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exercise
healthy
ATTITUDE
FITNESS
weight
fake tan
control
social
media
friends
diet
celebrity
confidence
looking good
accessories
peer pressure
activities
eating habits
healthy
ATTITUDE
weight
control
social
media friends
diet
celebrity
accessories
peer pressure
activities
Report of a Survey on
Young PeoPle’s
BodY Image
HOW
WE
SEE IT
The authors of this report are:
Dr. Angela O’Connell, independent research consultant and trainer, and Dr. Shirley Martin,
lecturer at the Department of Applied Social Studies, University College Cork.
Copyright © Minister for Children and Youth Affairs, 2012
Department of Children and Youth Affairs
43-49 Mespil Road
Dublin 4
Tel: +353 (0)1 647 3000
Fax: +353 (0)1 667 0826
E-mail: contact@dcya.gov.ie
Web: www.dcya.ie
Published by Government Publications, Dublin
ISBN 978-1-4064-2710-3
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be
reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted,
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,
photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior
permission in writing of the copyright holder.
For rights of translation or reproduction, applications should be made to
the Head of Communications, Department of Children and Youth Affairs,
43-49 Mespil Road, Dublin 4, Ireland.
Contents
Minister’s Foreword v
Acknowledgements vi
The Research Support Team vii
Executive Summary 1
1. Introduction to Dáil na nÓg Body Image Survey 3
2. Background and Methodology 6
Body Image: A core issue for young people 6
Designing and administering the survey questionnaire 7
Methodology to analyse data with young researchers 8
3. Literature Review 9
Body image in an international context 9
The central role of gender 10
Research in the Irish context 11
Impacts on body image 12
Summary 14
4. Findings from the survey 15
Age 15
Gender 15
Importance of body image 16
Satisfaction with body image 16
Influences on body image 17
Pressure to look good for other people 18
Putting effort into appearance 19
Exercise: What type of exercise? 19
Exercise: How much exercise? 20
Exercise: Reasons for exercising? 21
Exercise and health 23
Body image and participation in activities 23
Level of ‘comfort’ in completing questionnaire 24
Recommendations by young people to raise awareness 25
Awareness-raising campaigns 26
Personal Development measures 26
Information 26
Promoting sports and exercise 27
Other suggestions 27
Summary 27
Raising awareness – A model of good practice 28
5. Discussion on Findings and Recommendations 29
Influences on body image 29
Age 29
Gender 30
Exercise and supplements 30
Effects of body image 31
Suggestions to improve body image: Role of schools 32
Conclusion 33
Some useful resources 34
References 36
:: v
The
How we see it: Survey on Young People’s Body Image
was conducted by young people from
the Dáil na nÓg Council and marks an important milestone in giving young people a voice on
matters that affect their lives.
The importance of body image as a major influence on teenagers’ mental health emerged
as one of the key recommendations from Dáil na nÓg 2010. In following up on this
recommendation, the young people from the Dáil na nÓg Council, acting in response to the
lack of any publicly reported national data on teenagers’ body image, decided to develop a
survey to ask young people how they perceived their body image. After receiving training in
research methods and ethics, the members of the Dáil na nÓg Council administered the Body
Image Survey to more than 2,000 young people from all around Ireland at the 2011 Comhairle
na nÓg Annual General Meetings. In total, 2,156 young people, aged between 10 and 21 years,
completed the survey.
The recommendations made by the young people who completed the survey include the need
for a positive body image awareness campaign aimed at teenagers, and the role of schools in
imparting information, incorporating body image into the mainstream curriculum, making sports
more exciting and varied, having regular talks on personal development and providing healthy
food options in canteens and vending machines.
The findings from the survey indicate that body image is very important to young people in
Ireland, with 77% ranking body image as important to them. The survey found that positive body
image rapidly declines throughout the teenage years and negative body image is considerably
more prevalent among girls than boys.
Although initial impressions suggest that young people have relatively high body image
satisfaction, some contradictory findings emerge. While a majority of all participants say that they
are satisfied with their body image, almost 2 in 3 say they feel pressurised to look good for other
people, and more than half say that comparing themselves with others impacts negatively on
their body image and that their body image interferes with their participation in activities such as
swimming, dating and putting photographs on Facebook.
I am pleased to see that 97% of the young people surveyed take part in some form of exercise
and that activity and sports were cited as important in supporting positive body image.
When asked about what influences their body image, comparison with others ranks as the most
negative influence on girls’ body image and bullying as the most negative influence on boys’
body image.
This study has given us new insights into how teenagers perceive themselves in an area of
critical importance to their mental health, and challenges decision-makers to more effectively
meet the needs of young people. I look forward to working with my Government colleagues in
addressing the important issues highlighted in this study.
Frances Fitzgerald, TD
Minister for Children and Youth Affairs
Minister’s Foreword
vi ::
The young people of the Dáil na nÓg Council would like to thank all the young people at the
Comhairle na nÓg AGMs 2011 who participated in this survey.
We also wish to acknowledge the ongoing and invaluable support and guidance provided to us
by the staff of the Citizen Participation Unit of the Department of Children and Youth Affairs, in
particular Anne O’Donnell and Liz Harper, and the work of Angela O’Connell and Shirley Martin
from University College Cork in assisting us throughout the research process.
Members of the Dáil na nÓg Council
Sinead O’Kane Carlow Comhairle na nÓg
Áine Farrelly Cavan Comhairle na nÓg
Micheál Ó hÓgáin Clare Comhairle na nÓg
Niamh Duggan Cork City Comhairle na nÓg
Patrick O’Sullivan Cork County Comhairle na nÓg
Laura Buchanan Donegal Comhairle na nÓg
Jessica Dowdall Dublin City Comhairle na nÓg
Tom Leahy Dun Laoghaire/Rathdown Comhairle na nÓg
Owen Costello Fingal Comhairle na nÓg
Saoirse Houston Galway City Comhairle na nÓg
Elaine McHugo Galway County Comhairle na nÓg
Billy Dillon Kerry Comhairle na nÓg
Caitríona Cody Kilkenny Comhairle na nÓg
Arslan Ahmad Laois Comhairle na nÓg
Luke McTernan Leitrim Comhairle na nÓg
Kaila Dunne Limerick City Comhairle na nÓg
Lisa Marie Sheehy Limerick County Comhairle na nÓg
Dorina Birsanu Longford Comhairle na nÓg
Padraig Duffy Louth Comhairle na nÓg
Rory McShane Mayo Comhairle na nÓg
Saoirse Ní Fhearghail Meath Comhairle na nÓg
Colm Galligan Monaghan Comhairle na nÓg
Anthony Ó Connor Offaly Comhairle na nÓg
Leo Cauneen Roscommon Comhairle na nÓg
Aaron Waldron Sligo Comhairle na nÓg
Leanne O’Meara Tipperary NR Comhairle na nÓg
Aoife Crotty Tipperary SR Comhairle na nÓg
Cathal Ryan Waterford City Comhairle na nÓg
Jamie Moore Waterford County Comhairle na nÓg
Niamh Malone Wexford Comhairle na nÓg
Tiarnán Fallon Verbruggen Wicklow Comhairle na nÓg
Acknowledgements
:: vii
Dr. Angela O’Connell is an independent research consultant and trainer, currently working in the
School of Applied Social Studies, University College Cork on the project ‘Young People as Social
Actors: An examination of young people’s perspectives on the impact of participation in DCYA
initiatives’, which is funded by the Irish Research Council for the Humanities and Social Sciences
(IRCHSS). Angela has worked as a consultant for over 10 years in the community and voluntary
sector, specialising in socio-economic disadvantage and youth issues. Prior to that, she worked
for many years in higher education equality, mature student support and adult community
education. She has previously conducted research on behalf of the Department of Education
and Science, the Department of the Environment, Heritage and Local Government, RAPID,
Foróige, Cork County Council, Cork City Development Board, Waterford City Development Board,
Waterford Childcare Committee and Wexford Vocational Education Committee.
Angela holds a PhD from the School of Political Science and Sociology, National University of
Ireland, Galway, in addition to a Master’s degree in Women’s Studies and a Bachelor’s degree in
English and Philosophy, both from University College Cork.
Dr. Shirley Martin has been a lecturer at the School of Applied
Social Studies, University College Cork, since 2004. Previously, she
worked for two years as a School Completion Co-ordinator with
the Department of Education and Science in the Dublin 22 area.
Currently, she lectures in Social Policy on the BA Early Years and
Childhood Studies degree and Research Methods on a number of
undergraduate and postgraduate courses.
Shirley’s main research interest is in the well-being of children and
the focus of her research relates to key areas of children’s lives,
such as early years care and education, educational disadvantage
and participatory research with children and young people. She is
the Primary Investigator on an IRCHSS RDI project entitled ‘Young
People as Social Actors: An examination of young people’s
perspectives on the impact of participation in DCYA initiatives’.
The Research Support Team
viii :: How We See It: Report of a Survey on Young People’s Body Image
:: 1
The Dáil na nÓg
How we see it: Survey on Young People’s Body Image
marks an important
milestone in researching one of the key concerns of young people in Ireland. This innovative,
peer-led research project set out to gather information about the sorts of things that affect
young people’s body image in Ireland today. The research was conceived and designed, and
the questionnaire administered by young people from the Dáil na nÓg Council, with the support
of the Citizen Participation Unit of the Department of Children and Youth Affairs (DCYA) and a
research team from University College Cork.
The importance of body image in influencing mental health among teenagers emerged as one
of the key recommendations from Dáil na nÓg 2010. In following up on this recommendation, the
young people from the Dáil na nÓg Council examined the
State of the Nation’s Children: Ireland
2010
report and discovered that there is no publicly reported national data on teenagers’ body
image. They decided to develop a survey to ask young people how they perceived their body
image. After receiving training in research methods and ethics, the members of the Dáil na nÓg
Council administered the Body Image Survey to more than 2,000 young people from all around
Ireland at the 2011 Comhairle na nÓg Annual General Meetings (AGMs). In total, 2,156 young
people, aged 10-21 years, completed the survey.
