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Illegal Trade and the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)
... The international trade in endangered species is monitored and regulated through recommendations made by Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) [38]. These recommendations are enforced at a national level by legislation. ...
... Normally, this legislation stipulates the names of the species that are protected. It is for these reasons that much interest at a research level has focused on methods of species identification [38,39]. ...
Animal forensic genetics, where the focus is on non-human species, is broadly divided in two: domestic species and wildlife. When traces of a domestic species are relevant to a forensic investigation the question of species identification is less important, as the material comes from either a dog or a cat for instance, but more relevant may be the identification of the actual pet. Identification of a specific animal draws on similar methods to those used in human identification by using microsatellite markers. The use of cat short tandem repeats to link a cat hair to a particular cat paved the way for similar identification of dogs. Wildlife forensic science is becoming accepted as a recognised discipline. There is growing acceptance that the illegal trade in wildlife is having devasting effects on the numbers of iconic species. Loci on the mitochondrial genome are used to identify the most likely species present. Sequencing the whole locus may not be needed if specific bases can be targeted. There can be benefits of increased sensitivity using mitochondrial loci for species testing, but occasionally there is an issue if hybrids are present. The use of massively parallel DNA sequencing has a role in the identification of the ingredients of traditional medicines where studies found protected species to be present, and a potential role in future species assignments. Non-human animal forensic testing can play a key role in investigations provided that it is performed to the same standards as all other DNA profiling processes.
... To begin with, the illicit trade of wildlife is a threat to national security, given the various nefarious actors and stakeholders involved and their intersection with transnational organized crime and terrorism [9][10][11][12][13][14]. Some well-known examples of the link between illegal trade of wildlife and terrorist organizations include Al Shabbab in Kenya and illegal ivory [11,15] and proscribed trade of rhino horns by the Seleka Fig. 1. ...
International wildlife trafficking (IWT) is a thriving and pervasive illegal enterprise that adversely affects modern societies. Yet, despite being globally recognized as a threat to biodiversity, national security, economy, and biosecurity, IWT remains largely unabated and is proliferating at an alarming rate. The increase in IWT is generally attributed to a lack of prioritization to curb wildlife crime through legal and scientific infrastructure. This review: (1) lays out the damaging scope and influence of IWT; (2) discusses the potential of DNA marker systems, barcodes, and emerging molecular technologies, such as long-read portable sequencing, to facilitate rapid, in situ identification of species and individuals; and (3) encourages initiatives that promote quality and innovation. Interdisciplinary collaboration promises to be one of the most effective ways forward to surmounting the complex scientific and legal challenges posed by IWT.
... Esta especie está catalogada como una especie de preocupación menor a nivel mundial por la UICN (Unión Internacional para la Conservación de la Naturaleza) (Birdlife International, 2016), como especie de preocupación de Categoría 3 a nivel europeo por el SPEC (Especies de Interés para la Conservación) ( Las aves son las especies de mayor comercio ilegal (Alves et al., 2013) y en el caso de la investigación forense que pudiera ser necesaria en estos casos, la identificación morfológica es el primer paso para determinar de que especie se trata (Sellar, 2009). Por otro lado, las aves rapaces nocturnas han sufrido desde tiempos inmemoriales una injusta mala fama, debido a supersticiones y creencias infundadas, que las ha llevado en algunos casos a ser perseguidas y eliminadas (Querol, 2015). ...
La lechuza común (Tyto alba) se encuentra protegida por considerarse como una especie beneficiosa para la actividad silvoagropecuaria, la mantención de ecosistemas y para la salud humana. El presente estudio descriptivo corresponde a un análisis de un cadáver de lechuza común, donde se estudiaron los huesos de la región pélvica, femoral, tibiotarsal, tarsometatarsiana y región falángica. Se concluye que el espécimen estudiado posee estructuras óseas similares a otras aves, principalmente rapaces; sin embargo, se destaca la diferencia de tamaños entre las crestas iliacas, la profundidad de la fosa de la cabeza femoral, la gran fusión entre el tibiotarso y la fíbula, el hipotarso formado solo por una proyección hacia lateral en el hueso tarsometatarso y el gran desarrollo de los procesos flexores de las falanges ungueales.
... Đánh giá hiện trạng bảo tồn: Trên phạm vi toàn cầu thì vào năm 1998 có khoảng 10 loài Lan của Việt Nam được nêu trong số 34.000 loài bị đe doạ tuyệt chủng[6], còn đến năm 2001 không còn thấy loài nào trong số hơn 10.000 loài được kể ra. Toàn bộ các loài thuộc chi Paphiopedilum được xếp vào phụ lục I của CITES[5], tất cả các loài Lan còn lại vào phụ lục II. Trong phạm vi Việt Nam thì Sách đỏ[4] đánh giá Paphiopedilum appletonianum vào thứ hạng Đang bị tuyệt chủng (EN). ...
Studies of more than 220 numbers of collecting specimens of Bach Ma NP have recorded 116 species of orchids
belonging to 60 genera, representing 14 % of the number of species and 42 % of the number of orchid genera in
Vietnam. On one hand 18 genera and 65 species were added to the orchid flora of Bach Ma NP, on the other one 68
species cited in Nguyen Nghia Thin and Mai Van Pho Checklist were excluded due to the lack of voucher specimens.
Based on specimens collected in the NP or in adjacent areas some new species to science were described such as
Gastrodia theana Aver., Oberonia huensis Aver., Odontochilus echinata, Saccolabiopsis viridiflora Aver. and
Thrixspermum stelidioides Aver. & Averyanova. There are 4 local endemic species to the Central Annamite floristic
province, 5 endemic ones to northern Vietnam and 7 ones to southern Vietnam. The ten richest genera in number of
species are Dendrobium, Thrixspermum, Eria, Bulbophyllum, Oberonia, Cleisostoma, Cymbidium, Liparis, Pholidota and
Anoectochilus, representing 52 % of the total number of recorded species, more or less similar to the orchid flora of
Vietnam in general, and that of Cuc Phuong NP in particular. The most threatened species are Anoectochilus lylei,
Anoectochilus repens, Anoectochilus roxburghii, Dendrobium amabile, Dendrobium nobile, Dendrobium ochraceum,
Dendrobium virgineum and Paphiopedilum appletonianum. These species need to be protected with highest priority.*
... where Mn c is the number of mentions of each interviewed (i) for each species in any category of use (c), Ni is the number of interviews, the subscript is substituted in each one of the categories of use in equation (3). The risk category in which the species are classified was searched for in the Mexican Official Norm-059 [48], the Red List of the International Union for Conservation of Nature [49], and the protection category in which they are included according to the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora [50]. ...
