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L'analyse de l'aphasie et l'étude de l'essence du langage
... Por exemplo, às vezes, pacientes recorriam a perífrases, isto é, rodeios, para nomear um objeto. Diante de um guarda-chuva, um paciente dizia: "Eu não sei como isto se chama; eu também tenho um guarda-chuva em casa" (Goldstein, 1933(Goldstein, /1969. Outro, diante de uma caneta, dizia: "isto é para escrever" (Goldstein, 1933(Goldstein, /1969. ...
... Por exemplo, às vezes, pacientes recorriam a perífrases, isto é, rodeios, para nomear um objeto. Diante de um guarda-chuva, um paciente dizia: "Eu não sei como isto se chama; eu também tenho um guarda-chuva em casa" (Goldstein, 1933(Goldstein, /1969. Outro, diante de uma caneta, dizia: "isto é para escrever" (Goldstein, 1933(Goldstein, /1969. ...
... Diante de um guarda-chuva, um paciente dizia: "Eu não sei como isto se chama; eu também tenho um guarda-chuva em casa" (Goldstein, 1933(Goldstein, /1969. Outro, diante de uma caneta, dizia: "isto é para escrever" (Goldstein, 1933(Goldstein, /1969. ...
RESUMO Este estudo teórico busca compreender a relação entre as ideias de Vigotski e de Goldstein. O objetivo é oferecer uma aproximação das ideias dos dois autores através da exposição e análise das teses fundamentais de cada quadro interpretativo no que diz respeito ao conceito de personalidade. Consiste em três partes. Na primeira, faz-se uma exposição das pesquisas de Gelb e de Goldstein sobre a afasia. Na segunda, é feita uma apresentação das teses gerais da teoria organísmica de Goldstein. E na terceira, desenvolve-se uma análise de pontos de divergência e de convergência da teoria de Vigotski com respeito a determinadas teses de Goldstein. Como conclusão, argumenta-se que as duas teorias divergem em termos de metodologia e de ontologia, mas se complementam, em diferentes níveis de complexidade, e se aproximam em seu motivo-condutor epistemológico. Palavras-chave: Kurt Goldstein; História da psicologia; Personalidade; Lev Semenovich Vigotski. ABSTRACT This theoretical study aims for an understanding of the relationship between the ideas of Vygotsky and of Goldstein. Its objective is to present a rapprochement of the ideas of both authors through the exposition and analysis of the fundamental theses of each interpretative framework in what concerns the concept of personality. The study is composed of three parts. The first consists of an exposition of Gelb and Goldstein's researches on aphasia. The second consists of a presentation of general theses of Goldstein's organismic theory. The third part consists of an analysis of points of divergence and convergence of Vygotsky's theory with respect to certain Goldstein's claims. As a conclusion, it is argued that the two theories differ in terms of methodology and ontology, but that they complement each other, in different levels of complexity, and are close in their epistemological leitmotiv.
... Por exemplo, às vezes, pacientes recorriam a perífrases, isto é, rodeios, para nomear um objeto. Diante de um guarda-chuva, um paciente dizia: "Eu não sei como isto se chama; eu também tenho um guarda-chuva em casa" (Goldstein, 1933(Goldstein, /1969. Outro, diante de uma caneta, dizia: "isto é para escrever" (Goldstein, 1933(Goldstein, /1969. ...
... Por exemplo, às vezes, pacientes recorriam a perífrases, isto é, rodeios, para nomear um objeto. Diante de um guarda-chuva, um paciente dizia: "Eu não sei como isto se chama; eu também tenho um guarda-chuva em casa" (Goldstein, 1933(Goldstein, /1969. Outro, diante de uma caneta, dizia: "isto é para escrever" (Goldstein, 1933(Goldstein, /1969. ...
... Diante de um guarda-chuva, um paciente dizia: "Eu não sei como isto se chama; eu também tenho um guarda-chuva em casa" (Goldstein, 1933(Goldstein, /1969. Outro, diante de uma caneta, dizia: "isto é para escrever" (Goldstein, 1933(Goldstein, /1969. ...
This theoretical study aims for an understanding of the relationship between the ideas of Vygotsky and of Goldstein. Its objective is to present a rapprochement of the ideas of both authors through the exposition and analysis of the fundamental theses of each interpretative framework in what concerns the concept of personality. The study is composed of three parts. The first consists of an exposition of Gelb and Goldstein's researches on aphasia. The second consists of a presentation of general theses of Goldstein's organismic theory. The third part consists of an analysis of points of divergence and convergence of Vygotsky's theory with respect to certain Goldstein's claims. As a conclusion, it is argued that the two theories differ in terms of methodology and ontology, but that they complement each other, in different levels of complexity, and are close in their epistemological leitmotiv.
... Os pacientes eram incapazes de articular a fala por meio dos aparelhos motores normalmente envolvidos no fenômeno, isso apesar da integridade desses aparelhos. O mecanismo explicativo da patologia elaborado por Broca envolve uma memória verbal, isolada de outras atividades psíquicas e dependente de uma localização cerebral precisa (Goldstein, 1971a). De acordo com as teses associacionistas vigentes na época, Broca admitiu a existência de imagens verbais motoras, compostas por lembranças�imagens de palavras, de sons e de letras, e que seriam depositadas no centro motor da linguagem, ou seja, na área cerebral identificada por ele. ...
... 4 Além disso, as manifestações clínicas da afasia motora, ou afasia de Broca, põem os pesquisadores na presença caótica de atividades lacunares e de outras ainda possíveis para o paciente. Goldstein (1971a) Conforme comentário de Merleau-Ponty (1942/1967), seguindo-se os preceitos da patologia geral e a fidelidade aos princípios atomistas e associacionistas da época, médicos e pesquisadores recortavam, na observação do comportamento dos pacientes afásicos, os sintomas explicáveis a partir de uma suposta perturbação no armazenamento e na ativação das imagens verbais. Os sintomas excedentes eram atribuídos às lesões suplementares ou diminuídos em sua importância, sendo considerados secundários em relação às perturbações primárias. ...