The findings from this survey clearly demonstrate that body image is a burning and complex
issue for young people in contemporary Ireland, with 77% of participants ranking body image
as important to them. Key findings include:
:: Two out of 3 participants say that they are fairly or very satisfied with their body image, but
gender appears to play a causal role in generating negative body image. More than twice
as many boys as girls are satisfied with their body image (22% male; 8% female), while girls
express considerably greater dissatisfaction with their body image than boys (26% female;
10% male).
:: Positive body image rapidly declines throughout the adolescent years. In this survey,
15-year-olds are least satisfied with their body image.
:: Comparison with others ranks as the most negative influence on girls’ body image.
:: Bullying is identified as the most negative influence on boys’ body image.
:: More than half of all the young people surveyed say that comparing themselves with others
impacts negatively on their body image.
:: 85% of the girls in the survey put time into their appearance compared with 54% of boys.
:: 60% of all participants say that they feel pressurised to look good for other people. Girls (70%)
are far more likely to say this than boys (46%).
:: More than half of all the young people surveyed say that their body image interferes with their
participation in certain activities (such as swimming, dating, putting photographs on Facebook).
Girls are up to twice as likely as boys to find it harder to take part in
all
of the listed activities.
:: Although positive body image is higher among boys at every age, this research has highlighted
instances of excessive exercise and use of body-building supplements among some teenage
boys.
:: 97% of the young people who took part in the survey do some type of exercise, and activity and
sports were cited as most important in supporting positive body image.
Executive Summary
2 :: How we see it: Report of a survey on young people’s body image
:: Twice as many girls (52%) as boys (29%) exercised to control their weight, with four times as
many boys (50%) as girls (12%) using exercise to build muscle.
:: Girls are twice as likely as boys not to take enough exercise to stay healthy, while boys are more
than twice as likely as girls to feel that they take more exercise than is healthy.
The main recommendations made by the young people who completed the survey can be
broadly grouped under four approaches:
:: A Body Image Awareness campaign – to highlight the complex issues facing young people in
relation to how they feel about their bodies.
:: Personal Development programmes and education – to help young people to develop a more
positive body image.
:: Information that is made available and accessible to young people on issues such as healthy
eating, eating disorders, obesity and anabolic steroids.
:: Promoting sports and exercise – to make young people healthier.
A large number of recommendations highlighted the role of schools in imparting information
and in being more body image-friendly by, for example, incorporating body image into the
mainstream curriculum, making sports more exciting and varied, having regular talks on
personal development and providing healthy food options in canteens and vending machines.
Although initial impressions of the survey’s results might suggest that young people have a
relatively high level of satisfaction with their body image – with 2 out of 3 participants saying
that they are fairly or very satisfied with their body image – as the questions probe more deeply,
some contradictory findings begin to emerge. For example, while a majority of all participants
say that they are satisfied with their body image, almost 2 in 3 say they feel pressurised to look
good for other people, and more than half say that comparing themselves with others impacts
negatively on their body image and that their body image interferes with their participation in
certain listed activities, such as swimming. This trend is even more pronounced among girls,
who are up to twice as likely as boys to find it harder to take part in all of the listed activities and
who were also more likely to report feeling uncomfortable completing the Body Image Survey
questionnaire itself.
International research shows that young people, particularly but not exclusively in the Western
world, are very concerned with their body image, and although there is little research in an Irish
context, what there is supports these international findings. The gendered nature of both national
and international research findings is also apparent. Put simply, girls want to be thinner, boys
want to be more muscular, and both genders struggle to meet these idealised standards, while
their body image suffers from the failure of these attempts. Studies repeatedly stress the serious
social and health issues associated with negative body image, such as eating disorders, use of
artificial supplements, interpersonal relationship problems, excessive exercise, withdrawal from
participation and being subjected to teasing and bullying.
:: 3
Arising out of international conventions such as the United Nations Convention on the Rights of
the Child (UN, 1989), governments are recognising that young people’s lives need to be better
understood. Article 12 of the UN Convention explicitly states that children should have a right to
express their views freely in all matters affecting them and that these views should be given
due weight in accordance with the age and maturity of the child.
Increasingly, it is recognised that by becoming centrally involved in researching their own lives,
young people can improve the chances of their views being considered useful to those who
make decisions concerning their lives (Graham and Fitzgerald, 2010, p. 137; Kellett, 2009, p. 52).
As well as this, involving children and young people centrally in the research process brings
benefits to the participants as well as benefits to the research itself. Young people researching
issues that are relevant to their own lives have better access to their peers, first-hand knowledge
of youth cultures and can often formulate more youth-appropriate questions in language that
young people can relate to (Kirby and Bryson, 2002, p. 20).
Ireland ratified the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) in September 1992 and
since then it has been Government policy that children and young people will have a voice in
matters which affect them and their views will be given due weight in accordance with their
age and maturity.
The work of the Citizen Participation Unit of the Department of Children and Youth Affairs (DCYA)
is guided by Article 12 of the UNCRC, ensuring that children and young people under the age of
18 have a voice in the design, delivery and monitoring of services and policies that affect their
lives, at national and local level. The
Report of the Taskforce on Active Citizenship
(2007) also
promotes the need for all citizens, including children and young people, to become involved
in social and community life. The work of the DCYA is undertaken through the development of
effective structures for children’s participation in decision-making, conducting consultations
and dialogues with children and young people, development of evidence-based policy in
keeping with national and international best practice, and partnering with statutory and
non-governmental organisations.
All the work of the DCYA is informed by the belief that children and young people are not just the
adults of tomorrow, but the citizens of today. The DCYA works in partnership with children and
young people and has found that since 2000, its practice has changed and improved through
increasing understanding of the needs, concerns and interests of young people. The Department
is committed to ensuring best practice, robust and evidence-based outcomes, and the inclusion
of seldom-heard children and young people in participation structures and initiatives.
Since 2000, the DCYA has established Comhairlí na nÓg (local youth councils) in each of the 34
City and County Development Boards, and a national youth parliament, Dáil na nÓg, drawn from
Comhairle members. These structures bring young people together within their communities and
nationally, enabling them to have a voice in decisions that affect their lives and the lives of the
young people they represent.
Dáil na nÓg is the annual national parliament for young people aged 12-18 years. The DCYA
funds and oversees Dáil na nÓg, which is hosted annually by the Minister for Children and Youth
1. Introduction to Dáil na nÓg Body Image Survey
4 :: How we see it: Report of a survey on young people’s body image
Affairs. Delegates are elected to Dáil na nÓg by each of the 34 Comhairlí na nÓg. Successive
independent evaluations note that Dáil na nÓg has gone from strength to strength, with more
challenging and contentious debate each year.
One representative from each Comhairle na nÓg is elected to the Dáil na nÓg Council, which
follows up on the recommendations from the Dáil and works towards making changes for young
people in those areas. The Council, which has a term of office of two years, meets once a month
and members are facilitated and supported by staff from the DCYA, who ensure that they get the
opportunity to engage with appropriate Ministers, policy-makers, Oireachtas Committees and
other decision-makers.
The role of the Dáil na nÓg Council is:
:: to identify key areas of work from the Top 3 recommendations agreed at Dáil na nÓg;
:: to conduct research into the issues identified;
:: to meet with relevant Ministers, TDs, Government officials, policy-makers and other stakeholders
to seek their support in making changes for young people on the issues identified;
:: to provide feedback to their Comhairle na nÓg on the work of the Council;
:: to represent Dáil na nÓg at conferences and other events.
At Dáil na nÓg 2010, held in Croke Park in Dublin in March 2010, ‘Body Image’ was identified
by delegates as an issue of major concern in relation to young people’s mental health. The key
recommendation from the delegates was that the Government should enforce a law that all
altered advertisements and images must indicate that they have been altered by means of a
symbol and text, because of the negative impact of such images on teenagers’ body image.
In following up on this recommendation, members of the Dáil na nÓg Council examined the
DCYA’s report
State of the Nation’s Children: Ireland 2010
and discovered that there is no publicly
reported national data on teenagers’ body image. They realised that in order to move forward on
this issue, they needed to discover the key influences on body image among Irish teenagers.
Body image can be influenced positively or negatively by a variety of factors, including gender
and age, family and peers, media images, fashion industry practices, celebrity culture, and
voluntary and compulsory participation in sports and exercise, as well as by the availability
of information and supports. Significantly, coordinated national strategies seem to work. The
Australian Government’s 2009
A Proposed National Strategy on Body Image
was shown to have
had a positive impact on the body image of those young people whose schools implemented
the programmes it outlined. For example, the Strategy’s
Checklist for Body Image Friendly Schools
covered body image-friendly school and sport uniforms which are designed in consultation
with students; ensuring students are not weighed or measured in any school context; providing
balanced food options to students; displaying posters that show a variety of body shapes, sizes
and ethnicities; providing training for staff and teachers in relation to body image; and providing
relevant information for parents.
Members of the Dáil na nÓg Council were involved in developing a questionnaire to explore how
body image is perceived by young people in Ireland and the Citizen Participation Unit worked
with them up to the point where they felt the project would benefit from outside experts who
would progress the research to the highest standard of evidence-based research. A team from
the School of Applied Social Studies, University College Cork (UCC), was commissioned to work
with the young people in further developing their questionnaire. The team from UCC, informed
Introduction to Dáil na nÓg Body Image Survey :: 5
by a review of the literature in the area of body image, delivered training in research methods
and ethics, and supported Council members throughout the research process and through the
analysis and writing up of the findings from the survey.
