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Chemical Composition and In Vitro Antioxidant Activity of the Essential Oil of Rehmannia glutinosa Libosch Using Ultrasound as a Pretreatment
Abstract
The essential oil was isolated using the ultrasound method from the root of Rehmannia glutinosa Libosch root with a yield of 0.47 % (w/w) by orthogonal matrix method. This yield of essential oil with steam distillation after the ultrasound method (EOU) is 2.03 times than that without ultrasound-assisted isolation (EO). The essential oil samples with and without the ultrasound method were analyzed by GC-MS. Total forty-six components in EOU were identified. The major compounds in the EOU and EO were found to be identical namely methyl palmitate, ethyl oleate, furfural, and methyl linoleate. Antioxidant activity of the samples were determined by two different test systems namely hydroxyl radical scavenging activity assay and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity assay. EOU showed higher antioxidant properties than EO, probably due to their different compositions.
... Previous studies have demonstrated that microorganisms are capable of producing compounds 1, 2, 5, 6, 15, and 17 with antioxidant activity (Sun et al., 2013;Citron et al., 2015;Pongsetkul et al., 2015). Bacillus methylotrophicus KOSM11 was used in fermentation industry for traditional soybean paste and found to produce compound 1 and 5; the presence of these pyrazines and their related compounds in various food and plants have been linked with antioxidant activities (Liu et al., 2012;Sun et al., 2013;Xu et al., 2015). Furthermore, two pyrrolopyrazines were observed in MUSC 164 T extract, which are compound 20 and 24. ...
A novel strain, Streptomyces antioxidans MUSC 164T was recovered from mangrove forest soil located at Tanjung Lumpur, Malaysia. The Gram-positive bacterium forms yellowish-white aerial and brilliant greenish yellow substrate mycelium on ISP 2 agar. A polyphasic approach was used to determine the taxonomy status of strain MUSC 164T. The strain showed a spectrum of phylogenetic and chemotaxonomic properties consistent with those of the members of the genus Streptomyces. The cell wall peptidoglycan was determined to contain LL-diaminopimelic acid. The predominant menaquinones were identified as MK-9(H6) and MK-9(H8), while the identified polar lipids consisted of aminolipid, diphosphatidylglycerol, glycolipid, hydroxyphosphatidylethanolamine, phospholipid, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol and lipid. The cell wall sugars consist of galactose, glucose and ribose. The predominant cellular fatty acids (>10.0 %) were identified as iso-C15 : 0 (34.8 %) and anteiso-C15 : 0 (14.0 %). Phylogenetic analysis identified that closely related strains for MUSC 164T as Streptomyces javensis NBRC 100777T (99.6 % sequence similarity), Streptomyces yogyakartensis NBRC 100779T (99.6 %) and Streptomyces violaceusniger NBRC 13459T (99.6 %). The DNA–DNA relatedness values between MUSC 164T and closely related type strains ranged from 23.8 ± 0.3 % to 53.1 ± 4.3 %. BOX-PCR fingerprints comparison showed that MUSC 164T exhibits a unique DNA profile, with DNA G + C content determined to be 71.6 mol%. Based on the polyphasic study of MUSC 164T, it is concluded that this strain represents a novel species, for which the name Streptomyces antioxidans sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is MUSC 164T (=DSM 101523T = MCCC 1K01590T). The extract of MUSC 164T showed potent antioxidative and neuroprotective activities against hydrogen peroxide. The chemical analysis of the extract revealed that the strain produces pyrazines and phenolic-related compounds that could explain for the observed bioactivities.
In this study, the effects of gamma irradiation on the chemical constituents and antioxidant activities of peppermint essential oils and hydro alcoholic extract have been investigated. The results indicated that the major compounds of Mentha piperita were menthol, menthone, α-gurjunene, neo-menthol and 1,8-cineole. The oil main components were not considerable changed due to irradiation. Also, the total flavonoid content of the hydro alcoholic extract was unchanged after irradiation. In addition, the antioxidant activities of the oils and extracts stayed at a high level even after irradiation. Therefore, the application of the irradiation process can be suggested for the decontamination of peppermint without changes in the composition and antioxidant properties.
