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Volume 6 • Issue 5 • 1000249
J Chem Eng Process Technol
ISSN: 2157-7048 JCEPT, an open access journal
Research Article Open Access
Trivedi et al., J Chem Eng Process Technol 2015, 6:5
http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7048.1000249
Research Article Open Access
Chemical Engineering &
Process Technology
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ISSN: 2157-7048
Physical, Thermal and Spectroscopic Characterization of Biofield Treated
p
-Chloro-
m
-cresol
Mahendra Kumar Trivedi1, Alice Branton1, Dahryn Trivedi1, Gopal Nayak1, Ragini Singh2 and Snehasis Jana2*
1Trivedi Global Inc., 10624 S Eastern Avenue Suite A-969, Henderson, NV 89052, USA
2Trivedi Science Research Laboratory Pvt. Ltd., Hall-A, Chinar Mega Mall, Chinar Fortune City, Hoshangabad Rd., Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
*Corresponding author: Snehasis Jana, Trivedi Science Research Laboratory
Pvt. Ltd., Hall-A, Chinar Mega Mall, Chinar Fortune City, Hoshangabad Rd.,
Bhopal-462 026, Madhya Pradesh, India, Tel: 91-755-6660006; E-mail:
publication@trivedisrl.com
Received September 01, 2015; Accepted September 28, 2015; Published
October 03, 2015
Citation: Trivedi MK, Branton A, Trivedi D, Nayak G, Singh R, et al. (2015) Physical,
Thermal and Spectroscopic Characterization of Bioeld Treated p-Chloro-m-cresol.
J Chem Eng Process Technol 6: 249. doi:10.4172/2157-7048.1000249
Copyright: © 2015 Trivedi MK, et al. This is an open-access article distributed
under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits
unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
original author and source are credited.
Abstract
p-Chloro-m-cresol(PCMC) is widely used in pharmaceutical industries as biocide and preservative. However, it faces the problems
of solubility in water and photo degradation. The aim of present study was to evaluate the impact of bioeld treatment on physical,
thermal and spectral properties of PCMC. For this study, PCMC sample was divided into two groups i.e., one served as treated and
other as control. The treated group received Mr. Trivedi’s bioeld treatment and both control and treated samples of PCMC were
characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), surface area analyser, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis
(TGA), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-
MS). The XRD result showed a 12.7% increase in crystallite size in treated samples along with increase in peak intensity as compared
to control. Moreover, surface area analysis showed a 49.36% increase in surface area of treated PCMC sample as compared to
control. The thermal analysis showed signicant decrease (25.94%) in the latent heat of fusion in treated sample as compared to
control. However, no change was found in other parameters like melting temperature, onset temperature of degradation, and Tmax
(temperature at which maximum weight loss occur). The FT-IR spectroscopy did not show any signicant change in treated PCMC
sample as compared to control. Although, the UV-Vis spectra of treated samples showed characteristic absorption peaks at 206
and 280 nm, the peak at 280 nm was not found in control sample. The control sample showed another absorbance peak at 247 nm.
GC-MS data revealed that carbon isotopic ratio (δ13C) was changed up to 204% while δ18O and δ37Cl isotopic ratio were signicantly
changed up to 142% in treated samples as compared to control. These ndings suggest that bioeld treatment has signicantly altered
the physical, thermal and spectroscopic properties, which can affect the solubility and stability of p-chloro-m-cresol and make it more
useful as a pharmaceutical ingredient.
