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Gazing Into the Oracle: the Delphi Method and its Application to Social Policy and Public Health
... Nonetheless, the method's ease of use, low cost to implement, and simplicity make it popular in social science research (Best & Edwards, 2024a;Sackman, 1974). Moreover, it can be easily modified to address researchers' diverse needs (Adler & Ziglio, 1996). Many consider such adaptability a strength of the method, but this sometimes may have led to confusion and misuse (Sackman, 1974). ...
... Over time, the Delphi method was adapted to assist in transforming individual opinions into group consensus through multi-stage, carefully facilitated survey research techniques (Hasson et al., 2000). Moreover, the method can be modified to address the needs of a specific study, making it an appropriate, versatile, and high utility tool in social science research (Adler & Ziglio, 1996). Given this malleability, it may be difficult to ascertain the Delphi method's original structure and procedures prior to such adaptations or modifications by innumerable researchers. ...
... The Delphi method may be modified or adapted by investigators for specific research contexts and purposes (Adler & Ziglio, 1996). One such study used a Delphi approach to identify the attitudes, knowledge, and skills (AKS) U.S. Extension administrators considered most important for success of the urban Extension workforce to confront its future challenges (Campbell, 2024). ...
The Delphi method is well-established in agricultural and Extension education. It has been adapted to address specific research needs and is sometimes used in conjunction with other research methods to produce more robust analyses and deeper understandings of phenomena. Developed in the 1950s by the RAND Corporation, the method involves iterative rounds of questionnaires to gather experts’ opinions and reach group consensus regarding an issue or topic. Its key features include anonymity, controlled feedback, and statistical group response, which help mitigate group think. The method's adaptability has led to numerous procedural modifications, such as changes in mode of delivery, number of iterations or data collection rounds, and criteria for reaching consensus. These modifications enhanced its applicability to diverse research contexts. Despite these strengths, issues of accuracy, validity, and reliability may arise due to mistaken applications of the method. This research note aimed to clarify the Delphi method's origin and procedural standards for proper use, its evolution over time, and its service in developing instruments for additional data collection and analysis. By applying the Borich (1980) model to findings derived from a Delphi study, as described in this note, gaps in urban Extension educators’ competencies were not only identified but also prioritized for professional development offerings. This underscores the method's versatility and potential as a foundational step in conducting social science research that prizes the input of experts. Future research should explore other data collection approaches the Delphi method could complement as researchers pursue more robust, reliable, and actionable results.
... The Delphi method is a study technique utilized to obtain consensus of opinion through administering a series of questionnaires to experts in a given area of research [13,18,29,35]. While the definition of an "expert" can be debated, Adler [2] defines an expert as an individual that has both extensive knowledge and practical experience with investigating the topic. By design, the Delphi method places a high emphasis on anonymous and iterative review wherein experts can provide their insight and feedback without potential peer pressure or conforming to a dominant view [3,52,57,64]. ...
... Our expert criterion included researchers that have earned their Ph.D., have a thorough history of conducting research in VR contexts, and published three or more articles that employed a standardized presence questionnaire (e.g., SUS or WS-PQ) in a VR study. This follows Adler et al.'s [2] definition of an expert as our expert researchers had extensive knowledge along with practical experience of applying these questionnaires. We compiled an initial list of candidate experts through systematically searching electronic databases (e.g., ACM Digital Library, IEEExplore, Web of Science, Google Scholar). ...
Within the virtual reality (VR) research community, there have been several efforts to develop questionnaires with the aim of better understanding the sense of presence. Despite having numerous surveys, the community does not have a questionnaire that informs which components of a VR application contributed to the sense of presence. Furthermore, previous literature notes the absence of consensus on which questionnaire or questions should be used. Therefore, we conducted a Delphi study, engaging presence experts to establish a consensus on the most important presence questions and their respective verbiage. We then conducted a validation study with an exploratory factor analysis (EFA). The efforts between our two studies led to the creation of the Fidelity-based Presence Scale (FPS). With our consensus-driven approach and fidelity-based factoring, we hope the FPS will enable better communication within the research community and yield important future results regarding the relationship between VR system fidelity and presence.
... The success of the Delphi method depends on selecting the right experts. Experts' knowledge and experience directly influence the accuracy of predictions and the efficiency of the process (Adler & Ziglio, 1996). Selection should be guided by specific criteria. ...
... For example, an expert initially skeptical about the adoption of electric vehicles due to infrastructure challenges might revise their opinion after reviewing optimistic forecasts from other participants. At this stage, experts are asked to provide more specific answers to focused questions, such as: "What percentage of urban transport will consist of electric and autonomous vehicles by 2050?" (Adler & Ziglio, 1996). ...
This book chapter compares the potential of text-to-image generative AI tools to realize urban portraits that are described through literary creation. Stable Diffusion XL Turbo, Midjourney V6 and DALL-E 3 (through the Microsoft Designer Image Creator and OpenAI, GPT-4) — in this case, written descriptions turned to visual— for five fictional cities from Italo Calvino's work, "Invisible Cities" are explored. A sample of 20 domain professionals scored the renderings obtained by the tools for their similarity to the core of Calvino's storytelling. The results indicate that the best tool is DALL-E 3, and within it, its version of GPT4, because it has excellent rendering skills for graphically very complex literary descriptions. The study discusses the potential for these AI tools to affect urban studies with the possibility of engaging new dialogue involving stakeholders and hopefully, fostering new approaches while enabling new areas.
... The Delphi study methodology is a multistage process designed to combine opinions into group consensus 81 , where a series of structured questionnaires (rounds) are anonymously completed by experts (panelists) and the responses from each questionnaire are fed back in summarized form to the participants 82,83 . This allows the panelists to reassess their initial judgments, considering the positive aspects of interacting groups (e.g., inclusion of different backgrounds) without the negative ones (e.g., influence of dominant members) 84 . ...
... A team of five to ten experts is required for this analysis, assuming they are all identical. The bare minimum of 10-15 Delphi experts is required for reasonably consistent results (Adler & Ziglio, 1996). ...
A study using the Fuzzy Delphi method identified key coping strategies for graduate students during crises. Seven experts reviewed existing research, finding the most effective methods to be: body scan and relaxation, meditation and emotional regulation, acceptance of trauma symptoms, social support, and mindfulness with breathing and gratitude. These strategies offer a framework for targeted interventions to boost student well-being and resilience. Future research should empirically test these methods, explore their integration into programs, analyze technology's role, examine demographic differences, conduct longitudinal studies, and consider student perspectives. The aim is to develop comprehensive approaches for enhancing graduate students’ well-being.