Modern extraction and planar chromatographic instrumentation were employed for the fingerprint profiling of carbohydrates from an important and popular medicinal mushroom commonly known as Lingzhi. For the first time, the feasibility of employing the high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) peak profiles (fingerprints) of carbohydrates for the screening of various Lingzhi species/products was demonstrated. An analytical procedure was developed such that upon acid hydrolysis of the polysaccharides extracted from various Lingzhi samples, fingerprint profiles that reveal the relative amounts of the degradation products, such as mono- and oligosaccharides, can be obtained using HPTLC plates (Si 50000) for separation and 4-aminobenzoic acid as the post-chromatographic derivatization reagent for detection. Also, using automated multiple development (AMD), the acid hydrolyzates from Lingzhi, consisting of simple and more complex sugars, can be separated simultaneously with high degree of automation. An important finding was that unique fingerprint patterns were observed in the monosaccharide profiles between two highly valued Lingzhi species, Ganoderma applanatum and Ganoderma lucidum, under total or partial acid hydrolysis conditions. Additionally, the HPTLC fingerprint profiles of carbohydrates were obtained from the extracts of the spores and fruiting bodies of Lingzhi and compared.
The objective of the study was the estimation of the ultrasound-assisted preliminary maceration effect on the efficiency of essential oil distillation and on its qualitative and quantitative composition. The experiment included analyses on three herbal materials, i.e. peppermint leaves (Mentha piperita L.), marjoram herb (Origanum majorana L.), and chamomile flowers (Chamomilla recutita (L.) Rauschert). The study showed that the application of preliminary water maceration of raw material, augmented with ultrasounds, had a statistically significant increasing effect on the amount of oil distilled, in the case of mint leaf from 1.32% to 1.46% v/w, and in the case of marjoram herb from 1.13% to 1.27% v/w. In the case of chamomile flowers no significant effect of ultrasound on the amount of oil obtained was observed. Generally, comparing the composition of essential oils obtained in the experiments with the requirements of the relevant standards no unfavourable effect of the distillation augmenting techniques applied was noted. Therefore, it should be expected that the studied distillates of volatile fractions will have the desired biological activity.
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The influence of ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE) followed by hydrodistillation of Elettaria cardamomum L. seeds was investigated. The yield, volatile components and sensory characteristics of the extracted essential oils (EO) were evaluated. Power of ultrasonic and time of sonication were optimized. The chemical composition of the EO was identified by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Results revealed that the major components of cardamom essential oils varied between 26.59% and 39.34% for 1,8-cineole, and between 22.94% and 40.56% for α-terpinyl acetate, depending on the extraction conditions. The UAE technique facilitated short time extraction, improved extraction efficiency and produced good quality cardamom essential oil.
The establishment of an efficient protocol for plant regeneration and micropropagation from leaf cultures of Rehmannia glutinosa L. is reported. The regenerated shoots obtained from leaf cultures on solid MS medium containing different concentractions of TDZ. The highest number of shoots per explant (2.1) and shoot growth (1.2 cm) was obtained on MS medium containing 1 mg/L TDZ. The addition of 0.1 mg/L NAA and 3g/L Gelrite in MS medium containing 1 mg/L TDZ substantially improved the shoot regeneration of R. glutinosa. The rooted plants were hardened and transferred to soil with a 73% survival rate. The continuous production of R. glutinosa regenerated plants could be used as a possible micropropagation system.
The production conditions of the Gomphidius rutilus exopolysaccharides (GREP) in submerged culture were optimised, and the antioxidant activities of GREP in vitro were evaluated. The optimal culture medium constituents were determined as follows: 30g/L sucrose, 3.0g/L soybean meal, 0.25g/L MgSO4, 1.5g/LK2HPO4, 0.5g/L KH2PO4, 0.03g/L ZnSO4, and 0.01g/L FeSO4. The optimum parameters for the liquid fermentation were as follows: temperature, 25°C; cultivation time, 6 d; initial pH, 8.0; volume of medium, 150mL; and rotary speed, 180rpm. GREP content and dry cell weight in optimised conditions were 540.1±15.9mg/L and 8.2±0.3g/L, respectively. GREP content under the optimised conditions was 2.5 times than that under the basic culture medium and initial conditions. GREP demonstrated positive antioxidant potential on superoxide anion radical, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, and hydroxyl radical scavenging, and reducing power.