... É a Jackson que se atribui a observação de que certas palavras podiam ser utilizadas pelos pacientes em determinados contextos, mas não em outros (Cassirer, 1972). Segundo Goldstein (1971a), aos processos linguísticos mais evoluídos, Jackson associou, então, a linguagem intelectual, representativa e voluntária, utilizada para responder a questões, para designar objetos, etc. Por outro lado, aos processos linguísticos mais primitivos, o autor associou a linguagem afetiva, emocional, ou involuntária, de caráter passivo em relação às intenções conscientes do indivíduo. ...
Resumo Neste artigo, apresentamos a noção de comportamento simbólico conforme estudos em neuropsicopatologia das primeiras décadas do século passado realizados, particularmente, no seio de investigações sobre as afasias. Tomamos como eixo condutor a presença da noção em questão na primeira obra de Merleau-Ponty, "A estrutura do comportamento". Com base nas pesquisas de Gelb e Goldstein, o filósofo apropria-se da semântica do símbolo e caracteriza a corporalidade humana a partir da sua capacidade de ultrapassar o caráter imediato das situações vividas. Mostramos, ainda, que a circunscrição do comportamento simbólico esteve condicionada a mudanças teórico-metodológicas que tornaram possível a passagem de concepções localizacionistas a atitudes globalistas diante dos eventos patológicos de origem cerebral. Palavras-chave: função simbólica; atitude categorial; afasia; Merleau-Ponty. Abstract The emergence of the notion of symbolic behavior in neuropsychopathology. In this article, we present the notion of symbolic behavior in accordance with neuropsychopathology research from the first decades of the past century, carried out particularly in the context of aphasia research. The guiding axis was the presence of this notion in the first work by Merleau-Ponty, "The structure of behavior". Based on research by Gelb and Goldstein, the philosopher takes ownership of the semantics of the symbolic and characterizes human corporality based on its capacity to move beyond the immediate nature of the experienced situations. We also show that the circumscription of symbolic behavior was conditioned by theoretical-methodological changes that permitted the passage from localizationist conceptions to globalist attitudes in view of pathological events of cerebral origin.
... Os pacientes eram incapazes de articular a fala por meio dos aparelhos motores normalmente envolvidos no fenômeno, isso apesar da integridade desses aparelhos. O mecanismo explicativo da patologia elaborado por Broca envolve uma memória verbal, isolada de outras atividades psíquicas e dependente de uma localização cerebral precisa (Goldstein, 1971a). De acordo com as teses associacionistas vigentes na época, Broca admitiu a existência de imagens verbais motoras, compostas por lembranças�imagens de palavras, de sons e de letras, e que seriam depositadas no centro motor da linguagem, ou seja, na área cerebral identificada por ele. ...
... 4 Além disso, as manifestações clínicas da afasia motora, ou afasia de Broca, põem os pesquisadores na presença caótica de atividades lacunares e de outras ainda possíveis para o paciente. Goldstein (1971a) Conforme comentário de Merleau-Ponty (1942/1967), seguindo-se os preceitos da patologia geral e a fidelidade aos princípios atomistas e associacionistas da época, médicos e pesquisadores recortavam, na observação do comportamento dos pacientes afásicos, os sintomas explicáveis a partir de uma suposta perturbação no armazenamento e na ativação das imagens verbais. Os sintomas excedentes eram atribuídos às lesões suplementares ou diminuídos em sua importância, sendo considerados secundários em relação às perturbações primárias. ...
... É a Jackson que se atribui a observação de que certas palavras podiam ser utilizadas pelos pacientes em determinados contextos, mas não em outros (Cassirer, 1972). Segundo Goldstein (1971a), aos processos linguísticos mais evoluídos, Jackson associou, então, a linguagem intelectual, representativa e voluntária, utilizada para responder a questões, para designar objetos, etc. Por outro lado, aos processos linguísticos mais primitivos, o autor associou a linguagem afetiva, emocional, ou involuntária, de caráter passivo em relação às intenções conscientes do indivíduo. ...
In this article, we present the notion of symbolic behavior in accordance with neuropsychopathology research from the first decades of the past century, carried out particularly in the context of aphasia research. The guiding axis was the presence of this notion in the first work by Merleau-Ponty, "The structure of behavior". Based on research by Gelb and Goldstein, the philosopher takes ownership of the semantics of the symbolic and characterizes human corporality based on its capacity to move beyond the immediate nature of the experienced situations. We also show that the circumscription of symbolic behavior was conditioned by theoretical-methodological changes that permitted the passage from localizationist conceptions to globalist attitudes in view of pathological events of cerebral origin.
... Em uma palavra, o seu comportamento não é simbólico: eles não se relacionam com símbolos, mas com meros sinais. A questão sobre a essência da linguagem ganha um destaque especial também no domínio da psicopatologia, especialmente nos estudos sobre a afasia (Gelb, 1933(Gelb, /1969Goldstein, 1933Goldstein, /1969. São estes estudos sobre a afasia que teriam uma importância psicológica e filosófica fundamental para solucionar os problemas relativos à ordem categorial. ...
... Envolve, pois, a dimensão de perspectivas que são possíveis para a consciência, e não meramente atuais. Em suas pesquisas, Gelb(1933Gelb( /1969) e Goldstein(1933Goldstein( /1969) distinguem, nesta direção, uma esfera de atitude concreta, imediata, de uma esfera de atitude categorial, possível ou virtual. Em seu artigo de 1949, intitulado O conceito de Gelb-Goldstein de atitude "concreta" e "categorial" e a fenomenologia da ideação, Gurwitsch (1949) dedica-se a interpretar essas noções à luz da fenomenologia husserliana, especificamente no que diz respeito ao problema da ideação, isto é, o problema de como os universais e as categorias de coisas são intencionalmente apreendidos. ...
Aron Gurwitsch foi um filósofo lituano que se esforçou em aproximar as pesquisas fenomenológicas das pesquisas científicas da Psicologia da Gestalt. Neste trabalho, analisa-se a sua interpretação da obra do médico alemão Kurt Goldstein. Inicialmente, abordam-se as análises de cunho epistemológico que Gurwitsch desenvolve a respeito da biologia goldsteiniana, tendo-se como eixo o conceito de “organismo”. Em seguida, trata-se da utilização por parte de Gurwitsch da distinção operada por Gelb e Goldstein entre a atitude concreta e a atitude categorial. Por fim, discutem-se alguns desdobramentos e algumas repercussões da interpretação gurwitschiana a respeito da obra de Goldstein. Essas análises guiam-se pelo fio-condutor da distinção entre um nível de intencionalidade perceptiva e um de intencionalidade categorial.