... According to Clayton (1997), if all specialists share the same background, the recommended number of experts ranges from 5 to 10. However, maintaining consistency typically requires a minimum of 10 to 15 experts for a Delphi study (Adler & Ziglio, 1996). (2004), experts are individuals who possess specialized knowledge and skills in a specific area. ...
The Fuzzy Delphi Method creates an early braille reading skills module for vision-impaired preschoolers. The project seeks a consensus-based, holistic solution to declining rates and technological integration in early braille literacy. Based on the Model Bottom-Up, 11 experts assessed six constructs. For analysis, FUDELO 1.0 and a 7-point Fuzzy scale were employed. Constructs provide 86% expert support for all proposed features. The study supports Sustainable Development Goal 4's inclusive education goals with evidence-based special education. Future research should focus on module adaptability, longitudinal effect studies, and practical implementation in different educational contexts and learner needs.
... We contacted 11 experts, of which 5 agreed to participate in both rounds. Following Khan et al. (2023), Ziglio (1996) and Linestone and Turoff (1975), this number is adequate for reliable results. Surveys were constructed to validate the drivers and barriers of the HSC. ...
... When compared to other MCDM methods, the Delphi approach is easy to understand, more friendly towards decision-makers and cost-effective. The paper by Adler and Ziglio (1996) suggested that a minimum of 10 experts are needed to gain consistency for the Fuzzy Delhi approach. The Fuzzy Delphi method was selected for this research based on its capability in managing the vagueness and ambiguity when both SDGs and ESG metrics are incorporated into sovereign credit risk analysis. ...
This research paper looks at the intricate interrelationships between environmental, social and governance issues and government debt levels in the Middle East and North Africa region. The paper examines the emergence of various approaches in shaping government debt levels as part of developing sustainable models for this area. The study highlights comprehending problems in relation to how Environment, Social and Governance and sustainable development goals assessments and public-sector indebtedness should be integrated. The aim of this study is to identify challenges that hinder a smooth integration of this system required for comprehensive credit assessment informed by global best practices. Delphi technique is used to outline key areas relating to environmentally sustainable development goals inclusion into sector sovereign credit rating with specific reference to environmental, social and corporate governance ratings. This analysis employs a fuzzy Delphi method to define these challenges in order to accommodate built-in uncertainty associated with each problem area and also obtain weights for them all. Furthermore, Fuzzy Best Worst Methodology has been applied in this study to classify these problems according to their degree of importance. By integrating objectives with resources into lending strategies, we already have an improved combined/contingent approach within our midst. Fuzzy method is therefore an integral part of its use to integrate vagueness and ambiguity of the decision maker's opinions.
... The literature suggests varying optimal sample sizes for expert panels in Delphi studies, particularly when the group is homogeneous. Adler & Ziglio [57] propose that 10 to 15 experts are suitable for a uniform group. Sforza & Ortolano [58] recommend 8 to 12 participants for a homogeneous sample, while Philip [59] suggests a range of 7 to 12 experts. ...
This study aimed to develop dimensions of family functionality among rural students using the Fuzzy Delphi Method. A panel of seven experts, comprising teachers, Malaysian Ministry of Education officials, and counselors, participated in the assessment process. The research utilized the Fuzzy Delphi Logic Software (FUDELO) to analyze and synthesize expert opinions, resulting in the identification of eight key constructs for the questionnaire. These constructs encompass: (1) Motivational Aspiration, (2) Empathy for the family, (3) Willingness to sacrifice and be responsible for the family, (4) Confusing attention and love for the family, (5) Need for guidance and advisors, (6) Good communication, (7) Self-reliance, and (8) Psychological well-being. The Fuzzy Delphi Method, a sophisticated technique for achieving consensus among experts, allowed for the incorporation of linguistic variables and fuzzy set theory in the decision-making process. This approach enabled the researchers to capture the nuanced perspectives of the experts while mitigating the ambiguity often associated with human judgment. By focusing on rural students, this study addresses a critical gap in understanding family dynamics within specific socio-geographic contexts. The developed dimensions offer a comprehensive framework for assessing family functionality, potentially informing educational policies, counseling strategies, and interventions tailored to the unique needs of rural students and their families. Future research could validate these dimensions through empirical studies and explore their applicability in diverse cultural and socioeconomic settings.
... Ten experts were invited to answer the questionnaire. For the expert selection, the appropriate suggested number of experts in FDM is 10 -15 [19]. Therefore, ten experts are suitable for this study to determine the elements of the mobile learning model. ...
Mobile learning, also known as m-learning, has been popular recently due to the portability, ease of use, and affordability of mobile devices. M-learning can take place anywhere and at any time. Furthermore, adult learners face challenges due to the increasing use of technology and the ageing population. Current design guidelines for smartphones for older adults can be challenging to implement and interpret. Little research has been done on mobile learning elements before application development. Different frameworks of the mobile learning model apply specific principles and endorse the theory of demographics and other related variables. This study addresses the gap in pre-application research on mobile learning elements, focusing on adult learners. This study uses the Fuzzy Delphi Method (FDM) with ten experts and the result from the analysis threshold score was (d) ≤ 0.2, the percentage consensus of the expert was more than 75%, and the average fuzzy score (A) for all the elements is 0.5 and above. Results indicate that seven proposed elements (usability, navigation, touch gestures, andragogy, scaffolding, content, and layout) are important for adult learners. It is suggested that these FDM-identified components be included in a mobile learning design model to improve the educational experience for this particular group of learners. This study provides insightful information on particular elements that are necessary to successfully create mobile learning experiences for adult learners.
... The selection of interview respondents consisted of a homogeneous group. The rationale behind this selection was that these respondents could provide rich data with a variety of perspectives, ensuring precise responses due to their different backgrounds but similar experience (Merriam, 2009;Adler & Ziglio, 1996). The chosen sample comprised experienced teachers. ...
The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into the teaching and learning of pantun (Malay quatrain) represents a new revolution in contemporary education, fostering a more creative and innovative approach to learning. This study aims to explore the potential of AI in enhancing the teaching and learning process among students. Generally, with the integration of AI, the analysis of pantun works can be researched more comprehensively, including a deeper examination of rhyme schemes, values, and moral lessons embedded within them. AI assists students to discover the implicit meaning in pantun works more clearly besides offering them an opportunity to create new pantun easily. This study was carried out by making a survey of the previous studies to examine the extent to which AI has the potential to create engaging teaching and learning processes, particularly in the context of pantun education. Meanwhile, to reinforce the findings from previous studies, an interview session was conducted with six expert informants in the field of literature education. The session employed the Triple-E framework developed by Liz Kolb (2017) as the interview instrument. The analysis of the interview findings aimed to assess the potential usability of AI through three components: student engagement, enhancement of learning goals, and the development of pantun learning objectives. The potential usability of AI was assessed using the same framework with eleven students, consisting of Form Six students enrolled in the Malay Literature course. The study findings revealed that the integration of AI in the teaching of pantun could enhance student engagement, particularly in terms of motivation and active participation. The expected findings also indicated that AI not only facilitates a new revolution in the approach to learning pantun, but also strengthens the educational environment by fostering greater creativity in the current era of technology-driven education.
