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Hierarchical regionalization of RSFSR administrative units using 1966-69 migration data

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Abstract

The coefficients of migration intensity calculated by Rybakovskiy (see preceding article) are used to derive a system of migration regions, which are defined as groups of administrative units with maximum internal interaction and a minimum flow across migration-defining boundaries. The technique is based on the assumption that gross migration flows may provide a reasonably objective basis for determining practical boundaries within a national territory. The technique yields a hierarchy of regionalizations that is then compared with the official Soviet system of major economic regions. None of the 10 major economic regions in their entirety turn out to conform to strong migration components, although one migration cluster, focused on the Northwest, corresponds fairly closely to the official Northwest region. For the rest, administrative units of the Far East and Siberia are grouped together in one migration cluster, as are the southern Volga region and the North Caucasus. Units of the Central [Industrial] region also tend to cluster with those of the Central Chernozem region. However, the most tightly connected migration dyads and triads are found to be wholly contained within the official economic regions, so that the most highly intensive migration streams are found not to cross the boundaries between the official regions. (The study was supported by a grant of the National Science Foundation for work on applications of graph—theoretic clustering and transaction flow analysis in geography and regional science.)
... ns, a regionalization method could help overcome the limitations of flow mapping such as spurious data variations and discovery of general flow patterns. A range of techniques such as hierarchical clustering, principal components analysis and factor analysis have been used to identify regions in the migration literature (Morrill, 1988;Pandit, 1994;P. Slater, B., 1975;P. B. Slater, , 1984. Although they have been used to identify regional structure in conjunction with domain knowledge, these techniques are not capable of extracting spatially contiguous regional structures and the regionalization strategy does not guarantee consistent patterns (e.g., different groupings result in a lot different flow s ...
... Similarly, Yan and Thill (2009) Iterative proportional fitting procedure (IPFP) (P. Slater, B., 1975) has been widely used to reduce the effect of size on the flow structure. IPFP provides a double standardization and each individual cell in the result matrix shows a relative estimation of the number of people who would migrate from the specific origin to the specific destination (which is identified by the specific value of the cell), if all spatial units (counties) had the same number of in-migrants and out-migrants. ...
... In order to remove the effects of location sizes on flows and capture patterns that are not necessarily associated with larger volumes, scaling approaches have been employed (Clark, 1982;Pandit, 1994;P. Slater, B., 1975). The most commonly used scaling approach is the iterative proportional fitting procedure (IPFP), which can be used to standardize a migration network by transforming the flows among locations so that all locations have the same inflow and outflow. Scaling does not change the cross-product ratio of the diagonal elements of the original m ...
Thesis
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Geo-social networks are formed by flows of physical entities (e.g., humans, vehicles, sensors, animals), and communication (e.g., information, ideas, innovation) that connect places to places and individuals to individuals. Several major problems remain to be addressed for understanding the complex patterns in geo-social networks. This dissertation makes the following contributions to the theory and methodologies that aim at understanding complex geo-social data by integrating methods of computation, visualization and usability evaluation. Chapter 2 introduces a novel network-based smoothing approach that addresses the size-difference and small area problem in calculating and mapping locational (graph) measures in spatial interaction networks. The new approach is a generic framework that can be used to smooth various graph measures which help examine multi-space and multi-scale characteristics of geo-social data. Chapter 3 introduces a space-time visualization approach to discover spatial, temporal and relational patterns in a dynamic geo-social network embedded in space and time. By developing and visualizing a measure of connectedness across space and time, the new approach facilitates the discovery of hot spots (hubs, where connectedness is strong) and the changing patterns of such spots across space and time. Chapter 4 introduces a series of user evaluations to obtain knowledge on how map readers perceive information presented with flow maps, and how design factors such as flow line style (curved or straight) and layout characteristics may affect flow map perception and users’ performance in addressing different tasks for pattern exploration. The findings of this study have significant implications for iterative design, interaction strategies and further user experiments on flow mapping.
... However, this tells us little about the structure of the migration network and how it changed over time. In this paper, we aim to reveal structural patterns, specifically, migration regions and how these regions Migration flows naturally form regions, which are meaningful groupings of areal units based on the structure of migration [7]. Regions are often a product of economic, social, and cultural factors that produces a certain level of homogeneity within each region. ...
... The earliest study on internal migration that we have identified is the seminal study of Ravenstein (1885) that investigates the migration patterns within the United Kingdom and provides extensive hand-drawn cartographies detailing the migration patterns. Early works of Slater (1974Slater ( , 1975aSlater ( ,b, 1976a) may be considered the first studies in the migration literature that employs an explicit networks perspective. However, a wide range of network analysis tools are relatively recent and have not found much use in the migration literature. ...