... ' During the conference of the Swiss Society of Psychiatry on 27th February 1926, Goldstein formulated in his oral presentation [47]: 'The theory of the speech centers in its current form of circumscribed locations of isolated functions can be discounted. … The question of the relationship between a symptom and a circumscribed brain lesion … has evolved to a new problem.' 'L'analyse de l'aphasie et l'étude de l'essence du langage' ('The analysis of aphasia and the studies on the essence of language') [40] In 'L'analyse de l'aphasie et l'étude de l'essence du langage' [40], Goldstein moved away from the strict topographical model of the aphasia debate from his predecessors. This, over 60 pages long, account on various aphasia phenomena entails a detailed characterization without a single reference to a circumscribed cerebral pathology. ...
... ' During the conference of the Swiss Society of Psychiatry on 27th February 1926, Goldstein formulated in his oral presentation [47]: 'The theory of the speech centers in its current form of circumscribed locations of isolated functions can be discounted. … The question of the relationship between a symptom and a circumscribed brain lesion … has evolved to a new problem.' 'L'analyse de l'aphasie et l'étude de l'essence du langage' ('The analysis of aphasia and the studies on the essence of language') [40] In 'L'analyse de l'aphasie et l'étude de l'essence du langage' [40], Goldstein moved away from the strict topographical model of the aphasia debate from his predecessors. This, over 60 pages long, account on various aphasia phenomena entails a detailed characterization without a single reference to a circumscribed cerebral pathology. ...
In between Carl Wernicke's locationist aphasia concept from 1874 and Norman Geschwind's new connectionist model of human brain functions in 1965, little notice was taken of the historical debate on aphasia and brain plasticity. Interestingly, Kurt Goldstein made long-forgotten, but highly relevant remarks on the connectionist model and thereby served as an important connecting link between Wernicke and Geschwind. With the original contributions of Goldstein and contemporary authors, we analyzed the historical background of the aphasia debate in the time period between Wernicke and Geschwind, which still influences current aphasia concepts and neurosurgical practice of today.
... Revisitei propostas no campo da Medicina e da Fonoaudiologia para examinar, agora, a consistência entre discussão teórica e exercício clínico. Nesse movimento que vai de teorizações à clínica, concluí que se a relação dos médicos -Freud (1891) e Jackson (1866, 1884) -à Filosofia mobilizou questões importantes, mais especificamente, a desnaturalização da noção de causalidade e uma certa autonomia do lingüístico -que se expressa no paralelismo psicofísico -, a relação de Goldstein (1933Goldstein ( , 1948 e Luria (1947Luria ( , 1974 à Psicologia recua esses avanços: a questão etiológica retoma a cena e a clínica médica se abre para procedimentos clínicos estrangeiros, ou seja, para o jogo clássico do (re)educar/(re)aprender. Assim, assistimos a uma situação aparentemente paradoxal: o tratamento da afasia permanece estritamente médico e o tratamento do afásico, caracterizado como de reeducação, escapa ao âmbito da Medicina. ...
... Revisitei propostas no campo da Medicina e da Fonoaudiologia para examinar, agora, a consistência entre discussão teórica e exercício clínico. Nesse movimento que vai de teorizações à clínica, concluí que se a relação dos médicos -Freud (1891) e Jackson (1866, 1884) -à Filosofia mobilizou questões importantes, mais especificamente, a desnaturalização da noção de causalidade e uma certa autonomia do lingüístico -que se expressa no paralelismo psicofísico -, a relação de Goldstein (1933Goldstein ( , 1948 e Luria (1947Luria ( , 1974 à Psicologia recua esses avanços: a questão etiológica retoma a cena e a clínica médica se abre para procedimentos clínicos estrangeiros, ou seja, para o jogo clássico do (re)educar/(re)aprender. Assim, assistimos a uma situação aparentemente paradoxal: o tratamento da afasia permanece estritamente médico e o tratamento do afásico, caracterizado como de reeducação, escapa ao âmbito da Medicina. ...
This paper discusses the relationship between Language Acquisition and Language Clinic, i.e., between Cláudia de Lemos’s theoretical proposal and reflections carried out by researchers who belong to the project “Language Acquisition and Language Pathology”, supervised by Maria Francisca Lier-De Vitto at LAEL-PUCSP. The discussion focuses on clinical issues concerning aphasia.
... Ultrapassado um regime de estudos sobre as afasias, calcados em ideários empiristas, as pesquisas de Pierre Marie, Henry Head e, depois, Gelb e Goldstein, relacionam as disfunções linguísticas de seus pacientes à impossibilidade do exercício de uma linguagem abstrata e desapegada dos aspectos concretos e imediatos da experiência. Segundo Gelb (1933) e Goldstein (1971a), seus doentes estariam limitados a uma "atitude concreta" e, portanto, impedidos de efetuar as formas do "comportamento simbólico", ou da "atitude categorial". Merleau-Ponty adota uma postura crítica em relação à inspiração intelectualista que perpassa a caracterização, na neuropsiquiatria, dos atos linguísticos segundo os moldes da atividade categorial. ...
... O fato é que as teorias "modernas" da afasia, tais como a de Goldstein, colocam-nos entre a alternativa da "[...] palavra como instrumento de ação e como meio de denominação desinteressada" (MERLEAU-PONTY, 1945, p. 204). Goldstein (1971a) destacou o caráter instrumental da linguagem ao considerar o desembaraço com que seus pacientes utilizavam-na em atividades determinadas por situações concretas, situações em que a linguagem mostrava-se subordinada à ação e ao real. A linguagem do sujeito são também revela uma função instrumental, diz o autor, mas neste caso seu valor de instrumento vincula-se à função representativa, ao fato de que a palavra encontra-se fundada numa "atitude conceitual" voltada à compreensão e à ordenação objetiva dos fatos, e que implica o domínio do "mundo do olhar" (GOLDSTEIN, 1971a, p. 344). ...
