D3: chironomid larvae bioencapsulated with B. cereus, D4: chironomid larvae bioencapsulated with mixture of three strains, D5: chironomid larvae non-bioencapsulated and bioenriched with ascorbic acid, and D6: chironomid larvae bioencapsulated with probiotics and bioenriched with ascorbic acid were fed to triplicate groups. The juveniles were fed ad libitum for four weeks and the result of D6 group showed significantly higher (P < 0.05) specific growth rate and survivability than other groups. Although the RNA content in the carcass was increased initially in all dietary groups, any significant change of the DNA was not noticed. The coefficient (r value) of 0.992 in experiment 1 and 0.993 in experiment 2 along with regression slopes suggested a positive correlation (0.01 level) between RNA: DNA ratio and specific growth rate.
... Studies on different aspects in captive breeding of C. batrachus has been carried out, such as optimisation of breeding using different inducing agents (Sahoo et al., 2005;Hossain et al., 2006;Jagtap et al., 2015), standardisation of latency period (Sahoo et al., 2007;Jagtap et al., 2015) and stripping response with different inducing agents (Sahoo et al., 2007). However the quality of seed produced and breeding performance in captivity cannot be assured due to poor quality of brooders and lack of sufficient knowledge on reproductive traits in wild condition, resulting in over dependency on wild seed for stocking in ponds which is uneconomical and less sustainable (Kiran et al., 2013). ...
A study was conducted to compare the reproductive performance of Clarias batrachus (Linnaeus, 1758) collected from three
different rivers viz., Krishna in Andhra Pradesh, Godavari in Maharashtra and Narmada in Madhya Pradesh. Twenty pairs of
brooders from each location were randomly selected and induced with pituitary extract (P) and ovaprim (O). Reproductive
performance in terms of stripping percentage, pseudo gonado-somatic index, spawning, fecundity, fertilisation rate, hatching
rate, and survival rate as well as fry rearing performance in terms of percentage weight gain, specific growth rate (SGR)
and survival rate were monitored. Brooders collected from Godavari exhibited significantly (p<0.05) higher values for all
the reproductive performances indicators compared to brooders collected from Narmada and Krishna rivers. But fishes
collected from Krishna River exhibited significantly higher (p<0.05) fry survival. Fry produced from Godavari brooders
attained highest (p<0.05) percentage weight gain (1085.88±37.41), SGR (17.61±0.19) and fry survival rate (43.67±1.45) in
comparison to Narmada. Results clearly indicated that reproductive performance varied significantly among the brooders
collected from the three different rivers.
... (Legendre & Teugels, 1991). Larvae of C. batrachus in Bangladesh were reported to attain the adult characters within 18 days of rearing at 27°C-28°C of water temperature (Hossain et al., 2006), while in India were attained within 20 days at water temperature of 26°C-28°C (Dhara & Saha, 2013). ...
p>Egyptian African catfish is one of several African catfish ( Clarias gariepinus ) strains introduced to Indonesia. Several breeding activities using that strain in Sukamandi resulted in some individuals with redish-yellow body colour (a red strain). Biological informations related to aquacultural aspects of that red strain were still scarce. The present study aimed to elucidate the embryonic and larval developments of the red strain compared to those of the black (normal coloured) one, using the progenies obtained from artificial spawning of each red and black coloured brooders. Results of the present study revealed that embryonic developments of the red and black strains were similar. Their larval development were also quite similar, however, both larvae could be distinguished based on the pigmentation. The red strain larvae were golden-red-yellowish in colour, while the black strain larvae were greyish covered with dense melanophores. Total length of the red strain larvae tended to be lower than those of the black strain.</p
... It is now called Clarias magur, is an air-breathing threatened [30], endangered [31] catfish. It is a promising aquaculture candidate species owing to its good flavour, medicinal importance, growth, hardiness, efficient food conversion efficiency, excellent nutritional profile and high market values [32,33,34]. The objective of the present study was to evaluate and assess the effect of major replacement of animal protein with soybean meal in diet formulations of C. batrachus fry in captive rearing conditions with the support blending of glucosaimine (GlcN). ...
... The larvae of C. batrachus were obtained by induced breeding method using pituitary gland extracts (PG). Dose administrations of PG were performed according to Hossain et al. (2006). ...