Keywords: Bioeld treatment; p-chloro-m-cresol; X-ray
diraction; Surface area analysis; Dierential scanning calorimetry;
ermogravimetric analysis; Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy;
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy; Gas chromatography-mass
spectrometry
Introduction
p-Chloro-m-cresol (PCMC) which is also known as chlorocresol
(Figure 1), is used as an external germicide and bactericide agent. It
has bactericidal activity against Gram positive and Gram negative
organisms, along with yeasts, moulds and spores [1]. It is also used as
preservative for various pharmaceutical preparations like cosmetics,
lotions, tanning agents, and topical corticosteroids [2,3]. Other than
that, it is also used in glues, paints and varnishes, and leather goods
[4]. Moreover, it is used widely in eye drops, injections, shampoos
and emulsions due to its disinfectant and antifungal properties [5]. Its
antiseptic property makes it suitable for use in heparin solutions, and
in various creams for skin care and dermatological care [6,7]. Apart
from that, it is reported as potent activator of Ca2+ release mediated
by ruthenium red/caeine-sensitive Ca2+ release channel in skeletal
muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum [8].
Although PCMC is widely used in pharmaceutical preparations
but its eectiveness was reduced due to some problems related to
solubility and stability [9]. Hence some alternative strategies are
needed which can modulate the physicochemical properties of PCMC.
e bioeld treatment is an alternative strategy which is known to alter
the properties of living and non-living materials. Bioeld treatment is
considered under complementary and alternative medicine and based
on subtle energy eld called bioeld energy [10-12]. e human beings
are infused with this precise form of energy. It is the scientically
dened as biologically produced electromagnetic and subtle energy
eld that provides regulatory and communication functions within
the organism [13-15]. e health of living organisms can be inected
by balancing this energy from environment through natural exchange
process [16]. us, human has the ability to harness the energy from
environment or universe and can transmit into any living or non-living
object(s) around the Universe. e objects always receive the energy
and responding into useful way, that is called bioeld energy and the
process is known as bioeld treatment. Mr. Trivedi’s unique bioeld
treatment (e Trivedi Eect®) is known to alter the growth and yield
properties of plants in the eld of agriculture [17-19]. e eect of
bioeld treatment was also reported on plant’s growth, anatomical
characteristics and adaptation in biotechnology eld [20,21] and
Figure 1: Chemical structure of p-chloro-m-cresol.
Page 2 of 8
Citation: Trivedi MK, Branton A, Trivedi D, Nayak G, Singh R, et al. (2015) Physical, Thermal and Spectroscopic Characterization of Bioeld Treated
p-Chloro-m-cresol. J Chem Eng Process Technol 6: 249. doi:10.4172/2157-7048.1000249
Volume 6 • Issue 5 • 1000249
J Chem Eng Process Technol
ISSN: 2157-7048 JCEPT, an open access journal
(5 mL/min) and a heating rate of 10°C/min in the temperature range
of 50°C to 350°C. An empty pan sealed with cover pan was used as a
reference sample. Melting temperature and latent heat of fusion were
obtained from the DSC curve.
Percent change in latent heat of fusion was calculated using
following equations to observe the dierence in thermal properties of
treated PCMC sample as compared to control:
[ ]
Treated Control
Control
HH
% change in Latent heat of fusion 100
H
∆ −∆
= ×
∆
Where, ΔH Control and ΔH Treated are the latent heat of fusion of
control and treated samples, respectively.
ermogravimetric analysis/Derivative thermogravimetry
(TGA/DTG)
ermal stability of control and treated sample of PCMC was
analysed by using Mettler Toledo simultaneous ermogravimetric
analyser (TGA/DTG). e samples were heated from room temperature
to 400ºC with a heating rate of 5ºC/min under air atmosphere. From
TGA curve, onset temperature Tonset (temperature at which sample
start losing weight) and from DTG curve, Tmax (temperature at which
sample lost its maximum weight) were observed.
Percent change in onset peak temperature was calculated using
following equation:
% change in onset peak temperature Tonset=[(Tonset, treated−Tonset, control)/
Tonset, control] × 100
Where, Tonset, control and Tonset, treated are onset peak temperature in
control and treated sample, respectively.
Spectroscopic studies
For determination of FT-IR and UV-Vis spectroscopic characters,
the treated sample was divided into two groups i.e., T1 and T2. Both
treated groups were analysed for their spectral characteristics using FT-
IR and UV-Vis spectroscopy as compared to control PCMC sample.