This paper aims to study the philosopher Maurice Merleau-Ponty's analyses of the language theme in the book Phenomenology of perception. The philosopher departs from the discussion of research related to the psychopathology of language. In those studies, it is affirmed that ill people are limited to a concrete attitude and, therefore, impeded from putting in practice forms of symbolic behavior. Merleau-Ponty adopts a critical attitude towards the intellectualist inspiration that permeates this characterization and extends his criticism to Piaget's genetic psychology. It is with the records of gestures that the philosopher links language, emphasizing its intentional nature.
... Indeed, in Merleau-Ponty's assessment, an example of convergence between phenomenology and the human sciences can be found in Kurt Goldstein's writings. In the 1934 work, entitled The Organism -a holistic approach to biology derived from pathological data in men, Goldstein (1987a) recommends describing the physiological and behavioral domains not from categories drawn from a general model, but from the meaning that both domains assume throughout the doctor's research and practice. In the Goldstein's words (1971b, p. 6): ...
The present study proposes an investigation into the reasons why Merleau-Ponty recognizes, in Goldstein’s incorporation of the figure-ground notion from the Gestalt Psychology, the convergence between contemporary science and phenomenological philosophy. It is about understanding how, insofar as it reveals the power of centering that operates in the concreteness of the existence of organisms in the surroundings, the notion of figure-background corresponds to the phenomenological notion of operative intentionality. In the same way, it is a matter of showing in what sense, as a form of operative intentionality, the power of centering of organisms does not need to be based on the presupposition of an “I think”. Keywords: Merleau-Ponty; Goldstein; Gestalt; organismic intentionality
... described the concept of personality as characteristics of Selfhood (p.370). Kurt Goldstein, a German neurologist, introduced the idea of disease-driven personality modifications (Goldstein, 1971). ...
Prior research has been directed toward therapeutic management of Crohn’s disease and finding a cure, lacking patients’ perspectives on their lived experiences. In addition, although gender inequalities shape the care received by women with Crohn’s disease, gender-specific studies are lacking in this patient population. Therefore, examining the discomfort lived by women with Crohn’s disease is critical to ensure its proper use in clinical practice and outcome measures. In this thesis, I focused on gaining an in-depth understanding of the meaning of discomfort in women living with Crohn’s disease.
... Já o segundo, eleva este fator à última potência, para ele a essência da linguagem não se encontra em uma coleção de palavras: "as palavras aparecem como entidades separadas apenas na consideração abstrata". A linguagem não é um fenômeno estático, mas um processo dinâmico(GOLDSTEIN, 1948).9 Quando se trata de saber qual o sentido do comportamento linguístico dos pacientes acometidos de afasia é preciso dizer que ele fala todas as vezes em que pode empregar a linguagem automática, e não quando tem que usar a linguagem verdadeira em que o ato de ...
Este trabalho investiga alguns desdobramentos das relações entre a linguagem criadora e a linguagem sedimentada na obra de Maurice Merleau-Ponty. Trata-se de avaliar as diferentes posições adotadas pelo filósofo a propósito desta relação utilizando como fio condutor a imagem do líquido em ebulição. A força heurística desta imagem nos ajudará, por um lado, a compreender os diferentes pontos de vista utilizados para interpretar o fenômeno da linguagem; por outro, servirá como índice para acompanharmos a retificação e o aprofundamento interno desta filosofia.
... 4. Cf. pour les localisateurs : Gall (1810-19) ; Bouillaud (1825Bouillaud ( , 1839 ; Broca (1864) ; Wernicke (1874) ; Charcot (1883Charcot ( , 1884Charcot ( , 1885Charcot ( , 1885 ; Bernheim (1900) ; Lichteim (1885). Pour les unitaristes : Lordat (1842) ; Trousseau (1864) ; Marie (1922/a) ; Moutier (1908) ; Jackson (1868Jackson ( , 1879Jackson ( -80, 1931 ; Grasset (1876Grasset ( , 1884Grasset ( , 1904Grasset ( , 1907 ; Head (1915Head ( , 1926 ; Surbled (1906) ; Freud (1891) ; Goldstein (1933Goldstein ( , 1948. Des positions intermédiaires chez Alajouanine (1968) ; Alajouanine-Mozziconaci (1947-48) ; Alajouanine-Sabouraud-Ribacourt (1952). ...
RESUME : Ce travail est consacre a la reprise du debat sur les pathologies du langage entre la fin du XVIIe siecle et le milieu du XIXe siecle. La premiere partie traite de l'histoire de la reeducation de sourds-muets selon les deux ecoles therapeutiques les plus importantes : les partisans du langage des signes et les partisans du reconditionnement oral. La deuxieme partie porte sur l'histoire de l'aphasie et les theories des localisateurs et des unitaristes dans la pratique clinique. Le but du travail est de commencer un discours reconstruct! f autour de l'histoire de la linguistique en se fondant sur les rapports entre linguistique, neurosciences et science de la simulation (mecanique et non-mecanique) pour utiliser ces reconstructions dans le domaine des debats theoriques de la linguistique du XX* siecle, ou une comparaison avec les sciences cognitives d'avant-garde devient de plus en plus necessaire.
... essence of things is their language (1992). Goldstein (1933), on the other hand, argues that language is a representation and an unveiling of our essence and of our psychological traits, so language is used to establish a living relationship with other people. ...
... language) disorders, impaired vision, or hearing are not to be taken as part of the aphasic syndrome ( Kaplan, 1983, 2001; Grodzinsky, 1990; Kertesz, 1979;). Although various classification systems have been proposed to account for aphasic manifestations (Head, 1926; Goldstein, 1933; Luria, 1964), eight main syndromes are generally accepted ( Kaplan, 1972, 1983). These are classified according to impaired/spared fluency, comprehension, repetition, and naming skills. ...
The vulnerability of time reference, either marked by means of verbal morphology or by adverbs, has been established in an extensive array of languages in agrammatic aphasia. Recent studies (0045, 0270, 0325, 0285 and 0400; among others) have determined that far from being general, the observed deficit is sensitive to tense differences with a clear asymmetry between past and non-past forms.