Background
Indigenous cultures are the result of their adaptation to the natural surroundings, in such a way that, amongst their main features is a set of knowledge, technologies and strategies for the appropriation of nature. In Cuetzalan del Progreso, Puebla, Mexico snakes represent 71.1% of the total local herpetofauna; and in addition to this, different groups of Nahuas have shown to have information of their use of various snake species in many ways. This study was conducted to investigate the traditional uses of snakes in this cultural group.
Methods
Formal and informal interviews were conducted with the inhabitants of the communities. During these interviews, 30 images of the different species of snakes present in the area were presented to the subjects, so that they would recognize them and reveal information about the knowledge they possess on them. A usage analysis was applied to each species considering the following categories: food purposes, medicinal, artisanal and magical-religious. Likewise, the frequency, the diversity and the value of use was estimated for these snakes.
Results
A total of 51 interviews were carried out. The individuals recognized 18 out of 30 images of snakes that were presented. The total of usage categories was five; we found that the magic-religious use was the most mentioned by 32 personas. Boa imperator and Antropoides nummifer were the species with the highest value of use. More than half of the interviewees mentioned killing snakes because they’re poisonous and aggressive. In the magic-religious aspect the “Danza de los Negritos” is highlighted; this is a local festival, brought by Africans, and alludes to snakes.
Conclusions
This study revealed that snakes are still very important for the culture in Cuetzalan del Progreso, finding that the magical-religious and the medicinal use stand out. On the other hand, the fear and misperception on the toxicity of snakes might represent a potential threat for their conservation. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out a long-term monitoring of the ethno-zoological activities, and develop a sustainable management plan compatible with the cultural characteristics of the natives of the region.
... The preamble of the CITES states that " international cooperation is essential for the protection of certain species of wild fauna and flora against the over-exploitation through international trade " (Under the Convention, trade in species threatened with extinction (listed in Appendix I) and trade in species that may become endangered unless trade is strictly regulated (listed in Appendix II) must be authorized by export and import permits approved by the scientific authorities of the parties concerned. Trade in species that a party identifies as being subject to regulation within its own jurisdiction and requiring international cooperation to control trade requires an export permit authorized by the scientific authority of the party (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) treaty agreement) [20] . The purpose of this agreement, therefore, is to purge the international market off the demand for a particular wildlife product and in turn, eliminating economic incentives to exploit certain species. ...
Problem statement: Over the past decade the World Trade Organization (WTO) has devoted considerable attention to the implementation of policies that work on the interplay of trade and environment by identifying several Multilateral Environment Agreements (MEAs) that have provisions for trade so that trade liberalization and environmental protection interact positively. However, the strategy of the WTO to bring trade and environment into harmony is only a mirage. Approach: This study delved into the conflicts between trade measures in MEAs and WTO rules and how WTO's strategy to control trade in order to protect and preserve the environment is just a myth. Results: Through this study, we uncloaked the myths about sustainable development that WTO and MEAs together claim to bring about and delineate how the WTO is primarily a trading organization and has no specific agreement on environment. The study, therefore, shows how the 'greening of the WTO' has only just been a fallacy and how a difference can be made by introducing clarity in the provisions of the MEAs. Conclusion: The findings suggested that both trade and environment are extremely imperative to the concept of development and it is a verity that one cannot be sacrificed for the other since both are equally important for the common cause of social welfare.
... The Tibetan antelope (Pantholops hodgsonii), also known as chiru has very recently been reclassified on the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red list as near threatened due to the recovery of some popu- lations [1] . The species is listed in Appendix 1 of the Convention On International Trade In Endangered Species (CITES) (1979) [2] , and in Schedule I of the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972. It is a Class I protected species under the Law of the People's Republic of China on the Protection of Wildlife (1989). ...
Background
The Tibetan antelope (Pantholops hodgsonii), or chiru, is an endangered antelope, distributed in China [Xinjiang, Xizang, Qinghai, Zhuolaihu Lake (Breeding habitat)], and India (Aksai Chin and Ladakh). There is a global demand for the species prized wool, which is used in weaving shahtoosh shawls. Over the years, the population of the Tibetan antelope has drastically declined from more than a million to a few thousand individuals, mainly due to poaching. Field studies undertaken in Ladakh, India also indicated winter migration of the population to Tibet. Migration between winter and calving habitats is well established to be female-biased across the Qinghai Tibetan Plateau (QTP). For effective conservation planning, genetic characterization is considered the best way to understand the likely impact of threats for ensuring the long-term viability of the population. In this regard, genetic characteristics of all Chinese populations are well-studied using mitochondrial and microsatellite markers, but information is lacking for the Indian population. Therefore, using the control region marker, we document for the first time the genetic variation of the Indian population of the Tibetan antelope, the extent of migration and its relationships with other populations of China. ResultsThe partial fragment of control region (259 bp) marker was successfully amplified in 30 Tibetan antelope samples that were collected from the Chang Chenmo Valley in eastern Ladakh, India. We also retrieved control region sequences (n = 88) available in the public domain from GenBank of different Chinese populations. Low levels of nucleotide (π; 0.004) and haplotype (hd; 0.543) diversity were observed in the Indian population when compared to Chinese populations (π = 0.01357–0.02048 and hd = 0.889–0.986). Commonly used indices (Tajima's D and Fu's Fs) were analyzed for inferring the demographic history of the Indian populations, and all values were negative indicating population expansion or demographic equilibrium, though nonsignificant. We observed five haplotypes in the Indian population, and these were not reported in previously studied populations of QTP. Bayesian-based phylogenetic analysis indicates the presence of four clades, however, the posterior probability support for three of these clades is weak (<0.5). Of these, the Indian population formed a distinct clade, whereas the Chinese populations exhibited shared haplotypes, and no geographic structure was observed. Median-joining network analysis was conducted for 46 haplotypes in the overall population, except the samples from India which showed a star-like topology. The Indian population is separated by one median vector from the Chinese population. Conclusions
The present study revealed the presence of different sub-clades in the Bayesian phylogenetic tree and five new haplotypes only in the Indian population or sampling location. Furthermore, in the phylogenetic tree, Indian haplotypes of Tibetan antelopes were clustered with the haplotype reported in the Chinese population of the Xinjiang region. Median-joining network analysis showed shared haplotypes pattern in all populations of QTP except the samples from India which showed new haplotypes. Given the presence of low nucleotide and haplotype diversity in eastern Ladakh populations and limited information available for populations of the western side in its range, we suggest to include genetic studies of Tibetan antelope populations around Aksai Chin (Fig. 1) under the proposed transboundary agenda between India and China and assess relationships with other populations. Such understanding would enable the planning of conservation strategies for ensuring long-term survival of westernmost populations in its range, and if required, it would establish connectivity with the other populations.