For GC-MS analysis, the treated sample was divided into four groups
i.e., T1, T2, T3, and T4 and all treated groups were analysed along with
control sample for isotopic abundance ratio of carbon, oxygen and
chlorine.
FT-IR spectroscopic characterization
e samples were crushed into ne powder for analysis. e
powdered sample was mixed in spectroscopic grade KBr in an
agate mortar and pressed into pellets with a hydraulic press. FT-IR
spectra were recorded on Shimadzu’s Fourier transforms infrared
spectrometer (Japan). e samples were prepared by grinding the dry
blended powders of control and treated PCMC with powdered KBr,
and then compressed to form discs.FT-IR spectra were generated by
the absorption of electromagnetic radiation in the frequency range
4000-400 cm-1. e FT-IR spectroscopic analysis of PCMC (control, T1
and T2) were carried out to evaluate the impact of bioeld treatment
at atomic and molecular level like bond strength, stability, and rigidity
of structure etc. [28].
UV-Vis spectroscopic analysis
e UV-Vis spectral analysis was measured using Shimadzu
UV-2400 PC series spectrophotometer. It involved the absorption of
electromagnetic radiation from 200-400 nm range and subsequent
excitation of electrons to higher energy states. It was equipped with
phenotypic characters of microorganisms in eld of microbiology [22-
24]. Besides that, the impact of bioeld treatment was also reported on
physical, thermal and spectral properties of various metals and organic
compounds [25-27]. Hence, the current study was designed to evaluate
the impact of bioeld treatment on physical, thermal and spectroscopic
properties of PCMC.
Materials and Methods
Sample preparation
P-chloro-m-cresol (PCMC) was procured from Sisco Research
Laboratories, India. e sample was divided into two parts; one
was kept as a control while other was coded as treated sample. e
treatment sample in sealed pack was handed over to Mr. Trivedi for
bioeld treatment under standard laboratory conditions. Mr. Trivedi
provided the treatment through his energy transmission process to the
treated group without touching the sample. e bioeld treated sample
was returned in the similarly sealed condition. Both control and treated
samples were characterized using XRD, surface area analyser, DSC,
TGA, FT-IR, UV-Vis and GC-MS spectroscopic techniques.
X-ray diraction (XRD) study
XRD analysis was carried out on Phillips, Holland PW 1710 X-ray
diractometer system. e X-ray generator was equipped with a copper
anode with nickel lter operating at 35 kV and 20 mA. e radiation of
wavelength used by the XRD system was 1.54056 Å. e XRD spectra
were acquired over the 2θ range of 10°-99.99° at 0.02° interval with a
measurement time of 0.5 second per 2θ intervals. e data obtained
were in the form of a chart of 2θ vs. intensity and a detailed table
containing peak intensity counts, d value (Å), peak width (θ°), and
relative intensity (%) etc.
e average size of crystallite (G) was calculated from the Scherrer
equation with the method based on the width of the diraction patterns
obtained in the X-ray reected crystalline region.
G=kλ/ (bCosθ)
Where, k is the equipment constant (0.94), λ is the X-ray wavelength
(0.154 nm), B in radians is the full-width at half of the peaks and θ the
corresponding Bragg angle.
However, percent change in crystallite size was calculated using the
following equation:
Percent change in crystallite size=[(Gt-Gc)/Gc] × 100
Where, Gc and Gt are crystallite size of control and treated powder
samples respectively.
Surface area analysis
e surface area was measured by the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller
(BET) surface area analyser, Smart SORB 90. Percent changes in
surface area were calculated using following equation:
[ ]
Treated Control
Control
SS
% change in Surface area 100
S
−
= ×
Where, S Control and S Treated are the surface area of control and treated
samples respectively.