Specific investigation on the time (h) required for catfish, Clarias batrachus, embryos to reach various early developmental stages were carried out under different experimental conditions. Five hundred fertilized eggs were incubated in tray (28ºC–30.5ºC) with continuous water flow and aeration (T 1), with only continuous water flow (T 2) or aeration (T 3) and without continuous water flow and aeration (T 4). Fertilized embryos hatched successfully in all treatments except for T 4. Time requirements for 2-cell, 4-cell, 8-cell, morula, germinal ring, yolk-plug, twisting movement, pre-hatching and hatching were comparable for all treatments. However, developmental speed was ceased from yolk-plug stage for T 4. Time requirements for two-cell, four-cell, eight-cell, morula, germinal ring, yolk-plug, twisting movement, and hatching were 0.43, 0.48, 0.53, 3.52, 6.07, 8.50, 15.04, 20.08, and 21.40 h, respectively for T 1 ; 0.44, 0.47, 0.51, 3.49, 6.10, 8.51, 15.13, 20.19, and 21.56 h, respectively for T 2 ; 0.50, 0.53, 0.59, 3.52, 6.13, 8.53, 15.11, 20.18, and 22.13 h, respectively for T 3. Fertilized eggs of C. batrachus incubated in tray with only aeration (T 3) is sufficient for successful hatching and could be cost-effective for hatchery operation.
... Các chất kích thích (và liều lượng) gây chín và rụng trứng thành công trên cá trê có thể kể đến như não thùy thể cùng loài hoặc khác loài (4 -6 mg.kg -1 ), hCG (2.000 -4.000 IU.kg -1 ), LHRHa (50 µg) + 5 mg.kg -1 chất ức chế dopamin như PIM hoặc DOM (Legendre et al., 1996), hay sản phẩm kết hợp GnRHa (sGnRH) và DOM như Ovaprim và Ovatide với liều 0,5 -1 mL.kg -1 (Sahoo et al., 2005;Liem, 2008). Trong các loại chất kích thích thì hCG và GnRHa + PIM cho kết quả tỉ lệ rụng trứng cao (95 -100%), trong khi não thùy thể kích thích quá trình chín và rụng trứng rất tốt trên nhiều loài cá trê (Legendre et al., 1996;Szyper et al., 2001;Hossain et al., 2006). Cá trê Phú Quốc (Clarias gracilentus) được xem là loài đặc hữu của đảo Phú Quốc, tỉnh Kiên Giang, là đối tượng có triển vọng phát triển cho nghề nuôi vì có giá trị kinh tế cao. ...
Clarias gracilentus, the new species belonging to Clariidae family was found in Phu Quoc island, Kien Giang province, Vietnam by the year 2011. In order to determine the breeding capability in the confined condition, broodstock with body weight of 192.1 ± 54.3 g were reared in a recirculation system and fed with commercial pellet (41% CP) in 8 months before induced to spawn. Preliminary results showed that broodfish adapted well and reached full sexual maturity in the captive condition. To induced ovulation, a series treatment with single hormone of carp pituitary gland (PG), human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), Ovaprim, Luteinizing Hormone-Releasing Hormone analogue (LHRHa) and the combinations of PG with Ovaprim, hCG or LHRHa were tested. Results showed that single hormone of PG, hCG or LHRHa plus DOM was induced final maturation and ovulation process in which single injection of PG at the dose of 8 mg/kg of female body weight obtained a good results with 32.7±10.7% and 69.1±11.2% in fertilization and survival rates, repectively. Among treatments using combination of PG with other hormones, fish received 2 successive injections at 8 hours interval, a preliminary dose with 2 mg PG/kg and decisive dose with 4,000 IU hCG/kg of female body weight, gave the best results with highest fertilization and hatching rates. These preliminary results give promising prospects for a mass seed production of this species in future.
... Hence, the fish farmers have not much benefited in culturing and less interested in this fish farming. Moreover, Hossain et al. (2006) described recently, the species has become scarce because of many adverse changes in their natural breeding and growing habitats for that the fry is very rare in nature. Khedkar (2009) also stated that this species lacks genetic diversity which may be one of the reasons to decline in different parts of India. ...
Hybridization was conducted to compare performance of hybrids to their parental line of the pure Clarias gariepinus and Clarias batrachus crosses as a control in triplicates for a period of 60 days, with fortnightly sampling. The hybrid crosses showed intermediate characters between the control crosses in mean weight gain (MWG), specific growth rate (SGR) mean final length (MFL) and survival of fingerlings (SF). However, the hybrids revealed lower characters compared to the progeny
of control groups in fertilization rate, hatching and survival of larvae. On the other hand, fertilization and hatching rate among the hybrids and the control batrachus species were statistically insignificant (P>0.05). Similarly, no significant difference (P>0.05) was observed between the two inter-specific hybrids. Though the crosses of C. gariepinus displayed significantly higher value in MWG, SGR, SL and FML than other groups, fingerling survival was found to be lowest. The growth parameters like MWG, SGR and FML of the hybrids were found to be higher than C. batrachus crosses, while survival of
hybrid fingerlings were higher than C. gariepinus. Therefore,
... The rationale behind the choice of air breathing fish, Clarias batrachus is that this bottom dwelling fish is widely available in India and at the same time respond even to minor environmental changes (Debnath 2011). Furthermore, juvenile C. batrachus favours to consume the benthic oligochaete worms (Hossain et al. 2006). This prey predator relationship between the tubificid worm and C. batrachus can accelerate the biomagnification of cadmium from the bottom sediments to the higher trophic level ultimately causing non-availability of quality seeds for culture. ...