To account for these findings, Bastiaanse et al. (2011) formulated the PAst DIscourse LInking Hypothesis (PADILIH), in line with Avrutin's (2000) claim that discourse linking is impaired in Broca's aphasia. Past forms are impaired in opposition to non-past forms due to the fact that the former are discourse linked. However, this hypothesis entails further predictions: if the problem with tense is restricted to discourse linking, we expect present and future forms to be spared or, at least, damaged to the same extent.
In this paper, we investigate time reference in Catalan and Spanish using a sentence completion task with pictures and a sentence-to-picture-matching task (adapted from the TART; Bastiaanse et al., 2008). The results confirm the predicted deficit: forms referring to the past are more impaired than forms referring to non-past, that is, tenses referring to the present and future were better preserved. However, in comprehension, asymmetries arise between present and future forms. Implications for the PADILIH are discussed.
... Nel 1861 Broca offrì la prima "prova" della localizzazione di una specifica funzione cogni- tiva: la terza circonvoluzione del lobo frontale sinistro come "centro" delle "immagini moto- rie del linguaggio" (ovvero come sede del lin- guaggio articolato). 13 In questo modo, a parti- re da quelli che Lurija definì i «brillanti anni '70», 14 nella storia della neuropsicologia si procedette alla localizzazione dei "centri" del linguaggio (quello motorio, 15 quello sensoria- le 16 e il cosiddetto "centro dei concetti", 17 as-sieme a un'altra decina di analoghe funzioni specifiche come la lettura, la scrittura etc.): il linguaggio divenne oggetto di analisi condotte su base associazionistica, che tenevano conto dell'esistenza di tali "centri" e delle loro con- nessioni, comportando ricadute anche in campo clinico. ...
Title: Dynamic Localization. Lurija and the Functional System as a Model of an Integrated Mind.
The present paper aims at exploring the theory of Alexander R. Lurija in the light of the history of functional localization in neuropsychology. The fundamental purpose is to highlight Lurija's dialectical overcoming of the dichotomy between the holistic and strictly localizational approaches, and the way in which he used the functional organization of language as a paradigm for understanding the organization of the mind as a whole.
... Ce en quoi H. Ey se trouvait fonde a affirmer que les premiers travaux de Seglas, fondes sur la theorie des images, portaient deja en germe une revolution analogue a celle, survenue en aphasiologie, de Pierre Marie [161, pour qui l'aphasie etait un trouble de la pensee elle-meme. Par cette revolution, qui anticipait l'aphasiologie de Head [11], ellememe a la jonction du jacksonnisme [12] et du globalisme de A. Gelb [8] et K. Goldstein [9], "en effagant l'image, en ne considerant que la pensee et sa formulation motrice dans le langage, on restituait aux troubles du langage leur dependance immediate des troubles de la pensee [...1". Selon H. Ey, si les premiers travaux de Seglas [18] donnaient le premier role a l'image kinesthesique dans la genese de l'hallucination verbale, ce n'etait que pour que sans tamer son importance s'en volt reduite, et se volt prtvilegiee au contraire la notion d'hyperendophasie, i.e. d'exaltation du langage interieur. ...
Le problème des hallucinations psychiques verbales soulève un faisceau de questions cliniques lié au problème épistémologique des rapports du langage intérieur et de la pensée. Nous avons montré, dans un premier article (PSN, vol. 1, 2003, no 5, p. 38—49), comment ce problème avait évolué en psychiatrie, de la fin du XIXe siècle au milieu du XXe siècle, en distinguant différentes périodes, selon que la primauté pathogénique de l’hallucination verbale s’était vue attribuée, dans un premier temps, à une aliénation de la pensée, à l’époque du paradigme de l’aliénation mentale, puis, à l’époque du paradigme des maladies mentales, à une aliénation du langage intérieur en vertu des conceptions mécanicistes. Dans ce second article, nous montrons comment cette opposition inaugurale se transposera et transformera, au début de la seconde moitié du XXe siècle, en deux points de vue antagonistes: celui, organo-dynamique, d’une aliénation primaire de la signification, développé par H. Ey à l’identique de 1934 à 1973; celui radicalement contradictoire qui témoigne en faveur d’une aliénation du sujetau langage, apporté par J. Lacan dès 1946.
En mi propósito de pensar los fenómenos de la intimidad y de la coexistencia, sobre todo en el espacio clínico, las reflexiones de Merleau-Ponty me llevaron a cuestionar a la vez la teoría fenomenológica de la conciencia y la teoría psicoanalítica del psiquismo. Las dos teorías no le permitieron a Merleau-Ponty una alternativa que no fuera la dilución de la intimidad en la generalidad de la coexistencia (lo que conlleva la “mala ambigüedad” de una “universalidad siendo individuo”), o la disrupción de la coexistencia en el solipsismo (del narcisismo psíquico).
Desde donde yo he propuesto la hipótesis, a partir de los desdobles del propio pensamiento de Merleau-Ponty, de que, quizás la coexistencia y la intimidad no serían predicados de una inmanencia privada, ya sea la conciencia trascendental o el yo psíquico. ¿Qué habrían de ser, entonces?
En este libro, que es el tercero perteneciente a un mismo recurrido de investigaciones, me interesa concretar un nuevo comienzo para mis reflexiones sobre qué son y como han surgido las otredades desde las cuales investigo las narrativas y discursos como formas de presentación de la coexistencia y de la intimidad, respectivamente.
Este ensaio busca explorar a partir do horizonte da reflexão merleau-pontyana, como o discurso e a percepção de outrem se interagem numa só experiência: a do mundo sensível. Trata-se, sobretudo, de inventariar já em La Prose du Monde a radicalização última dessa implicação temática valendo-se de múltiplas mediações como a literatura, a psicologia, a linguística e, por fim, a própria filosofia da linguagem. Está em jogo aqui, como expressão sumária desta tarefa, a desconstrução da noção de sujeito, seu alcance e limite teóricos.