... The number of experts used in this study follows the recommendations of (Harry Jones & Twiss, (1978), who suggested between 10 and 50 experts for the Delphi method. Conversely, (Adler & Erio Ziglio, (1996) stated that a number of experts between 10 and 15 is sufficient if there is homogeneity. Therefore, this study utilizes 16 experts, adjusted to the context of the study as stated in Table 1. ...
This research aimed to develop an android-based drawing art application (DiD-Art). Using the Fuzzy Delphi Method, researchers surveyed 20 experts to evaluate seven constructs and 37 items for the application. The findings revealed expert agreement on all constructs and items, meeting the three Fuzzy conditions. The research resulted in a design framework for the DiD-Art application, which will serve as a teaching and learning material for Visual Art Education teachers. This study leverages digital technology to enhance accessibility and impact art education. Thus, future research could focus on implementing and evaluating the application's effectiveness in real classroom settings.
... Not only that, the experts must have many publications, such as indexed journals, conference papers, and books, and should have experience in the particular field for more than five years (Delbecq et al. 1975;Berliner, 2004). On the other hand, Adler & Ziglio (1996) also emphasized that the number of experts should be between 10 and 15 if there is a high level of uniformity. Further illustrations of the 14 experts in this research can be categorized as follows: Table 8 explains the number of experts from different backgrounds, instutions and organizations to rank the items in FDM. ...
The Muslim Personality Model (Persona) for Lesbian, Gay, and Transgender (LGT) Hijra in Malaysia should be developed by Non Governmental Organizations (NGOs). Previous studies have limitations in developing the Muslim Personality Model (Persona), and it is imperative to include Islamic well-being and personality elements. It can be explained that for those LGTs who insist on or are ongoing to transform themselves to be better Muslims, it is challenging if there is no proposed model to be a guide. As Muslims, their faith in Islam fluctuates, but the development of a model can support and guide them in transforming their lives from being associated with homosexuality.This research focuses on developing a Muslim Personality Model for NGOs LGT Hijrah in Malaysia. Therefore, this paper proposes to adopt
... Berliner (2004) emphasizes the significance of selecting experts with a minimum of five years of consistent expertise to guarantee a comprehensive understanding of the issues under study. This study recruited a purposeful sample of 12 diverse experts (Table 1) consistent with the recommendation of Adler and Ziglio (1996), who suggest involving 10 to 15 experts in the Delphi method to obtain a high consensus. The criteria for the experts were as follows: 1. ...
Creating a high-quality learning environment where students can solve real-world problems and be receptive is essential for fostering students’ innovation competencies. Using appropriate pedagogical strategies and classroom activities is a crucial aspect of Malaysian education. This article uses the Fuzzy Delphi Method (FDM) to design chemistry classroom teaching strategies based on the design thinking paradigm. This research involves 12 experts in purposive sampling to form a diverse panel encompassing expertise in Chemistry Education, Curriculum, Module Development, Research, and Innovation. Using the Fuzzy Delphi method (FDM), the data were analyzed. Four elements for exploratory constructs, two elements for construct interpretation, four elements for ideation, two elements for execution, and three elements for construct evolution met the FDM requirements, according to the findings. Its threshold value is less than 0.2, the expert consensus is less than 75%, and the average score of the fuzzy number is over 0.5. Encouraging design thinking in chemistry classes and thereby enhancing students’ innovation skills, this research unquestionably induces a paradigm shift in teaching practice.
... 2,(Cheng & Lin, 2002), then all experts have reached a consensus. Subsequently(2) The percentage of expert consensus for the value of the percentage of expert consensus is equal to or above ≥ 75%(Chu & Hwang, 2008; Murry & Hammons, 1995) shows that the consensus of the expert panel is adhered to. And finally (3) Defuzzification Process, which is a fuzzy evaluation process to determine the value of the Fuzzy score and the priority of the position of each element in each main component is based on the value of the fuzzy score, α-cut. ...
The integration of digital pedagogical approaches has emerged as a fundamental imperative in 21st-century educational transformation, aligning with both the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and Digital Education Policy frameworks, particularly within the domain of Visual Arts Education (VAE) at the primary education level. This research endeavors to examine the systematic development of digitalized pedagogical frameworks for Visual Arts Education in primary institutions, utilizing the Fuzzy Delphi methodology to enhance instructional efficacy and learning outcomes. The implementation of the Fuzzy Delphi method facilitates the synthesis of expert consensus in establishing critical components for pedagogical digitalization that address both educator and learner requirements. The empirical findings demonstrate the efficacy of the Fuzzy Delphi approach in ensuring the pedagogical digitalization framework maintains contextual relevance and appropriateness within the primary school teaching environment.
... Rather, they focus on the diverse views of a broader policy communitythose concerned about or impacted by particular public policies. These Delphis are widely used in social and environmental policy of many sorts (Adler and Ziglio, 1996;De Loë et al., 2016;Manley, 2013;Meskell et al., 2014;Perveen et al., 2017). ...
Conservation biology's purported remit is conserving nature by protecting species, habitats, and ecosystems. Because of this the field has historically given short shrift to the wellbeing of individual animals themselves and their role in nature protection. This approach ignores substantial scientific and ethical evidence showing that many animals are sentient, sapient and social beings who have intrinsic value and individual wellbeing. Compassionate conservation (CC) is an emergent paradigm of conservation arising to redress this absolute or relative dismissal of wild lives. Noting that the practice of CC is not well characterized, we used a modified Delphi method to explore the meaning and significance of such practices. Contrary to the stereotypes of critics, CC is not a "do nothing" but a "do better and do right" approach to working in the field. Recognizing that all science is value-laden, CC is self-consciously guided by a bounded pluralism of ethical values that inform its practice. We characterize these values as a commitment to the intrinsic moral value of people, animals and nature, and an ethics of care for their wellbeing. CC emphasizes the alignment of values and practice, coexistence as an overall goal, cooperation in the sense of working with and not against nature, honesty about the competing demands of individuals and groups in ecological and social communities, humility about the extent of our knowledge, restraint in undertaking interventions that lack efficacy, and strict scrutiny of both the ethical and scientific justifications for actions affecting animal wellbeing.
... We utilized the Delphi method to administer the questionnaire to preserve a high degree of validity. 7 To generate a consensus, the levels of agreement or disagreement on each item were voted independently in a blind fashion through a Likert-type scale from 1 to 5 (1=strongly disagree, 2=disagree, 3=somewhat agree, 4=agree, 5=strongly agree). No ethical approval was required for the present study as it only requested the opinions of clinicians, and no patient-specific data was involved. ...