... Model parameters are summarised in Table 1. [4,5,8] p ij Prevalence of subtype i from source j, given by π j × r ij [[4,18,19] c j Probability for foods from source j to be eaten raw/undercooked by the population (not applicable for reptiles) [5,20] e i Frequency of human salmonellosis cases of subtype i Data ...
While the contribution of the main food-related sources to human salmonellosis is well documented, knowledge on the contribution of reptiles is limited. We quantified and examined trends in reptile-associated salmonellosis in the Netherlands during a 30-year period, from 1985 to 2014. Using source attribution analysis, we estimated that 2% (95% confidence interval: 1.3–2.8) of all sporadic/domestic human salmonellosis cases reported in the Netherlands during the study period (n = 63,718) originated from reptiles. The estimated annual fraction of reptile-associated salmonellosis cases ranged from a minimum of 0.3% (corresponding to 11 cases) in 1988 to a maximum of 9.3% (93 cases) in 2013. There was a significant increasing trend in reptile-associated salmonellosis cases (+ 19% annually) and a shift towards adulthood in the age groups at highest risk, while the proportion of reptile-associated salmonellosis cases among those up to four years-old decreased by 4% annually and the proportion of cases aged 45 to 74 years increased by 20% annually. We hypothesise that these findings may be the effect of the increased number and variety of reptiles that are kept as pets, calling for further attention to the issue of safe reptile–human interaction and for reinforced hygiene recommendations for reptile owners.
... Đó cũng là họ Thông giầu loài nhất trong các khu hệ Thông ở các tỉnh miền Trung, từ Thanh Hoá trở vào đến Đắc Lắc. Kết quả đánh giá hiện trạng bảo tồn của các tác giả khác nhau về 6 loài Thông ở tỉnh Thừa Thiên-Huế cho thấy mức độ bị đe dọa tuyệt chủng của chúng là thấp [1,2,5,8,11,14]. Trái với toàn Việt Nam nói chung, không có loài nào ở tỉnh này được xếp vào danh sách các loài bị đe dọa tuyệt chủng ở mức thế giới. ...
Tóm lại ở tỉnh Thừa Thiên-HuếThông: 1. Có thành phần loài nghèo nàn, phần lớn thuộc vềhọThông tre Podocarpaceae; 2. Gồm toàn các loài phân bốrộng ởViệt Nam cũng nhưgặp ởcác nước lân cận; 3. Có mối quan hệchủyếu với hệThông vùng nhiệt đới phía nam trong khi có quan hệrất ít với hệThông ởBắc Việt Nam và Nam Trung Quốc; 4. Không mọc tập trung thành loài ưu thếhay cùng ưu thếmà chỉmọc rải rác trong các quần xã rừng ởcảhai đai đất thấp và núi thấp, do đó vai trò trong cấu trúc và sinh thái rừng cũng nhưgiá trịvềkinh tếlà thấp và 5. Bị đe dọa tuyệt chủng ởmức thấp do đó giá trịbảo tồn không cao.
NXB Khoa học và Kỹ thuật, tr. 338 – 341
... Đó cũng là họ Thông giầu loài nhất trong các khu hệ Thông ở các tỉnh miền Trung, từ Thanh Hoá trở vào đến Đắc Lắc. Kết quả đánh giá hiện trạng bảo tồn của các tác giả khác nhau về 6 loài Thông ở tỉnh Thừa Thiên-Huế cho thấy mức độ bị đe dọa tuyệt chủng của chúng là thấp [1,2,5,8,11,14]. Trái với toàn Việt Nam nói chung, không có loài nào ở tỉnh này được xếp vào danh sách các loài bị đe dọa tuyệt chủng ở mức thế giới. ...
Studies of specimens collected in 9 sites in Thua Thien-Hue province have recorded only 6 conifer species belonging to 6 genera and 2 families. There are 2 species of the family Pinaceae (Keteleeria evelyniana and Pinus kesiya) and 4 species of the family Podocarpaceae (Dacrycarpus imbricatus, Dacrydium elatum, Nageia wallichiana and Podocarpus neriifolius). All of them are species with large distribution not only in Vietnam but also in neighbouring countries such as China, Laos, Cambodia, Thailand and Malesia. They never grow as dominants or co-dominants, but scatteredly in primary and secondary closed evergreen broad-leaved lowland and submontane forests on silicate rock hills and mountains. The number of species, their density and their role in vegetation on non-limestone mountains are very low. The threats to all species are not serious. Therefore the conservation value of conifers in Thua Thien-Hue is not high.
... Assisted reproductive technology is considered a significant tool for the conservation of threatened animal species [1,2] . With the exception of domestic cats, all other felids are present on the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red list of endangered species [3], primarily because of human impacts such as hunting, habitat destruction, and diseases [4] . Owing to phylogenetic proximity between species, the domestic cat is an excellent model for feline reproduction studies, contributing to the understanding of felid reproductive physiology despite considerable species differences [5]. ...
In vitro culture (IVC) and transplantation procedures are essential protocols employed in the evaluation of ovarian follicle survival and development. Culture in the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of chick embryos is an intermediate method that provides important follicle development information and has not been tested for cat ovaries to date. The aim of this study was to investigate if in vitro and CAM culture could be used as short-term systems to study cat ovarian tissue development. The ovaries of eight cats were dissected into 3-mm3 cubes, cultured in vitro and in CAM for up to 5 days and stained with hematoxylin-eosin and Gomori Trichrome. Cell proliferation was analysed using anti-Ki67. Possible differences among groups were investigated by ANOVA or the Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Bonferroni correction. The T-test or Wilcoxon test was used to verify differences between the CAM and IVC. Results revealed that 87.5% of all follicles were primordial during culture. The percentage of primordial follicles in the morphologically normal (MNF) pool was always higher than 80%, with the exception of day 3 of CAM culture, but the number of MNF reduced significantly from day 0 (600/777 follicles) to day 5 in the CAM (91/171) and IVC (296/686). The number of primordial follicles in 1mm³ in Days 2, 3 and 5 in the CAM was significantly lower than in the control (Day 0). No cellular proliferation was observed in culture. Vascularization occurred in the CAM culture, but with no association to follicular viability. Additionally, both methods showed an increase in connective tissue during culture. Although no significant differences were observed in the percentage of MNF, there was a reduction in the total number of follicles, both for IVC and CAM-cultured ovarian tissue. Furthermore, anti-Ki67 did not stain any follicle after Day 0 in IVC or in CAM culture. Neither system was capable of promoting follicle growth and/or development. The results show that the CAM is not a suitable system for feline ovarian tissue and highlight the necessity to improve IVC systems in cats.