The present study was done to determine the toxicity of cadmium to Branchiura sowerbyi and juvenile Clarias batrachus. The 96 h median lethal concentrations (with 95 % confidence limit) of cadmium for B. sowerbyi and juvenile C. batrachus were 15.98 (10.78–20.82) and 29.39 (23.70–33.42) mg/l respectively. It indicates that B. sowerbyi was more susceptible to cadmium toxicity than C. batrachus. A significant relationship (p < 0.05) was recorded between mortality rate and all the exposure times at 15, 25, 30 and 35 mg/l of the toxicant for B. sowerbyi and at 26, 30, 36, 48 and 50 mg/l for C. batrachus. Similarly, significant variation was also observed between mortality rate and all the exposure concentrations at all the exposure times (p < 0.01) for both the worm and fish. Excessive mucous secretion, loss of balance and reduced movement were observed in both the worms and fish at higher concentrations during 72 and 96 h of exposure. With progress of time and increasing concentration fish showed behavioural changes like erratic fin movement, hyperactivity, suffocation and increased surface attachment followed by death. The findings of the work can be used in ecological risk assessment and in the determination of safe disposal level of cadmium.
... The Clarias batrachus is one of the most popular catfish owing to its characteristics such as taste, protein flavor, low fat content, medicinal value etc. The fish can thrive well in low oxygen conditions and its culture is economically viable (Debnath, 2011;Goswami, 2007;Hossain and Parween, 2006;Singh and Hughes, 1971). The occurrence of this species in natural water bodies has greatly been reduced due to overexploitation and disease outbreaks (Ahmad et al., 2012;Binoy, 2010). ...
Whole genome sequencing (WGS) using next generation sequencing technologies paves the way to sequence
the mitochondrial genomes with greater ease and lesser time. Here, we used the WGS data of Clarias batrachus,
generated from Roche 454 and Ion Torrent sequencing platforms, to assemble the complete mitogenome using
both de novo and reference based approaches. Both the methods yielded almost similar results and the best
assembled mitogenome was of 16,510 bp size (GenBank Acc. No. KM259918). The mitogenome annotation
resulted in 13 coding genes, 22 tRNA genes, 2 rRNA genes and one control region, and the gene order was
found to be identical with other catfishes. Variation analyses between assembled and the reference (GenBank
Acc. No. NC_023923) mitogenome revealed 51 variations. The phylogenetic analysis of coding DNA sequences
and tRNA supports the monophyly of catfishes. Two SSRs were identified in C. batrachus mitogenome, out of
which one was unique to this species. Based on the relative rate of gene evolution, protein coding mitochondrial
genes were found to evolve at a much faster pace than the D-loop, which in turn are followed by the rRNAs; the
tRNAs showed wide variability in the rate of sequence evolution, and on average evolve the slowest. Among the
coding genes, ND2 evolves most rapidly. The variations present in the coding regions of the mitogenome and
their comparative analyses with other catfish species may be useful in species conservation and management
programs.
... The Clarias batrachus is one of the most popular catfish owing to its characteristics such as taste, protein flavor, low fat content, medicinal value etc. The fish can thrive well in low oxygen conditions and its culture is economically viable (Debnath, 2011;Goswami, 2007;Hossain and Parween, 2006;Singh and Hughes, 1971). The occurrence of this species in natural water bodies has greatly been reduced due to overexploitation and disease outbreaks (Ahmad et al., 2012;Binoy, 2010). ...
Whole genome sequencing (WGS) using next generation sequencing technologies paves the way to sequence the mitochondrial genomes with greater ease and lesser time. Here, we used the WGS data of Clarias batrachus, generated from Roche 454 and Ion Torrent sequencing platforms, to assemble the complete mitogenome using both de novo and reference based approaches. Both the methods yielded almost similar results and the best assembled mitogenome was of 16,510 bp size (GenBank Acc. No. KM259918). The mitogenome annotation resulted in 13 coding genes, 22 tRNA genes, 2 rRNA genes and one control region, and the gene order was found to be identical with other catfishes. Variation analyses between assembled and the reference (GenBank Acc. No. NC_023923) mitogenome revealed 51 variations. The phylogenetic analysis of coding DNA sequences and tRNA supports the monophyly of catfishes. Two SSRs were identified in C. batrachus mitogenome, out of which one was unique to this species. Based on the relative rate of gene evolution, protein coding mitochondrial genes were found to evolve at a much faster pace than the D-loop, which in turn are followed by the rRNAs; the tRNAs showed wide variability in the rate of sequence evolution, and on average evolve the slowest. Among the coding genes, ND2 evolves most rapidly. The variations present in the coding regions of the mitogenome and their comparative analyses with other catfish species may be useful in species conservation and management programs.