Study design: A systematic literature review and consensus using Delphi method.
Objectives: This review aims to create recommendations on the surgical indications and approaches to treat Chiari Malformation (CM) with or without syringomyelia.
Summary of background data: Despite the growing body of knowledge on CM, there are diverse and sometimes contradicting perspective about surgical indications and procedures in both pediatric and adult populations.
Methods: The authors reviewed the literature on CM published from 2011 to 2022. Two consensus conferences were organized by WFNS Spine Committee. The first one was held in Sao Paulo, Brazil on August 2022, and the second one was held in Porto, Portugal on December 2022. Using the Delphi method, a panel expert spine surgeons and members of the WFNS Spine Committee examined the strength of the literature, elaborated and voted statements about the surgical management of CM.
Results: We present 11 consensus statements on the surgical management of CM. Surgery is recommended for patients who have symptoms or if MRI shows progression in asymptomatic patients. In pediatrics, osteoligamentous decompression only is indicated, whereas adults can have foramen magnum decompression with duroplasty, which is usually sufficient to control the associated syringomyelia. Syrinx drainage is the last option. Arachnoid opening can be performed in patients who have previously failed surgery or if arachnoid morphological anomalies are identified during the initial procedure. Tonsillar shrinkage provides somewhat better clinical efficacy than decompression alone, but at a larger risk of complications. Only patients with concurrent basilar invagination and atlanto-axial instability are advised to undergo atlanto-axial fixation alone.
Conclusions: The consensus statements created by a collaborative work provide useful information for surgeons treating CM worldwide in order to achieve better surgical outcomes and avoid complications
... For Delphi studies where the experts are similar in their knowledge and experience, the recommended number of participants is between 5 and 10. However, if there is a degree of homogeneity among them, the minimum number typically ranges from 10 to 15 experts (Adler & Ziglio, 1996). ...
In the evolving landscape of digital education, teachers’ self-efficacy intechnology integration plays a pivotal role in shaping effective learningenvironments. This study utilizes the Fuzzy Delphi Method to identify andvalidate the key constructs influencing Teacher’s Technology Integration Self-Efficacy, revealing significant consensus among experts. Mastery experiences,vicarious learning, verbal persuasion, and emotional responses are identified ascentral factors enhancing teachers’ confidence. The study underscores thenecessity of targeted professional development that supports these dimensions,promoting effective technological integration. Future research shouldinvestigate the longitudinal effects of such development programs and thevariance in self-efficacy across different subjects.
(PDF) Journal of Contemporary Social Science and Education Studies CONSENSUS ON TECHNOLOGY INTEGRATION CONFIDENCE: A FUZZY DELPHI ANALYSIS OF TEACHER SELF-EFFICACY. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/388748296_Journal_of_Contemporary_Social_Science_and_Education_Studies_CONSENSUS_ON_TECHNOLOGY_INTEGRATION_CONFIDENCE_A_FUZZY_DELPHI_ANALYSIS_OF_TEACHER_SELF-EFFICACY [accessed Feb 06 2025].
... The number of experts used was based on recommendations from previous researchers. [31] suggested that 10 to 15 experts are sufficient if there is uniformity (homogeneity) among them. Meanwhile, [32] stated that the number of experts in FDM studies varies between six and 20 participants depending on the topic. ...
The quality of education today significantly impacts student performance and academic achievements. Adaptive learning has emerged as a strategic approach to enhance educational quality by replacing conventional one-size-fits-all methods, which often fail to address diverse student needs. However, existing adaptive learning frameworks predominantly rely on e-learning platforms, despite many educators still favouring face-to-face instruction in the classroom as their primary platform. Therefore, this research article aims to propose an adaptive learning framework that integrates a blended learning environment while leveraging educational technology. This research uses literature reviews, interviews, and questionnaires to develop the proposed adaptive learning framework, the Adaptive-Decision Support System-Learning Framework (A-DSS-LF). The A-DSS-LF comprises four primary components: the learning process, learning assessment, adaptive decision support system, and adaptive profile—the validation of the proposed A-DSS-LF involves experts from the education field. Presentations and discussions were conducted to gather their feedback and reach a consensus on the framework's validity. The findings of the Fuzzy Delphi Analysis reveal that the proposed A-DSS-LF garnered a positive reception from experts. However, valuable feedback was also offered for potential enhancements to the framework. The proposed A-DSS-LF provides educators and students with alternative learning strategies within a blended learning environment, customised to meet students' individual needs. It also leverages existing technology as a supportive learning tool.
... This consists of obtaining, in a systematic and structured way, consensus across experts with different perspectives. This is especially relevant to topics where information is either limited or unavailable [21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28]. In several rounds of the Delphi process, experts share their expertise and try to achieve agreement on the issue of discussion. ...
Background
This study explores the facilitating and inhibiting factors in the design/development, implementation, and applicability/evaluation of value-based payment models of integrated care. The Delphi technique was used to reach consensus among a panel of (inter)national experts on these factors.
Methods
An expert panel of 15 members participated in a three-round Delphi study. Factors from experts and literature were used to compile a list of 40 facilitators and 40 inhibitors. Afterwards, experts were asked to rate the importance of these factors using a 5-point Likert scale.
Results
Eight facilitating (e.g., transparency, communication, and trust among involved stakeholders) and seven inhibiting factors (e.g., lack of motivation and engagement among involved stakeholders) achieved full consensus. Timely availability of data and an integrated information technology system for data registration (a facilitator) were the only factors achieving full consensus through a very high agreement.
Conclusions
Adequate outcome measures, targets, benchmarks, and incentives are important in value-based payment models. The less quantifiable items, such as strong leadership, transparency, communication and trust, and motivation and engagement of the involved stakeholders, are also important for successful adoption of these models and promote high-quality care at lower or equal costs.
... A proper selection of experts is vital as it affects the quality of the results of the study. The panels were selected based on these four criteria: Knowledge and experience with the issues under investigation, capacity and willingness to participate, sufficient time to participate in the study, and effective communication skills (Adler & Ziglio, 1996). Purposively for this study, the panels of experts consisted of various stakeholder whose backgrounds include: PUDO operators, courier service providers, and academicians with a background in e-commerce, marketing, knowledge management, and consumer behaviour which is further specified as follows: ...