The electric guitar is one of the most important musical instruments and cultural artifacts of the 20th and 21st centuries and enjoys popularity worldwide. Designed for students, this Companion explores electric guitar technology and performance, and the instrument's history and cultural impact. Chapters focused on the social significance of the electric guitar draw attention to the ways in which gender and race have shaped and been shaped by it, the ecology of electric guitar manufacturing, and the participation of electric guitarists in online communities. Contributions on electric guitar history stretch the chronology backwards in time and broaden our ideas of what belongs in that history, and those addressing musical style investigate the cultural value of virtuosity while providing material analysis of electric guitar technique. The Companion's final section considers the electric guitar's global circulation, particularly in Africa, the Afro-Caribbean, and Southeast Asia.
The illegal trade in wildlife is leading to the extinction of iconic species. There is legislation at the national level to help restrict this illegal trade. Enforcement of legislation is enhanced by good quality forensic science. DNA typing of seized samples is one method to determine if seized items are from a protected species. Species identification by DNA is primarily performed using genetic markers on the mitochondrial genome with a comparison to reference data. DNA profiling analogous to that of human identification can link samples to an individual animal or plant or to a geographic location.
In the past decade, Hong Kong has seen an increase in volume and diversity of endangered wildlife imported through its borders. Recent amendments to legislation concerning wildlife crimes in Hong Kong allow for increased sentencing and prosecution of the crimes. This calls for an increased forensic capacity to aid enforcement efforts. Wildlife forensic science in Hong Kong is generally performed ad hoc via a confidential tender‐application process. Additionally, minimal communication between forensic scientists, the prosecution and the judiciary on the use and production of wildlife forensic analyses has compounded the problem of wildlife crimes not being addressed as “serious” crimes. Improving communication and collaboration between relevant stakeholders, including the development of a wildlife forensic reference database, shared forensic practices, and shared information concerning expertise and analyses available within Hong Kong, would provide benefits to wildlife crime investigations. This article addresses some of these concerns in more detail and provides suggestions for improvements to the overall wildlife forensic capacity in Hong Kong. Increasing Hong Kong's capacity for wildlife forensic science will not only facilitate law enforcement efforts but also help to change Hong Kong's status as a regional hub for wildlife trade to one for excellence in wildlife crime deterrence.
This article is categorized under:
• Jurisprudence and Regulatory Oversight > Expert Evidence and Narrative
• Jurisprudence and Regulatory Oversight > Communication Across Science and Law
• Jurisprudence and Regulatory Oversight > Interdisciplinary Collaboration
• Forensic Biology > DNA Databases and Biometrics
Intended as a companion to the Fundamentals of Forensic DNA Typing volume published in 2009, Advanced Topics in Forensic DNA Typing: Methodology contains 18 chapters with 4 appendices providing up-to-date coverage of essential topics in this important field and citation to more than 2800 articles and internet resources. The book builds upon the previous two editions of John Butler's internationally acclaimed Forensic DNA Typing textbook with forensic DNA analysts as its primary audience. This book provides the most detailed information written to-date on DNA databases, low-level DNA, validation, and numerous other topics including a new chapter on legal aspects of DNA testing to prepare scientists for expert witness testimony. Over half of the content is new compared to previous editions. A forthcoming companion volume will cover interpretation issues. - Contains the latest information - hot-topics and new technologies - Well edited, attractively laid out, and makes productive use of its four-color format.
When seeking to conserve data-poor species, we need to decide how to allocate research effort, especially when threats are substantial and pressing. Our study provides guidance for sampling marine fishes that are particularly difficult to find – those species that are cryptic or rare and or where little information exists on local distribution (data-poor). We used our experience searching for seahorses (Hippocampus spp.) in Thailand to evaluate two search strategies for marine conservation: (1) determining relative abundance and (2) searching for presence/absence with detection probabilities. Our fieldwork indicated that using the presence/absence framework was more likely to lead to inferences that seahorses could be found in the site than when using the relative abundance framework. This realization would support a commonsense approach, where presence/absence with detection probabilities is centrally important to marine conservation planning for cryptic and or data-poor marine species.
Coastal shark populations have been subject to increasing anthropogenic pressure over the past two decades. This study focused on two lemon shark (Negaprion brevirostris) populations, the site-attached maturing sub-adults at the Island of Bimini, Bahamas, threatened by a large-scale resort development, and adults forming winter aggregations off the coast of Jupiter, Florida, subject to direct fishing pressure. For the sub-adult population, analysis was carried out on the long-term temporal patterns in abundance and population structure, relative to potential driving factors, and the influence of variables affecting longline catch-rates used as the basis for stock assessment. For the aggregating adult population, life-history aspects of population structure and distribution were investigated for relative implications on the species' vulnerability status. The following analysis and methodologies were utilised to investigate the two populations: longline catch records from 1982 – 2008; monitoring of variables potentially affecting longline catch-rates; documentation of shark behavioural interactions with longline equipment using underwater video surveillance; aerial surveying for abundance estimates; comparison of spatial utilisation patterns with longline catch locations; external tagging; the utilisation of archival satellite tags; passive tracking with Vemco acoustic monitoring system and research collaborations with other scientific groups utilising the same acoustic monitoring system. The key findings of this study were that in the northwest Atlantic, N. brevirostris populations are experiencing considerable anthropogenic pressure at all life-stages. In Bimini, the effects of a large-scale resort development have resulted in a significant decline in abundance, to a level (~52 individuals) well below the temporal average (~158). On the U.S. east coast, seasonal aggregating behaviour has further increased Steven Kessel Ph.D Thesis ii vulnerability through increased catchability, beyond the highly vulnerable status already attributed to this species, and targeted N. brevirostris fisheries appear to be currently operating at unsustainable levels. Shark longline catchability was noted to be significantly influenced by multiple shark presence, resulting in greater susceptibility for N. brevirostris (and other similar species) that naturally exhibit group behaviour. Incidental encounterability and predation risk significantly influenced longline catch-rates. Adult N. brevirostris exhibited large-scale seasonal migrations on the U.S. east coast, which, in addition to documented international transitions, supports existing evidence for genetic mixing across the distribution. Water temperature was found to be a significant driver of N. brevirostris behaviour at all life-stages, with an apparent adult temperature preference of ~24°C. This study represents the first long-term abundance assessment for sub-adult N. brevirostris, and the first in-depth study to focus on an adult N. brevirostris population. The results provide essential life-history information, revealing that at all life-stages N. brevirostris appear to be highly sensitive to anthropogenic activities, relative to other species, and therefore require enhanced management for species protection. It is therefore highly recommended that N. brevirostris be added to the U.S. prohibited species list.