Dierential scanning calorimetry (DSC) study
For studies related to melting temperature and latent heat of fusion
of PCMC, Dierential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC) of Perkin Elmer/
Pyris-1 was used. e DSC curves were recorded under air atmosphere
Page 3 of 8
Citation: Trivedi MK, Branton A, Trivedi D, Nayak G, Singh R, et al. (2015) Physical, Thermal and Spectroscopic Characterization of Bioeld Treated
p-Chloro-m-cresol. J Chem Eng Process Technol 6: 249. doi:10.4172/2157-7048.1000249
Volume 6 • Issue 5 • 1000249
J Chem Eng Process Technol
ISSN: 2157-7048 JCEPT, an open access journal
1 cm quartz cell and a slit width of 2.0 nm. e UV-Vis spectra of
PCMC were recorded in methanol solution at ambient temperature.
is analysis was performed to evaluate the eect of bioeld treatment
on the structural property of PCMC sample. e UV-Vis spectroscopy
provided the preliminary information related to the skeleton of chemical
structure and possible arrangement of functional groups. With UV-Vis
spectroscopy, it was possible to investigate electron transfers between
orbitals or bands of atoms, ions and molecules existing in the gaseous,
liquid and solid phase [28].
GC-MS analysis
e Gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis
was performed on Perkin Elmer/auto system XL with Turbo Mass,
USA, having detection limit up to 1 pictogram. For GC-MS analysis
the treated sample was further divided into four parts as T1, T2, T3 and
T4. e GC-MS data was obtained in the form of % abundance vs. mass
to charge ratio (m/z), which is known as mass spectrum. e isotopic
ratio of δ13C, δ18O and δ37Cl were expressed by their deviation in
observed value as compared to the control sample. PM was considered
as primary molecule and molecular ion peak of PCMC molecule is
known as (PM+1) peak which comes from the molecules that contain
a 13C atom in place of a 12C. e percent change in isotopic ratio of δ13C
i.e., from observed value was computed from the following formula:
13 Treated Control
Control
RR
percent change C isotopic ratio 100
R
−
δ=×
(1)
Where, RTreated and RControl were ratio of intensity at m/z=143 to m/
z=142 in mass spectra of treated and control samples, respectively.
Similarly, the percent change in isotopic ratio of δ18O and δ37Cl were
computed.
Results and Discussion
X-ray diraction
X-ray diraction analysis was conducted to study the crystalline
nature of the control and treated sample of PCMC. X-ray diractogram
of control and treated samples of PCMC are shown in Figure 2. e
X-ray diractogram of control PCMC showed intense crystalline
peaks at 2θ equals to 14.29°, 14.48°, 16.28°, 24.61°, 26.93°, 27.22°,
and 31.83°. e intense peaks indicated the crystalline nature of
PCMC. However, the X-ray diractogram of treated PCMC showed
the crystalline peaks at 2θ equals to 14.12°, 14.27°, 15.71°, and 31.90°.
e peak at 2θ equals to 15.71° showed high intensity as compared
to control which indicated that crystallinity of treated PCMC sample
increased along the corresponding plane as compared to control. It
was reported that the crystal structure of PCMC was characterized by
two independent molecules which were dierent from each other in
terms of O-H—O, C-H—π and π-π interactions. ese non-covalent
interactions emphasize the dierent spatial environment for both
types of molecules. Besides, the molecules of PCMC possess dierent
symmetrical positions due to these intermolecular bonding [29].
It is presumed that bioeld energy may be absorbed by the treated
PCMC molecules that may lead to breaking of these intermolecular
interactions. Due to this, the PCMC molecules may form a symmetrical
crystalline long range pattern which further leads to increasing the
symmetry of PCMC molecules. Further, the intensity of other peaks
decreased in treated sample as compared to control. Hence the other
possibility for increased intensity of peak at 2θ equals to 15.71° is that
the molecules of neighbouring plane may orient themselves in this
plane aer bioeld treatment. Besides, the crystallite size was found to
be 86.58 and 97.58 nm in control and treated PCMC, respectively. e
crystallite size was increased by 12.71% in treated PCMC as compared
to control (Figure 3). It is hypothesized that bioeld energy might
induce the movement of crystallite boundaries that causes growth of
crystals and hence increased crystallite size [30,31].