After receiving training in research methods, the Body Image Survey was administered by Dáil na
nÓg Council members at every Comhairle na nÓg AGM in 2011. These AGMs draw young people
together from every background – urban and rural, islands and Gaeltacht, schools, Youthreach
centres, Scouts and Guides and various other youth organisations. Included in these gatherings
are young people from economically disadvantaged backgrounds, young people from the
Traveller community, young lesbian and gay people, young people with disabilities, young
people in care, and young people from New Communities. In total, 2,156 young people, aged
10-21 years, completed the survey. As a result, the findings are representative of a wide range
of viewpoints and experiences, and thus present a comprehensive account of the body image
concerns of young people in Ireland today.
6 ::
Body Image: A core issue for young people
The 2010 Dáil na nÓg was held on 5th March 2010, in Croke Park, Dublin, and was attended by
225 young people from all over Ireland. At the meeting, ‘Body Image’ was voted No. 1 priority
under the Mental Health category, and one of the two main areas of focus identified for the Dáil
na nÓg Council’s work over the coming year was to work towards ensuring that advertisements
that have been airbrushed must display a symbol indicating that they have been altered.
In an attempt to fight the spread of eating disorders, Israel introduced a law in March 2012
banning images of overly thin models being used in local advertising and requiring publications
to disclose when they use altered images of models to make them appear thinner than they
really are (as reported in
The Irish Times
, 20th March 2012).1 However, the Dáil na nÓg Council felt
that the widespread consumption of UK and US media among young people in Ireland would
make such legislation less effective here. As they began working on the airbrushing campaign,
they realised that it would be impossible to add symbols to all advertisements in the Irish media
since the vast majority of these ads are produced outside of Ireland, for example, in imported
UK magazines and newspapers, television and Internet images. So the Council
decided to take a different approach to the topic of body image.
Although international research suggests that body image is a
burning issue for young people in Ireland today (HBSC, 2010, p. 18),
when the Dáil na nÓg Council examined the DCYA’s latest report
on
State of the Nation’s Children: Ireland 2010
, they discovered that
there is no publicly available national data on teenagers’ body image.
As a result of this discovery, they decided that they needed to conduct
some research to find out what matters to young people in Ireland in
relation to their body image. From this, the current study emerged.
Given the lack of data on young people’s body image in Ireland, the Dáil na nÓg Council
decided that it would be really useful to find out how young people see themselves and how
they think others see them. With this in mind, they chose a survey method to assess young
people’s perceptions of, and attitudes towards, body image and they set to work to design a
questionnaire.
Questionnaires are often popular with young people. They can cover large populations and
when appropriately designed, they have the potential to capture detailed information and
can also allow for the inclusion of open questions that ask for a more detailed response.
Some disadvantages of using questionnaires are that they can be expensive to produce and
administer, can cause problems for those with literacy difficulties and may just be disliked
by some people (Borland
et al
, 2001). The Council felt that a short, informative, eye-catching
questionnaire was the most effective and suitable tool to gather sensitive information from
a large number of young people, and that if carefully designed, could address privacy and
confidentiality issues more appropriately than other methods, such as face-to-face interviews
or focus groups.
1
See
www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/breaking/2012/0320/breaking17.html
2. Background and Methodology
Background and Methodology :: 7
The Council decided that the questionnaire should be completed at all 34 Comhairle na nÓg
AGMs around the country since these would be gatherings of young people in the age range
12-18 from each county, thus providing a potentially large sample of over 2,000 young people for
the survey. The young people attending these AGMs are drawn from all backgrounds – urban,
suburban, rural, islands, Gaeltacht, schools, Youthreach centres, youth clubs, Scouts and Guides
and other organisations working with young people – and so represent a very broad array of
perspectives and experiences across a wide range of age groups.
The information gathered from the Body Image questionnaire promised to provide a wealth of
data in relation to young people’s issues around body image. Using this information together
with participants’ suggestions for strategies to raise awareness, the Council could make
recommendations for actions to improve body image among Ireland’s young people.
Designing and administering the survey questionnaire
The Council put together a list of questions that they wanted to address, but as they worked on
the questionnaire, they felt that the project would need outside expertise if it were to produce
data that could be used to influence policy. As a result of this, the Citizen Participation Unit of
the DCYA invited in a team of researchers from the School of Applied Social Studies, University
College Cork (UCC), to help facilitate the Council in completing the wider research project within
its term of office.
As well as providing support to the Council as they developed the survey questionnaire, the UCC
team provided training in peer research methods to Council members. This training focused on
skills in administering questionnaires and awareness of ethical issues, such as consent, dealing
with sensitive topics in research, confidentiality and providing avenues of support for participants,
where needed.
A series of meetings between the research support team, staff from the Participation Unit
and the Council, over a 4-month period in early summer 2011, progressed and refined the
initial questionnaire. During discussions in relation to ethics in research and international
good practice, the group decided that the phrasing of some of their initial questions might
be inappropriate for some of the target age groups, while other questions might cause
embarrassment or discomfort for participants who would be filling out the questionnaire in a
relatively public setting (see Felzmann
et al
, 2009 for a discussion of young people’s exclusion
from ethical processes in participatory research with young people). A number of questions also
needed to be expanded to gather information which the group felt would be necessary if a full
picture of young people’s views on body image were to result from the survey.
This series of sessions resulted in a final-draft 3-page questionnaire, designed for maximum
visual impact, ease of use and confidentiality. The final version of the questionnaire was
approved by a sub-group of Council members, who met to finalise the design and send proofs
to the printers in August 2011.
The survey questionnaires were administered by Dáil na nÓg Council members at each of the 34
Comhairle na nÓg AGMs in Autumn 2011. A total of 2,156 questionnaires2 were completed and
returned to the UCC researchers for inputting of data and preliminary analysis.
2 The total number returned exceeded 2,400, but this included more than 200 blank questionnaires and approximately
50 ‘spoiled’ questionnaires.
8 :: How we see it: Report of a survey on young people’s body image
Methodology to analyse data with young researchers
The completed questionnaires were input into a computer statistics package (SPSS) to enable
the large amount of data to be processed. Preliminary findings were brought back to the
Dáil na nÓg Council at a workshop on 18th February 2012 for discussion and analysis, using
a Consensus Workshop3 Method. This method uses a highly structured interactive series of
steps towards reaching strong consensus, in this case to highlight areas of focus for the final
report. These areas emerge from an examination of the raw findings, when participants look
for existing trends and correlations, and suggest cross-references for further investigation. The
major strength of this method is that it creates a real sense of ownership of decisions because it
honours all ideas, insights and perspectives in the final decisions that the group makes.
At this workshop, a number of suggestions relating to data analysis were agreed upon. Themes
which were identified as particularly important to focus on in the report included:
:: age and gender;
:: influences on body image;
:: participation in sports and exercise;
:: artificial/unnatural enhancers;
:: effects of body image;
:: ideas to spread awareness of the issues.
In terms of making the findings from the survey available for others, it was agreed that they
needed to be presented in an attractive, informative yet concise format for young people, and
that there should also be a full report for policy-makers.
A sub-group was selected to work with the research support team and the report was
progressed over a number of weeks. At the end of this period, the draft was circulated among
the whole group who then met to agree the final layout of the document and to discuss ideas for
progressing the recommendations.
3 Technology of Participation® Group Facilitation Methods, Institute of Cultural Affairs, UK.
:: 9
Body image in an international context
There is a growing body of research in Western and developing cultures demonstrating that
teenagers, and teenage girls in particular, are worried about body image (Swami
et al
, 2011),
although earlier studies also indicated an increasing concern with body image among boys
(Hintikka
et al
, 2000; Grogan and Richards, 2002). Negative body image is associated with
poorer mental well-being, eating disorders, self-harm, acceptance of plastic surgery, smoking,
use of anabolic steroids and dieting aids, excessive exercise, becoming the target of teasing
and bullying, and developing a lack of confidence in interpersonal relationships. Fear of being
seen as gay or lesbian (homophobia) in defining both male and female bodies, and in policing
behaviour, is also implicit in many of the studies.
Swami
et al
(2011) note the role of the media in representing a particular idealised body type
which is slender, physically attractive and athletic. This idealised body image and its basis in
celebrity culture can result in the desire
‘to look like idealized media icons [that] may result in
negative body image when those bodily ideals are not attained’
(p. 58). Research indicates a
strong link between intense personal celebrity-worship, preoccupation with body shape and
body dissatisfaction.
In the
National Survey of Young Australians 2010
, body image was rated the most important area
of personal concern for young people, with 32% of over 50,000 respondents identifying it as a
major concern for them. The next most common concerns were family conflict and coping with
stress. Body image was the top concern for both genders, but girls rated it as a slightly higher
concern than boys in the survey.
The Australian Government’s 2009
A Proposed National Strategy on Body Image
identifies
measures which the Government could undertake to support the development of positive body
image. These measures include:
:: voluntary industry code of conduct on body image;
:: standardised sizing in the clothes industry;
:: public advocacy, including the use of a positive body image checklist in schools;
:: examining the school curriculum with reference to body image.
Other areas of focus include third-level education, families, an online strategy, workplaces and
community organisations. This broad focus reflects the many ways in which body image can be
influenced and shaped.
In relation to young people’s body image, the Strategy’s
Checklist for Body Image Friendly Schools
produced by the Australian Government includes:
:: body image-friendly school and sport uniforms, designed in consultation with students;
:: ensuring students are not weighed or measured in any school context;
:: providing balanced food options to students;
:: posters that display a variety of body shapes, sizes and ethnicities;
:: training for staff and teachers in relation to body image;
:: providing relevant information to parents.