In this contribution we provide new records of 20 non-native vacular plants for Barcelona province observed between 2014 and 2016. The following taxa are new for Europe: Baccharis salicifolia, Enneapogon cenchroides, Lonicera fragrantissima, Porophyllum ruderale subsp. ruderale and Selenicereus grandiflorus; three are first records for the Iberian Peninsula: Cardiospermum grandiflorum, Phymosia umbellata and Salvia hispanica; Muehlenbeckia sagittifolia is new for Spain and Physalis philadelphica is new for Catalonia. In addition, several new local records are provided for 10 taxa.
Fine-scale spatial genetic structure (SGS) analysis has proved to be a useful tool to establish the distribution of genetic variability between individuals and how these patterns are affected by microenvironmental conditions, associations with pollinators and dispersers, and sex ratio. In this study, the correlation between the fine-scale SGS of a population of Zamia furfuracea L. fil. and its dependence on the patterns of spatial aggregation between categories of life cycle and the proportion of males and females was determined by using intersimple sequence repeat markers. Results showed an aggregation pattern dependent on reproductive adults of up to 10 m; however, dependence on sex was restricted to only 3 m, suggesting limited pollen and seed dispersal. Gene neighborhoods did not exceed 10 m, with three well-defined families within the population. The small size of the neighborhoods, high mortality rate of seedlings, and loss of genetic variability in the juvenile category suggest that this population is severely affected. Our results contribute to the understanding of genetic and spatial dynamics in natural populations of cycads. Such information should be considered for the implementation of ex situ population-management programs.
Relationships between men and animals in Aguascalientes could be known from the lithic age. Aguascalientes represents 0.3% of Mexican territory, and holds 8.3% of the diversity of vertebrates, also has the potential to develop ethnozoological research. For the purpose to record the traditional use of wildlife 265 surveys were applied (73 older people, 92 adults and 100 children) in communities of the western mountains in Aguascalientes, México. The older people, men and peasants has a better knowledge of wildlife. Were found 26 species for human consumption, of which two were amphibians, two reptiles, eight birds and 14 mammals. The most common hunting methods used were: tracking with dogs (ungulates), trapping and slingshots (lagomorphs and birds). For medicinal use 19 species were recorded, the most used were the rattlesnake (Crotalus spp.), the turtle (Kinosternon sp.), the skunk (Mephitis macroura) and the coyote (Canis latrans). The species that cause more negative impact were the RESUMEN Las relaciones entre seres humanos y animales en Aguascalientes se remontan desde la etapa lítica. El estado representa el 0.3% de México, no obstante alberga el 8.3% de la diversidad de sus vertebrados, y existe el potencial para desarrollar investigaciones etnozoológicas. Con la finalidad de registrar y documentar el uso tradicional de fauna silvestre, se aplicaron 265 encuestas (73 personas de la tercera edad de 60 en adelante; 92 adultas 18 a 59 años, y 100 menores de edad de entre seis y 15 años de edad) en comunidades de las sierras del occidente del estado. Se encontró que el conocimiento de fauna silvestre es mayor en las personas de la tercera edad, varones y los dedicados principalmente a la ganadería y/o agricultura. Se encontraron 26 especies aprovechadas para consumo humano, de las cuales dos fueron anfibios, dos reptiles, ocho aves y 14 mamíferos. Los métodos de caza empleados más comunes fueron: el rastreo con perros (ungulados), trampeo y resorteras (lagomorfos y aves). En cuanto al uso medicinal se registraron 19 especies, de las cuales destacan la víbora de cascabel (Crotalus spp.), la tortuga casquito (Kinosternon sp.), el zorrillo (Mephitis macroura) y el coyote (Canis latrans), ya que fueron las especies más utilizadas con dicho propósito. Las especies que causan más impacto en la agricultura fueron el jabalí (Pecari tajacu) y el mapache (Procyon lotor), y para la ganadería el león (Puma concolor) y el coyote. El alicante (Pituophis deppei) y el camaleón (Phrynosoma orbiculare) fueron los animales con mitos más generalizados. El aprovechamiento de fauna silvestre aún perdura, en las localidades muestreadas, aunque probablemente no con la misma frecuencia con la que se realizaba antiguamente, sin embargo el conocimiento se está perdiendo en las nuevas generaciones. Es de vital importancia conciliar la relación entre las dependencias de gobierno y los habitantes de la región, ya que estos últimos, perciben que estas dependencias interfieren con su bienestar.
Zimbabwe used to hold the world third largest cheetah population. By 1999 the country’s cheetah population consisted of more than 1 500 cheetahs, the majority of which (80%) was found on commercial farmland. In those days, human-cheetah conflict was a main conservation threat. Since this last country wide assessment in 1999 there have been considerable changes in land use, which, in combination with poverty and an overall increase of the human population has had a serious impact on the cheetah population. Our survey shows the cheetah’s resident range has declined by 61%. The population has been reduced by at least 85% to 150-170 adult cheetahs, the majority of which reside in wildlife protected areas (80%). As a result, human-cheetah conflict is minimal and no longer regarded as a major conservation threat. With the current situation being the exact opposite of the historical situation there is a need to revise the cheetah management strategy in Zimbabwe by focusing conservation efforts on remaining viable free roaming cheetah populations and secure connectivity of these populations with larger transboundary populations.
This special volume of the Bulletin of the Florida Museum of Natural History features contributions from the Herpetology Conference including the All Florida Herpetological Event. The manuscripts included in this special volume offer insights into: 1) the effects of a common environmental pollutant and a commonly used anesthetic on amphibian development, growth, and behavior; 2) population ecology of the eastern hellbender (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis alleganiensis) in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park; 3) population ecology of the Florida snapping turtle (Chelydra serpentina osceola) in the Santa Fe River; 4) a historical river turtle population decline in Missouri1; and 5) timber rattlesnake (Crotalus horridus) movement in the South Carolina mountains.
Neotropical primates have fascinated Europeans since they first arrived in the Americas. Trade, shipping the monkeys back to Europe, began in the 16 th century, and continues today, sending them to countries worldwide for zoos, privately owned pets, and for research. In this study, we characterize the legal trade of Neotropical primates from South America, with particular emphasis on Brazil, as evidenced in the CITES Trade Database website. Taking into account wild animals between 1977 and 2013, there were nearly 1,300 transactions, over half of which (60%) were reported to be commercial. Imports by zoos (10%) and for scientific purposes (6.5%) involved almost 90,000 primates. Sixty-three countries imported Neotropical primates and, with the exception of Ecuador, all South American countries exported live animals. The individual contribution of different countries to the trade fluctuated over the years. Only eight species showed numbers superior to 1% of the total number of exported primates. Considering captive animals, there were nearly 300 transactions, involving 4,827 individuals, with a smaller number of species and exporters. The amount of traded primates is relevant and deserves monitoring. Nevertheless, we noticed a trend towards stabilization of the numbers of species and total numbers of exported individuals over the last decade.