Surface area analysis
e surface area of control and treated samples of PCMC were
investigated using BET method. e control sample showed a surface
area of 0.109 m2/g; however, the treated sample of PCMC showed a
surface area of 0.163 m2/g. e increase in surface area was 49.54%
in the treated PCMC sample as compared to control (Figure 3). Our
group previously reported that bioeld treatment probably increase
the surface area due to reduction in particle size through high internal
strain and energy milling [30]. Hence, it might be the reason for increase
in surface area of treated PCMC as compared to control sample. As it
was reported that PCMC is slightly soluble in water hence, the treated
sample with increased surface area can help to increase the solubility of
PCMC and may solve the solubility problem during manufacturing of
several pharmaceutical products.
ermal studies
DSC analysis: DSC was used to determine the latent heat of fusion
Control
Treated
Figure 2: X-ray diffractogram (XRD) of control and treated samples of p-chloro-
m-cresol.
Page 4 of 8
Citation: Trivedi MK, Branton A, Trivedi D, Nayak G, Singh R, et al. (2015) Physical, Thermal and Spectroscopic Characterization of Bioeld Treated
p-Chloro-m-cresol. J Chem Eng Process Technol 6: 249. doi:10.4172/2157-7048.1000249
Volume 6 • Issue 5 • 1000249
J Chem Eng Process Technol
ISSN: 2157-7048 JCEPT, an open access journal
(ΔH) and melting temperature in control and treated sample of PCMC.
e DSC analysis results of control and treated samples of PCMC are
presented in Table 1. In a solid, the amount of energy required to change
the phase from solid to liquid is known as the latent heat of fusion. e
data showed that ΔH was decreased from 134.79 J/g (control) to 99.82
J/g in treated PCMC. It indicated that ΔH was decreased by 25.94% in
treated sample as compared to control. It was previously reported that
PCMC molecules possess intermolecular interactions [29]. Hence, it is
hypothesized that bioeld energy was absorbed by PCMC molecules
that possibly breaks the intermolecular bonding between O-H····O,
C-H····π and π····π bonds. Hence, the treated PCMC sample needs less
energy in the form of ΔH to undergo the process of melting. is result
was also supported by XRD studies. Previously, our group reported
that bioeld treatment has altered ΔH in lead and tin powder [32].
Moreover, the melting temperature of treated (66.67°C) sample showed
very slight change with respect to control (66.17°C) PCMC sample.
TGA/DTG analysis: ermogravimetric analysis/derivative
thermogravimetry analysis (TGA/DTG) of control and bioeld treated
samples are summarized in Table 1. TGA thermogram showed that
control PCMC sample started losing weight around 145°C (onset) and
stopped around 187°C (end set). However, the treated PCMC started
losing weight around 130°C (onset) and terminated around 197°C (end
set). It indicated that onset temperature of treated PCMC decreased by
10.34% as compared to control. Besides, DTG thermogram data showed
that Tmax in control and treated sample were approximately same i.e.,
161.49°C and 161.29°C, respectively. e result of TGA/DTG analysis
did not revealed any signicant change except the onset temperature
which was slightly decreased in treated sample as compared to control.
Spectroscopic studies
FT-IR analysis: e FT-IR spectra of control and treated (T1 and
T2) samples are shown in Figure 4. e spectra showed characteristic
vibrational frequencies as follows:
Carbon-hydrogen vibrations
e frequency of C-H stretching was observed at 3072 cm-1 in
all three samples i.e., control, T1 and T2. e C-H in-plane bending
vibrations lie in the region of 1000-1300 cm-1 which were observed at
1163, 1130 and 1053 cm-1 in control and T1 sample whereas, at 1165,
1130 and 1053 cm-1 in T2 sample. e C-H out-of-plane bending
vibrations appeared at 808 cm-1 in all three samples i.e., control, T1
and T2.