The Pick-Up and Drop-Off (PUDO) system has emerged as a viable solution
for managing missed deliveries and enhancing sustainability in the e-commerce industry. However, the absence of a comprehensive tool for identifying suitable PUDO locations in Malaysia poses a challenge. This research aims to develop a PUDO Point Suitability Index specifically tailored to identify prospective PUDO service deployment, particularly in rural communities and address the needs of communities not covered by the existing courier service network. Data collection was conducted at all Pusat Ekonomi Digital (PEDi) in the Kuching and Serian divisions of Sarawak, Malaysia. The instrument development process uses a multiphase approach that includes observations, in-depth interviews, document
analysis, and quantitative surveys. To calculate the suitability index, factors such as local product availability, competition, prospective users, readiness, facilities, accessibility, and security were considered and weighted accordingly. The identification of suitable PUDO points could improve the delivery network, thereby improving last-mile delivery efficiency and stimulating local trade. It also acts as an enabler for a wider market reach; thus, promoting entrepreneurship in rural communities. The outcome of this study offers the relevant authorities, valuable knowledge that will enable strategic planning and organised efforts in the implementation of PUDO services.
... According to Dalkey and Helmer (1963), an expert is knowledgeable about a specific field. Adler and Ziglio (1996) emphasised that the selection of experts must be based on four "expertise" requirements: an expert must have (i) expertise in dealing with relevant problems (in this case, the halal industry in Indonesia, and have at least five years of experience in the halal industry); (ii) willingness and capacity to participate; (iii) time to participate; and (iv) a strong ability to communicate. ...
The study aims to understand interlinkages and the relative importance of barriers to maximising the performance of the halal industry in Indonesia using Integrated Interpretive Structural Modelling (ISM) and the Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) methodology. This study uses the content validity method to find the relevant or valid barrier, the ISM methodology to examine the interrelationship between the valid barriers, and the DEMATEL methodology to find the cause–effect relationships and revise the ISM digraph. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study is the first to investigate the barriers to systematically maximising halal industry performance in Indonesia, elaborating on the relationship between relevant theories and practical issues to identify the barriers. The study’s integrated approach helps corporate and political decision-makers identify essential barriers to development and explore the interdependencies between barriers. This can help decision-makers overcome critical obstacles, use resources more efficiently, and find innovative solutions for the industry’s viability and dynamic development.
... According to Saaty and Ozdemir (2015), the accuracy of results may be compromised when less experienced and knowledgeable "experts" are chosen. Consistent with this assertion, this study employed a sample of 12 subject matter experts as per the criteria outlined by Adler and Ziglio (1996). Regarding this matter, it is deemed appropriate to have a group of 10 to 15 experts, if there is a significant level of homogeneity among the chosen individuals. ...
This study evaluates the effectiveness of neoteric-based approaches applied in Arabic language teaching module for primary school students. The evaluation focuses on factors such as interactiveness, technology integration, gamification, and alignment with national educational standards. This study recruits 12 experts in the field of education and Arabic language for the usability consensus purposes. A comprehensive analysis of Fuzzy Delphi method was conducted to assess the experts' consensus and to discover the strengths and areas for improvement in each aspect. The findings indicated a positive perception of neoteric approaches, including interactive learning, gamification, and technology integration. Furthermore, the study highlights the importance of aligning this Arabic language modules with the Neoteric Curriculum Standard Documents and Assessments (DSKPN). This is to ensure that the modules cover the necessary contents and skills required by the curriculum other than preparing students adequately for learning assessments. In conclusion, the study suggests that neoteric approaches can significantly enhance the Arabic language teaching and learning for primary school students. Overall, the study underscores the importance of continuing to leverage neoteric approaches to improve the teaching and learning of Arabic language and prepare the students for the challenges of the 21st century.
The life of muallaf (newly Muslim convert) as someone who is new to Islam is faced with certain challenges and conflicts. Understanding and practicing Islam in daily life, and subsequently remaining steadfast in the Islamic faith, are among the critical challenges faced by converts (muallaf). This is not an easy task due to factors related to a person's ability to mastering the basic teachings of Islam within the period set by the religious authorities based on the enactment of the Islamic administration of the states in Malaysia. Strong social support may be able to speed up the process of muallaf to be taken out of hand ta'lif or the period of being considered as muallaf. This article discusses the had ta'lif muallaf and as well as the need for social support to enable mualaf to exit the status of muallaf and most importantly retain them in Islam. The writing of this article uses the method of document analysis by referring to the Qur'an, hadith, the kitab turath, journal articles and other literature related to the subject of the study. The method of data analysis is done thematically by forming certain themes that support the research topic. Findings show that the period or had ta'lif is necessary to facilitate matters related to the administration of religious authorities, especially zakat aid. Meanwhile social support whether in spiritual form such as religious guidances, advices or counseling or in a physical form such as material aids and security protection are needed by the converts to ensure the well-being of their lives as a Muslim. The implication of the study is that both had ta'lif and social support are significant to the lives of mualafs and it is the duty of the Muslim community to protect their lives.
This study employed a Delphi approach to explore the key features and critical factors influencing the adoption of the Circular Economy Business Model (CEBM) in construction organisations; by gathering insights from a panel of experts, the research aimed to identify essential attributes for successfully implementing CEBM and forecast its future adoption within the sector. The Delphi process consisted of two rounds, enabling experts to reach a consensus on issues related to CEBM’s application in construction. The study also examined the role of organisational functions in facilitating the transition to a circular economy, focusing on critical factors that may affect its adoption. The research highlighted a gap in existing literature regarding frameworks for implementing CEBM in construction, prompting the development of a comprehensive framework to guide this transition. A carefully selected expert panel was instrumental in validating the model and identifying primary and secondary attributes essential for CEBM adoption. This study contributes to understanding how construction organisations can effectively transition from linear practices to more sustainable, circular approaches.
This book establishes a framework for a circular economy business model (CEBM) tailored to construction organisations, addressing the sector’s unique challenges and opportunities. The framework identifies the main attributes defining a CEBM, offering a pathway for transitioning from traditional linear models to sustainable and regenerative practices. To achieve this, the study pursued four objectives: identifying factors shaping CEBM, exploring relevant frameworks and theories, determining influential attributes, and developing a comprehensive CEBM framework. A literature review and a Delphi study informed the findings. Key insights reveal that CEBM adoption is driven by attributes such as value propositions, client relationships, key resources, and take-back systems, all underpinned by established theories like systems thinking and institutional theory. Given its environmental impact and resource intensity, these elements are particularly relevant in the construction sector. The study’s contribution extends to a validated CEBM framework, offering practical strategies for integration across procurement, design, construction, and deconstruction phases. By embracing circular principles, construction organisations can minimise waste, enhance resilience, and align with global sustainability goals, including the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals. This study provides a vital roadmap for advancing sustainability in the built environment.