The limestone highlands in Dong Van district, Ha Giang province in the northernmost
Vietnam have been in the past widely covered by primary closed evergreen seasonal tropical
submontane forests with broad-leaved forests on the slopes and coniferous forests on the ridges.
These forests have exceptionally rich plant diversity with species having high conservation
value. Unfortunately, almost all of these primary forests have been destroyed by slash and burn,
logging timber and fire wood, and forest fires for over some hundred years. Nowadays, they are
remaining only in some small scattered patches on ridges of mountain tops with the total area of
occupancy probably less than a few hectares. Only some primary elements of the original
vegetation remain here, such as eight conifer species (Calocedrus rupestris, Pinus
hwuangshanensis, Pinus kwangtungensis, Podocarpus neriifolius, Pseudotsuga sinensis, Taxus
chinensis, Tsuga chinensis, and Xanthocyparis vietnamensis), nearly 40 orchid species, one of
which (Epipactis alatus) as well as one of the carrot family species (Xyloselinum leonidii) are
newly described to science, and some rare species. They are assessed as Critically Endangered
or Endangered. Meanwhile, on limestone highlands in nearby Quan Ba district where primary
conifer forests are better protected, the number of such primary elements occurs in greater
numbers and abundance. Therefore, the conservation of plants and all of these remaining forest
patches in Dong Van limestone highlands is extremely urgent and important.
Pp. 527 – 532.
The Russian sturgeon is native of the Ponto-Caspian region and it is known worldwide, thanks to its elegant appearance and its valuable meet and caviar. It belongs to the family of the Acipenseridae and it is classified into two subspecies Acipenser gueldenstaedtii gueldenstaedtii and Acipenser gueldenstaedtii persicus, which are distinguished by different biological and distributional features. It can reach a maximum size of 2 m in length and 100 kg in weight. As the wild populations are seriously depleted by anthropic impact, the species is artificially bred and farmed. Under confined conditions, the Russian sturgeon shows problems related with its biology and diseases: mycosis during embryotic development and larval phase, cannibalism during post-larval phase, bacterial and parasite infections during larval, post-larval and juvenile phase, over-inflation of the swim bladder during juvenile phase and traumatic injuries of the notochord during the adult phase.
A critical review of the existing literature regarding the diversity of invertebrates identified in the area of the lower valley of the Tundzha River was done. We conducted in situ field observations for the purposes of exploring the invertebrate fauna and we found different complexes of species with conservation significance, including one new in the region of the Tundzha river valley ground beetle – Bembidion decolor. Ten main groups of threats of natural or anthropogenic origin, affecting the populations of the invertebrates existing in the area, were determined. We analyzed the condition of the habitats in the area and elaborated a package of proposals for measures restricting the influence of the negative factors and threats of anthropogenic origin on the biodiversity.
Rhinoceros poaching is an act of killing a rhinoceros in order to take its horn, which is then used for human consumption or for cultural traditions. Both the Asian and the African rhinoceros are targets because of the demand from China, Vietnam, Yemen, and other countries around the world. Traditional Chinese Medicine practice is the main demand for rhinoceros horn and this demand in rhinoceros horn has caused an increase in the black market. Conservation of the rhinoceros is decreasing primarily because the price of rhinoceros horn is more than double the average household income in South Africa, thus making rhinoceros poaching very profitable. Although there is an international ban on rhinoceros horn, there is thought of legalizing the horn trade and then using the profits for conservation. There have been measures taken to deter illegal poaching including dehorning and poisoning of rhinoceros horn; however the cost to do so is not practical. The problem does not stop at poaching, but at regaining the population once poaching is under control. Understanding poaching on a global level and what is currently being done is the first step in educating the public and understanding the fate of the future generations of rhinoceros.
The Pygmy Hog, Porcula salvania was first described by B.H. Hodgson in 1847 and he placed it in a new genus of Family Suidae under Order Artiodactyla. This hog was formerly presumed to occur along the foothills of Himalayas, extending from south Nepal to Sikkim, northern part of West Bengal, through parts of Bhutan and north-west Assam. But in the early or mid 1980, this tiny suid is confined to Manas Tiger Reserve due to its
habitat destruction, habitat fragmentation and other anthropogenic activities. First re-introduction of captive bred Pygmy Hog was successfully done by a team of workers under the guidance of Dr. Gautam Narayana and
his team, in Sonai-Rupai wildlife Sanctuary, Assam during 2008 and 2009. These re-introduced hogs are thriving well in the wild. The Forest Directorate, Government of West Bengal has taken up one project to re-introduce this tiny suid in their earlier habitat i.e. at Gorumara National Park, Jalpaiguri, West
Bengal, where it has been extirpated or become locally extinct. Accordingly, the Forest Directorate, West Bengal assigned Zoological Survey of India to make feasibility study for reintroduction of Pygmy Hog at Gorumara National Park, Jalpaiguri and necessary funds were provided to the Z.S.I. After making several extensive surveys at Gorumara National Park for the last two years, it can be concluded that part of Jaldhaka 1B Block (near Garati Camp) within the Park may be suitable for re-introduction of the Pygmy Hogs.
Before re-introduction, it is recommended to set up one pre-release camp for maintaining them in integrated social groups, to encourage natural foraging, nest buildings and other behaviours for about five to six months. Then the animals can be maintained for a further two to four weeks in temporarily build soft-release enclosure in the selected habitat before final release.
CLICK TO ENLARGE
Julia Baker
This guide aims to support Uganda’s leading work on Integrated Conservation and Development (ICD) by turning research findings from Bwindi Impenetrable National Park into practical advice. It illustrates the complexities of poverty and the range of principles that define fair conservation; and provides a series of guidance sheets that aim to help practitioners explore links between poverty and conservation pressures, target specific community groups, and design fairer ICD interventions.
If you are involved with the ICD approach to protected area management in Uganda, this guide is for you. It will also help a wider readership better understand how fairness can make protected areas more effective and sustainable.
Dried gill plates from manta and devil rays, some of the world's most biologically vulnerable fishes, have become a valued commodity in Asian dried‐seafood and traditional Chinese medicine markets. This trade is a primary driver of fisheries, which have led to declines in many mobulid populations.