Resumo: Este artigo se propõe um estudo sobre a origem e modos de utilização do termo gestalt junto às escolas filosóficas e psicológicas do final do século XIX e início do século XX. Interessa, particularmente, os projetos teóricos de Franz Brentano, Edmund Husserl, bem como a repercussão deles junto às investigações promovidas pelos psicólogos da forma, tanto da primeira, quanto da segunda geração. Nosso propósito é estabelecer as bases desde onde possamos compreender em que sentido a Gestalt-terapia pode estabelecer um uso fenomenológico do conceito de gestalt. Palavras-chave: Gestalt Fenomenologia Psicologia da Gestalt Essência Gestalt-terapia
A emergência de uma discussão mais aprofundada sobre a Perturbação da Hiperatividade e Défice de Atenção (PHDA) tem levantado cada vez mais fóruns de discussões acerca do seu diagnóstico, tratamentos e medicalização. Estes grupos de discussões, informais ou promovidos por entidades ou associações, buscam proteger pais e educadores (as), sem muito considerarem o lugar do próprio sujeito, negando a dimensão social do seu diagnóstico, uma vez que grande parte dos estudos situados nesta problemática assumem unicamente a dimensão médica e biológica. As tensões nestas discussões retratam, entretanto, a nebulosidade deste diagnóstico que apresenta fragilidades na definição de seus sintomas e em suas práticas, para além de informações controversas. Desta forma, este trabalho apresenta-se com o objetivo de compreender a complexidade envolvida no processo de PHDA em mulheres portuguesas partindo de suas experiências no contexto escolar, entendendo suas particularidades, tecendo perceções de como mulheres diagnosticadas lidam com questões sobre a medicalização, maternidade, relações interpessoais, percurso acadêmico, carreira profissional, entre outros, assumindo o diagnóstico como uma bússola que norteia os objetivos específicos deste estudo. Para tanto, buscamos fazer uma escolha epistemológica que comprometa abarcar a complexidade desta temática, partindo de um olhar que reconheça o diagnóstico como um processo também de construção social que corrobora para a reconfiguração da identidade do indivíduo. Relativamente aos instrumentos metodológicos utilizou-se da netnografia para a seleção de participantes. Após a seleção, optou-se por realizar entrevistas semiestruturadas, sendo a análise temática o recurso escolhido para aprofundamento e análise dos dados recolhidos. As mulheres portuguesas diagnosticadas com PHDA selecionadas para este estudo trouxeram-nos, por meio das suas narrativas, reflexões sobre os efeitos sociais do diagnóstico e sobre os aspetos que desencadearam esses fenómenos, nomeadamente as experiências que vivenciaram no âmbito escolar e como estas experiências influenciaram este processo.
The emergence of a more in-depth discussion about ADHD (Attention Deficit Disorder and Hyperactivity Disorder) has raised increasingly more discussion groups regarding its diagnosis, treatments, and medicalization. These discussion groups, informal or promoted by entities or associations, seek to protect parents and educators, without much regard for the subjects themselves, denying the social dimension of their diagnosis, since most studies only take into consideration the scientific-biological dimension. The ongoing tensions in these discussions show, however, the diagnosis’ lack of clarity, presenting weaknesses in the definition on both its symptoms and practices, in addition to questionable information. In this manner, this research paper seeks to understand how ADHD affects Portuguese women, starting from their experience within the schooling system, understanding their peculiarities, and how diagnosed women deal with issues regarding such as medication, maternity, relationships, academic path, professional career, among others, taking the diagnosis as a compass that guides this study’s main objectives. Therefore, we seek to make an epistemological choice that embraces the complexity of this issue, starting from the point of view that sees the diagnosis as a process of social construction which corroborates the reconfiguration of the individual's own identity. Regarding methodology, nethnography was used in participant selection of participant. After the selection, biographical narratives were chosen through semi-structured interviews, with thematic analysis being the chosen resource for deepening and analyzing the collected data. The Portuguese women diagnosed with ADHD selected for this study brought us, through their narratives, reflections on the social effects of the diagnosis and on the aspects that triggered these phenomena, namely the experiences they lived through in their school environment and how said experiences influenced this process.
Der Beitrag besteht aus sieben Versuchen sich dem Phänomen Sprache zu nähern. Aus einer anthropologischen und soziologischen Perspektive analysiert er die Sprache als Medium der Selbst- und Fremderfahrung, die sich vor allem leiblich und nicht nur im Modus des Hörens und Sprechens vollzieht. Er untersucht das Verhältnis zwischen dem Faktischen und dem Möglichen, in deren Spannungsfeld Sprache ihre Wirkung entfaltet und stellt fest, das Sprache alternativlos ist. Er weist der Sprache eine zentrale Stellung im Konzert der Künste zu und versteht sie als Ort der Intermedialität, an dem sich unterschiedliche künstlerische Disziplinen begegnen und aufeinander beziehen lassen.
The seventh and last chapter of L.S. Vygotsky's main work "Thinking and Speech" (1934) devoted to relations of thought and language, is usually viewed as his last word in psychology. Although the chapter became famous, its structure has seldom been subjected to textual analysis. The article analyzes the structure of argumentation of Chapter 7 and reveals previously undiscovered sources of quoting which LS. Vygosky used to support his views, defining unmarked fragments of linguistic works by F. Man, K. Vossler, R. Shilling, LP. Yakubinsky, identifying sources of quoting and verifying the quotations (specifically references to 25 fragments form L.P. Yakubinsky's work "On Dialogic Speech"). The authors put forward three connected hypotheses about the circumstances of preparing the manuscript of "Thinking and Speech" for publication which might have affected its peculiarities, namely: 1) due to LS. Vygotsky's grave illness and sudden death in June 1934 work on the book was interrupted, he had not prepared the last chapter for publication; 2) the monograph included material obtained in 1929-1932 and was compiled into a book for urgent publication due to the fact that LS. Vygotsky was to be awarded Ph.D. without presenting a doctoral dissertation in the situation of softening rules of awarding scientific degrees and academic titles in 1934; 3) the editors were unable to identify all references and quotations in the draft and removed quotation marks where they had not identified the source.