Preprint
Human migration patterns influence the redistribution of population characteristics over the geography and since such distributions are closely related to social and economic outcomes, investigating the structure and dynamics of internal migration plays a crucial role in understanding and designing policies for such systems. We provide an in-depth investigation into the structure and dynamics of the internal migration in Turkey from 2008 to 2020. We identify a set of classical migration laws and examine them via various methods for signed network analysis, ego network analysis, representation learning, temporal stability analysis, community detection, and network visualization. The findings show that, in line with the classical migration laws, most migration links are geographically bounded with several exceptions involving cities with large economic activity, major migration flows are countered with migration flows in the opposite direction, there are well-defined migration routes, and the migration system is generally stable over the investigated period. Apart from these general results, we also provide unique and specific insights into Turkey. Overall, the novel toolset we employ for the first time in the literature allows the investigation of selected migration laws from a complex networks perspective and sheds light on future migration research on different geographies.
... Also, there is a hierarchical spatial organization in human interaction networks which reflect historic, and socio-political borders. Patterns of human connectivity cross these historic and socio-political borders at multiple geographic scales [9,10,[13][14][15]. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of human interactions necessitates methods that take into account the complexity introduced by the multi-scale nature of human connectivity. ...
Chapter
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Despite the controversies of privacy and ethics, spatially-embedded communication data from widespread and emerging online social networks provide an unprecedented opportunity to study human interactions at the global scale. Detecting communities of individuals who live close by and have strong communication among each other is critical for a variety of application areas such as managing disaster response, controlling disease spread, and developing sustainable urban spaces and infrastructure. The ease of long-distance travel and communication have generated a highly complex network of human interactions, in which long-distance and short-distance ties coexist in multiple scales. Also, there is a hierarchical spatial organization in human interaction networks which reflect historic, and socio-political borders. Patterns of human connectivity cross these historic and socio-political borders at multiple geographic scales. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of human interactions necessitates community detection methods to take into account the complexity introduced by the multi-scale nature of human connectivity. This paper employs a spatially-constrained hierarchical regionalization algorithm to reveal multi-scale community structures in the interpersonal communication network on Twitter. The interpersonal communication network was constructed using a year of reciprocal and geo-located mention tweets in the U.S. between Aug. 2015 and 2016. The results strikingly showed nested borders of cohesive regions at multiple scales, which are inherent to human communication patterns in the regional hierarchy of the U.S. Unsurprisingly, people communicated with others that live nearby, and multi-scale regions overlap with administrative boundaries of the states, cultural and dialectal regions, and topographical features. Furthermore, visualization of interregional communication patterns revealed a variety of spatial connectivity patterns such as poly-centricity, hierarchies, and spanning trees. Discovery of such patterns is essential for understanding of the complex social system that is influenced by long-distance ties.
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Human migration patterns influence the redistribution of population characteristics over the geography and since such distributions are closely related to social and economic outcomes, investigating the structure and dynamics of internal migration plays a crucial role in understanding and designing policies for such systems. We provide an in-depth investigation into the structure and dynamics of the internal migration in Turkey from 2008 to 2020. We identify a set of classical migration laws and examine them via various methods for signed network analysis, ego network analysis, representation learning, temporal stability analysis, community detection, and network visualization. The findings show that, in line with the classical migration laws, most migration links are geographically bounded with several exceptions involving cities with large economic activity, major migration flows are countered with migration flows in the opposite direction, there are well-defined migration routes, and the migration system is generally stable over the investigated period. Apart from these general results, we also provide unique and specific insights into Turkey. Overall, the novel toolset we employ for the first time in the literature allows the investigation of selected migration laws from a complex networks perspective and sheds light on future migration research on different geographies.
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The article shows the demographic development of the Bryansk, Pskov, and Smolensk regions bordering Belarus in all the post-war years, to what extent it was caused by the consequences of the Great Patriotic War (many days of bloody battles, the destruction of civilians by punitive forces during the years of occupation, as well as the evacuation of part of the population). It was revealed that the share of the three regions bordering Belarus after the war significantly decreased in the population of Russia. It was also established that another factor in this dynamics was the migration outflow of the population. The article discusses that over the past time there has been an increase in migration exchange with the capital cities, the significance of migration links with the northern regions has changed while maintaining their importance with those regions that are in the same federal district. It is shown that in international migration the IMR values largely depend on the proximity of the states of the new abroad from the regions of resettlement. It was revealed that among the countries with which Russia and all regions bordering Belarus had the most effective ties are Kazakhstan and Georgia. The most effective exchange was also with Latvia, Turkmenistan, and Tajikistan, while the least effective migration exchange in the considered regions was with Belarus and Ukraine, as well as Lithuania and Moldova.