3. Literature Review
10 :: How we see it: Report of a survey on young people’s body image
The central role of gender
Research shows that gender is one of the most significant factors in determining body image
satisfaction. Probably the most important differences between male and female body image
is that girls and young women tend to want to change their weight and to be thinner than they
are, whereas boys and young men are most likely to feel dissatisfied with their muscle size,
particularly around their abdomen, chest and upper arms. Research indicates a strong link
between negative body image among young women and their exposure to thin-body ideals
in the media. There is also a good case to be made for arguing that negative body image is
as high among males, but that it is less socially acceptable for boys and men to admit to such
concerns. A raft of research on young males suggests that this can often be the case.
In an early Canadian study of 277 young male and female college students, Muth and Cash
(1997) found that compared to men, women had more negative body-image evaluations,
stronger investments in their looks and more frequent negative body-image related emotions.
Hintikka
et al
(2000) found among the 40 teenage boys they studied in Finland that half reported
the media had no effect on them, contrary to findings from research with girls. Many boys said
that media images and social comparison actually improved their body image. This study found
that parents played a highly significant role in altering attitudes and behaviours in relation to
boys’ attempts to influence their weight, shape and size, with mothers having a positive role
in relation to eating habits and fathers having more of an influence on the amount of exercise
taken.
Grogan and Richards (2002) found in their study of men and boys in England that adolescent
males tended to relate body shape ideas to fitness and sports. These men and boys stigmatised
fat as signifying lack of control and weakness, blaming and ridiculing those who were perceived
as overweight and even accepting the legitimacy of being bullied themselves if they were fat.
Male social power and self-confidence were closely linked to the appearance rather than the
function of the body, where the right ‘look’ was seen to be more important than having a healthy
or strong body.
Hargreaves and Tiggemann (2006) conducted a survey of teenage boys in Toronto, Canada, to
find out more about how they talked about their body image. The participants (aged 14-16 years)
said that they were on the whole satisfied with their appearance and did not feel influenced
by media images. However, some said that physical appearance was more important to them
than they would usually admit to and also that they do not talk about body image because it is a
‘feminine or gay issue’.
Goodwin
et al
(2011) in the UK found that media influences played an important role in fostering
a desire to be thin, both among boys and girls, and could contribute to an environment where
compulsive exercising would result. They also found a correlation between messages to be more
muscular from significant others, particularly fathers, and compulsive exercise among boys.
Research shows that the use of the body-building supplement anabolic-androgenic steroid is on
the increase in male adolescents in the UK (ACMD, 2011; Travis, 2010), although a recent study
suggests its use may now be levelling off in the USA (Johnston
et al
, 2011). Anabolic-androgenic
steroids have a number of physiological effects, most notably growth of skeletal muscle and
Literature Review :: 11
bone, and effects on the reproductive system and sexual characteristics of males, and there is
evidence that the use of these substances can cause both physical and psychological harm to
the user (ACMD, 2011).
Females who engage in sports and exercise face a number of dilemmas. Barber and Krane
(2006) discuss the pressure to be perceived as feminine (and heterosexual) among female
athletes and the issues that this raises in terms of controlling their body size and shape.
According to the World Health Organization (WHO, 2009)4, smoking among young women has
increased in recent years worldwide and, especially in cultures where women are subjected
to unrealistic body-image ideals, girls and young women may take up or continue smoking
because of their mistaken belief that smoking helps weight loss. In fact, the WHO asserts that
cigarette smoking is not associated with a lower BMI (body mass index) in young women.
Diedrichs
et al
(2011), in relation to media images, found that most young people they surveyed
in Australia were dissatisfied with the restricted range of body types, male and female, and the
objectification of women in the media, and would welcome average-sized models. However,
there were some concerns about
‘promoting obesity’
(p. 263) and also about the difficulties of
persuading advertisers to use
‘normal looking people’
(p. 264) to sell products, when they felt
that most marketing strategies in fact rely on making people feel bad about the way they look
and then offering them a product that can change that.
In summary, studies since the 1990s have indicated an increasingly complex picture of the
context, causes and consequences of negative body image among young people worldwide.
There are notable differences between young females and young males in every study, and in
Irish research to date, these patterns appear to be repeated.
Research in the Irish context
The population of young people (up to 19 years) in the Republic of Ireland is 1,154,706,
representing 27% of the population, which is higher than the European average (
see
www.cso.ie
for further information on Census 2011). For example, in Denmark, Germany and Italy, young
people account for less than 18% of the population.
There has been very little research in an Irish context on the issue of body image among young
people, which is one of the main reasons that the Dáil na nÓg delegates sought to design this
survey. The National Longitudinal Study of Children,
Growing Up in Ireland
, which is following the
lives of almost 20,000 children, includes questions on body image, but currently the results are
only available for the 9-year-old cohort. The
Health Behaviour in School-aged Children
(HBSC)
Survey poses questions relating to diet, physical activity, weight, height and self-rated health and
happiness, but it does not directly address body image. However, results from the 2010 HBSC
survey show that ‘body image’ was ranked 8th in the Top 12 ‘most interesting’ topics that children
and young people want to know about; it was prioritised by 9 of the 19 groups in 5 schools
(Doyle
et al
, 2010).
4
See
www.afro.who.int/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=2403
12 :: How we see it: Report of a survey on young people’s body image
A report by De Róiste and Dinneen (2005), commissioned by the National Children’s Office,
researched the opportunities and barriers to young people’s leisure and recreation, and looked
at participation in sport and leisure activities among those surveyed. Young people were asked
directly if they were happy with the way they looked. Findings showed that 65% answered
positively, although stark gender differences were apparent, with three-quarters of boys, but
only half of girls being happy with the way they looked. This survey did not go further to examine
more closely the determinants of young people’s body image, but it did provide some useful
information about activity levels and motivation to engage in sports among young people. A
marked decline was observed in participation in sports and leisure activities throughout the
teenage years. It was found that girls exercised less and preferred more passive pastimes
(such as reading and shopping) than boys, who favoured sports, especially team sports. The
authors recommended further research into
‘body image, self-concept and self-esteem and their
relationship to leisure participation’
(p. 156).
The North Western Health Board (2004) conducted research with adolescent girls to determine
what influenced their activity levels. Findings showed that although the girls were aware of the
importance of exercise for fitness and weight control, both of which were deemed desirable, they
pointed to the dilemma facing those who already felt bad about their bodies (because they felt
they were overweight) and did not want to display them, as would be necessary if taking part in
sports.
Impacts on body image
A small-scale, but in-depth study by McSharry (2009a and 2009b) of 30 Irish adolescents and
their views on the body provides a range of interesting insights into body image in an Irish
context. Some of the factors found to impact on body image are summarised below.
Media impact on body image
Similar to the findings by Swami
et al
(2011) mentioned above, the teenagers in McSharry’s study
identified the importance of the media and press in shaping their views of what body shape
and size they should strive for in their own lives. As the author states (McSharry, 2009a, p. 127):
‘Beautiful, fulfilled, assured celebrity bodies dominate popular press. Many of the girls talked
about celebrities adoringly and with longing, while boys talked about their physical qualities and
successfulness.’
The teenagers in McSharry’s study were aware of the role of airbrushing in the media images
they were subjected to and how unrealistic these projections of the body were for most people,
indicating that they were
‘not passive victims of the images they received’
(
ibid
, p. 128). Although
the media has an important impact on teenagers’ views of body image in Ireland and only
certain types of bodies are validated by the media, McSharry’s study highlights the fact that the
teenagers in her research identified the media as only one influence, which was outweighed by
the importance of peers.
Impact of peers
Peers were identified by McSharry as the most important influence on body validation for the
teenagers in her study. Girls continuously talked about body image and body-image concerns,
and were more likely to discuss the bodies of others in their peer group. Boys, on the other hand,
Literature Review :: 13
were less likely to openly discuss body image because of a fear of homophobic rejection by their
peers since such talk might be perceived as
‘gay or girlie’
(
ibid
, p. 129).
Although boys did not openly discuss body type with their peers, McSharry cautions that this
does not mean they were not equally concerned with issues relating to the ideal body type,
particularly through the medium of sport
(see below)
. Both genders identified the emotional
and physical abuse that was often experienced by those who did not fit the ideal body image,
particularly teenagers who were deemed overweight or underweight by their peers.
McSharry also points out that while anti-bullying policies in schools strongly stigmatised bullying
on the grounds of race, colour, identity and ability, there was less of an emphasis on body
size, which often left teenagers vulnerable to bullying based on body size because they felt the
schools might not take their complaints seriously.
Impact of sport
In McSharry’s study, the boys referenced particular body types which
were identified with various types of sports, such as broad shoulders
related to rugby in those schools where the game was popular.
However, this often depended on the context of sports played in their
schools rather than being universally idealised body images.
Impact of schools and curriculum
McSharry found that teenagers often received confusing messages from their schools. Schools
are the sites where young people receive a great deal of input and information about their
bodies and body-image expectations from their peers, while the official school curriculum,
SPHE, appears to omit the social, psychological and emotional aspects of body image. SPHE
emphasizes health and well-being as being associated with the physically fit body type, but in
reality schools frequently fail to provide students with healthy food and snack options.
McSharry also points out that among teachers who are involved in teaching subjects that relate
to understanding the body, some feel they do not have enough training for this topic and the
lessons tend to focus on obesity, health lifestyle choices and asking their students to
‘think more
about their bodies’
(
ibid
, p. 134), while in reality the teenagers may already be too focused on
thinking about body image and need support and information about how to cope with the issues
that this raises.
Impact of parents and family
Previous research with young people in Ireland suggests that parents play an important role in
providing social and psychological support for their adolescent children (De Róiste and Dinneen,
2005; Dolan, 2005). Teenagers in McSharry’s study were very aware of their parents’ own
fitness regimes and attitude to body image, and many of the teenagers participated in fitness
routines with their parents. McSharry notes that some of the Transition Year students had joined
gyms and some of the younger students had created ‘mini-gyms’ in their bedrooms. Rather
than simply applauding these developments as indicating a healthy interest in taking exercise,
McSharry cautions against the individualised nature of these types of activities, which can often
work to overly focus the young person on their own bodies rather than on enjoying the activity
itself, as she suggests might be more the case in team sports (McSharry, 2009b, p. 4).