The seventh and last chapter of Vygotsky's Thinking and Speech (1934) is generally considered as his final word in psychology. It is a long chapter with a complex argumentative structure in which Vygotsky gives his view on the relationship between thinking and speech. Vygotsky's biographers have stated that the chapter was dictated in the final months of Vygotsky's life when his health was rapidly deteriorating. Although the chapter is famous, its structure has never been analyzed in any detail. In the present article we reveal its rhetorical structure and show how Vygotsky drew on many hitherto unrevealed sources to convince the reader of his viewpoint.
A partir do pensamento de Benjamin sobre a repetição, a mimese e a semelhança não física, chega-se à linguagem e ao prazer do signo, que são discutidos à luz do pensamento de Heidegger sobre a origem da poesia e da obra de arte. O problema da origem da linguagem faz o pano de fundo da discussão.
This chapter focuses on aphasia and bilingualism. Recovery is said to be antagonistic when one language regresses as the other progresses. Recovery is said to be successive when one language does not begin to reappear until another has been restored. Successive recovery may also be a part of a selective restitution pattern. The chapter presents a case study of a patient who first recovered from his Bulgarian mother tongue and then from German and Russian, but recovered from neither French nor English. Recovery is said to be selective when the patient does not regain one or more of his languages. It has also been observed that sometimes the language preferentially recovered is neither the mother tongue nor the most fluent language but the language of the patient's milieu, that is, the language spoken by the hospital staff. However, no single characteristic of the language preferentially restituted seems to be the determining factor of its recovery.
An inherent tension exists in the history of psychoanalysis and its applications between the concepts of freedom and security. in Managed Lives, this tension is explored from the point of view of therapeutic experience. Set against the background of Freud’s contested legacy, the book examines ways of managing oneself under psychiatric supervision, in the analytic encounter and in the emotional and moral contexts of everyday life.
First published in 1945, Maurice Merleau-Ponty’s monumental Phénoménologie de la perception signalled the arrival of a major new philosophical and intellectual voice in post-war Europe. Breaking with the prevailing picture of existentialism and phenomenology at the time, it has become one of the landmark works of twentieth-century thought. This new translation, the first for over fifty years, makes this classic work of philosophy available to a new generation of readers.
A comparison of child language with deteriorated language in senile dementia shows the two to be very dissimilar. The principal language symptoms in dementia are impoverished vocabulary, word groping, repetitiveness, disorders of syntax, semantics, and phonology resembling the paraphasic phenomena in aphasia due to sudden focal lesions. It is proposed that the language disorganization is due to a combination of breakdowns in various functions and processes. The authors reject the notion that aphasias due to localized lesions are simply disturbances in performance (in Chomsky's sense) while the language disturbances in the demented are a simple consequence of underlying thought disorders.
The activation of the phonatory organs through the production of a verbal automatic activity during the completion of varions mental tasks (mental calculation, non verbal perceptive task, etc..) is concomitant with a reduction of the subject efficiency.
Howewer the disturbance is related to the degree of automaticity of the task : if its only requirement from the subject is a stereotyped behaviour, the implicit verbalization is not very instrumental. But when the task requires elaborate behaviours, the activation of phonatory organs leads to a dislurbance in the very mechanisms of its solution.
The quantitative as well as qualitative analysis of the results gives evidence of the importance of interindividual differences that will be subjected to further experiments.
In the 1940s, Georges Canguilhem has established the concept of biological normativity on the level of the organism in his
key work on “The Normal and the Pathological”. We would like to present a contemporary analysis of Canguilhem’s work, set it in context with more recent results from
the field of complexity and immunology, and evaluate the problematic whether normativity is a genuine capacity of the organism.
Based on Canguilhem’s conditions of the definition of biological normativity, we show that the immune system as one of the
complex systems of the living equally shares the capacity to be normative. We will then conclude that normativity can also
be conceptually independently displayed on the level of complex systems of the living.
This chapter outlines the axiomatic bases for developmental science and briefly reviews its historical origins. It sets up the criterion of consistency—if development is conceptualized as a process it has to be investigated as such—rather than relying on standard nondevelopmental outcome “measures” to govern the empirical part of the knowledge construction effort. Development is conceptualized as qualitative transformation of psychological, social, and psychological structures—that emerge and are maintained through person and environment relations. Methodological innovations that are emphasized include: systemic causality, primacy of single-case longitudinal investigations over cross-sectional aggregation of data for large samples, and the focus on qualitative transformation of structures. The chapter also outlines the implications of the Method of Double Stimulation (introduced by Lev Vygotsky) for the study of development. Developmental science is organism-centered—in the human case that entails assuming a person-centered life-course perspective. Contemporary cultural psychology leads to leaving mono-culturally relevant discourses about children far behind and moving towards constructing a general – yet context-sensitive—science of development.
Keywords:
culture;
epigenesist;
genetic logic;
idiographic science;
methodology
Une population de trente déments, de degré varié de détérioration mentale et d'étiologies diverses (démence et démence-aphasie), ont été soumis à un ensemble d'épreuves psycholinguistiques (génération conditionnée de phrases, répétitions de mots et de logatomes, transformations, textes lacunaires, repérage de fautes grammaticales et/ou sémantiques, synonymes, contraires, etc). Les résultats obtenus mettent en évidence les caractéres distinctifs des désorganisations du langage chez les aphasiques et les déments et permettent une approche des particularités propres aux perturbations démentielles. A côté de comportements subsistant à travers les diverses épreuves (opposition, inertie, persévération, commentaires, écholalie, etc), les modalités des performances indiquent la prévalence des contraintes syntagmatiques sur les choix paradigmatiques, des expériences idiosémiologiques substituées aux modéles généraux, une imprécision sinon un effondrement des catégories syntactico-sémantiques et des corrélations lexématiques. D'une maniére générale, l'incapacité à générer de nouveaux messages permet d'envisager comme une hypothèse pour les analyses ultérieures l'atteinte des structures profondes, qui s'accompagne parfois de perturbations au niveau des structures de surface.