Formative Assessment (FA) is like a compass for learning. It is an instructional process that helps educators understand where their students are and assist them move forward. It is a way to continuously gauge processes, identify areas for improvement, and adapt teaching strategies accordingly. Due to their complex linguistic situation, this chapter studies the impact of Five Formative Assessment Strategies (FAS): sharing learning goals, questioning, self-assessment, peer assessment, and feedback on motivation and achievement on Arab high school students, in Israel. This study demonstrates that FAS has gained popularity among Arab high schoolers as an evaluation method in their EFL classroom. Moreover, the results indicate that FAS has assisted in raising all students' motivation to learn English, which led to enhancing their academic achievement, especially for low achievers.
The research article discusses how the ethical issues when using generative conversational artificial intelligence systems about ChatGPT. Establishing an IT/IS approach to spread an ethical review of the new technologies aboput ChatGPT are intended for a better systematic review about the advantages and possible problems about ChatGPT and AI per say. This approach integrates ethical issues identified through proactive techniques. Ethical issues in new ICT applications, including ethics, ethical impact assessment and specific aspects of AI. Used to analyze the human text generation and interaction capabilities of ChatGPT. Also, the resarch analysis shows that ChatGPT can provide high levels of social and ethical benefits. But so does raises serious ethical concerns about social justice, individual autonomy, cultural identity, and environmental issues. Mental problems is one of the key issues with high impact include accountability, inclusion, social cohesion, autonomy, security, prejudice, responsibility and environmental impact. Although the current discussion focuses only on specific issues. This review consistently highlights a broader and more balanced range of ethical issues that, in the author's view, require attention. These findings are consistent with emerging research and industry priorities regarding the generative ethics of artificial intelligence. This includes the need to engage a variety of stakeholders and consider benefits and risks holistically. Participates in application development and multi-level policy interventions to achieve positive outcomes. Typical, The analysis shows that using established ethical engineering methods can lead to rigorous measurements. A comprehensive framework to guide discussion and action on new, impactful technologies such as ChatGPT. This article proposes to maintain this broad and balanced ethical perspective as use cases are developed to realize the benefits. ChatGPT is an interactive web framework based on OpenAI GPT. Large-scale language patterns are expected to have a transformative impact on society. Various aspects of social life, such as the expectations are high and interest is growing. This is a significant investment and raises many concerns. There is growing media coverage and academic debate on this topic. Ethical pros and cons and this existing discussion focuses on a specific issue. It is a topic that has received as much attention as academic writing, but is no longer available. Systematic approach. The current debate on the ethics of ChatGPT, as described in section. It doesn't just focus on one specific issue, it's still biased in that area as well. There is a lack of balance when considering welfare and ethical issues. Balance The debate is not only of academic interest but also of practical necessity. Conditions as well. Organizations using these technologies include: The advice you can trust and the politicians who give it, Developed based on a broad, academically responsible approach usually. This article provides such an expert-based framework. We help you research and overcome the contextual nature of your current situation. The purpose of this article is to systematically analyze and a detailed analysis of ChatGPT ethics and the people involved. It is a technology based on an extended language model. We use established research methods developed for the study. Addressing ethical issues in new technologies. Based on these three things, explore ideas about debate methods and ethics related to artificial intelligence. Potential benefits and ethical issues of ChatGPT applications. List of previously identified potential recurring issues or 93 literature. The structure of the article is as follows. We will consider this in the next section. ChatGPT, main features and ethical implications of The ethics of new technologies and the ethics of artificial intelligence. This is the background and we present a methodological framework for ethical analysis. ChatGPT analysis, relevance of results, questions that raise no doubts.
We sought to generate consensus-based recommendations to inform updates to the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Mental Health Best Practices. A two-phase modified Delphi consensus process was used to identify foundational premises and actionable recommendations for NCAA member schools. Participants were members of the NCAA’s Mental Health Advisory Group (n=31), including student-athletes, representatives from leading national organisations involved in college student or athlete mental health and higher education, and licensed mental health providers who work with student-athletes. The consensus process produced 11 foundational premises and 36 recommendation statements that were considered useful and feasible for NCAA member schools. Foundational premises addressed multiple levels of risk factors that may adversely impact student-athlete mental health. Recommendations for member schools were broadly grouped into (1) creating healthy environments that support mental health and promote well-being; (2) developing procedures for identifying student-athletes with mental health symptoms and disorders, including the use of validated mental health screening tools; (3) establishing mental health action plans that outline referral pathways of student-athletes to licensed mental health providers; and (4) ensuring licensure of providers who oversee and manage student-athlete mental healthcare. These premises and recommendations provide guidance for understanding and supporting student-athlete mental health needs.
The restoration of industrial heritage buildings presents unique challenges, particularly in ensuring structural integrity, safety, and sustainability throughout the process. It is evident that activities such as structural modifications, demolition and retention carry significant risks. The field of building engineering plays a pivotal role in the transformation of aged industrial edifices into functional and sustainable spaces, while simultaneously preserving their historical significance. Nevertheless, the design for safety and health approach has yet to be implemented with regard to the protection of workers and the general public, as part of the broader concept of sustainability. This study explores the integration of Building Information Modelling (BIM) in the refurbishment of the Phoenix-West Gasometer, emphasizing risk mitigation and project efficiency. By utilizing a multi-phase approach, the research incorporates 3D modelling, hazard identification, and 4D project scheduling to enhance decision-making. The study leverages Autodesk Revit, Navisworks, and Tekla Structures to develop a comprehensive model that integrates safety attributes, material assessments, and environmental risk management. The project timeline was structured into distinct phases, including structural reinforcement, soil remediation, prefabrication, and final safety checks. Through case study comparisons with the Oberhausen and Augsburg Gasometers, the research highlights best practices in heritage restoration, such as soil contamination management, prefabrication strategies, and climate control solutions. The findings demonstrate that BIM-driven restoration can enhance safety compliance, reduce construction risks, and improve project efficiency. This study contributes to the growing body of knowledge on heritage conservation and digital construction methodologies, offering a structured framework for future industrial restoration projects.
Desertification is a complex process of land degradation accompanied by natural and environmental damage, leading to the destruction of ecosystems. Today, managing the control, reduction, and reversal of desertification, as well as conducting a quantitative evaluation of the changes it causes, is essential. Therefore, this research aimed to evaluate desertification projects, focusing on the achievement of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in Eastern Iran, specifically in the Gonabad County of Khorasan Razavi province. Key indicators such as participation rate, migration, and education in the social dimension, and income, investment, and employment in the economic dimension, were collected and analyzed through a questionnaire with 51 items and in-depth interviews. In the environmental dimension, indicators of vegetation cover and dust storms were assessed using satellite images. The statistical population of the study included 107 local individuals, facilitators, stakeholders, managers, and executive experts. The results showed that in the studied area, the desertification project had a moderate impact on the selected indicators. In the social dimension, the average scores for participation and migration exceeded the medium level, with values of 3.36 and 3.38, respectively, showing significant improvement (p-value < 0.05). In the economic dimension, the income indicator increased with an average of 3.38, but the average investment index did not show a significant change. Additionally, the results revealed that job creation, with an average score of 2.84, was lower than expected. In the environmental dimension, satellite image analysis indicated that the average vegetation cover index increased from 0.0837 in 2013 to 0.1261 in 2023, and the frequency of dust storms decreased by 4%, from 47.18% to 43.01%. Therefore, public participation, with an average rank of 6.60, is the most important factor contributing to the success of the desertification project.