Eucalyptus bridgesiana, Cymbopogon martinii, Thymus vulgaris, Lindernia anagallis, and Pelargonium fragrans are five species of herbs used in Asia. Their essential oils were analyzed by GC-MS, and a total of 36 components were detected. The results of our study indicated that, except for the essential oil of P. fragrans, all of the essential oils demonstrated obvious antimicrobial activity against a broad range of microorganisms. The C. martinii essential oil, which is rich in geraniol, was the most effective antimicrobial additive. All of the essential oils demonstrated antioxidant activities on 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging assay, β-carotene/linoleic acid assay, and nitric oxide radical scavenging assay. Furthermore, the T. vulgaris essential oil, which possesses plentiful thymol, exhibited the highest antioxidant activity. For P. acnes-induced secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, the essential oils of P. aeruginosa, C. martinii, and T. vulgaris reduced the TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-8 secretion levels of THP-1 cells.
The present study investigated the chemical characterization, and antioxidant activity of essential oil hydrodistilled from young and mature leaves of Artemisia scoparia. GC-MS analyses revealed a monoterpenoid nature (64-67%) with 44 and 31 constituents in young and mature leaves oil, respectively. The oil from young leaf contained greater amount of oxygenated compounds. Beta-myrcene (24.13%) and p-cymene (27.06%) were the major constituents in young and mature leaves oil, respectively. A. scoparia leaf oils (25-200 microg/ml) exhibited a strong 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging capacity and antioxidant activity against hydroxyl radical and hydrogen peroxide. However, the activities of major constituent monoterpenes, beta-myrcene and p-cymene, were less. In general, the DPPH radical scavenging and antioxidant activity was in the order: mature leaf oil > young leaf oil > beta-myrcene > p-cymene.
A multi-vitamin auxotroph, Torulopsis glabrata strain WSH-IP303, which can use ammonium chloride as a sole nitrogen source for pyruvate production, was selected. To optimize pyruvate yield and productivity, a simple but useful, orthogonal design method, was used to investigate the relationship between thiamine, nicotinic acid, pyridoxine, biotin, and riboflavin. Thiamine was confirmed to be the most important factor affecting pyruvate production. When the concentration of thiamine was 0.01 mg/l or 0.015 mg/l, glucose consumption was improved by increasing the nicotinic acid concentration. When the concentrations of nicotinic acid, thiamine, pyridoxine, biotin, and riboflavin were 8.0, 0.015, 0.4, 0.04, and 0.1 mg/l, respectively, pyruvate concentration and yield reached 52 g/l and 0.52 g/g, respectively, in a 48-h flask culture. By employing a combination of the optimum vitamin concentrations, a batch culture was conducted in a 2.5-l fermentor with an initial glucose concentration of 112 g/l; and the pyruvate concentration reached 69 g/l after 56 h (yielding 0.62 g/g).
Thirteen essential oils were examined for their antioxidant activity using three different assay systems. Jasmine, parsley seed, rose, and ylang-ylang oils inhibited hexanal oxidation by over 95% after 40 days at a level of 500 microg/mL in the aldehyde/carboxylic acid assay. Scavenging abilities of the oils for the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical ranged from 39% for angelica seed oil to 90% for jasmine oil at a level of 200 microg/mL. The greatest inhibitory activity toward malonaldehyde (MA) formation from squalene upon UV-irradiation was obtained from parsley seed oil (inhibitory effect, 67%), followed by rose oil (46%), and celery seed oil (23%) at the level of 500 microg/mL. The main compounds of oils showing high antioxidant activity were limonene (composition, 74.6%) in celery seed, benzyl acetate (22.9%) in jasmine, alpha-pinene (33.7%) in juniper berry, myristicin (44%) in parsley seed, patchouli alcohol (28.8%) in patchouli, citronellol (34.2%) in rose, and germacrene (19.1%) in ylang-ylang.
Rehmannia glutinosa, a widely used traditional Chinese herb, belongs to the family of Scrophulariaceae, and is taken to nourish Yin and invigorate the kidney in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and has a very high medicinal value. In recent decades, a great number of chemical and pharmacological studies have been done on Rehmannia glutinosa. More than 70 compounds including iridoids, saccharides, amino acid, inorganic ions, as well as other trace elements have been found in the herb. Studies show that Rehmannia glutinosa and its active principles possess wide pharmacological actions on the blood system, immune system, endocrine system, cardiovascular system and the nervous system. Currently, the effective monomeric compounds or active parts have been screened for the pharmacological activity of Rehmannia glutinosa and the highest quality scientific data is delivered to support the further application and exploitation for new drug development.
Category and Quality Control of Common Chinese Herbs
- H Q Du