Oxygen-hydrogen vibrations
In the present study the O-H stretching vibration was observed
at 3286 cm-1 in control sample, whereas at 3277 and 3292 cm-1 in T1
and T2 samples respectively. e peak due to O-H in-plane bending
vibrations was observed at 1327 cm-1 in control and T1 sample and at
1329 cm-1 in T2 sample.
C-O group vibration
e most important peak due to C-O stretching mode appeared at
1240 cm-1 in control and T1 sample and at 1242 cm-1 in T2 sample. is
mode can be described as coupled vibrations, involving C-H stretch
along with aromatic ring vibration.
Methyl group (CH3) vibration
e PCMC possess a CH3 group in the third position of the ring.
e infrared band with sharp peaks found at 2924, 2850 and 2789 cm-1
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Percent (%) change
Crystallite size
Surface area
Figure 3: Percent change (%) in crystallite size and surface area of treated
sample of p-Chloro-m-cresol as compared to control.
Control
T1
T2
Figure 4: FT-IR spectra of control and treated (T1 and T2) samples of p-chloro-
m-cresol.
Parameter Control Treated
Latent heat of fusion ΔH (J/g) 134.78 99.82
Melting point (ºC) 66.17 66.67
Onset temperature (ºC) 145 130
Tmax (ºC) 161.49 161.29
Table 1: Thermal analysis of control and treated samples of p-chloro-m-cresol.
Tmax: Temperature at which maximum weight loss occur; PCMC: p-Chloro-m-
cresol.
Page 5 of 8
Citation: Trivedi MK, Branton A, Trivedi D, Nayak G, Singh R, et al. (2015) Physical, Thermal and Spectroscopic Characterization of Bioeld Treated
p-Chloro-m-cresol. J Chem Eng Process Technol 6: 249. doi:10.4172/2157-7048.1000249
Volume 6 • Issue 5 • 1000249
J Chem Eng Process Technol
ISSN: 2157-7048 JCEPT, an open access journal
in control sample, at 2922, 2850 and 2785 cm-1 in T1 and at 2922, 2850
and 2785 cm-1 in T2 samples were assigned to CH3 stretching. e
methyl deformation modes which included in-plane, out-of-plane and
rocking modes were observed at 1435, 1506 and 1004 cm-1 in all three
samples i.e., controls, T1 and T2.
Ring vibrations
In the present study, the peaks observed at 1614, 1577 and 1477
cm-1 in control have been assigned to C-C stretching vibrations. In T1,
the peaks appeared at 1614, 1577 and 1475 cm-1 whereas in T2, these
peaks were appeared at 1614, 1577 and 1481 cm-1.
C-Cl vibrations
In FT-IR spectra, the strong band at 638 cm-1 was assigned to C-Cl
stretching vibration in all three samples i.e., control, T1 and T2. e
C-Cl in-plane bending and out-of-plane bending vibrations appeared
below 350 cm-1 which were not observed in spectra.
e overall analysis was supported from literature data [33] and
showed that there was no signicant dierence between observed
frequencies of control and treated (T1 and T2) samples. Hence, it shows
that bioeld treatment might not induce any changes at bonding level.
UV-Vis spectroscopic analysis
e UV spectra of control and treated samples (T1 and T2) of
PCMC are shown in Figure 5. e UV spectrum of control sample
showed absorption peaks at λmax equals to 206 and 247 nm. It was
also reported that PCMC may undergone the process of photolysis. It
happens because in the structure of PCMC, the chlorine and methyl
substituent occupy adjacent positions in aromatic ring which could
be a possible reason for photolytically induced interaction between
these groups. Hence, it is possible that intramolecular photolysis could
produce a mixture of intermediates [34], which might be responsible
for absorbing light and showed peak at wavelength 247 nm. However
the bioeld treated sample T1 showed absorption peaks at 204, 228
and 282 nm and T2 showed peaks at 203, 228 and 282 nm. Hence,
it is hypothesized that bioeld treatment might reduce the photo
degradation of PCMC that make it more suitable for use in various
pharmaceutical preparations.