With no reliable trade statistics and scarce data on mobulid fisheries, this study estimates the number and species of mobulids required to supply this trade, and investigates the consumers and suppliers involved and drivers of demand. Following preliminary market research, 525 trader surveys were conducted in Hong Kong, Singapore, Macau, Taiwan, and southern China.
Guangzhou, China was identified as the centre of the trade accounting for 99% of total estimated market volume of 60.5 tons of dried gill plates in 2011, increasing to 120.5 tons by 2013. The estimated number of mobulids converted from tons of gill plates more than doubled over the period to 130 000, comprising 96% devil rays, Mobula japanica , Mobula thurstoni , and Mobula tarapacana , and 4% Manta spp . By 2015 the Guangzhou market had declined sharply, reportedly due to conservation campaigns and government policies. However Hong Kong's gill plate sales increased dramatically between 2011 and 2015.
China, Indonesia, Vietnam, Sri Lanka, and India were reported most frequently as gill plate sources.
Vendors recommend gill plates (trade name pengyusai ) for ailments ranging from acne to cancer and as a general health tonic. While pengyusai is a new addition to traditional Chinese medicine literature and is rarely prescribed by traditional medicine practitioners, it is readily available over the counter and aggressively marketed by vendors.
Working in concert with consumer demand reduction efforts, increased measures to restrict mobulid fisheries and trade are recommended to prevent further population declines of these highly vulnerable species.
Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The karst area of southwest China (KASC) is the largest piece of karst landscape on the earth and a global biodiversity hot-spot with high concentrations of endemic species. Although a number of nature reserves (NRs) have been established across the region, the representativeness of biodiversity of the NR system is still unknown. Based on comprehensive literature and field surveys, and intensive consultations with zoologists and wildlife managers, we compiled distributions of 1,204 terrestrial vertebrate species and 271 NRs in KASC. We found Jinxiu, Mengla, Hekou, and Jinghong have the richest amphibian species; Jinxiu has the highest species richness of reptiles; Jinghong, Menghai, and Mengla have the largest numbers of avian species; whereas, Mengla, Longzhou, and Ningming have the greatest mammalian diversity in the region. Gap analysis among NR system, species richness pattern, and five biogeographic indicators found insufficient representation of the NR system on territorial vertebrate diversity. The conservation effectiveness in Guizhou Province was much lower than that in Guangxi and Yunnan Provinces. Under-representation and over-representation simultaneously occurred in many of the ecoregions, elevation classes, vegetation types, landcover categories, and human disturbance intensity gradients. For conservation of terrestrial vertebrates in KASC, several suggestions were presented in this study.
The literature on transnational advocacy networks (TANs) suggests that they may be a valid option for activists in India, Brazil and South Africa (the members of the IBSA bloc) to coordinate efforts to influence their states’ foreign policy. Since its formation the IBSA bloc has formalised spaces for networking among governmental officials, business interests and academics. Yet there are no examples of TANs whose activism has occurred across IBSA, with the purpose of influencing the bloc’s policies. This case study of the challenges that Brazilian advocacy groups face in forging TANs with like-minded groups across IBSA sheds light on the challenges confronting activists and suggests ways of overcoming them.
African sandalwood or East African sandalwood (Osyris lanceolata Hochst. & Steud.; Santalaceae), also known as Nepalese sandalwood (Osyris wightiana var. rotundifolia P.C. Tam), is a hemi-parasitic tree known for its fragrant wood. The essential oil is extracted from the root bark for the perfume industry and different parts of the tree have various medicinal uses. African sandalwood contains an array of phytochemicals such as dihydro-β-agarofuran polyesters, agarofuranases, polyesters, other sesquiterpenes and bisabolanes. This mini-review focuses on the general biology, traditional uses, phytochemical properties, propagation for conservation, and hemiparasitism of O. lanceolata.
The School for Field Studies' (SFS) Center for Marine Resource Studies (CMRS) has been actively engaged in undergraduate research in the Turks and Caicos Islands (TCI) for over 20 years. The undergraduate research is guided and influenced by local stakeholders and focuses on local marine resources. One avenue of research explored by students is the status of the Caribbean queen conch fishery. SFS provides data on both the status of the fishery and consumption of conch to the TCI Department of Environment and Maritime Affairs (DEMA) to inform resource-management decisions. Under the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, this department is responsible for monitoring and managing queen conch, and the undergraduate research conducted at the marine center is integral to providing data to support those efforts. A recent survey of national seafood consumption conducted by the undergraduates showed that domestic consumption of conch was underestimated, leading to export quotas that could lead to overfishing of this particular mollusk. The students also work with the community and the local stakeholders to improve the understanding of management decisions based on unbiased data collection.
Swietenia macrophylla King is a tropical species that historically had been exploited as a timber resource of high quality and currently listed as threatened of extinction. The present study evaluated genetic variation, and structure of six fragmented populations of S. macrophylla from the Yucatan Peninsula and southern Veracruz, Mexico, using four reproducible and polymorphic nuclear microsatellites. A moderate value of genetic variation was found (H-g = 0.600), and:a high and significant coefficient of inbreeding (F-IS = 0.309; P = 0.0001). The effective population size (N-g) was heterogeneous among populations with an average of 19.4. The genetic structure was moderate but significant (F-ST = 0.095) and the migration rate high (M > 3.83). Two and three highly differentiated groups were defined with the dendrogram and the Bayesian inference analyzes of spatial and genetic structure; however, the isolation by distance analysis between pairs of populations was not significant (P = 0.486). The results provide us evidences of S. macrophylla is susceptible to lost genetic variation to habitat fragmented, and support a recent expansion hypothesis based on the founder effect of some genotypes. Finally two probable dispersal routes are suggested; the first through the Caribbean zone and the second in the Gulf of Mexico coastal.
The first confirmed sighting of the Killer Whale Orcinus orca in Northern Territory coastal waters is reported here. It highlights the importance of members of the public taking the time to submit photos and information to the Marine WildWatch Hotline.
A study was conducted in November-December 2006 to determine the current distribution, population status and habitat utilization of Himalayan Musk Deer (Moschus chrysogaster) in the Machiara National Park, Azad Jammu and Kashmir. Line transect method was applied for estimating its population size using both the direct observation of the animal as well as indirect evidences from its signs. A total of 31 Musk deer were sighted from 19 sites, comprising six in sub-alpine scrub forest and 25 in Himalayan moist temperate forest. Total population of Musk deer was estimated at 64 individuals in the park which showed an increase over the previous population of 35 animals estimated in 2004. The increase in Musk deer population could be attributed to the initiatives taken under Protected Areas Management Project. This project has involved local communities residing at the periphery of the park for the protection and management to conserve the biodiversity resources of the park, which had positive impact on the population of Musk deer. Study indicated that Musk deer undergo seasonal migration to lower elevations in the Himalayan moist temperate coniferous forest during the heavy snowfall in the park. Hence, sub-alpine scrub forest and Himalayan moist temperate forest, the two habitats used by Musk deer which need total protection.