Ladies and Gentlemen, dear colleagues, I feel very honoured to have been invited to give this 32nd Foulkes Lecture. Twenty-two years after his death, Foulkes has become a historical figure. There are not too many here tonight, who have met him in person or have personally been trained, taught or analyzed by him. For the rest of us, Foulkes is but a famous name, an author and, of course, a founding father figure, in whose name we work and come together every year. Becoming a figure of historical interest makes one pass from the subject of personal reverence to one of common interest, a subject of historical study. This moment has arrived now. Why did I choose to speak of a group analytic moment in the title of my lecture? It is because I think that Introduction to Group Analytic Psychotherapy (1948) (is not just the title of a book, it also marks a complex moment. It is the moment of Foulkes, but not only a Foulksean moment. And it is this moment, which I think deserves to be revisited sixty years later. Depending on how we read it, Introduction to Group Analytic Psychotherapy (1948) tells different stories. Although it is not a work of fiction, it resembles what the Spanish novelist Antonio Munoz-Molina has called 'una novela de novelas', a novel full of novels (2004). The basic storyline is, of course, that it gives us the first consistent account of group analysis as a coherent clinical theory and practice. Although Foulkes himself announced it only as an 'introduction', for Brown and Zinkin it was 'remarkable' in so far as it already contained most his ideas on group analysis (1994: 2). J. R. Rees in his foreword called it a 'careful primer of group analysis' (1948 [1983]: vi). However, Introduction to Group Analytic Psychotherapy (1948) is more than a textbook of group psychotherapy. Describing Foulkes' experiences in World War II and his participation in the so called second Northfield 'experiment' from March 1943 until December 1945 'in considerable detail' (Foulkes, E. 1990: 15; cf. Foulkes, 1948 [1983]: 42 u. 53), the book is also a document of the early history of group psychotherapy in Britain. As a personal account of Northfield and of those taking part in its 'experiments', Foulkes considered it 'a Group Affair' (Foulkes, 1948 [1983]: 21). And yet it is more than a document of psychiatric and/or psychotherapeutic history. It is of general historical interest insofar that it highlights a specific moment in the history of postwar Britain, a moment which I have called the 'group analytic moment.' Beyond these social-historical aspects, Foulkes' book also gives evidence of a singular desire, i.e. his desire to make the group an object of desire. This is, of course its most intimate aspect and one that is most difficult to grasp. To ignore it, would prevent us to understand the full range of the author's motives including the very personal ones. Writing Introduction to Group Analytic Psychotherapy (1948) was, as Foulkes said, 'the result of many years working and thinking' (1968c: 204). Written in only three weeks, it builds on five previous papers on the subject of group therapy. Another paper to which Foulkes made no explicit reference in the bibliography, is his own lengthy study of the biological views of Kurt Goldstein initially published in German in 1936. All these works contribute to its textual body. According to the table of contents, the full text consists of five parts, starting with a 'general introduction' and ending with a 'survey'. To read the first part even today is a breathtaking experience. In the first thirty pages, Foulkes lays all his group analytic cards on the table. Writing like someone who has so much to say that he does not even have the time to take off his coat, he gives a concise, tightly argued overview of his basic theoretical assumptions and his clinical principles. 'This volume', he stated in the preface, 'puts the Method into the Centre, emphasizes the special features of the "Group-analytic situation" and the Role of the Conductor, or Leader in creating this situation' (1948, p. vii).
A test of sentence comprehension administered in four input-output modality combinations to a group of aphasic bilinguals and monolingual hispanophones provides evidence that aphasics tend to use pragmatic-mode (in the sense of Givón, 1979, On understanding-grammar, New York, Academic Press) strategies in approaching this task. When five factors were identified and dichotomized with respect to the pragmatic-mode-syntactic-mode dimension, the patients performed significantly better on items classified as pragmatic than on those classified as syntactic, in both languages. The results support a vertical/hierarchical view of aphasic language dissolution.
Experiences of gradually recovering lost memories may shed some light on the cognitive mechanism underlying remembering. We (1) easily remember the external frame (the context) of the lost memory; (2) experience the emergence of its internal frame (category or genre); (3) recall its configuration, its rhythmic skeleton or its dynamic structure; (4) and even sketch it by a gesture; (5) recall our evaluation of the person or our impression of the event we cannot remember; (6) find the central object may emerge in a disguised (symbolic) form; (7) find the abortive first attempt to reconstruct the lost memory may contain an unconscious interpretation of the hidden event or the forgotten dream. Gradual remembering follows on the whole the path of verbal evolution. Trying to recapture lost memories we are compelled to make use of preverbal forms of mental elaboration and expression (visual thinking, gesture language, symbols). At the same time, recovery of lost memories has much in common with the procedure of scientific discovery. Discovery could be considered as a paradoxical form of remembering: recovering the unknown. Scientific metaphors uncover ('remember') preconscious and unconscious knowledge. In his studies on Farkas Bólyai, Imre Hermann made an attempt to interpret scientific theories much in the same way that Freud, Jones, Rank, Reik, Hanns Sachs, Róheim analysed myths, rituals, literary and artistic works. He traces back some essential features of Bólyai's discovery to repressed early memories and fantasies of the great mathematician.
The theory of dynamical systems allows one to describe the change in a system's macroscopic behavior as a bifurcation in the underlying dynamics. We show here, from the example of depressive syndrome, the existence of a correspondence between clinical and electro-physiological dimensions and the association between clinical remission and brain dynamics reorganization (i.e. bifurcation). On the basis of this experimental study, we discuss the interest of such results concerning the question of normality versus pathology in psychiatry and the relationship between mind and brain.
This paper presents a comparative analysis of the research on aphasia carried out by the linguist Roman Jakobson and the neuropsychiatrist Kurt Goldstein. The linguistic theory of aphasia advocated by Jakobson in the 1950s and 1960s is based on clinical case studies reported by Goldstein at the beginning of the 1930s. However, Jakobson used Goldstein's clinical observations without taking into account his theoretical work on language pathology. In particular, Jakobson fed the symptoms described by Goldstein into a structuralist model, allowing him to predict different types of aphasia deductively. Goldstein, however, saw the clinical manifestations of aphasia as a particular way of being in the world. By studying the changes associated with the patient's reaction to the disease, Goldstein wanted to reach an understanding of language functioning in the normal subject. He distinguished between an instrumental use and a symbolic use of language, the latter mainly characteristic of language use in the normal subject. Only a symbolic use reveals the essence of language by showing its intimate nature, the psychic link tying the subject to the world.
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