14 :: How we see it: Report of a survey on young people’s body image
It was clear that many of the young people had adopted their parents’ own ‘sizist’ approach to
the body. These parents often made critical remarks about excess flesh on their own bodies, and
those of their children and strangers, and their attitudes were reflected in the young people’s
criticisms of themselves and others along these same lines (McSharry, 2009a, p. 132).
McSharry (2009a and 2009b) recommends that the formal schools curriculum should address
body image directly, rather than focusing exclusively on its physical components, such as diet,
obesity and healthy lifestyle. She stresses that it is the sociological factors that influence the self-
perceptions of children and young people, and the stigmatisation of bodies that do not conform
to an ideal, that require urgent attention in the educational system.
Summary
Body image is a genuine concern for young people and negative body image has serious
physical, psychological and social consequences. These consequences include depression,
impaired interpersonal relationships, eating disorders, excessive exercise, use of artificial
enhancers and dieting supplements, being the subject of bullying, self-harm, plastic surgery
and smoking.
The literature shows a number of factors that influence young people’s body image, foremost
of which are peers and families, popular ideals of masculinity and femininity, media/celebrity
culture, schools and involvement in sports. In all studies, while age differences are largely
overlooked, gender proves to be a consistently critical variable in influencing young people’s
body image.
As suggested by McSharry (2009a and 2009b) and as the case of Australia demonstrates, where
a national strategy to improve body image is implemented, particularly where it is adopted on a
large scale, negative body image among young people can be significantly reduced.
:: 15
The Dáil na nÓg Body Image Survey was a fully anonymous questionnaire which set out to
discover the things that affect young people’s body image. The survey aimed to produce
evidence for developing an approach to promoting healthy body image among young people in
Ireland. More than 2,000 young people from all backgrounds, from every county in Ireland, took
part in the survey, which was administered by Dáil Council members at all 34 Comhairle na nÓg
AGMs in November 2011.
The main findings of the survey are outlined below, question by question. Where relevant, age
and gender breakdowns, and cross-referencing between questions, provide deeper insights into
the data.
Age
In total, 2,156 young people between the ages of 10-21 took part in the Body Image Survey. The
age breakdown of participants shows a high concentration of young people aged 15-16 (51.3%),
while 30.5% were aged 12-14 and a further 15.2% were aged 17-18. Less than 3% of those who
took part were outside of these age groups, so findings broadly reflect the official age profile of
Comhairle na nÓg (12-18 years).
Gender
Almost three-fifths (57%) of the participants were female, while just over two–fifths (43%) were
male
(see Figure 1)
.
Figure 1: Breakdown of participants, by gender
Girls outnumbered boys at every age, being most pronounced at 15 years, where girls
accounted for 64% and boys for 36% of those who participated in the survey.
4. Findings from the survey
57%
Female
Male
43%
16 :: How we see it: Report of a survey on young people’s body image
Importance of body image
When asked
How important is your body image?
, significantly more female participants than
males ranked body image as important, with more than 82% of girls ranking it as either slightly
or very important, compared to 70% of boys. Although most participants (77%) stated that
body image was important, almost twice as many boys as girls said that body image was not
important to them
(see Figure 2)
.
Figure 2: Importance of body image, by gender
Satisfaction with body image
When asked
Are you satisfied with your body image?
, overall 57% of participants expressed
some level of satisfaction. But, again, as with importance of body image
(above)
, there were
striking differences between males and females in the levels of satisfaction shown
(see Figure 3)
.
More than twice as many boys as girls were either very satisfied (22% male; 8% female) or
fairly satisfied (49% male; 37% female) with their body image, while more than two and a half
times more girls than boys expressed dissatisfaction with their body image (26% female;
10% male). These results strongly indicate that male respondents are more confident about their
body image than females in this survey.
Female
Male
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
Very important
38.3%
30.7%
43.6%
38.9%
12.2%
19.7%
Slightly important Neither important
nor unimportant
Not very
important
Not at all
important
4.0%
6.5%
1.7% 4.0%
Findings from the survey :: 17
Figure 3: Level of satisfaction with body image, by gender
There were higher levels of satisfaction with body image among younger participants. Three-
quarters (75%) of 12-year-olds expressed satisfaction (being fairly or very satisfied) with their
body image, compared with just over half (53%) of 15-year-olds. All other age groups showed
significantly lower levels of satisfaction with their body image. Far more 12-year-olds (29%) and
18-year-olds (28%) said they were very satisfied with their body image, compared with
15-year-olds (11%), who were the age group
least
satisfied with their body image.
Influences on body image
When asked
How do things such as eating habits, activity levels, family, celebrities, etc. influence
your body image?
, positive impacts were rated as activity (74%), sports (69%), confidence and
friends (64% each), and family (62%).
The most significant negative impact was found to be comparing oneself with others (53%),
followed closely by bullying (46%), weight (42%), media (39%) and celebrities (38%).
Here again, some significant gender differences emerged. Girls (66%) were most negatively
influenced by comparing themselves with others, while boys (41%) were most negatively
influenced by bullying. Fewer girls said that any of the influences listed had a positive effect on
their body image. As Figure 4 shows, in most cases, up to twice as many girls as boys said that
they were negatively affected by these influences.
Female
Male
0
10%
0%
8.7%
20%
30%
40%
50%
21.1%
7.9%
26.8%
18.8%
38.6%
22.0%
Very satisfied Fairly satisfied Neither satisfied
nor dissatisfied
Not satisfied Very dissatisfied
49.1%
4.8%
2.0%
18 :: How we see it: Report of a survey on young people’s body image
Figure 4: Negative effects on body image, by gender
One male participant also noted the role of ‘
medication and sickness
’ as impacting on his body
image. Another boy said ‘
how I look
’ affected his body image, while yet another boy said that
‘
money and clothes
’ influenced his body image.
Pressure to look good for other people
When asked
Do you feel pressurised to look good?
, 60% of all participants said that they did
feel pressurised to look good for other people. Far more girls (70%) than boys (46%) said this,
whereas twice as many boys (36%) as girls (18%) reported not feeling much, if any,
pressure to look good for others
(see Figure 5)
.
Figure 5: Feeling pressurised to look good, by gender
Female
42%
24%
17%
8%
13%
8%
11%
8%
50%
41%
50%
32%
28%
14%
17%
9%
66%
36%
48%
25%
48%
25%
Male
Eating
Activity
Sports
Bullying
Weight
Family
Media
Celebrities
Confidence
Friends
Comparison
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
Female
Male
Very pressurised
23.0%
11.6%
34.6%
47.3%
17.7%
11.0%
18.2%
10.3%
17.6%
7.6%
A little
pressurised
Don’t know Not very
pressurised
Not at all
pressurised
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
Findings from the survey :: 19
Putting effort into appearance
When asked
How much effort do you put into your appearance?
, with things like time, money,
eating habits, exercise, dieting and body-building aids, most participants said that they put a
good deal of effort into such things as clothes (77%), time (70%), exercise (64%) and money
(59%).
Again, some notable gender differences emerged, as shown in Figure 6. Similar to other
findings, in all but two of the categories in the questionnaire, significantly more girls than
boys put a lot of effort into their appearance. Four out of 5 girls (85%) put time into their
appearance compared with just over half of boys (54%), and almost two-thirds of girls (60%)
said that they put a lot or some emotional effort into their appearance (such as planning,
worrying, thinking about) as opposed to just one-third of boys (34%). More girls (11%) than boys
(8%) smoke as weight control and more than half of girls (53%) compared with only
2 in 5 boys (41%) put some or a lot of effort into their eating habits. The two categories
where boys put in similar or more effort to girls were exercise (61% male;
66% female) and taking diet and body-building supplements (15% male;
12% female).
Figure 6: Amount of effort put into appearance, by gender
Exercise: What type of exercise?
As Figure 7 shows, most participants (97%) did some type of exercise, the most common
activities being walking (69%) followed by swimming (42%), cycling (41%), running (41%), track
and field (40%), with almost a third of all participants doing gym/weights (30%). Far more
boys (39%) than girls (24%) took part in gym/weights. Other types of exercise included dance,
basketball, martial arts, tennis and badminton, boxing, golf, horse-riding, water sports and
Parkour (jumping from object to object).
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Female
85%
54%
67%
49%
60%
34%
53%
41%
78%
39%
86%
64%
27%
14%
10.6%
8.5%
11.8%
15.1%
66%
61%
41%
8%
Male
Time
Money
Emotional
Make-up/product
Clothes, etc
Eating habits
Exercise
Wax/tan
Tattoo/pierce
Smoking as weight control
Diet aids/body-building
20 :: How we see it: Report of a survey on young people’s body image
Figure 7: Types of exercise engaged in
Walking is the most popular exercise among girls (78%), followed by swimming (44%). Boys
favour cycling (50%), running (49%) and track and field sports (47%). Many of the participants
took part in a number of different types of exercise.
Exercise: How much exercise?5
Most participants (66%) said that they exercised between 2 and 5 days per week
(see Figure 8)
.
Those who exercised on only one day or less per week were more dissatisfied with their
body image than those who exercised more frequently. Analysis suggests that body image
satisfaction increases in line with the level of exercise.
Figure 8: Amount of exercise engaged in per week
5 Defined as how many days a week a person exercises or takes part in sports activities, for at least 60 minutes, that increase the heart
rate.
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
Walking
69%
42% 41%
30%
40% 41%
3%
30%
Swimming Cycling Gym/
weights
Track/
field
Running No
exercise
Others
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
0
4.43%
10.09%
15.42%
20.42%
17.31%
13.3%
7.59%
11.42%
1 2 3
No. of days per week
4 5 6 7
Findings from the survey :: 21
Again, gender differences emerged in this area
(see Figure 9)
. On average, girls exercised on
3 or fewer days per week, whereas boys exercised on 4 or more days per week. Boys (15%)
outnumbered girls (8%) by almost 2 to 1 among those who exercised 7 days per week, while the
sexes are equal among those who never take this level of exercise.