Het PBL (Planbureau voor de Leefomgeving) heeft verkend wat de Sustainable Development Goals (SDG’s) betekenen voor het Nederlandse leefomgevingsbeleid. Welke nationale beleidskeuzes op het gebied van de fysieke leefomgeving (natuur en milieu) vloeien voort uit de SDG’s? De implementatie van de SDG’s in Nederland kan voortbouwen op bestaande doelstellingen, beleidsprogramma’s en rapportages, maar deze vergen nog wel de nodige aanpassing. Allereerst dient het nationale ambitieniveau te worden vastgesteld, bestaande uit een heldere langetermijnvisie, en ondersteund door nieuwe en aangepaste nationale doelstellingen voor 2030. Cruciaal voor een succesvolle implementatie is vervolgens het afstemmen van de inspanningen en verantwoordelijkheden van de diverse ministeries en decentrale overheden, het bewaken van de samenhang in het beleid, en het betrekken van andere actoren zoals burgers, bedrijven en ngo’s bij het vaststellen en implementeren van de visie en doelstellingen. Een periodieke nationale monitoringsrapportage dient ten slotte om voortgang te rapporteren en – afhankelijk van de politieke ambitie – verantwoording af te leggen over de achterliggende ontwikkelingen of zelfs doelmatigheid van het beleid te rapporteren.
During 2002, the National Park Service initiated a demonstration project to develop science-based law enforcement strategies for the protection of at-risk natural resources, including American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.), bloodroot (Sanguinaria canadensis L.), and black cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa (L.) Nutt. [syn. Actaea racemosa L.]). Harvest pressure on these species is increasing because of the growing herbal remedy market. We developed habitat models for Shenandoah National Park and the northern portion of the Blue Ridge Parkway to determine the distribution of favorable habitats of these three plant species and to demonstrate the use of that information to support plant protection activities. We compiled locations for the three plant species to delineate favorable habitats with a geographic information system (GIS). We mapped potential habitat quality for each species by calculating a multivariate statistic, Mahalanobis distance, based on GIS layers that characterized the topography, land cover, and geology of the plant locations (10-m resolution). We tested model performance with an independent dataset of plant locations, which indicated a significant relationship between Mahalanobis distance values and species occurrence. We also generated null models by examining the distribution of the Mahalanobis distance values had plants been distributed randomly. For all species, the habitat models performed markedly better than their respective null models. We used our models to direct field searches to the most favorable habitats, resulting in a sizeable number of new plant locations (82 ginseng, 73 bloodroot, and 139 black cohosh locations). The odds of finding new plant locations based on the habitat models were 4.5 (black cohosh) to 12.3 (American ginseng) times greater than random searches; thus, the habitat models can be used to improve the efficiency of plant protection efforts, (e.g., marking of plants, law enforcement activities). The field searches also indicated that the level of occupancy of the most favorable habitats ranged from 49.4% for ginseng to 84.8% for black cohosh. Given the potential threats to these species from illegal harvesting, that information may serve as an important benchmark for future habitat and population assessments.
This chapter discusses DNA testing done with domestic animals and then reviews work with wildlife testing and species identification. DNA typing performed for criminal investigations involves human DNA, it is not the only source of DNA, but also useful in demonstrating the guilt or innocence of an individual suspected of a crime. DNA in highly processed or degraded bone or tissue has value in species identification. Several informative segments of mitochondrial DNA or mtDNA are conserved enough that universal primers can be employed to amplify a target region with subsequent sequence analysis to differentiate between species. Typical steps in species identification involve: sequence analysis of a selected variable region of DNA with conserved primers and comparison of these sequence results to a database of sequences, such as GenBank usually through phylogenetic analysis to place the sequence obtained in context of other previously reported DNA sequences for the same region.
Ecosystem management regularly requires bridging diverse cultural perspectives. As a result, researchers commonly assert that including local ecological knowledge in conservation strategies is essential to crafting enduring environmental solutions. Using the case of the king vulture (Sarcoramphus papa), we take preliminary steps in asking how ethnoecology and field biology might be combined in conservation practice. The paper reports on a questionnaire applied to sixty-six local experts in southern Yucatán, home to Mexico's largest expanse of tropical forest and the Calakmul Biosphere Reserve. Local experts included forest workers, i.e. hunters, loggers, and gum tappers, some of whom worked as guides for field biologists. The research results point to the possibility of a cultural consensus among these experts regarding the bird's natural history. After outlining this preliminary consensus and contrasting it with academic findings, the paper considers the implications of a consensus for conservation programming.
The conservation status of the 21 extant armadillo species was re-assessed by specialists of the IUCN/
SSC Anteater, Sloth and Armadillo Specialist Group between December 2009 and May 2010. Information
on their geographic range, population size and status, habitat and ecology, threats, and existing conservation
measures was collected from the literature and personal communications. Four armadillo species
were classified as Vulnerable, four as Near Threatened, and four were categorized as Data Deficient. Less
than half of all armadillo species were listed as Least Concern. Virtually all assessed species are affected by
hunting as well as habitat fragmentation and degradation. The populations of only two species are thought
to be increasing, while those of at least seven species are in decline. Much work is still needed to ensure
the long-term survival of all species. Most armadillo species occur in at least one protected area, but other
conservation actions are scarce.
The results of a survey on the endemic vascular flora of Iglesiente (SW Sardinia) are presented. This flora consists of 140 taxa, including 115 species, 18 subspecies, 4 varieties and 3 hybrids; 92 genera and 34 families are represented. The most represented genera are: Asteraceae (20 taxa), Caryophyllaceae (13) and the Orchidaceae (11). The most represented genera are: Ophrys (9 taxa), Genista (7), Silene and Dianthus (5). The analysis of biologic and chorologic data highlighted the environmental peculiarities of Iglesiente, given by the local evolution of a rich floristic contingent. Eighteen taxa exclusive endemics, together with an unique blend of geolithologic, geomorphologic, paleogeographic, bioclimatic and vegetation features, let to attribute the rank of biogeographic sector to the Sulcis-Iglesiente territory, whose northern part, with 9 exclusive endemics, can be seen as the Iglesiente subsector. From the surveyed taxa, 32 are included in the IUCN Red List and 5 in the EU 92/43 Habitat Directive. Moreover, 11 species (including all the Orchidaceae) are protected by the CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of wild flora and fauna) and 1 species by the Bern Conventions.
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