This study investigates the effects of melatonin supplementation on gonadotropin gene expression, vitellogenin (Vtg) gene expression, antioxidant status, ovarian histology, and reproductive performance in female Clarias magur . Four experimental diets were formulated: control (0 mg/kg melatonin), T1 (100 mg/kg melatonin), T2 (200 mg/kg melatonin), and T3 (300 mg/kg melatonin). Results showed no significant difference in weight gain between the control and T1 groups, while weight gain decreased notably in T2 and T3. Gonadosomatic index (GSI) and fecundity were monitored over a 60-day feeding trial. The T1 group exhibited significantly higher GSI and fecundity compared to the control, whereas T2 and T3 groups showed significant reductions in both parameters. Histological evaluation revealed more atretic eggs in T3, while T1 contained mature and primary/secondary yolk stage (PYS/SYS) oocytes. Gonadotropin and vitellogenin gene expression in Clarias magur was evaluated from April to June, with samples collected at three time points: April (I sampling, before the start of the feeding trial), May (II sampling, after one month of the feeding trial), and June (III sampling, at the end of the feeding trial).Gonadotropin gene expression (FSH and LH) was significantly affected by melatonin. FSH gene expression peaked at the II sampling in the T1 group, while it was lowest in T3. LH gene expression peaked at the III sampling in the T1 group, showing a marked reduction in higher melatonin doses (T2 and T3 group). Vtg gene expression increased in the T1, reaching the highest levels at the II sampling, while it was inhibited in the T3 group. Antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, GPX, GST) varied significantly with melatonin doses. Lower melatonin doses (T1) reduced antioxidant enzyme activity, while higher doses (T3) enhanced it. Induced breeding outcomes demonstrated that melatonin at 100 mg/kg significantly improved fertilization, hatching, larval survival, and fry survival, outperforming the control group. Our findings indicate that melatonin supplementation at 100 mg/kg enhances reproductive performance in Clarias magur by modulating ovarian development, gonadotropin gene expression, oxidative stress, and improving survival rates in the early life stages.
Key word: Clarias batrachus, apparent protein digestibility, test diets, reference diets, feed ingredients. In vivo protein digestibility of walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) fed different types of feed was determined in this study. One reference diet (RD) and three test diets (TD) were prepared using different test ingredients viz fish meal (TD1), soybean meal (TD2), and meat & bone meal (TD3). Each test diet was composed of 70 percent reference diet and 30 percent respective feed ingredients. Crude protein in RD was maintained at 35%. The fish were reared in aquaria and fed RD and TD three times a day at the rate of 8% of their body weight. Each aquarium consisted of fifteen individuals with the replication of three. Chromic oxide (Cr2O3) was used in diets as the marker and feces were used for apparent protein digestibility analysis. The highest protein digestibility among the diets was obtained at TD2 (83.34 ± 0.166%) followed by TD1 (82.56 ± 0.147 %), and TD3 (68.11 ± 0.327%). On the other hand, the highest protein digestibility among the feed ingredients was obtained in soybean meal (88.44 ± 0.554%) followed by fish meal (85.81 ± 0.49) and meat & bone meal (37.66 ± 1.0886). The feeding experiments suggested that soybean meals could be utilized as a suitable replacement for other ingredients in a formulated diet for C. batrachus species in terms of protein digestibility. Citation: Parvaz, M.S. et al., Determination of in vivo protein digestibility of different feed ingredients for walking catfish, Clarias batrachus. IRJALS 2(5), p. 1 – 9.
Malaysia is one of the countries in Asia with higher scarcity of Clarias batrachus. Consequently, to arrive at better ways of handling the situation the reproductive endocrinology of the species was investigated. Testosterone (T), 11-ketotestosterone (11KT) and 17β-estradiol (E2) were the plasma sex steroid hormones monitored monthly throughout the reproductive cycles. Several peak levels were observed in the annual profiles of all the steroid hormones, implying that C. batrachus is a non-seasonal breeder, signifying that the species could spawn several times during the reproductive cycle. Most of the scholars who earlier worked on the breeding of this fish concentrated on a particular period (May to August) assuming that was the only season successful induced breeding of the species could be achieved. The present study has enhanced the understanding of the reproduction of C. batrachus. It has provided a platform for the optimization of reproduction and breeding program of the species.
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