Figure 9: Amount of exercise engaged in per week, by gender
Age also appeared to influence the amount of exercise young people took, with rates of exercise
generally decreasing with age. Most age groups averaged 3 or 4 days’ exercise a week, but at
the ends of the scale, only 5% of 12-year-olds exercised one day or less per week, compared
with 30% of 18-year-olds, while 15- and 16-year-olds were least likely to exercise 7 days a
week.
Exercise: Reasons for exercising?
The reasons that young people exercise were found to vary considerably
(see Figure 10)
. Most
participants said that they exercised to keep fit (66%), or for enjoyment (65%). One 15-year-old
girl said she exercised because of pressure from her family. Although walking and cycling
were among the Top 3 most popular forms of exercise, only 15% used exercise as a form of
transport.
0%
10%
20%
30%
Female
0
4.2%4.5%
12.0%
7.4%
17.8%
12.5%
22.0%
18.4% 17.2% 17.3%
13.0%
5.2%
10.6%
8.5%
15.4%
13.8%
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Male
No. of days per week
22 :: How we see it: Report of a survey on young people’s body image
Figure 10: Reasons for exercising
There were some notable differences in why girls and boys said they exercised. 72% of boys
compared with 64% of girls exercised for enjoyment. Four times as many boys (50%) as girls
(12%) used exercise to build muscle. Twice as many girls (52%) as boys (29%) exercised to
control their weight.
There were some significant differences across age and gender in relation to using exercise to
control weight
(see Figure 11)
. The highest figure was for 15-year-olds girls, where over 1 in 5
(22%) said they exercised to control their weight. Boys aged 18 years (0.6%) were the group
least likely to say this. Across all age groups, up to four times as many girls as boys exercise to
control their weight.
Figure 11: Use of exercise to control weight, by age and gender
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
Enjoyment
65%
27%
43% 41%
31%
15%
66%
32%
Build
muscle
Social Weight
control
Relax As
transport
Fitness Competitive
sport
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
Female
12
2.9%
1.3%
5.2%
3.9%
9.9%
5.6%
4.9%
22.1%
19%
8.8%
3.2%
1.9%
0.6%
9.1%
13 14 15 16 17 18
Male
Age (years)
Findings from the survey :: 23
Exercise and health
When asked
Do you exercise enough for your health?
, twice as many girls (49%) as boys (26%)
felt that they do not take enough exercise to stay healthy
(see Figure 12)
. Interestingly, while
more boys (59%) than girls (45%) said they take about the right amount of exercise, more boys
(15%) than girls (6%) felt that they take more exercise than is healthy. There is a slight correlation
between those who go to the gym or lift weights, and those who feel that they overexercise and
that this has a negative impact on their health.
Figure 12: Amount of exercise engaged in to stay healthy, by gender
Body image and participation in activities
Participants were asked to outline how their body image affects their participation in various
activities, such as swimming, sports and dating. When asked
Does your body image make it
harder to take part in a range of activities?
, 50% of participants said No, their body image does
not make it harder to participate in these activities.
However, some gender differences must be noted. The majority of boys answered No (59%),
compared with less than half (44%) of girls. Girls outnumbered boys by as much as 2 to 1 in
finding it harder to take part in all activities
(see Figure 13)
. Both girls (36%) and boys (16%) were
most likely to say that their body image makes it harder to take part in swimming, followed by
putting photographs on Facebook (27% female; 14% male) and dating (23% female; 16% male).
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
Not nearly
enough
11.7%
5.9%
37.4%
20.1%
44.7%
58.7%
4.2%
9.0% 6.2%
2.1%
Not enough About right A bit
too much
Far too
much
Female
Male
24 :: How we see it: Report of a survey on young people’s body image
Figure 13: Effect of body image on participation in activities, by gender
As with other questions, more younger participants said that their body image does not affect
their participation in activities
(see Figure 14)
. Two-thirds (67%) of 12-year-olds stated that their
body image does not affect their participation in these activities, after which there is a fairly
stable decrease with age, with just 44% of 18-year-olds reporting that body image has no effect
on what they do.
Figure 14: No activities affected by body image, by age
Level of ‘comfort’ in completing questionnaire
When asked
How do you feel completing this questionnaire?
, most participants (61%) said
that they felt comfortable doing so
(see Figure 15)
. However, 30% felt neither comfortable nor
uncomfortable, while 9% felt some degree of discomfort.
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
Swimming
36%
16%
12% 9%
23%
16% 13%
7%
11%
12%
59%
44%
12%
20%
14%
27%
School Dating Fitness Sports No, none Go out Put
photos on
Facebook
Female
Male
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
12
66.95%
56.73%
47.87% 46.95% 46.99% 50.20%
43.48%
13 14 15
Age (years)
16 17 18
Findings from the survey :: 25
Figure 15: Level of ‘comfort’ in completing Body Image questionnaire
Significantly more boys (70%) than girls (54%) said they felt comfortable completing the
questionnaire
(see Figure 16)
.
Figure 16: Level of ‘comfort’ in completing Body Image questionnaire, by gender
Recommendations by young people to raise awareness
Members of the Dáil na nÓg Council who were working on the research report were particularly
concerned that it should focus on young people’s views and ideas about how
to promote awareness of the importance of a healthy body image. The
young people who completed the survey made a range of creative and
innovative suggestions for raising awareness about the importance
of healthy body image. These included a number of gender- and
age-appropriate interventions and supports available to young
people throughout the teenage years in schools and in other youth
6.74% 1.96%
22.98%
30.48%
Very comfortable
Comfortable
Neither
Uncomfortable
Very uncomfortable
37.84%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
Very
comfortable
17.6%
30.0%
36.7%
39.7%
35.4%
23.8%
8.1%
4.8%
1.7%
2.1%
Comfortable Neither Uncomfortable Very
uncomfortable
Female
Male
26 :: How we see it: Report of a survey on young people’s body image
settings, such as youth clubs and sports centres, to address the
complex issues that face adolescents and that impact on their
confidence, physical and mental health, and lifestyles. These
recommendations can be broadly grouped under four approaches,
in order of the frequency with which they were suggested.
Awareness-raising campaigns
The most popular approach is the use of awareness-raising campaigns, including suggestions
about having celebrities get involved in raising awareness; highlighting instances of altered
photographs and showing the ‘before and after’ images; using more ‘normal’ models; schools
having an awareness week/day; and ‘Be Yourself’ campaigns.
It was suggested that these campaigns to promote awareness should use television, posters,
pamphlets, social networks, the Internet and other media that young people routinely access.
Personal Development measures
The second most popular suggestion related to Personal Development programmes and
education as ways to develop young people’s confidence and help them to enhance their overall
well-being, as well as providing sources of support for those experiencing difficulties. These
suggestions imply that young people perceive poor body image as being a problem related to
self-esteem rather than purely to outside influences (such as celebrities), poor lifestyle choices,
diet, physical fitness or appearance.
Information
The third most popular approach is to make more information
available and accessible to young people. This could
cover issues such as healthy lifestyle and diet, harm
associated with eating disorders and the use of dieting
aids and body-building supplements. The use of posters
displayed in schools and other youth settings, social
media and television were all suggested as ways of
disseminating such information.
A significant number of responses highlighted the role of schools in
imparting such information. It was strongly suggested that schools need to incorporate ‘body
image’ into the mainstream SPHE curriculum for all years and, where necessary, to bring in
outside experts to talk to students on the subject, as well as people who had themselves gone
through, perhaps, eating disorders or bullying related to body image.
Findings from the survey :: 27
Promoting sports and exercise
Sports and exercise were suggested as ways of
enhancing body image and also as a way of raising
awareness about the importance of having a healthy
body image, for example, by teaching the theory of PE in
schools and by having sports celebrities talk publicly about the
issues. Some participants argued that focusing on raising awareness might not produce
lasting results, whereas focusing on exercise as actually
enjoyable
could be a better approach.
A number of suggestions criticised the school PE curriculum for being too traditional, too narrow
and too male-oriented; it was felt that schools should promote sports that are enjoyable and
varied, and attractive to girls, including cycling, golf and new dance forms. One male participant
stated that although there are sports clubs already in existence, young people who are unhappy
with their body will not join, especially if the emphasis is on body-image awareness.
Other suggestions
These included having less focus on obesity, more focus on eating disorders and having a local
or national Body Image Day. Many other suggestions focused on the role of schools in educating
and supporting young people in developing a positive body image and healthy lifestyle. Ideas
included:
:: ‘body image’ as a specific, discrete topic in the formal school curriculum (SPHE), focusing on
personal development rather than physical health or body size and shape;
:: talks from people who themselves have experienced such things as eating disorders or bullying;
:: posters with information for students on lifestyle and diet, harm
associated with eating disorders and the use of dieting aids
and body-building supplements;
:: including body image-related bullying in schools’ anti-
bullying strategies;
:: support groups for those dealing with body image-
related problems, such as eating disorders or bullying;
:: healthy food in canteens and vending machines;
:: physical education (PE) that makes exercise fun and varied,
so there is ‘
something for everyone
’ and special attention
focused on engaging girls in enjoyable physical activity
throughout the adolescent years.
One young person suggested that people should have the right to ‘
grow in an environment
where positive body image is promoted
’ and suggested that this right should be inserted into the
wording of the forthcoming Referendum on Children’s Rights.
Summary
The most common suggestions for raising awareness of a healthy body image thus centre
around awareness-raising campaigns, and while some of these suggestions focus on promoting
self-esteem, the majority relate to raising awareness of the role of enhanced images, celebrity
culture and unrealistically thin models. Other suggestions, which may perhaps have been
focusing more on the ‘healthy’ rather than the ‘body image’ aspect of the questions, centre on
providing health information and on promoting sports.