GC-MS analysis
e mass spectra of control and treated (T1, T2, T3, and T4)
samples of PCMC (C7H7ClO) are shown in Figure 6a, 6b and 6c.
e mass spectra of control and treated samples showed dierent
intensities. Mass spectra showed that base peak was observed at m/
z=107 in control sample (Figure 6a). e treated samples i.e., T1, T3
and T4 also showed the base peak at m/z=107 whereas in T2 sample,
the base peak was found at m/z=142. Furthermore, the intense peaks
with dierent mass to charge ratio (m/z), of possible molecular ions
are illustrated in Table 2. It indicated that peak at m/z=107 and m/
z=142 in control and treated samples (T1, T2, T3, and T4) were due
to 12C7H6OH+ and 12C7H6ClO+ respectively. Computed result of carbon
isotopic ratio (δ13C) using equation (1) is shown in Table 3 and Figure
7. It showed that the percent change in δ13C of treated samples i.e.,
T1, T2, T3, and T4 were found as -4.10, 128.47, 204.85 and -6.36%,
respectively as compared to control sample. e signicant change was
observed in T2 and T3 samples which suggest that the 12C atoms in
T2 and T3, probably transformed into 13C by capturing one neutron
thereby increased 13C. Similarly, the computed result of oxygen
and chlorine isotopic ratio (δ18O and δ37Cl) is shown in Table 4 and
Figure 8. It showed that percent changes in δ18O and δ37Cl of treated
samples i.e., T1, T2, T3, and T4 were found as -3.25, 128.44, 142.28
and -3.67%, respectively as compared to control sample. e signicant
change found in T2 and T3 samples suggest the probable conversion
of 16O→18O and 35Cl→37Cl by capturing two neutrons aer bioeld
treatment. e inter-conversion of these isotopes can be possible if a
nuclear level reaction including the neutron and proton occurred aer
bioeld energy treatment. us, it is assumed that bioeld treatment
possibly induced the nuclear level reactions through its energy, which
may lead to alter the isotopic ratio of δ13C, δ18O and δ37Cl in treated
PCMC. Besides, it is well known that various isotopes of an element
have similar charge but dierent masses which means that heavier
isotope has greater mass as compared to lighter one. Also, greater the
mass of molecule means more energy is needed to break the bond.
Hence, it revealed that the treated samples (T2 and T3) might be more
stable, since the higher isotopes of carbon, oxygen and chlorine are
more abundant in these samples as compared to control [35,36].
us, GCMS data suggest that bioeld energy treatment has
signicantly altered the isotopic ratio of δ13C, δ18O and δ37Cl in
treated PCMC samples which make them more stable as compared
to control sample. e impact of bioeld energy treatment was also
analysed in some other similar structured compounds viz. thymol,
menthol, and resorcinol and it was reported that bioeld energy has
signicantly altered the physical, thermal and spectral properties of
those compounds [37,38].
Conclusion
e XRD study showed the increase in crystallinity as well as
crystallite size (12.71%) in treated sample as compared to control. e
Figure 5: UV-Vis spectra of control and treated (T1 and T2) samples of p-chloro-m-cresol.
Page 6 of 8
Citation: Trivedi MK, Branton A, Trivedi D, Nayak G, Singh R, et al. (2015) Physical, Thermal and Spectroscopic Characterization of Bioeld Treated
p-Chloro-m-cresol. J Chem Eng Process Technol 6: 249. doi:10.4172/2157-7048.1000249
Volume 6 • Issue 5 • 1000249
J Chem Eng Process Technol
ISSN: 2157-7048 JCEPT, an open access journal
Control T1
Figure 6a: GC-MS spectra of control and treated (T1) samples of p-chloro-m-cresol.
T3
T2
Figure 6b: GC-MS spectra of treated (T2 and T3) samples of p-chloro-m-cresol.