Background
Hawai‘i’s exceptional trees are currently identified based on 7 selection criteria established in 1975. These criteria and their corresponding program components have remained stagnant with minimal improvements since the program’s inception. This study builds upon previous exceptional (aka “heritage,” “significant,” “champion,” “monumental,” “notable,” etc.) tree research conducted in other geographic locations in an attempt to discover if consensus exists regarding how these trees of importance should be identified, managed, and protected.
Methods
A panel of 13 experts from around the state were presented 45 exceptional tree selection criteria and several program components using a 3-iteration Delphi method to determine if consensus exists on which selection criteria and program components should be used by Hawai‘i’s Exceptional Tree Program.
Results
The results identified 33 exceptional tree selection criteria and 5 program components (i.e., protection mechanisms, private property exceptional tree maintenance costs, funding, public education and outreach, and program management best practices) recommended by the expert panel, as well as examples of how each should be implemented to improve the efficacy of this conservation program.
Conclusions
These findings add to a growing body of exceptional tree research designed to identify, recognize, and protect a region’s most valued trees, while also having applicability to urban forestry programs more broadly.
This study explores the integration of Knowledge Graphs (KG) and Large Language Models (LLMs) to design a question-answering (QA) system in the field of education. The proposed method involves constructing a KG using LLMs, retrieving contextual prompts from high-quality learning resources, and enhancing these prompts to generate accurate answers to real questions related to major educational concepts. The technical framework outlined in this paper, along with the analysis of results, contributes to the advancement of LLM applications in educational technology. The findings provide a foundation for developing intelligent, context-aware educational systems that leverage structured knowledge to support learning and enhance educational outcomes.
This study explores the integration of Knowledge Graphs (KG) and Large Language Models (LLMs) to design a question-answering (QA) system in the field of education. The proposed method involves constructing a KG using LLMs, retrieving contextual prompts from high-quality learning resources, and enhancing these prompts to generate accurate answers to real questions related to major educational concepts. The technical framework outlined in this paper, along with the analysis of results, contributes to the advancement of LLM applications in educational technology. The findings provide a foundation for developing intelligent, context-aware educational systems that leverage structured knowledge to support learning and enhance educational outcomes.
The rapid advancement in digital technologies has required supply chains to adapt to more flexible and resilient frameworks. This study explores the potential contributing factors to developing a flexible supply chain in the digital age and evaluates their impact on the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The study employs the fuzzy Delphi method and the fuzzy best–worst method to systematically identify and prioritise the potential contributing factors from a literature survey and expert insights. The fuzzy Delphi method is utilised to attain a consensus among experts on relevant contributing factors, while the fuzzy best–worst method assesses the relative importance among factors and ranks them based on their contributions to supply chain flexibility. The findings emphasise the importance of digital integration, data analytics, and agile methodologies to foster a responsive supply chain. Additionally, the study highlights the positive association between enhanced supply chain flexibility and attaining several SDGs. The study presents a comprehensive framework for supply chain flexibility, integrating supplier diversity, technology, and risk management. Furthermore, it suggests that sustainability, human capital, and risk management are key to building flexible, adaptable supply chains. The study’s findings emphasise the need for investment in digital technologies, agility, and collaboration. This study provides a comprehensive framework for policymakers and business leaders, aiming to align sustainable development objectives with supply chain strategies in the digital era.
This article aims to analyze the development needs of children's entrepreneurship education modules through play methods. In general, this study focuses on the importance of the characteristics and elements of entrepreneurship that will be applied in every human being, especially children. The things that are taken into this study can be divided into three aspects, namely analyzing knowledge about entrepreneurship education, analyzing the module content requirements and the activities contained in this module. The method used to obtain data in this study is a quantitative method by preparing a questionnaire and distributing it to 30 kindergarten teachers. The findings of the study show that there is a diversity of views of kindergarten teachers in the development of this module based on the three aspects to see the need for the development of this module. The summary from this article will show the need for the development of a children's entrepreneurship education module through the play method to apply the characteristics and elements of entrepreneurship to children so that this module can be used to strengthen the foundation and content standards contained in the National Preschool Standard Curriculum (KSPK) which is the foundation of mathematics.
Studentifikasi di kawasan pendidikan khususnya di Kota Depok telah menjadi fenomena yang signifikan akibat pertumbuhan kampus-kampus seperti Universitas Indonesia, Universitas Gunadarma Depok, dan sekitarnya. Penelitian ini menganalisis dampak studentifikasi pada kawasan pendidikan sekitar kampus Universitas Indonesia Depok, seperti apa dampak yang dirasakan serta bagaimana tingkatan dampak dari aspek fisik, lingkungan, sosial, ekonomi, dan budaya. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis dampak seperti apa yang dirasakan dan kawasan mana yang paling terdampak dengan adanya studentifikasi. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah analisis delphi dengan melibatkan pakar dan pemangku kepentingan dalam rangka mendapatkan pandangan komprehensif tentang dampak yang mungkin terjadi, dan analisis kuantitatif dengan skoring menggunakan kuesioner, kemudian mengetahui tingkatan dampak yang dirasakan oleh masyarakat setempat. Adapun dampak fenomena studentifikasi yang paling tinggi berdasarkan analisis delphi dan skoring adalah munculnya bangunan tertentu identik dengan kegiatan mahasiswa, penyediaan hunian kos secara khusus hanya untuk mahasiswa dan peningkatan nilai lahan/ harga tanah. Kawasan yang paling terkena dampak dari Studentifikasi kawasan pendidikan sekitar Universitas Indonesia adalah Kelurahan Kemiri Muka. Dampaknya mencakup peningkatan nilai lahan/harga tanah menyebabkan banyak alih fungsi bangunan hunian menjadi bangunan kos yang menyesuaikan kebutuhan mahasiswa untuk menunjang kegiatan sehari-hari.
Minority researchers have traditionally exhibited a need for and interest in investigating non-mainstream issues involving diverse communities. Since faculty at colleges and universities within the United States are largely Caucasian, research on issues relevant to marginalized groups is lacking. This three-stage Delphi study was designed to identify variables that can affect involvement of rehabilitation faculty from underrepresented groups in scholarly pursuits. Participants were educators and researchers in rehabilitation and allied health disciplines. Findings indicated significant need for mentoring junior minority faculty, using retention and promotion policies designed to address cultural differences, promoting cross-disciplinary scholarly efforts, and including mixed methods research as an approved mode of scholarly investigation.