28 :: How we see it: Report of a survey on young people’s body image
Raising awareness – A model of good practice
In terms of looking at good practice for public information campaigns aimed at young people,
the teen mental health television advertisement, popularly known as ‘the boy in the hoodie’,
presents a highly successful model (
you can see the ad on
www.letsomeoneknow.ie/home/
video/).
This HSE advertisement grew out of a number of parallel processes on teenage mental health
being overseen by the Office of the Minister for Children and Youth Affairs (OMCYA), the Office for
Disability and Mental Health, the Health Service Executive (HSE) and its National Office for Suicide
Prevention (NOSP).
Both Dáil na nÓg 2008 and the mental health consultations conducted with teenagers by the
OMCYA in 2008 highlighted the need for a positive mental health public awareness campaign
aimed specifically at teenagers. Following the launch of the report of the consultations,
Teenage Mental Health: What Helps and What Hurts?
(OMCYA, 2009), concepts for a HSE
TV advertisement and awareness campaign on teenage mental health were focus-tested in
several forums of young people around the country. A reference panel of 25 young people was
established by the OMCYA and NOSP to become involved in the development of the awareness
campaign at every stage of the process. Members of the reference panel gave feedback on
creative concepts and messages throughout the process of developing the TV and cinema
ads and the online campaign. They advised on everything, from the ideal accent for the main
character in the ad, to the most appropriate clothes for the actors, to appealing to the widest
possible audience of teenagers. They also advised on the TV time slots for screening the ad in
order to ensure viewing by a maximum number of teenagers.
The ad features a teenage boy with a hoodie who cannot share his feelings with anyone. Young
people from the reference panel featured as extras in the ad.
Quantitative research conducted on behalf of the HSE with 505 young people found that the TV/
cinema ad had an exceptionally high level of recall and awareness among teenagers – at 87%.
(A recall/awareness rate of 49% is the Republic of Ireland norm for TV/cinema advertisements
from a cross-section of industries.) The research further indicates that the TV/cinema ad had the
following impacts:
:: motivated 3 in 4 young people to talk to someone if something is getting them down;
:: encouraged them to find out more about looking after their mental health;
:: made them think differently about mental health.
The unusually strong impact of the TV/cinema advertising campaign highlights the value of the
methodology used in obtaining the views of young people and involving them in every stage of
development and delivery of the campaign.
The advertisement received the Taoiseach’s Public Service Excellence Award and continues to be
screened on a regular basis in cinemas throughout Ireland.
:: 29
Clearly, the findings of the Dáil na nÓg
How we see it: Survey on Young People’s Body Image
demonstrate that body image is a burning and complex issue for young people in Ireland. This
is confirmed in the review of international and national literature on the subject
(see Chapter 3)
.
Although initial impressions might suggest that young people have a relatively high level
of satisfaction with their body image – with 2 out of 3 participants saying that they are fairly or
very satisfied with their body image – as the questions probe more deeply, some contradictory
findings begin to emerge. For example, while a majority of all participants say that they are
satisfied with their body image, almost 2 in 3 say they feel pressurised to look good for other
people, and more than half say that comparing themselves with others impacts negatively on
their body image and that their body image interferes with their participation in certain listed
activities, such as swimming. This trend is even more pronounced among girls, who are up to
twice as likely as boys to find it harder to take part in all of the listed activities and who were also
more likely to report feeling uncomfortable completing the Body Image Survey questionnaire
itself.
The range of influences on young people’s body image that were investigated by the survey and
the effects of body-image satisfaction levels raise a number of issues, which are now discussed
more fully. Following this discussion, the suggestions for raising awareness of body image, made
by the young people during the course of this research, are presented.
Influences on body image
The most important positive influences on body image identified by those who took part in the
survey are activity and sport, followed by confidence, friends and family. Comparison, bullying,
weight, media and celebrities are the most important negative influences. Cutting across these
findings, age and gender emerge as highly significant factors influencing body image.
Age
It seems that the younger you are, the more satisfied you are with your body image and the less
likely body-image problems are to prevent you from taking part in social and leisure activities.
Three out of four 12-year-olds express satisfaction with their body image, compared with just
one in two 17-year-olds. Only one in twenty 12-year-olds exercise one day or less per week,
compared with one in three 18-year-olds. Clearly, the problem with dissatisfaction with body
image is hitting hard in the mid-teens. Fourteen seems to be the age at which the most marked
decline in body image satisfaction begins to appear, peaking at the age of 15, and participation
in a range of activities, including exercise, is also negatively impacted across the adolescent
years.
During one of the research training sessions, one of the young people suggested that going
through a period of feeling bad about one’s body may be a natural, and indeed an essential,
part of the maturing process. It is clear from this comment, and from many of the comments
made in the returned questionnaires, that young people themselves are aware of the issues and
are struggling to explain the problems that they experience in relation to body image.
5. Discussion on Findings and Recommendations
30 :: How we see it: Report of a survey on young people’s body image
Gender
Questions about what constitutes the acceptable or ideal body also involve looking at gender
identity. How should the male body look and how should the female body look? What are
the relationships between fat, muscles and gender? While in this survey, the vast majority of
participants state that body image is important, boys are almost twice as likely as girls to say
that body image is not important to them and that they do not feel much, if any, pressure to look
good for other people. This supports a common ‘
stereotype, that girls care more than guys about
their image
’ (Dáil na nÓg Council member), but it may also signify that boys are feeling pressure
to uphold a heterosexual, ‘
macho
’ façade that prevents them admitting to concerns about body
image for fear of being seen as effeminate or gay, as has been found in other research. Perhaps
significantly, bullying was found to be the strongest negative influence on male body image in
the survey.
Other gender-related differences emerge in almost every category addressed by the survey.
Body-image satisfaction is lower, and feeling pressured to look good for other
people is far higher among girls. Girls state that their body image is most
likely to be negatively affected by comparing themselves with others,
and they outnumber boys among those who put time and emotional
effort into their appearance and eating habits, and into most of the
other given categories. They are more likely than boys to smoke to
control their weight, and across the age groups they are up to four times
as likely as boys to exercise for weight control – even at the age of 12, they
are more than twice as likely as boys to do this.
Exercise and supplements
Almost all of the young people who took part in the survey engage in some type of exercise and,
in a positive finding regarding young people and exercise in Ireland, most participants say that
they exercise between 2 and 5 days per week. But again, age and gender appear to influence
the exercise young people take, with rates of exercise generally decreasing with age and girls
taking less exercise than boys. Girls are more likely to walk or to swim, which activities primarily
burn calories, while boys, who take up to twice as much exercise as girls, are more likely to take
part in vigorous activities, such as cycling, running or track and field sports, which build muscle.
There appears to be a close positive correlation between body-image satisfaction and frequency
of exercise. Perhaps this goes some way towards explaining gender differences in body-image
satisfaction. Boys exercise frequently and they exercise for enjoyment. Girls are not as active
overall as boys and are less likely to cite enjoyment as a reason for exercising. Perhaps related
to this, 1 in 2 girls say they do not take enough exercise to stay healthy, while the majority of boys
say they take the right amount. However, boys are also far more likely than girls to say that they
take far too much exercise than they feel is healthy. Research suggests that parents, particularly
fathers, may influence their sons’ exercise habits. Taking into account the fact that boys account
for 4 out of 5 of those who say they take exercise to build muscle, it is notable that they also
are more likely than girls to take body-building or dieting supplements, and there is a slight
correlation between those who go to the gym or lift weights and whether they feel that they take
too much exercise for health.6
6 Following analysis of these variables using Pearson product moment correlation, a positive correlation at 0.176 (P=0.01) was found.
Those who take part in gym/weights are marginally more likely to answer that they take more exercise than they feel is healthy.
Discussion on Findings and Recommendations :: 31
These statistics support the findings from other studies, which suggest that boys aspire to a more
muscular body type and girls are more concerned with losing weight.
However, the current study suggests that the sexes do not seem to be equally likely to take
effective measures to achieve these aspirations. Exercise seems to be less enjoyable for
adolescent girls and they take less of it – even less than they believe they need. Body-image
pressures and influences also appear to be less positive for girls, and they are more likely to
avoid participating in a range of physical and social activities because of poor body image. In
what turns out to be a vicious circle, girls whose body image does not measure up to social
ideals may avoid taking part in physical activities, especially when those activities are explicitly
aimed at making bodies fit those ideals. Therefore, a focus on obesity when promoting activity
among young girls may, although well-intentioned, turn out to be counterproductive.
In line with the fact that boys are more likely than girls to exercise to build muscle, far more
boys than girls also use the gym or lift weights and, as stated above, are also more likely to use
artificial/unnatural body enhancers such as dieting aids or body-building supplements. Although
lower than many other forms of exercise, gym/weights use appears relatively high, bearing in
mind McSharry’s earlier assertion that ‘
some
of the Transition Year participants had joined gyms’
(2009b, p. 4,
emphasis
added). Gym use might also be viewed, as suggested by McSharry, as
a development that is emerging as a result of an increasing focus among parents on individual
body shape, size and performance, rather than as a form of exercise that is undertaken as part
of a holistic approach to fitness and well-being.
It appears that gyms may increasingly be functioning as communal public spaces, with their
own internal ‘gym cultures’. But when used by young people, it must be borne in mind that these
facilities are, in fact, private commercially run businesses, highly individualised in ethos and
adult-oriented. Gyms usually lack any coherent connection with youth-oriented communal public
spaces, such as youth clubs and schools, and their wider impact on young people has yet to be
fully ascertained.