Page 7 of 8
Citation: Trivedi MK, Branton A, Trivedi D, Nayak G, Singh R, et al. (2015) Physical, Thermal and Spectroscopic Characterization of Bioeld Treated
p-Chloro-m-cresol. J Chem Eng Process Technol 6: 249. doi:10.4172/2157-7048.1000249
Volume 6 • Issue 5 • 1000249
J Chem Eng Process Technol
ISSN: 2157-7048 JCEPT, an open access journal
increase in crystallinity might be due to breaking of intermolecular
bonding aer bioeld treatment that results in more symmetrical
alignment of PCMC molecules. e surface area analysis also revealed
49.54% increase in surface area which might be helpful to increase
the solubility of treated PCMC as compared to control sample. e
DSC analysis of treated sample showed 25.94% decrease in ΔH value
as compared to control, which probably occurred due to absence of
intermolecular bonding in bioeld treated sample as reported in
XRD studies. e UV-Vis spectroscopic study revealed that bioeld
treatment probably reduces the photo degradation of PCMC sample.
On the other hand, the GC-MS data revealed the alteration in the
isotopic ratio of δ13C, δ18O and δ37Cl and increase in abundance of δ13C,
δ18O and δ37Cl in bioeld treated samples as compared to control. e
increased abundance of heavier isotopes suggests the increased stability
of treated samples as compared to control. In spite of wide applications
of PCMC, its eectiveness was reduced in presence of oils, fats or
non-ionic surfactants. Also it faces solubility problem in water and
can undergo the process of photo degradation which causes stability
issues. Hence, on the basis of above study results, it is concluded that
Ratio m/z Possible detected molecules
142 12C7H6ClO+
107 12C7H7O+
77 12C6H5
+
51 12C4H3
+
39 12C3H3
+
Table 2: Identication of peaks in mass spectra of p-chloro-m-cresol. PCMC:
p-Chloro-m-cresol.
Samples
Parameters
δ13C isotopic ratio Observed Percent change with respect
to control
Control 11.243 -
T1 10.782 -4.105
T2 25.69 128.477
T3 34.277 204.854
T4 10.528 -6.362
Table 3: δ13C isotopic ratio analysis result of p-chloro-m-cresol.
Samples
Parameters
δ18O and δ37Cl isotopic ratio
Observed
Percent change with respect
to control
Control 33.212 -
T1 32.130 -3.255
T2 75.87 128.441
T3 80.467 142.285
T4 31.990 -3.678
Table 4: δ18O and δ37Cl isotopic ratio in control and treated samples of p-chloro-
m-cresol.
T4
Figure 6c: GC-MS spectrum of treated (T4) sample of p-chloro-m-cresol.
Figure 7: Percent change in carbon isotopic ratio (δ13C) in treated samples as
compared to control.
Page 8 of 8
Citation: Trivedi MK, Branton A, Trivedi D, Nayak G, Singh R, et al. (2015) Physical, Thermal and Spectroscopic Characterization of Bioeld Treated
p-Chloro-m-cresol. J Chem Eng Process Technol 6: 249. doi:10.4172/2157-7048.1000249
Volume 6 • Issue 5 • 1000249
J Chem Eng Process Technol
ISSN: 2157-7048 JCEPT, an open access journal
bioeld treatment has signicantly altered the physical, thermal and
spectroscopic properties of PCMC which could make it more suitable
with respect to increased solubility and stability prole along with
reduction in problem of photo degradation.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to acknowledge the whole team of Sophisticated
Analytical Instrument Facility (SAIF), Nagpur, Indian Rubber Manufacturers
Research Association (IRMRA), Thane and MGV Pharmacy College, Nashik for
providing the instrumental facility. We are very grateful for the support of Trivedi
Science, Trivedi Master Wellness and Trivedi Testimonials in this research work.
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Figure 8: Percent change in δ18O and δ37Cl isotopic ratio in treated samples as
compared to control.