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The Object of the Study. Migration processes in Rossiya.The Subject of the Study. Interdistrict migration links. The Purpose of the Study. Identifying the features of interdistrict migration exchange and justifying adequate indicators for its measurement.The Main Provisions of the Article. The article reveals how and when scientific ideas about the spatial patterns of migration processes that took place in the past and at present appeared, and about the subsequent interpretation of this knowledge and the creation of adequate indicators for their measurement have arisen. The paper shows the importance in the total migration turnover of internal migrations, interregional movements, in particular. Interregional migrations include population movements between administrative and territorial entities. In Rossiya, regions with independent status were adopted as such “migration” entities, i.e. which are subjects of the Russiyskaya Federatsiya. In its turn, migration flows between them break up into smaller interregional flows. All of them, like the general migration flows, differ in their scale, structure, directions and results. The article discusses existing approaches to studying the nature of migration flows, determining their directions and values, it is stressed that as early as at the end of the nineteenth century the idea was expressed about a relationship between population size, distance, as well as the forces of attraction and repulsion. It is noted that in the domestic literature, the clarification of the relationship between migration processes and the factors determining their scope and direction has begun since the 60s of the last century. At the same time, a special indicator has been created to level the influence of different population numbers in different regions on the assessment of the significance of interregional migration flows. The possibilities of using this gauge for present day interregional migrations are shown on the example of two regions of Rossiya with the publication of the matrix of coefficients of interdistrict migration links for 1966-1969 allowing to compare them with the data for 2015-2017 and accordingly confirm the stability of these relationships.
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This paper provides a literature review by fields of application of functional regions and functional areas. The application of functional regions, functional urban regions, and functional urban areas is mostly found in labour market analyses and analyses of other socio-economic aspects, in analyses of administrative, planning, and statistical regions, and in analyses of functional (urban) areas. This literature review is done separately for Slovenia and the rest of the world.
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Slater P. B. (1976) A hierarchical regionalization of Japanese prefectures using 1972 interprefectural migration flows, Reg. Studies 10, 123--132. A methodology for utilizing an interregional transaction flow table to construct a hierarchical system of regions is presented. The square matrix is first adjusted by a biproportional procedure to possess uniform row and column sums. A series of increasingly sparse digraphs can then be associated with the table by raising threshold levels which are used to convert it into (0, 1) matrices. The strong components of these digraphs (Boolean adjacency matrices) can be hierarchically arranged. 1972 Japanese interprefectural migration data are examined in this manner. Several officially recognized regions (chiho)--Shikoku, Chugoku, Tohoku, and Kyushu--are readily distinguished, since they correspond to strong components which are stable over a wide range of thresholds. The chiho of Kanto, Chubu and Kinki are not identified, however. The Seto-Uchi area, San-in and several apparently previously unrecognized collections of prefectures emerge as well-defined regions which have relatively large internal interprefectural migration.
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Despite the vigorous economic development and rapid population growth in recent years, the process of internal redistribution in Thailand in the period 1955–1960 affected less than four percent of the population. The pattern of internal movement is nevertheless highly complicated and the 1960 Census data contain more than a thousand discernible migration streams among the seventy-one chawads (provinces, also popularly transcribed as changwats). The identification of migration regions provides a means whereby local moves and migration can be differentiated and separately analyzed. Thus, the majority of those who changed their chawad of residence during the quinquennium under review actually moved within distinctly interrelated groups of chawads constituting the individual migration regions. Most chawads with a substantial population gain had no more than a local appeal and attracted relatively few from beyond the regional boundary. Although an overall relationship cannot be established between population change and physiologic density even in this predominantly agricultural country, local movements appear to be governed to a large extent by intraregional differences in population density. On the other hand, interregional migration can be resolved into the two basic components of metropolitanization and interrural shifts. Regional population balance is strongly affected by the continuing centripetal flow towards Greater Bangkok and there is reason to believe that this trend will likely become even more significant. The pattern of up-country population redistribution is basically determined by the voluminous immigration into the Upper Chao Phrya Plain in the Center and the equally considerable emigration from the Nam Mun Valley in the Northeast.
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Abstract In the late 1940's a similar problem occurred in the work of three sociologists, working in three countries, on three similar sets of data. Natalie Rogoff, David Glass and G6sta Carlsson all faced the problem of making sense of data on intergenerational occupational mobility. A matrix of frequencies of occupations of respondents by occupations of fathers could be converted, in an obvious and straightforward fashion, into matrices of inflow and outflow percentages. Their joint problem arose in comparing inflow percentages across rows or outflow percentages across columns. The problem was that, as sociologists, concerned with the extent that origins in socially meaningful categories influenced destinations in the same socially meaningful categories, they were stuck with occupational categories that differed from one another dramatically in size. A secondary (though hardly trivial) problem was the fact that, in all their data, the two marginal distributions, the respondents' generation and the fathers' 'generation', were notably dissimilar - a consequence of both differential fertility and a general upward shift in the occupational distributions of the three countries. All sought a technique that would 'make the two time periods comparable with respect to occupational structure'.
Regional'nyy analiz migratsiy 149-157. Moscow: Statistika
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Hierarchical Clustering of French Regions Using Interregional Migration Flows Regional Research Institute
  • Paul B Slater
Gross Migration Flows as a Basis for Regional Definition: An Experiment with Scottish Data
  • T . H Hollingsworth