Effects of body image
Although the majority of participants in the survey say that they are satisfied with their body
image, most also admit to feeling pressurised to look good for other people and to putting a lot
of effort into their appearance. A majority of girls say they are motivated to exercise to control
their weight and a small, but significant number smoke to stay thin, while more than 1 in 5 find
it harder to go out, to date, to go swimming or to put photographs on the social networking site
Facebook as a result of their body image. Significant numbers of boys also admit that their body
image interferes with their participation across a range of activities. As stated above, although
saying that they care less about their body image, boys are taking body-building supplements
and may also find themselves taking excessive exercise in order to achieve a particular
‘masculine’ (‘macho’) body type.
It could be argued that the types of exercise taken by boys and girls result in unequal social
benefits or protections. For example, social expectations around heterosexual masculinity
encourage active, fit, strong bodies, and those who are seen to take part in activities that
promote such body types are celebrated and feel powerful. Conversely, popular culture portrays
32 :: How we see it: Report of a survey on young people’s body image
the ideal heterosexual feminine body as passive, thin and frail, and exercise that builds tone and
muscle must be avoided unless the girl is willing to challenge this stereotype. As we have seen,
however, girls feel far more pressurised to look good for others than do their male counterparts.
Therefore, girls are trapped in another paradox: they must exercise to remain thin, but are also
required to appear as if this comes effortlessly and not build muscle in the process for fear of
not being attractive (to boys), being labelled unfeminine or perhaps even thought to be lesbian.
Hence they must take particular types of exercise and take great pains to hide the effort involved,
which perhaps explains why they do not enjoy the exercise that they do take.
In terms of everyday exercise opportunities, although walking and cycling are among the Top 3
most popular forms of exercise, fewer than 1 in 6 participants use exercise as a form of transport.
This suggests that young people do not walk or cycle to get around, but may rely on other, more
passive forms of transport, such as cars, buses and lifts from parents or friends, perhaps even to
meet up with their friends to go walking
as a form of exercise
.
Suggestions to improve body image: Role of schools
As McSharry (2009a) points out, schools are the sites where adolescents learn most about their
bodies and what is expected of them. However, most of this learning takes place in the school
yard and not in the official curriculum, where the topic of body image is singularly absent.
Although schools teach students about diet and physical education (PE) is part of every school
week, the psychological and emotional components of body image are largely ignored.
A significant number of responses in the survey highlighted the role of schools in imparting
information and in making schools more body image-friendly by, for example, making sports
more exciting and varied, having regular talks on personal development and providing
healthy food options in canteens and vending machines. Many suggested that schools need
to incorporate body image into the mainstream SPHE curriculum and, where necessary, bring
in outside experts to talk to students on the subject, as well as people who have themselves
experienced eating disorders or body image-related bullying.
The SPHE Support Service has worked with Bodywhys, the Eating Disorders Association of Ireland,
and with Dr. Majella McSharry, author of
Schooled Bodies?
(2009a), to develop lesson plans and
a resource that can be used in schools to create a better understanding of body-related issues.
The resource is called ‘Bodywhys – A SPHE Resource’ and is made available to teachers as part
of SPHE training on mental health.
Bodywhys also offers free talks in schools to provide an understanding of eating disorders to
second-level students, from 2nd year to 6th year. Its ‘Be Body Positive’ schools programme
includes information about eating disorders, self-esteem and media influence on body image. In
addition, Bodywhys also produces an information booklet for parents that covers issues relating
to eating disorders.
As the Australian experience demonstrates (in its 2009
A Proposed National Strategy on Body
Image
), such measures can have an important effect on improving body image among those
whose schools implement them. However, if such measures are at the discretion of individual
schools to implement, their impact may be greatly reduced. If schools are to take on this
demanding role, they need to buy into a holistic approach to education and traditional teaching
practices and pupil–teacher relationships may need to be challenged.
Discussion on Findings and Recommendations :: 33
Conclusion
The findings from this survey reveal a number of positive and negative
aspects of body image among teenagers in Ireland and are rich
with suggestions from young people themselves about strategies
to improve body image among themselves and their peers.
It is clear that although young people on the whole report satisfaction
with their body image, there are some clear departures from this
mean. Body image rapidly declines throughout the adolescent
years. Gender, too, appears to play a causal role in generating
negative body image. External, or social, influences can impact
positively or negatively on body image and while exercise, friends
and family are cited as supporting a positive body image, there
is a paradoxical relationship between exercise and body-image
satisfaction among young people from both sexes. Overall, girls
display lower body-image satisfaction, are more negatively
affected by external influences (including comparison with
others), put in more effort and are more likely to refrain from
both physical and social activities because of concerns about
body image. Body image is higher among males at every
age, but it also needs to be borne in mind that there are specific
social, and perhaps also psychological, barriers to admitting to
body-image concerns among young males (including bullying). This
research has highlighted a number of gender-based issues, such as
teenage girls’ exaggerated focus on weight and excessive exercise
and the use of body-building supplements among young males. The
strategies aiming to improve body image that have been suggested
by the young people who participated in this research will therefore
need to attend to age and gender – with appropriate gender- and
age-specific responses.
34 ::
Aware
Freephone 1890 303 302; E-mail: info@aware.ie; Web: www.aware.ie
BeLonG To is an organisation for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgendered (LGBT) young
people, aged 14-23.
Address: Parliament House, 13 Parliament Street, Dublin 2.
Tel: (01) 670 6223; Web: www.belongto.org
Office hours are Monday-Friday, 10am-6pm. Appointments with youth workers can be made by
calling the office.
Bodywhys: The Eating Disorders Association of Ireland
Freephone 1890 200 444; E-mail: info@bodywhys.ie; Web: www.bodywhys.ie
Childline Ireland
Freephone 1800 666 666; Web: www.childline.ie
Drugs/HIV Helpline
Offers support, information, guidance and referral to anyone with a question or concern related
to drug and alcohol use and/or HIV and sexual health.
Freephone 1800 459 459; E-mail: drugshiv@hse.ie; Web: www.drugs.ie
Gay Switchboard Dublin (GSD)
Helpline: (01) 872 1055; E-mail: director@gayswitchboard.ie; Web: www.gayswitchboard.ie
HSE National Helpline
Freephone 1850 241 850
Let someone know
Web: www.letsomeoneknow.ie
Mental Health Ireland
Lists a number of resources that young people can access for information and support if they are
experiencing problems.
Web: www.mentalhealthireland.ie/links-mainmenu-23/38-children-and-young-people.html
Parent Line
Provides a completely confidential helpline for parents and guardians.
Freephone 1890 927 277; E-mail: info@parentline.ie; Web: www.parentline.ie
Pieta House: The Centre for the Prevention of Self-Harm or Suicide
Tel: (01) 601 0000; E-mail: mary@pieta.ie; Web: www.pieta.ie
+Options: Crisis Pregnancy Services
Freetext the word LIST to 50444; Web: positiveoptions.ie
Samaritans
24-hour Helpline: 1850 60 90 90; E-mail: jo@samaritans.org
St. Vincent De Paul
Tel: (01) 838 6990; E-mail: info@svp.ie; Web: www.svp.ie
Some useful resources
Teenline Ireland
‘If you need someone to talk to, we’re here to listen. All calls are confidential. And you don’t even
have to give us your name. It is safe and secure. We’re here to help.’
Freephone 1800 833 634; E-mail: info@teenline.ie; Web: www.teenline.ie
Open to talk 7 nights a week, 7pm-10pm
Women’s Aid: Making women and children safe
Freephone Helpline: 1800 341 900; E-mail: info@womensaid.ie; Web: www.womensaid.ie
Some useful resources :: 35
36 ::
ACMD (2011)
ACMD Anabolic Steroids Advice
. London: Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs.
Available at: www.homeoffice.gov.uk/publications/agencies-public-bodies/acmd1/
acmdsteroidsadvice?view=Binary
Barber, H. and Krane, V. (2006)
Creating inclusive and positive climates in girls’ and women’s
sport: Position statement on homophobia, homonegativism, and heterosexism
. New
Hampshire: University of New Hampshire. Available at: www.aahperd.org/nagws/
publications/news/loader.cfm?csModule=security/getfile&pageid=28762
Bodywhys.
Information for Teachers and Youth Workers
. Dublin: The Eating Disorders Association
of Ireland. Available at: www.bodywhys.ie/supportingSomeone/teachers-youth-workers/
Borland, M., Hill, M., Laybourne, A. and Stafford, A. (2001)
Improving consultation with children
and young people in relevant aspects of policy-making and legislation in Scotland
. Glasgow:
University of Glasgow. Available at: http://archive.scottish.parliament.uk/business/
committees/historic/education/reports-01/edconsultrep01.htm
Commonwealth of Australia (2009)
A Proposed National Strategy on Body Image by the National
Advisory Group
. Available at: http://youth.gov.au/bodyImage/Documents/Proposed-
National-Strategy-on-Body-Image.pdf
Diedrichs, P.C., Lee, C. and Kelly, M. (2011) ‘Seeing the beauty in everyday people: A qualitative
study of young Australians’ opinions on body image, the mass media and models’,
Body
Image
, Vol. 8, pp. 259-66.
De Róiste, A. and Dinneen, J. (2005)
Young People’s Views about Opportunities, Barriers and
Supports to Recreation and Leisure
, Office of the Minister for Children. Dublin: Government
Publications. Available at: www.dcya.ie
Dolan, P. (2005)
Helping Young People at Risk through Social Support: NYP Youth Study Summary
Report.
Commissioned by Foróige/HSE West Region. Dublin: Foróige.
Doyle, P., Kelly, C., Cummins, G., Sixsmith, J., O’Higgins, S., Molcho, M. and Nic Gabhainn, S.
(2010)
Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC): What do Children Want to Know?
Galway: Health Promotion Research Centre, National University of Ireland, Galway. Available
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Dáil na nÓg Body Image Survey :: 39
40 :: How We See It: Report of a Survey on Young People’s Body Image
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