İnsanı hayata hazırlayan bir eğitim, kişiye bilişsel kabiliyetin yanında bilgiyi uygulama planına dönüştürecek yöntemi ve planı uygulamada gerekli olacak duyuşsal, sosyal ve davranışsal faktörleri sağlamalıdır. Bilgi ve uygulama arasındaki bu gereklilik, günümüz eğitim tartışmalarında bir eksiklik olarak görülmüş ve bu duruma beceri temelli eğitimle çare aranmıştır. Bu tür eğitimde bilgi, tutum ve davranış arasında birleştirici bir görev üstlenen beceri, değer eğitimi açısından bilgi ve uygulama arasındaki boşluğu doldurabilecek bir kavram olarak dikkat çekmektedir. Beceri kavramı temelde tüm bileşenleri ile bilme eyleminin uygulamaya dönüşmesini vurgulamaktadır. Farklı şekillerde eğitime konu olan karmaşık bir kavram olarak beceri, kişinin yapması gerekeni süreci de göz önüne alarak açık bir şekilde belirtir ve eğitimde amaç ve kazanımların yerini alır. Bu doğrultuda eğitimde hedeflenen beceriler uzun gelişimsel bir süreci ifade etmektedir. Değerlerin hayata uygulanma süreci açısından bireyin ahlaki bir ilke ve değer konusunda karar verebilmesini, verdiği kararı uygulayacak motivasyonu, kararını sosyal ortamda davranışa dönüştürmesini ve bu davranışı sürdürmesini sağlayacak bilişsel, duyuşsal, sosyal ve davranışsal birçok beceri söz konusudur. Bu noktada değer eğitimi alanında hangi becerilerin işe koşulması gerektiği çalışmamızın temel sorusunu oluşturmaktadır. Türkiye’de 2000’lerin başından itibaren söz konusu edilen beceri temelli eğitimde değerler ve öğretimi konusu yeni yeni ele alınmaya başlanmıştır. Konu hakkındaki sınırlı çalışmalardan Meydan’ın çalışmasında ahlaki kişilik geliştirmek değer eğitiminin nihai hedefi olarak görülmüş ve bu kişiliği oluşturacak beceriler ve yetkinlik göstergelerine dair bir model oluşturularak bu modelin saha verileri ile sınanma ihtiyacına dikkat çekilmiştir. Nitekim öğretim programlarındaki yenilikler, önceki programlar ve öğretmen görüşleri üzerine analizler eğitim sisteminin önemli bir bileşeni olarak değerlerin beceri temelli bir modelde öğretiminin nasıl olacağına yönelik bir arayışı gerekli kılmaktadır. Bu doğrultuda çalışmanın amacı beceri temelli bir değer eğitiminde odaklanılması gereken beceriler ve alt becerilerin neler olduğunu belirlemektir. Delphi tekniğinden yararlanılan bu çalışmada Meydan tarafından geliştirilen ve 25 alan uzmanının görüşleri üzerine yenilenen modeldeki ahlaki becerilere dair maddeler saflaştırılmış, literatür ve Delphi çalışma grubundaki uzmanların görüşlerinden hareketle model yeniden yapılandırılmış ve taslak bir öğretim programı için değer eğitiminde işe koşulabilecek becerilerle yetkinlik göstergeleri tanımlanmıştır. Bu süreçte ilk olarak eğitim bilimleri, din eğitimi, değer eğitimi, sosyal bilgiler öğretimi, PDR, okul öncesi, psikoloji, ahlak felsefesi gibi farklı alanlarda akademisyen ve öğretmenlerden oluşan bir uzman grubu oluşturulmuştur. İlk turda bilişsel, duyuşsal ve sosyal-davranışsal beceriler olmak üzere temel 3 beceri başlığı altında toplam 23 alt beceriden oluşan anket formu değerlendirilmek üzere 71 uzmana sunulmuştur. 64 uzmanın geri dönüş yaptığı ilk turdaki puanların merkezi yığılma ve dağılım değerleri belirlenmiştir. Uzmanlar ilk turun istatiksel analizleri ve önceki cevapları eşliğinde maddeleri yeniden değerlendirmiş ve 64 uzmandan gelen dönüşle Delphi’nin ikinci turu sonlandırılmıştır. İkinci tur için de merkezi yığılma ve dağılım değerleri hesaplanmıştır. Çalışmada uzlaşı ölçütü olarak her madde için %80 uzlaşı oranı, +/- 1 standart sapma, ≥4,0 ortalama ve ≤1 çeyrekler arası açıklık (IQR) değerleri belirlenmiştir. İlk tur Delphi sonuçlarında 23 alt beceriden 21’inin uzlaşı ölçütlerini sağladığı görülmüştür. İkinci turda genel olarak tüm maddelerde uzlaşı/merkezi yığılma işareti olan ortalamaların ve uzlaşı yüzdesinin ya aynı kaldığı ya da yükseldiği, uzlaşıdan uzaklaşma/merkezi dağılım işareti olan standart sapma ve IQR değerlerinin ise ya aynı kaldığı ya da düştüğü görülmüştür. Ayrıca ikinci turda ilk turda uzlaşı sağlanamayan iki maddenin de uzlaşı ölçütlerini sağladığı görülmüştür. Sonuç olarak üç temel beceri grubunun ortalama uzlaşı oranları bilişsel ahlaki becerilerde %93,06; duyuşsal ahlaki becerilerde %96,66 ve sosyal-davranışsal becerilerde %93,53 olarak gerçekleşmiş ve toplam 23 alt beceri değer eğitiminde işe koşulabilecek beceriler olarak belirlenmiştir. Bu alt beceriler bilişsel alanda ahlaki okuryazarlık, araştırma sorgulama, problem çözme, karar verme, yordama/öngörme, yansıtıcı düşünme, çözümleme, perspektif alma/bakış açısı oluşturma ve bilişsel öz düzenleme; duyuşsal alanda empati, öz farkındalık, iç görü, iç gözlem, duyuşsal öz düzenleme, özdenetim ve öz yansıtma; davranışsal alanda ahlaki ifade, etkili dinleme, iletişim, sosyal organizasyon/katılım, girişimcilik, görev yönetimi/planlama ve sosyal becerilerdir. Sonuçlardan hareketle oluşan modelin program tasarımlarına ve deneysel çalışmalara kaynaklık etmesi, pilot uygulamalar aracılığıyla sınanması ve geliştirilmesi önerilmiştir.
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